repo/luan: website/src/manual.html.luan annotate

annotate website/src/manual.html.luan @ 462:2e79b47d02a2

remove all command line options; add add_extension boolean arg to scheme fns;

author	Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
date	Wed, 06 May 2015 16:54:20 -0600
parents	e3a6d9dbd694
children	eddf7c73373b

rev	line source
386 db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	1 local Io = require "luan:Io"
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	2 local Html = require "luan:Html"
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	3 local Http = require "luan:web/Http"
387 23d075ce1e48 add website/src/Shared.luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 386 diff changeset	4 local Shared = require "site:/Shared"
386 db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	5
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	6
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	7 function service()
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	8 Io.stdout = Http.response.text_writer()
391 2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	9 %>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	10 <html>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	11 <head>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	12 <% Html.simply_html_head() %>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	13 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	14 </head>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	15 <body>
386 db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	16
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	17 <div container>
387 23d075ce1e48 add website/src/Shared.luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 386 diff changeset	18 <% Shared.header() %>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	19
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	20 <h1>Luan Reference Manual</h1>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	21
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	22 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	23 <small>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	24 Original copyright © 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	25 Freely available under the terms of the
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	26 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>.
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	27 Modified for Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	28 </small>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	29 </p>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	30
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	31 <hr/>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	32
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	33 <h2>Contents</h2>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	34
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	35 <div margin-bottom="1em"><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></div>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	36
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	37 <div margin-bottom="1em">
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	38 <a href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	39 <ul>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	40 <li><a href="#types">Values and Types</a></li>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	41 <li><a href="#env">Environments</a></li>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	42 <li><a href="#error">Error Handling</a></li>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	43 <li><a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></li>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	44 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></li>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	45 </ul>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	46 </div>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	47
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	48 <div margin-bottom="1em">
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	49 <a href="#lang">The Language</a>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	50 <ul>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	51 <li><a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></li>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	52 <li><a href="#vars">Variables</a></li>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	53 <li>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	54 <a href="#stmts">Statements</a>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	55 <ul>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	56 <li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	57 <li><a href="#chunks">Chunks</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	58 <li><a href="#assignment">Assignment</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	59 <li><a href="#control">Control Structures</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	60 <li><a href="#for">For Statement</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	61 <li><a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	62 <li><a href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	63 </ul>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	64 </li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	65 <li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	66 <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	67 <ul>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	68 <li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></li>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	69 <li><a href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	70 <li><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	71 <li><a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	72 <li><a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	73 <li><a href="#length">The Length Operator</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	74 <li><a href="#precedence">Precedence</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	75 <li><a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></li>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	76 <li><a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></li>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	77 <li><a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></li>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	78 </ul>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	79 </li>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	80 <li><a href="#visibility">>Visibility Rules</a></li>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	81 </ul>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	82 </div>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	83
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	84 <hr/>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	85
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	86
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	87 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	88
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	89 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	90
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	91 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	92
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	93 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	94
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	95
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	96 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	97
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	98 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	99
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	100 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="types">Values and Types</a></h3>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	101
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	102 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	103 Luan is a <i>dynamically typed language</i>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	104 This means that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	105 variables do not have types; only values do.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	106 There are no type definitions in the language.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	107 All values carry their own type.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	110 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	111 All values in Luan are <i>first-class values</i>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	112 This means that all values can be stored in variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	113 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	114
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	116 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	117 There are eight basic types in Luan:
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	118 <i>nil</i>, <i>boolean</i>, <i>number</i>,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	119 <i>string</i>, <i>binary</i>, <i>function</i>, <i>userdata</i>,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	120 and <i>table</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	121 <i>Nil</i> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	122 whose main property is to be different from any other value;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	123 it usually represents the absence of a useful value.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	124 <i>Nil</i> is implemented as the Java value <i>null</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	125 <i>Boolean</i> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	126 <i>Boolean</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>Boolean</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	127 <i>Number</i> represents both
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	128 integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	129 <i>Number</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>Number</i>. Any Java subclass of <i>Number</i> is allowed and this is invisible to the Luan user. Operations on numbers follow the same rules of
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	130 the underlying Java implementation.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	131
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	132 <i>String</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>String</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	133 <i>Binary</i> is implemented as the Java type <i>byte[]</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	134
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	135
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	136 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	137 Luan can call (and manipulate) functions written in Luan and
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	138 functions written in Java (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>).
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	139 Both are represented by the type <i>function</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	140
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	141
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	142 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	143 The type <i>userdata</i> is provided to allow arbitrary Java objects to
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	144 be stored in Luan variables.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	145 A userdata value is a Java object that isn't one of the standard Luan types.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	146 Userdata has no predefined operations in Luan,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	147 except assignment and identity test.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	148 Userdata is useful then Java access is enabled in Luan
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	149
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	150
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	151
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	152 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	153 The type <i>table</i> implements associative arrays,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	154 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	155 but with any Luan value except <b>nil</b>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	156 Tables can be <i>heterogeneous</i>;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	157 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	158 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	159 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	160 an associated value <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	161
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	162
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	163 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	164 Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Luan;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	165 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	166 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	167 To represent records, Luan uses the field name as an index.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	168 The language supports this representation by
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	169 providing <tt>a.name</tt> as syntactic sugar for <tt>a["name"]</tt>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	170 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Luan
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	171 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	172
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	173
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	174 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	175 We use the term <i>sequence</i> to denote a table where
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	176 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..<i>n</i>}
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	177 for some non-negative integer <i>n</i>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	178 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	179
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	180
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	181 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	182 Like indices,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	183 the values of table fields can be of any type.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	184 In particular,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	185 because functions are first-class values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	186 table fields can contain functions.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	187 Thus tables can also carry <i>methods</i> (see <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	188
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	190 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	191 The indexing of tables follows
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	192 the definition of raw equality in the language.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	193 The expressions <tt>a[i]</tt> and <tt>a[j]</tt>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	194 denote the same table element
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	195 if and only if <tt>i</tt> and <tt>j</tt> are raw equal
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	196 (that is, equal without metamethods).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	197 In particular, floats with integral values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	198 are equal to their respective integers
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	199 (e.g., <tt>1.0 == 1</tt>).
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	200
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	201
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	202 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	203 Luan values are <i>objects</i>:
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	204 variables do not actually <i>contain</i> values,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	205 only <i>references</i> to them.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	206 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	207 always manipulate references to values;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	208 these operations do not imply any kind of copy.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	211 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	212 The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><tt>Luan.type</tt></a> returns a string describing the type
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	213 of a given value (see <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	216
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	217
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	218
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	219 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="env">Environments</a></h3>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	220
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	221 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	222 As will be discussed in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a> and <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	223 any reference to a free name
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	224 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <tt>var</tt>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	225 is syntactically translated to <tt>_ENV.var</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	226 Moreover, every chunk is compiled in the scope of
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	227 an external local variable named <tt>_ENV</tt> (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>),
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	228 so <tt>_ENV</tt> itself is never a free name in a chunk.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	229
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	230
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	231 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	232 Despite the existence of this external <tt>_ENV</tt> variable and
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	233 the translation of free names,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	234 <tt>_ENV</tt> is a completely regular name.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	235 In particular,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	236 you can define new variables and parameters with that name.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	237 Each reference to a free name uses the <tt>_ENV</tt> that is
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	238 visible at that point in the program,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	239 following the usual visibility rules of Luan (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>).
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	240
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	241
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	242 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	243 Any table used as the value of <tt>_ENV</tt> is called an <i>environment</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	244
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	245
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	246 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	247 When Luan loads a chunk,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	248 the default value for its <tt>_ENV</tt> is an empty table.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	249
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	250 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	251 Luan also provides all chunks with two other local values: <tt>require</tt> and <tt>java</tt>. These are functions used to load and access libraries and other modules.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	252
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	253
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	254
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	255
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	256 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="error">Error Handling</a></h3>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	257
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	258 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	259 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	260 <a href="#pdf-error"><tt>error</tt></a> function.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	261 If you need to catch errors in Luan,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	262 you can use <a href="#pdf-pcall"><tt>pcall</tt></a> or <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><tt>try</tt></a>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	263 to call a given function in <i>protected mode</i>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	264
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	265
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	266 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	267 Whenever there is an error,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	268 an <i>error object</i> (also called an <i>error message</i>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	269 is propagated with information about the error.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	270 Luan itself only generates errors whose error object is a string,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	271 but programs may generate errors with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	272 any value as the error object.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	273 It is up to the Luan program or its host to handle such error objects.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	274
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	275
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	276
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	277
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	278
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	279 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	280
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	281 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	282 Every table in Luan can have a <i>metatable</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	283 This <i>metatable</i> is an ordinary Luan table
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	284 that defines the behavior of the original value
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	285 under certain special operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	286 You can change several aspects of the behavior
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	287 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	288 For instance, when a table is the operand of an addition,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	289 Luan checks for a function in the field "<tt>__add</tt>" of the table's metatable.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	290 If it finds one,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	291 Luan calls this function to perform the addition.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	292
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	293
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	294 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	295 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <i>event</i> names;
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	296 the corresponding values are called <ii>metamethods</i>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	297 In the previous example, the event is <tt>"add"</tt>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	298 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	299
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	301 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	302 You can query the metatable of any table
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	303 using the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><tt>get_metatable</tt></a> function.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	305
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	306 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	307 You can replace the metatable of tables
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	308 using the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><tt>set_metatable</tt></a> function.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	309
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	310
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	311 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	312 A metatable controls how a table behaves in
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	313 arithmetic operations, bitwise operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	314 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	316
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	317 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	318 A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	319 Each operation is identified by its corresponding event name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	320 The key for each event is a string with its name prefixed by
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	321 two underscores, '<tt>__</tt>';
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	322 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	323 string "<tt>__add</tt>".
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	324 Note that queries for metamethods are always raw;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	325 the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	326 You can emulate how Luan queries a metamethod for an object <tt>obj</tt>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	327 with the following code:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	328
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	329 <p><tt><pre>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	330 raw_get(get_metatable(obj) or {}, "__" .. event_name)
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	331 </pre></tt></p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	332
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	333 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	334 Here are the events:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	335
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	336 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	338 <li><b>"add": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	339 the <tt>+</tt> operation.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	340
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	341 If any operand for an addition is a table,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	342 Luan will try to call a metamethod.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	343 First, Luan will check the first operand (even if it is valid).
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	344 If that operand does not define a metamethod for the "<tt>__add</tt>" event,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	345 then Luan will check the second operand.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	346 If Luan can find a metamethod,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	347 it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	348 and the result of the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	349 (adjusted to one value)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	350 is the result of the operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	351 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	352 it raises an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	353 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	354
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	355 <li><b>"sub": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	356 the <tt>-</tt> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	358 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	359 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	361 <li><b>"mul": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	362 the <tt>*</tt> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	363
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	364 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	365 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	366
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	367 <li><b>"div": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	368 the <tt>/</tt> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	369
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	370 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	371 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	372
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	373 <li><b>"mod": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	374 the <tt>%</tt> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	376 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	377 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	378
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	379 <li><b>"pow": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	380 the <tt>^</tt> (exponentiation) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	381
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	382 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	383 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	384
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	385 <li><b>"unm": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	386 the <tt>-</tt> (unary minus) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	387
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	388 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	389 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	390
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	391 <li><b>"concat": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	392 the <tt>..</tt> (concatenation) operation.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	393
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	394 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	395 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	396
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	397 <li><b>"len": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	398 the <tt>#</tt> (length) operation.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	399
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	400 If there is a metamethod,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	401 Luan calls it with the object as argument,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	402 and the result of the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	403 (always adjusted to one value)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	404 is the result of the operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	405 If there is no metamethod but the object is a table,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	406 then Luan uses the table length operation (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>).
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	407 Otherwise, Luan raises an error.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	408 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	410 <li><b>"eq": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	411 the <tt>==</tt> (equal) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	413 Behavior similar to the "add" operation,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	414 except that Luan will try a metamethod only when the values
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	415 being compared are both tables
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	416 and they are not primitively equal.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	417 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	418 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	419
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	420 <li><b>"lt": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	421 the <tt><</tt> (less than) operation.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	422
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	423 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	424 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	425 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	427 <li><b>"le": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	428 the <tt><=</tt> (less equal) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	429
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	430 Unlike other operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	431 The less-equal operation can use two different events.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	432 First, Luan looks for the "<tt>__le</tt>" metamethod in both operands,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	433 like in the "lt" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	434 If it cannot find such a metamethod,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	435 then it will try the "<tt>__lt</tt>" event,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	436 assuming that <tt>a <= b</tt> is equivalent to <tt>not (b < a)</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	437 As with the other comparison operators,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	438 the result is always a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	439 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	440
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	441 <li><b>"index": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	442 The indexing access <tt>table[key]</tt>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	443
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	444 This event happens
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	445 when <tt>key</tt> is not present in <tt>table</tt>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	446 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>table</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	448
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	449 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	450 Despite the name,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	451 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	452 If it is a function,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	453 it is called with <tt>table</tt> and <tt>key</tt> as arguments.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	454 If it is a table,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	455 the final result is the result of indexing this table with <tt>key</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	456 (This indexing is regular, not raw,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	457 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	458 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	459
428 df95199ca4c0 rename __newindex to __new_index Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 418 diff changeset	460 <li><b>"new_index": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	461 The indexing assignment <tt>table[key] = value</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	463 Like the index event,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	464 this event happens when
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	465 when <tt>key</tt> is not present in <tt>table</tt>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	466 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>table</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	467
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	468
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	469 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	470 Like with indexing,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	471 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	472 If it is a function,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	473 it is called with <tt>table</tt>, <tt>key</tt>, and <tt>value</tt> as arguments.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	474 If it is a table,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	475 Luan does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	476 (This assignment is regular, not raw,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	477 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	478
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	479
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	480 <p>
428 df95199ca4c0 rename __newindex to __new_index Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 418 diff changeset	481 Whenever there is a "new_index" metamethod,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	482 Luan does not perform the primitive assignment.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	483 (If necessary,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	484 the metamethod itself can call <a href="#pdf-rawset"><tt>raw_set</tt></a>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	485 to do the assignment.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	486 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	487
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	488 <li><b>"call": </b>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	489 The call operation <tt>func(args)</tt>.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	490
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	491 This event happens when Luan tries to call a table.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	492 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>func</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	493 If present,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	494 the metamethod is called with <tt>func</tt> as its first argument,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	495 followed by the arguments of the original call (<tt>args</tt>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	496 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	497
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	498 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	499
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	500
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	502
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	503 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	504
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	505 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	506 Luan uses Java's garbage collection.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	507
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	508
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	509
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	510
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	511
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	512 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="lang">The Language</a></h2>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	513
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	514 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	515 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	516 In other words,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	517 this section describes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	518 which tokens are valid,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	519 how they can be combined,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	520 and what their combinations mean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	522
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	523 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	524 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	525 in which
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	526 {<i>a</i>} means 0 or more <i>a</i>'s, and
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	527 [<i>a</i>] means an optional <i>a</i>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	528 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	529 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	530 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	531 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	532 at the end of this manual.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	533
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	534
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	535
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	536 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	537
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	538 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	539 Luan ignores spaces and comments
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	540 between lexical elements (tokens),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	541 except as delimiters between names and keywords.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	542 Luan generally considers the end of a line to be the end of a statement. This catches errors and encourages readability. The exception to this is in paranthesis ( <i>(...)</i>, <i>[...]</i>, and <i>{...}</i> ) where the end of line is treated as white space.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	543
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	544 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	545 <i>Names</i>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	546 (also called <i>identifiers</i>)
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	547 in Luan can be any string of letters,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	548 digits, and underscores,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	549 not beginning with a digit.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	550 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	551
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	552
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	553 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	554 The following <i>keywords</i> are reserved
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	555 and cannot be used as names:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	556
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	557
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	558 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	559 and break do else elseif end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	560 false for function goto if in
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	561 local nil not or repeat return
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	562 then true until while
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	563 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	564
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	565 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	566 Luan is a case-sensitive language:
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	567 <tt>and</tt> is a reserved word, but <tt>And</tt> and <tt>AND</tt>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	568 are two different, valid names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	569
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	570
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	571 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	572 The following strings denote other tokens:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	573
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	574 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	575 + - * / % ^ #
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	576 & ~ \| << >> //
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	577 == ~= <= >= < > =
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	578 ( ) { } [ ] ::
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	579 ; : , . .. ...
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	580 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	581
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	582 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	583 <i>Literal strings</i>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	584 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	585 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences:
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	586 '<tt>\a</tt>' (bell),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	587 '<tt>\b</tt>' (backspace),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	588 '<tt>\f</tt>' (form feed),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	589 '<tt>\n</tt>' (newline),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	590 '<tt>\r</tt>' (carriage return),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	591 '<tt>\t</tt>' (horizontal tab),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	592 '<tt>\v</tt>' (vertical tab),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	593 '<tt>\\</tt>' (backslash),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	594 '<tt>\"</tt>' (quotation mark [double quote]),
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	595 and '<tt>\'</tt>' (apostrophe [single quote]).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	596 A backslash followed by a real newline
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	597 results in a newline in the string.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	598 The escape sequence '<tt>\z</tt>' skips the following span
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	599 of white-space characters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	600 including line breaks;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	601 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	602 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	603 into the string contents.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	604
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	605
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	606 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	607 Luan can specify any character in a literal string by its numerical value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	608 This can be done
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	609 with the escape sequence <tt>\x<i>XX</i></tt>,
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	610 where <i>XX</i> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits,
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	611 or with the escape sequence <tt>\<i>ddd</i></tt>,
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	612 where <i>ddd</i> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	613 (Note that if a decimal escape sequence is to be followed by a digit,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	614 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	615
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	616
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	617 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	618 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	619 enclosed by <i>long brackets</i>.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	620 We define an <i>opening long bracket of level <i>n</i></i> as an opening
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	621 square bracket followed by <i>n</i> equal signs followed by another
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	622 opening square bracket.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	623 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <tt>[[</tt>,
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	624 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <tt>[=[</tt>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	625 and so on.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	626 A <i>closing long bracket</i> is defined similarly;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	627 for instance,
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	628 a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <tt>]====]</tt>.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	629 A <i>long literal</i> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	630 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	631 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the same level.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	632 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	633 do not interpret any escape sequences,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	634 and ignore long brackets of any other level.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	635 Any kind of end-of-line sequence
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	636 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	637 or newline followed by carriage return)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	638 is converted to a simple newline.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	639
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	640
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	641 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	642 Any character in a literal string not
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	643 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	644 However, Luan opens files for parsing in text mode,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	645 and the system file functions may have problems with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	646 some control characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	647 So, it is safer to represent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	648 non-text data as a quoted literal with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	649 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	650
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	651
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	652 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	653 For convenience,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	654 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	655 the newline is not included in the string.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	656 As an example
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	657 the five literal strings below denote the same string:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	658
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	659 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	660 a = 'alo\n123"'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	661 a = "alo\n123\""
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	662 a = '\97lo\10\04923"'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	663 a = [[alo
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	664 123"]]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	665 a = [==[
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	666 alo
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	667 123"]==]
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	668 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	669
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	670 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	671 A <i>numerical constant</i> (or <i>numeral</i>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	672 can be written with an optional fractional part
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	673 and an optional decimal exponent,
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	674 marked by a letter '<tt>e</tt>' or '<tt>E</tt>'.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	675 Luan also accepts hexadecimal constants,
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	676 which start with <tt>0x</tt> or <tt>0X</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	677 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	678 plus an optional binary exponent,
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	679 marked by a letter '<tt>p</tt>' or '<tt>P</tt>'.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	680 A numeric constant with a fractional dot or an exponent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	681 denotes a float;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	682 otherwise it denotes an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	683 Examples of valid integer constants are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	684
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	685 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	686 3 345 0xff 0xBEBADA
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	687 </pre></tt></p>
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	688
8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	689 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	690 Examples of valid float constants are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	691
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	692 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	693 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 34e1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	694 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	695 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	696
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	697 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	698 A <i>comment</i> starts with a double hyphen (<tt>--</tt>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	699 anywhere outside a string.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	700 If the text immediately after <tt>--</tt> is not an opening long bracket,
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	701 the comment is a <i>short comment</i>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	702 which runs until the end of the line.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	703 Otherwise, it is a <i>long comment</i>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	704 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	705 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	706
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	707
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	708
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	709
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	710
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	711 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="vars">Variables</a></h3>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	712
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	713 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	714 Variables are places that store values.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	715 There are three kinds of variables in Luan:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	716 global variables, local variables, and table fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	717
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	719 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	720 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	721 (or a function's formal parameter,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	722 which is a particular kind of local variable):
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	723
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	724 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	725 var ::= Name
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	726 </pre></tt></p>
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	727
8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	728 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	729 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	732 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	733 Any variable name is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	734 as a local (see <a href="#3.3.7">§3.3.7</a>).
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	735 Local variables are <i>lexically scoped</i>:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	736 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	737 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	738
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	739
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	740 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	741 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	742
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	743
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	744 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	745 Square brackets are used to index a table:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	746
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	747 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	748 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	749 </pre></tt></p>
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	750
8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	751 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	752 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	753 An access to an indexed variable <tt>t[i]</tt> is equivalent to
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	754 a call <tt>gettable_event(t,i)</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	755 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	756 <tt>gettable_event</tt> function.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	757 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	758 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	759
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	760
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	761 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	762 The syntax <tt>var.Name</tt> is just syntactic sugar for
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	763 <tt>var["Name"]</tt>:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	764
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	765 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	766 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	767 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	768
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	769 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	770 An access to a global variable <tt>x</tt>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	771 is equivalent to <tt>_ENV.x</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	772 Due to the way that chunks are compiled,
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	773 <tt>_ENV</tt> is never a global name (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	774
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	775
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	776
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	777
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	778
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	779 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="stmts">Statements</a></h3>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	780
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	781 <p>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	782 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	783 similar to those in Pascal or C.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	784 This set includes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	785 assignments, control structures, function calls,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	786 and variable declarations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	788
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	789
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	790 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="blocks">Blocks</a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	791
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	792 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	793 A block is a list of statements,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	794 which are executed sequentially:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	795
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	796 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	797 block ::= {stat}
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	798 </pre></tt></p>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	799
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	800 <p>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	801 Luan has <i>empty statements</i>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	802 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	803 start a block with a semicolon
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	804 or write two semicolons in sequence:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	805
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	806 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	807 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	808 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	809
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	810 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	811 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	812
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	813 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	814 stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	815 </pre></tt></p>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	816
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	817 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	818 Explicit blocks are useful
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	819 to control the scope of variable declarations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	820 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	821 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	822 of another block (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	823
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	824
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	825
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	826
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	827
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	828 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="chunks">Chunks</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	829
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	830 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	831 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <i>chunk</i>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	832 Syntactically,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	833 a chunk is simply a block:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	834
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	835 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	836 chunk ::= block
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	837 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	838
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	839 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	840 Luan handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	841 with a variable number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	842 (see <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	843 As such, chunks can define local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	844 receive arguments, and return values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	845
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	846
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	847 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	848 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	849 To execute a chunk,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	850 Luan first <i>loads</i> it,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	851 compiling the chunk's code,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	852 and then Luan executes the compiled code.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	853
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	854
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	855
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	856
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	857
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	858 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="assignment">Assignment</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	859
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	860 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	861 Luan allows multiple assignments.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	862 Therefore, the syntax for assignment
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	863 defines a list of variables on the left side
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	864 and a list of expressions on the right side.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	865 The elements in both lists are separated by commas:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	866
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	867 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	868 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	869 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	870 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp}
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	871 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	872
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	873 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	874 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	877 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	878 Before the assignment,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	879 the list of values is <i>adjusted</i> to the length of
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	880 the list of variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	881 If there are more values than needed,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	882 the excess values are thrown away.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	883 If there are fewer values than needed,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	884 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	885 If the list of expressions ends with a function call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	886 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	887 before the adjustment
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	888 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	889
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	890
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	891 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	892 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	893 and only then the assignments are performed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	894 Thus the code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	895
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	896 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	897 i = 3
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	898 i, a[i] = i+1, 20
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	899 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	900
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	901 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	902 sets <tt>a[3]</tt> to 20, without affecting <tt>a[4]</tt>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	903 because the <tt>i</tt> in <tt>a[i]</tt> is evaluated (to 3)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	904 before it is assigned 4.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	905 Similarly, the line
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	906
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	907 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	908 x, y = y, x
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	909 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	910
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	911 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	912 exchanges the values of <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	913 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	914
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	915 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	916 x, y, z = y, z, x
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	917 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	918
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	919 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	920 cyclically permutes the values of <tt>x</tt>, <tt>y</tt>, and <tt>z</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	921
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	922
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	923 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	924 The meaning of assignments to global variables
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	925 and table fields can be changed via metatables.
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	926 An assignment to an indexed variable <tt>t[i] = val</tt> is equivalent to
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	927 <tt>settable_event(t,i,val)</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	928 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	929 <tt>settable_event</tt> function.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	930 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	931 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	933
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	934 <p>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	935 An assignment to a global name <tt>x = val</tt>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	936 is equivalent to the assignment
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	937 <tt>_ENV.x = val</tt> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>).
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	938
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	939
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	940
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	941
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	942 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="control">Control Structures</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	943
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	944 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	945 The control structures
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	946 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	947 familiar syntax:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	948
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	949 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	950 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	951 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	952 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	953 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	954
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	955 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	956 Luan also has a <b>for</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.5">§3.3.5</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	957
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	958
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	959 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	960 The condition expression of a
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	961 control structure must be a boolean.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	962 Any other value type will produce an error.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	963 This helps catch errors and makes code more readable.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	965
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	966 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	967 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	968 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	969 but only after the condition.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	970 So, the condition can refer to local variables
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	971 declared inside the loop block.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	972
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	974 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	975 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	976 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	977 skipping to the next statement after the loop:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	978
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	979
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	980 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	981 stat ::= <b>break</b>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	982 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	983
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	984 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	985 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	986
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	987
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	988 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	989 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	990 from a function or a chunk
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	991 (which is an anonymous function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	992
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	993 Functions can return more than one value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	994 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	995
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	996 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	997 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’]
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	998 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	999
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1000
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1001
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1002
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1003 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="for">For Statement</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1004
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1005 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1006 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1007 called <i>iterators</i>.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1008 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1009 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1010 The <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax:
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1011
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1012 <p><tt><pre>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1013 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1014 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name}
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1015 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1016
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1017 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1018 A <b>for</b> statement like
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1019
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1020 <p><tt><pre>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1021 for <i>var_1</i>, ···, <i>var_n</i> in <i>exp</i> do <i>block</i> end
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1022 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1023
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1024 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1025 is equivalent to the code:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1026
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1027 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1028 do
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1029 local <i>f</i> = <i>exp</i>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1030 while true do
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1031 local <i>var_1</i>, ···, <i>var_n</i> = <i>f</i>()
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1032 if <i>var_1</i> == nil then break end
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1033 <i>block</i>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1034 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1035 end
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1036 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1037
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1038 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1039 Note the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1041 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1043 <li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1044 <tt><i>exp</i></tt> is evaluated only once.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1045 Its result is an <i>iterator</i> function.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1046 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1047
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1048 <li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1049 <tt><i>f</i></tt> is an invisible variable.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1050 The name is here for explanatory purposes only.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1051 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1052
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1053 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1054 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1055 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1057 <li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1058 The loop variables <tt><i>var_i</i></tt> are local to the loop;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1059 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1060 If you need these values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1061 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1062 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1064 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1065
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1067
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1068
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1069 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1070
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1071 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1072 To allow possible side-effects,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1073 function calls can be executed as statements:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1074
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1075 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1076 stat ::= functioncall
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1077 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1078
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1079 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1080 In this case, all returned values are thrown away.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1081 Function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1083
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1084
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1085 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1086
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1087 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1088 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1089 The declaration can include an initial assignment:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1090
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1091 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1092 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist]
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1093 </pre></tt></p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1094
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1095 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1096 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1097 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1098 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1099
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1100
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1101 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1102 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1103 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1104
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1105
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1106 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1107 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1110
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1111
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1112 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="expressions">Expressions</a></h3>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1113
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1114 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1115 The basic expressions in Luan are the following:
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1116
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1117 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1118 exp ::= prefixexp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1119 exp ::= <b>nil</b> \| <b>false</b> \| <b>true</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1120 exp ::= Numeral
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1121 exp ::= LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1122 exp ::= functiondef
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1123 exp ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1124 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1125 exp ::= exp binop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1126 exp ::= unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1127 prefixexp ::= var \| functioncall \| ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1128 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1130 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1131 Numerals and literal strings are explained in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1132 variables are explained in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1133 function definitions are explained in <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1134 function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1135 table constructors are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1136 Vararg expressions,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1137 denoted by three dots ('<tt>...</tt>'), can only be used when
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1138 directly inside a vararg function;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1139 they are explained in <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1140
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1141
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1142 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1143 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1144 relational operators (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1145 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1146 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1147 the unary logical <b>not</b> (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1148 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1149
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1150
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1151 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1152 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1153 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#3.3.6">§3.3.6</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1154 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1155 thus discarding all returned values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1156 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1157 of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1158 then no adjustment is made
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1159 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1160 In all other contexts,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1161 Luan adjusts the result list to one element,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1162 either discarding all values except the first one
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1163 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1165
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1166 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1167 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1168
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1169 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1170 f() -- adjusted to 0 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1171 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1172 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1173 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1174 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1175 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1176 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1177
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1178 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1179 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1180 return f() -- returns all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1181 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1182 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1183 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1184 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1185 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1186 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1187
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1188 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1189 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1190 Thus,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1191 <tt>(f(x,y,z))</tt> is always a single value,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1192 even if <tt>f</tt> returns several values.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1193 (The value of <tt>(f(x,y,z))</tt> is the first value returned by <tt>f</tt>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1194 or <b>nil</b> if <tt>f</tt> does not return any values.)
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1195
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1196
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1197
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1198 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1199
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1200 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1201 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1202
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1203 <ul>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1204 <li><b><tt>+</tt>: </b>addition</li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1205 <li><b><tt>-</tt>: </b>subtraction</li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1206 <li><b><tt>*</tt>: </b>multiplication</li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1207 <li><b><tt>/</tt>: </b>division</li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1208 <li><b><tt>%</tt>: </b>modulo</li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1209 <li><b><tt>^</tt>: </b>exponentiation</li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1210 <li><b><tt>-</tt>: </b>unary minus</li>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1211 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1212
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1213 <p>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1214 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary minus are the same as these operators in Java. Exponentiation uses Java's <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow(double,%20double)">Math.pow</a> function.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1216 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1217 Modulo is defined as the remainder of a division
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1218 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division).
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1219 (The Java modulo operator is not used.)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1220
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1221
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1222
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1223 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1224
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1225 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1226 Luan provides some automatic conversions between some
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1227 types and representations at run time.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1228 String concatenation converts all of its arguments to strings.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1229
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1230 Luan also converts strings to numbers
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1231 whenever a number is expected.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1232
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1233
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1234
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1235
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1236
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1237 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="relational">Relational Operators</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1238
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1239 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1240 Luan supports the following relational operators:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1241
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1242 <ul>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1243 <li><b><tt>==</tt>: </b>equality</li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1244 <li><b><tt>~=</tt>: </b>inequality</li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1245 <li><b><tt><</tt>: </b>less than</li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1246 <li><b><tt>></tt>: </b>greater than</li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1247 <li><b><tt><=</tt>: </b>less or equal</li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1248 <li><b><tt>>=</tt>: </b>greater or equal</li>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1249 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1250 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1251
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1252
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1253 <p>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1254 Equality (<tt>==</tt>) first compares the type of its operands.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1255 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1256 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1257 Strings, numbers, and binary values are compared in the obvious way (by value).
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1258
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1259 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1260 Tables
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1261 are compared by reference:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1262 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1263 Every time you create a new table,
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1264 it is different from any previously existing table.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1265 Closures are also compared by reference.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1266
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1267 <p>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1268 You can change the way that Luan compares tables
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1269 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1270
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1271 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1272 Userdata are Java objects. They are compared for equality with the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)"><tt>equals</tt></a> method.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1273
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1274 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1275 Equality comparisons do not convert strings to numbers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1276 or vice versa.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1277 Thus, <tt>"0"==0</tt> evaluates to <b>false</b>,
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1278 and <tt>t[0]</tt> and <tt>t["0"]</tt> denote different
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1279 entries in a table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1281
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1282 <p>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1283 The operator <tt>~=</tt> is exactly the negation of equality (<tt>==</tt>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1284
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1285
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1286 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1287 The order operators work as follows.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1288
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1289 If both arguments are numbers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1290 then they are compared following
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1291 the usual rule for binary operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1292 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1293 then their values are compared according to the current locale.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1294 Otherwise, Luan tries to call the "lt" or the "le"
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1295 metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>).
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1296 A comparison <tt>a > b</tt> is translated to <tt>b < a</tt>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1297 and <tt>a >= b</tt> is translated to <tt>b <= a</tt>.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1298
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1299
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1300
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1301
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1302
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1303 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1304
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1305 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1306 The logical operators in Luan are
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1307 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1308 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1309 and anything else as true.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1310 Like the control structures (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>),
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1311 the <b>not</b> operator requires a boolean value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1312
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1313 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1314 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1315 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1316 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1317 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1318 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1319 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1320 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1321 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-circuit evaluation;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1322 that is,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1323 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1324 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1325
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1326 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1327 10 or 20 --> 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1328 10 or error() --> 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1329 nil or "a" --> "a"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1330 nil and 10 --> nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1331 false and error() --> false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1332 false and nil --> false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1333 false or nil --> nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1334 10 and 20 --> 20
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1335 </pre></tt></p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1336
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1337 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1338 (In this manual,
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1339 <tt>--></tt> indicates the result of the preceding expression.)
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1340
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1341
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1342
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1343 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1344
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1345 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1346 The string concatenation operator in Luan is
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1347 denoted by two dots ('<tt>..</tt>').
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1348 All operands are converted to strings.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1349
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1350
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1351
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1352 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="length">The Length Operator</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1353
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1354 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1355 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <tt>#</tt>.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1356 The length of a string is its number of characters.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1357 The length of a binary is its number of bytes.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1359
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1360 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1361 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1362 any table through the <tt>__len</tt> metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>).
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1363
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1364
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1365 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1366 Unless a <tt>__len</tt> metamethod is given,
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1367 the length of a table <tt>t</tt> is defined
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1368 as the number of elements in <em>sequence</em>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1369 that is,
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1370 the size of the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1371 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1372 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1373 Note that a table like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1374
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1375 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1376 {10, 20, nil, 40}
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1377 </pre></tt></p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1378
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1379 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1380 has a length of <tt>2</tt>, because that is the last key in sequence.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1381
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1382
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1383
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1384
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1385
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1386 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="precedence">Precedence</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1387
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1388 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1389 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1390 from lower to higher priority:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1391
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1392 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1393 or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1394 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1395 < > <= >= ~= ==
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1396 ..
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1397 + -
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1398 * / %
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1399 unary operators (not # -)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1400 ^
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1401 </pre></tt></p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1402
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1403 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1404 As usual,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1405 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1406 The concatenation ('<tt>..</tt>') and exponentiation ('<tt>^</tt>')
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1407 operators are right associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1408 All other binary operators are left associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1410
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1411
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1413
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1414 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1415
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1416 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1417 Table constructors are expressions that create tables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1418 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1419 A constructor can be used to create an empty table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1420 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1421 The general syntax for constructors is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1422
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1423 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1424 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1425 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1426 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1427 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ \| ‘<b>;</b>’
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1428 </pre></tt></p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1429
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1430 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1431 Each field of the form <tt>[exp1] = exp2</tt> adds to the new table an entry
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1432 with key <tt>exp1</tt> and value <tt>exp2</tt>.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1433 A field of the form <tt>name = exp</tt> is equivalent to
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1434 <tt>["name"] = exp</tt>.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1435 Finally, fields of the form <tt>exp</tt> are equivalent to
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1436 <tt>[i] = exp</tt>, where <tt>i</tt> are consecutive integers
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1437 starting with 1.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1438 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1439 For example,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1440
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1441 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1442 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 }
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1443 </pre></tt></p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1444
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1445 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1446 is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1447
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1448 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1449 do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1450 local t = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1451 t[f(1)] = g
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1452 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1453 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1454 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1455 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1456 t[30] = 23
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1457 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1458 a = t
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1459 end
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1460 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1462 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1463 The order of the assignments in a constructor is undefined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1464 (This order would be relevant only when there are repeated keys.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1465
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1466
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1467 <p>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1468 If the last field in the list has the form <tt>exp</tt>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1469 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1470 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1471 (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1473
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1474 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1475 The field list can have an optional trailing separator,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1476 as a convenience for machine-generated code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1478
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1479
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1480
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1481
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1482 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1483
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1484 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1485 A function call in Luan has the following syntax:
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1486
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1487 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1488 functioncall ::= prefixexp args
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1489 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1490
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1491 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1492 In a function call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1493 first prefixexp and args are evaluated.
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1494 If the value of prefixexp has type <i>function</i>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1495 then this function is called
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1496 with the given arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1497 Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1498 having as first parameter the value of prefixexp,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1499 followed by the original call arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1500 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1502
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1503 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1504 Arguments have the following syntax:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1505
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1506 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1507 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1508 args ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1509 args ::= LiteralString
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1510 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1511
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1512 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1513 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call.
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1514 A call of the form <tt>f{<i>fields</i>}</tt> is
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1515 syntactic sugar for <tt>f({<i>fields</i>})</tt>;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1516 that is, the argument list is a single new table.
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1517 A call of the form <tt>f'<i>string</i>'</tt>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1518 (or <tt>f"<i>string</i>"</tt> or <tt>f[[<i>string</i>]]</tt>)
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1519 is syntactic sugar for <tt>f('<i>string</i>')</tt>;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1520 that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1522
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1523 <p>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1524 A call of the form <tt>return <i>functioncall</i></tt> is called
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1525 a <i>tail call</i>.
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1526 Luan implements <i>proper tail calls</i>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1527 (or <i>proper tail recursion</i>):
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1528 in a tail call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1529 the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1530 Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1531 a program can execute.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1532 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1533 calling function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1534 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1535 where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1536 this syntax makes the calling function return exactly
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1537 the returns of the called function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1538 So, none of the following examples are tail calls:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1539
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1540 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1541 return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1542 return 2 * f(x)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1543 return x, f(x) -- additional results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1544 f(x); return -- results discarded
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1545 return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1546 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1547
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1548
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1549
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1550
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1551 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1552
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1553 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1554 The syntax for function definition is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1555
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1556 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1557 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1558 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1559 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1560
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1561 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1562 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1563
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1564 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1565 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1566 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1567 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name]
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1568 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1569
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1570 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1571 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1572
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1573 <p><tt><pre>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1574 function f () <i>body</i> end
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1575 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1576
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1577 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1578 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1579
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1580 <p><tt><pre>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1581 f = function () <i>body</i> end
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1582 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1583
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1584 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1585 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1586
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1587 <p><tt><pre>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1588 function t.a.b.c.f () <i>body</i> end
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1589 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1590
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1591 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1592 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1593
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1594 <p><tt><pre>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1595 t.a.b.c.f = function () <i>body</i> end
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1596 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1597
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1598 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1599 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1600
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1601 <p><tt><pre>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1602 local function f () <i>body</i> end
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1603 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1604
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1605 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1606 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1607
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1608 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1609 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1610 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1611
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1612 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1613 not to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1614
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1615 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1616 local f = function () <em>body</em> end
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1617 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1618
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1619 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1620 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1621 contains references to <tt>f</tt>.)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1622
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1623
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1624 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1625 A function definition is an executable expression,
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1626 whose value has type <i>function</i>.
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1627 When Luan precompiles a chunk,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1628 all its function bodies are precompiled too.
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1629 Then, whenever Luan executes the function definition,
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1630 the function is <i>instantiated</i> (or <i>closed</i>).
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1631 This function instance (or <i>closure</i>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1632 is the final value of the expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1633
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1634
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1635 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1636 Parameters act as local variables that are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1637 initialized with the argument values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1638
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1639 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1640 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] \| ‘<b>...</b>’
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1641 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1642
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1643 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1644 When a function is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1645 the list of arguments is adjusted to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1646 the length of the list of parameters,
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1647 unless the function is a <i>vararg function</i>,
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1648 which is indicated by three dots ('<tt>...</tt>')
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1649 at the end of its parameter list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1650 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1651 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1652 to the function through a <i>vararg expression</i>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1653 which is also written as three dots.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1654 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1655 similar to a function with multiple results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1656 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1657 or in the middle of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1658 then its return list is adjusted to one element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1659 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1660 then no adjustment is made
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1661 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1662
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1663
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1664 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1665 As an example, consider the following definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1666
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1667 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1668 function f(a, b) end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1669 function g(a, b, ...) end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1670 function r() return 1,2,3 end
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1671 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1672
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1673 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1674 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1675 to the vararg expression:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1676
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1677 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1678 CALL PARAMETERS
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1679
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1680 f(3) a=3, b=nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1681 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1682 f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1683 f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1684 f(r()) a=1, b=2
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1685
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1686 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1687 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1688 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1689 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1690 </pre></tt></p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1691
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1692 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1693 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1694 If control reaches the end of a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1695 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1696 then the function returns with no results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1697
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1698
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1699
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1700
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1701 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1702
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1703 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1704 Luan is a lexically scoped language.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1705 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1706 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1707 of the innermost block that includes the declaration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1708 Consider the following example:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1709
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1710 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1711 x = 10 -- global variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1712 do -- new block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1713 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1714 print(x) --> 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1715 x = x+1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1716 do -- another block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1717 local x = x+1 -- another 'x'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1718 print(x) --> 12
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1719 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1720 print(x) --> 11
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1721 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1722 print(x) --> 10 (the global one)
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1723 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1724
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1725 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1726 Notice that, in a declaration like <tt>local x = x</tt>,
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1727 the new <tt>x</tt> being declared is not in scope yet,
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1728 and so the second <tt>x</tt> refers to the outside variable.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1729
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1731 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1732 Because of the lexical scoping rules,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1733 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1734 defined inside their scope.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1735 A local variable used by an inner function is called
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1736 an <i>upvalue</i>, or <i>external local variable</i>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1737 inside the inner function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1738
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1739
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1740 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1741 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1742 defines new local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1743 Consider the following example:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1744
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1745 <p><tt><pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1746 a = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1747 local x = 20
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1748 for i=1,10 do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1749 local y = 0
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1750 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1751 end
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1752 </pre></tt></p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1753
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1754 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1755 The loop creates ten closures
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1756 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function).
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1757 Each of these closures uses a different <tt>y</tt> variable,
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1758 while all of them share the same <tt>x</tt>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1759
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1760
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1761
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1762
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1763
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1764 <h1>6 – <a name="6">Standard Libraries</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1765
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1766 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1767 The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1768 that are implemented directly through the C API.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1769 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1770 (e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1771 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1772 and others could be implemented in Lua itself,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1773 but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1774 deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1775
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1776
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1777 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1778 All libraries are implemented through the official C API
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1779 and are provided as separate C modules.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1780 Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1781
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1782 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1783
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1784 <li>basic library (<a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1785
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1786 <li>coroutine library (<a href="#6.2">§6.2</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1788 <li>package library (<a href="#6.3">§6.3</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1789
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1790 <li>string manipulation (<a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1791
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1792 <li>basic UTF-8 support (<a href="#6.5">§6.5</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1793
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1794 <li>table manipulation (<a href="#6.6">§6.6</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1795
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1796 <li>mathematical functions (<a href="#6.7">§6.7</a>) (sin, log, etc.);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1797
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1798 <li>input and output (<a href="#6.8">§6.8</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1799
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1800 <li>operating system facilities (<a href="#6.9">§6.9</a>);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1801
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1802 <li>debug facilities (<a href="#6.10">§6.10</a>).</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1803
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1804 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1805 Except for the basic and the package libraries,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1806 each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1807 or as methods of its objects.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1808
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1809
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1810 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1811 To have access to these libraries,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1812 the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1813 which opens all standard libraries.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1814 Alternatively,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1815 the host program can open them individually by using
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1816 <a href="#luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a> to call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1817 <a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1818 <a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1819 <a name="pdf-luaopen_coroutine"><code>luaopen_coroutine</code></a> (for the coroutine library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1820 <a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1821 <a name="pdf-luaopen_utf8"><code>luaopen_utf8</code></a> (for the UTF8 library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1822 <a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1823 <a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1824 <a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1825 <a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the operating system library),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1826 and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1827 These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1828
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1829
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1830
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1831 <h2>6.1 – <a name="6.1">Basic Functions</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1832
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1833 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1834 The basic library provides core functions to Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1835 If you do not include this library in your application,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1836 you should check carefully whether you need to provide
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1837 implementations for some of its facilities.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1838
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1839
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1840 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1841 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1842
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1843
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1844 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1845 Calls <a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> if
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1846 the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1847 otherwise, returns all its arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1848 In case of error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1849 <code>message</code> is the error object;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1850 when absent, it defaults to "<code>assertion failed!</code>"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1851
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1852
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1853
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1854
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1855 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1856 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1857
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1858
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1859 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1860 This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1861 It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1862
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1863 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1865 <li><b>"<code>collect</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1866 performs a full garbage-collection cycle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1867 This is the default option.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1868 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1869
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1870 <li><b>"<code>stop</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1871 stops automatic execution of the garbage collector.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1872 The collector will run only when explicitly invoked,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1873 until a call to restart it.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1874 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1876 <li><b>"<code>restart</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1877 restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1878 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1879
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1880 <li><b>"<code>count</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1881 returns the total memory in use by Lua in Kbytes.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1882 The value has a fractional part,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1883 so that it multiplied by 1024
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1884 gives the exact number of bytes in use by Lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1885 (except for overflows).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1886 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1887
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1888 <li><b>"<code>step</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1889 performs a garbage-collection step.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1890 The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1891 With a zero value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1892 the collector will perform one basic (indivisible) step.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1893 For non-zero values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1894 the collector will perform as if that amount of memory
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1895 (in KBytes) had been allocated by Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1896 Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1897 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1898
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1899 <li><b>"<code>setpause</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1900 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1901 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1902 Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1903 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1904
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1905 <li><b>"<code>setstepmul</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1906 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1907 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1908 Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1909 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1911 <li><b>"<code>isrunning</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1912 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1913 (i.e., not stopped).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1914 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1915
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1916 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1918
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1919
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1920 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1921 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile ([filename])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1922 Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1923 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1924 <code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1925 Returns all values returned by the chunk.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1926 In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1927 to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1928
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1929
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1930
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1931
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1932 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1933 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1934 Terminates the last protected function called
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1935 and returns <code>message</code> as the error object.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1936 Function <code>error</code> never returns.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1937
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1938
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1939 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1940 Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1941 at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1942 The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1943 With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1944 <code>error</code> function was called.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1945 Level 2 points the error to where the function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1946 that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1947 Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1948 to the message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1949
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1950
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1951
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1953 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1954 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1955 A global variable (not a function) that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1956 holds the global environment (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1957 Lua itself does not use this variable;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1958 changing its value does not affect any environment,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1959 nor vice versa.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1960
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1961
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1962
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1963
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1964 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1965 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1966
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1967
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1968 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1969 If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1970 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1971 if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1972 returns the associated value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1973 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1974
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1975
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1976
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1977
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1978 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1979 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1980
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1981
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1982 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1983 Returns three values (an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1984 so that the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1985
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1986 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1987 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1988 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1989 will iterate over the key–value pairs
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1990 (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ...,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1991 up to the first nil value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1992
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1996 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1997 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (chunk [, chunkname [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1998
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2000 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2001 Loads a chunk.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2002
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2003
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2004 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2005 If <code>chunk</code> is a string, the chunk is this string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2006 If <code>chunk</code> is a function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2007 <code>load</code> calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2008 Each call to <code>chunk</code> must return a string that concatenates
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2009 with previous results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2010 A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2011
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2013 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2014 If there are no syntactic errors,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2015 returns the compiled chunk as a function;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2016 otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2017
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2018
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2019 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2020 If the resulting function has upvalues,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2021 the first upvalue is set to the value of <code>env</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2022 if that parameter is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2023 or to the value of the global environment.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2024 Other upvalues are initialized with <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2025 (When you load a main chunk,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2026 the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2027 the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2028 However,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2029 when you load a binary chunk created from a function (see <a href="#pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump</code></a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2030 the resulting function can have an arbitrary number of upvalues.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2031 All upvalues are fresh, that is,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2032 they are not shared with any other function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2033
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2034
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2035 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2036 <code>chunkname</code> is used as the name of the chunk for error messages
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2037 and debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2038 When absent,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2039 it defaults to <code>chunk</code>, if <code>chunk</code> is a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2040 or to "<code>=(load)</code>" otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2041
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2043 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2044 The string <code>mode</code> controls whether the chunk can be text or binary
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2045 (that is, a precompiled chunk).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2046 It may be the string "<code>b</code>" (only binary chunks),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2047 "<code>t</code>" (only text chunks),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2048 or "<code>bt</code>" (both binary and text).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2049 The default is "<code>bt</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2050
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2051
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2052 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2053 Lua does not check the consistency of binary chunks.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2054 Maliciously crafted binary chunks can crash
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2055 the interpreter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2057
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2058
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2059
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2060 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2061 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2064 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2065 Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2066 but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2067 or from the standard input,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2068 if no file name is given.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2069
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2070
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2071
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2072
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2073 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2074 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2076
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2077 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2078 Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2079 Its first argument is a table and its second argument
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2080 is an index in this table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2081 <code>next</code> returns the next index of the table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2082 and its associated value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2083 When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2084 <code>next</code> returns an initial index
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2085 and its associated value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2086 When called with the last index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2087 or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2088 <code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2089 If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2090 In particular,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2091 you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2092
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2093
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2094 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2095 The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2096 <em>even for numeric indices</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2097 (To traverse a table in numeric order,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2098 use a numerical <b>for</b>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2099
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2100
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2101 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2102 The behavior of <code>next</code> is undefined if,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2103 during the traversal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2104 you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2105 You may however modify existing fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2106 In particular, you may clear existing fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2107
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2110
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2111 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2112 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2113
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2114
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2115 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2116 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2117 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2118 results from the call.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2119
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2120
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2121 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2122 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2123 returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2124 so that the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2125
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2126 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2127 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2128 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2129 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2131
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2132 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2133 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2134 the table during its traversal.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2135
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2137
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2138
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2139 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2140 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2141
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2142
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2143 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2144 Calls function <code>f</code> with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2145 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2146 This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2147 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2148 and returns a status code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2149 Its first result is the status code (a boolean),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2150 which is true if the call succeeds without errors.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2151 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2152 after this first result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2153 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2154
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2156
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2157
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2158 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2159 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2160 Receives any number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2161 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2162 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2163 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2164 but only as a quick way to show a value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2165 for instance for debugging.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2166 For complete control over the output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2167 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2168
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2169
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2170
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2171
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2172 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2173 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2174 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2175 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2176 Returns a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2177
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2178
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2179
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2180
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2181 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2182 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2183 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2184 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2185 <code>table</code> must be a table;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2186 <code>index</code> may be any value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2187
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2188
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2190
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2191 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2192 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawlen"><code>rawlen (v)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2193 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2194 which must be a table or a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2195 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2196 Returns an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2197
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2198
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2199
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2200
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2201 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2202 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2203 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2204 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2205 <code>table</code> must be a table,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2206 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b> and NaN,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2207 and <code>value</code> any Lua value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2208
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2210 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2211 This function returns <code>table</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2212
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2213
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2216 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2217 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2218
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2219
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2220 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2221 If <code>index</code> is a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2222 returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2223 a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2224 Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2225 and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2226
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2227
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2228
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2229
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2230 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2231 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2232
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2234 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2235 Sets the metatable for the given table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2236 (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2237 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2238 removes the metatable of the given table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2239 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2240 raises an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2241
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2242
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2243 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2244 This function returns <code>table</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2246
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2247
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2248
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2249 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2250 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2251
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2252
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2253 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2254 When called with no <code>base</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2255 <code>tonumber</code> tries to convert its argument to a number.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2256 If the argument is already a number or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2257 a string convertible to a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2258 then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2259 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2260
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2261
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2262 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2263 The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2264 according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2265 (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2266
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2267
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2268 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2269 When called with <code>base</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2270 then <code>e</code> must be a string to be interpreted as
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2271 an integer numeral in that base.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2272 The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2273 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2274 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2275 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2276 If the string <code>e</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2277 the function returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2278
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2281
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2282 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2283 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (v)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2284 Receives a value of any type and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2285 converts it to a string in a human-readable format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2286 Floats always produce strings with some
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2287 floating-point indication (either a decimal dot or an exponent).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2288 (For complete control of how numbers are converted,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2289 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2290
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2292 <p>
429 e3a6d9dbd694 rename __tostring to __to_string Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 428 diff changeset	2293 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__to_string"</code> field,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2294 then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2295 with <code>v</code> as argument,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2296 and uses the result of the call as its result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2298
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2299
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2301 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2302 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2303 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2304 The possible results of this function are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2305 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2306 "<code>number</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2307 "<code>string</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2308 "<code>boolean</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2309 "<code>table</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2310 "<code>function</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2311 "<code>thread</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2312 and "<code>userdata</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2313
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2316
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2317 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2318 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2319 A global variable (not a function) that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2320 holds a string containing the current interpreter version.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2321 The current value of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.3</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2322
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2323
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2324
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2325
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2326 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2327 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2328
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2329
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2330 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2331 This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2332 except that it sets a new message handler <code>msgh</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2333
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2334
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2335
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2336
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2338
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2339
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2340 <h2>6.2 – <a name="6.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2341
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2342 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2343 The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2344 the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2345 See <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a> for a general description of coroutines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2346
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2347
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2348 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2349 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2350
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2351
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2352 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2353 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2354 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2355 Returns this new coroutine,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2356 an object with type <code>"thread"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2359
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2361 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2362 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.isyieldable"><code>coroutine.isyieldable ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2363
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2364
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2365 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2366 Returns true when the running coroutine can yield.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2367
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2368
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2369 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2370 A running coroutine is yieldable if it is not the main thread and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2371 it is not inside a non-yieldable C function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2372
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2373
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2374
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2376 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2377 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2378
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2379
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2380 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2381 Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2382 The first time you resume a coroutine,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2383 it starts running its body.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2384 The values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2385 as the arguments to the body function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2386 If the coroutine has yielded,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2387 <code>resume</code> restarts it;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2388 the values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2389 as the results from the yield.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2390
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2391
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2392 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2393 If the coroutine runs without any errors,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2394 <code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2395 (when the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2396 (when the coroutine terminates).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2397 If there is any error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2398 <code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2400
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2401
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2403 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2404 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2405
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2406
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2407 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2408 Returns the running coroutine plus a boolean,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2409 true when the running coroutine is the main one.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2410
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2411
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2413
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2414 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2415 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2416
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2417
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2418 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2419 Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2420 <code>"running"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2421 if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2422 <code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2423 or if it has not started running yet;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2424 <code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2425 (that is, it has resumed another coroutine);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2426 and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2427 or if it has stopped with an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2428
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2429
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2430
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2431
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2432 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2433 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2434
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2435
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2436 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2437 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2438 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2439 Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2440 Any arguments passed to the function behave as the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2441 extra arguments to <code>resume</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2442 Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2443 except the first boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2444 In case of error, propagates the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2445
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2446
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2448
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2449 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2450 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2451
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2452
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2453 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2454 Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2455 Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2456
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2457
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2458
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2463 <h2>6.3 – <a name="6.3">Modules</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2464
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2465 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2466 The package library provides basic
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2467 facilities for loading modules in Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2468 It exports one function directly in the global environment:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2469 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2470 Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2471
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2473 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2474 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2475
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2477 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2478 Loads the given module.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2479 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2480 to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2481 If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2482 at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2483 Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2484
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2485
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2486 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2487 To find a loader,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2488 <code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a> sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2489 By changing this sequence,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2490 we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2491 The following explanation is based on the default configuration
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2492 for <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2493
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2494
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2495 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2496 First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2497 If it has a value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2498 this value (which must be a function) is the loader.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2499 Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2500 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2501 If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2502 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2503 If that also fails,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2504 it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2505
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2506
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2507 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2508 Once a loader is found,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2509 <code>require</code> calls the loader with two arguments:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2510 <code>modname</code> and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2511 (If the loader came from a file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2512 this extra value is the file name.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2513 If the loader returns any non-nil value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2514 <code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2515 If the loader does not return a non-nil value and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2516 has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2517 then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2518 In any case, <code>require</code> returns the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2519 final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2520
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2522 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2523 If there is any error loading or running the module,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2524 or if it cannot find any loader for the module,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2525 then <code>require</code> raises an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2526
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2527
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2528
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2529
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2530 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2531 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.config"><code>package.config</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2532
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2533
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2534 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2535 A string describing some compile-time configurations for packages.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2536 This string is a sequence of lines:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2537
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2538 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2539
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2540 <li>The first line is the directory separator string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2541 Default is '<code>\</code>' for Windows and '<code>/</code>' for all other systems.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2542
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2543 <li>The second line is the character that separates templates in a path.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2544 Default is '<code>;</code>'.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2545
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2546 <li>The third line is the string that marks the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2547 substitution points in a template.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2548 Default is '<code>?</code>'.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2549
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2550 <li>The fourth line is a string that, in a path in Windows,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2551 is replaced by the executable's directory.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2552 Default is '<code>!</code>'.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2553
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2554 <li>The fifth line is a mark to ignore all text after it
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2555 when building the <code>luaopen_</code> function name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2556 Default is '<code>-</code>'.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2557
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2558 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2559
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2560
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2561
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2562 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2563 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2564
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2565
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2566 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2567 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2568
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2569
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2570 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2571 Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2572 it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2573 using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_3"><code>LUA_CPATH_5_3</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2574 or the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2575 or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2576
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2577
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2578
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2579
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2580 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2581 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2582
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2583
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2584 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2585 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2586 modules are already loaded.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2587 When you require a module <code>modname</code> and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2588 <code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2589 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2590
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2591
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2592 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2593 This variable is only a reference to the real table;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2594 assignments to this variable do not change the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2595 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2596
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2597
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2598
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2599
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2600 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2601 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2602
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2603
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2604 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2605 Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2606
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2607
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2608 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2609 If <code>funcname</code> is "<code>*</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2610 then it only links with the library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2611 making the symbols exported by the library
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2612 available to other dynamically linked libraries.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2613 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2614 it looks for a function <code>funcname</code> inside the library
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2615 and returns this function as a C function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2616 So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a> prototype
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2617 (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2618
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2619
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2620 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2621 This is a low-level function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2622 It completely bypasses the package and module system.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2623 Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2624 it does not perform any path searching and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2625 does not automatically adds extensions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2626 <code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2627 including if necessary a path and an extension.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2628 <code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2629 (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2630
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2631
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2632 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2633 This function is not supported by Standard C.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2634 As such, it is only available on some platforms
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2635 (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2636 plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2637
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2638
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2639
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2640
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2641 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2642 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2643
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2644
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2645 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2646 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2647
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2648
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2649 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2650 At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2651 the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH_5_3"><code>LUA_PATH_5_3</code></a> or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2652 the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2653 with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2654 if those environment variables are not defined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2655 Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2656 is replaced by the default path.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2657
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2658
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2659
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2660
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2661 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2662 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2663
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2664
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2665 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2666 A table to store loaders for specific modules
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2667 (see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2668
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2669
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2670 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2671 This variable is only a reference to the real table;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2672 assignments to this variable do not change the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2673 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2674
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2675
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2676
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2677
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2678 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2679 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2680
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2681
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2682 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2683 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2684
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2685
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2686 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2687 Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2688 When looking for a module,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2689 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2690 with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2691 sole parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2692 The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2693 plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2694 or a string explaining why it did not find that module
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2695 (or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2696
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2697
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2698 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2699 Lua initializes this table with four searcher functions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2700
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2701
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2702 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2703 The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2704 <a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2705
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2706
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2707 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2708 The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2709 using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2710 The search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2711
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2712
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2713 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2714 The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2715 using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2716 Again,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2717 the search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2718 For instance,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2719 if the C path is the string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2720
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2721 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2722 "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2723 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2724 the searcher for module <code>foo</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2725 will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2726 and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2727 Once it finds a C library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2728 this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2729 application with the library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2730 Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2731 be used as the loader.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2732 The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2733 concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2734 is replaced by an underscore.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2735 Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2736 its suffix after (and including) the first hyphen is removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2737 For instance, if the module name is <code>a.b.c-v2.1</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2738 the function name will be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2739
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2740
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2741 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2742 The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2743 It searches the C path for a library for
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2744 the root name of the given module.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2745 For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2746 it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2747 If found, it looks into it for an open function for
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2748 the submodule;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2749 in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2750 With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2751 into one single library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2752 with each submodule keeping its original open function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2753
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2754
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2755 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2756 All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2757 the file name where the module was found,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2758 as returned by <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2759 The first searcher returns no extra value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2760
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2761
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2762
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2763
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2764 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2765 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath (name, path [, sep [, rep]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2766
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2767
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2768 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2769 Searches for the given <code>name</code> in the given <code>path</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2770
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2771
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2772 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2773 A path is a string containing a sequence of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2774 <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2775 For each template,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2776 the function replaces each interrogation mark (if any)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2777 in the template with a copy of <code>name</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2778 wherein all occurrences of <code>sep</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2779 (a dot, by default)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2780 were replaced by <code>rep</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2781 (the system's directory separator, by default),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2782 and then tries to open the resulting file name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2783
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2784
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2785 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2786 For instance, if the path is the string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2788 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2789 "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2790 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2791 the search for the name <code>foo.a</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2792 will try to open the files
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2793 <code>./foo/a.lua</code>, <code>./foo/a.lc</code>, and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2794 <code>/usr/local/foo/a/init.lua</code>, in that order.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2795
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2796
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2797 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2798 Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2799 open in read mode (after closing the file),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2800 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message if none succeeds.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2801 (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2802
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2803
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2804
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2805
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2807
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2808
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2809 <h2>6.4 – <a name="6.4">String Manipulation</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2810
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2811 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2812 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2813 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2814 When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2815 (not at 0, as in C).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2816 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2817 from the end of the string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2818 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2819
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2820
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2821 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2822 The string library provides all its functions inside the table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2823 <a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2824 It also sets a metatable for strings
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2825 where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2826 Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2827 For instance, <code>string.byte(s,i)</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2828 can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2829
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2830
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2831 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2832 The string library assumes one-byte character encodings.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2833
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2834
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2835 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2836 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2837 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2838 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2839 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2840 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2841 These indices are corrected
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2842 following the same rules of function <a href="#pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2843
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2844
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2845 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2846 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2847
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2848
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2849
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2850
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2851 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2852 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2853 Receives zero or more integers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2854 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2855 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2856 to its corresponding argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2857
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2858
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2859 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2860 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2861
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2862
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2865 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2866 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function [, strip])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2867
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2868
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2869 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2870 Returns a string containing a binary representation
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2871 (a <em>binary chunk</em>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2872 of the given function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2873 so that a later <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> on this string returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2874 a copy of the function (but with new upvalues).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2875 If <code>strip</code> is a true value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2876 the binary representation is created without debug information
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2877 about the function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2878 (local variable names, lines, etc.).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2879
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2880
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2881 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2882 Functions with upvalues have only their number of upvalues saved.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2883 When (re)loaded,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2884 those upvalues receive fresh instances containing <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2885 (You can use the debug library to serialize
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2886 and reload the upvalues of a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2887 in a way adequate to your needs.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2888
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2889
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2890
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2891
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2892 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2893 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2894
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2895
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2896 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2897 Looks for the first match of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2898 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2899 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2900 where this occurrence starts and ends;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2901 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2902 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2903 where to start the search;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2904 its default value is 1 and can be negative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2905 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2906 turns off the pattern matching facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2907 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2908 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2909 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2911
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2912 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2913 If the pattern has captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2914 then in a successful match
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2915 the captured values are also returned,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2916 after the two indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2918
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2919
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2920
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2921 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2922 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2923
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2924
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2925 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2926 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2927 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2928 The format string follows the same rules as the ISO C function <code>sprintf</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2929 The only differences are that the options/modifiers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2930 <code>*</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>n</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2931 and <code>p</code> are not supported
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2932 and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2933 The <code>q</code> option formats a string between double quotes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2934 using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2935 it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2936 For instance, the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2937
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2938 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2939 string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line')
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2940 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2941 may produce the string:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2942
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2943 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2944 "a string with \"quotes\" and \
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2945 new line"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2946 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2947
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2948 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2949 Options
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2950 <code>A</code> and <code>a</code> (when available),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2951 <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2952 <code>G</code>, and <code>g</code> all expect a number as argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2953 Options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2954 <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2955 expect an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2956 Option <code>q</code> expects a string;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2957 option <code>s</code> expects a string without embedded zeros.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2958 If the argument to option <code>s</code> is not a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2959 it is converted to one following the same rules of <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2960
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2961
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2962
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2963
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2964 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2965 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2966 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2967 each time it is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2968 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2969 over the string <code>s</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2970 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2971 then the whole match is produced in each call.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2972
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2974 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2975 As an example, the following loop
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2976 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2977 printing one per line:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2978
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2979 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2980 s = "hello world from Lua"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2981 for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2982 print(w)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2983 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2984 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2985 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2986 given string into a table:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2987
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2988 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2989 t = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2990 s = "from=world, to=Lua"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2991 for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2992 t[k] = v
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2993 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2994 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2996 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2997 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2998 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3000
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3001
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3002
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3003 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3004 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3005 Returns a copy of <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3006 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3007 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) have been
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3008 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3009 which can be a string, a table, or a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3010 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3011 the total number of matches that occurred.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3012 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3013
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3014
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3015 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3016 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3017 The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3018 any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>d</em></code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3019 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3020 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3021 The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3022 The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3023
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3024
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3025 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3026 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3027 using the first capture as the key.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3028
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3029
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3030 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3031 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3032 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3033 in order.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3034
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3035
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3036 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3037 In any case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3038 if the pattern specifies no captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3039 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3041
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3042 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3043 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3044 is a string or a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3045 then it is used as the replacement string;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3046 otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3047 then there is no replacement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3048 (that is, the original match is kept in the string).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3049
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3050
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3051 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3052 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3053
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3054 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3055 x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1")
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3056 --> x="hello hello world world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3057
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3058 x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3059 --> x="hello hello world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3060
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3061 x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1")
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3062 --> x="world hello Lua from"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3064 x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3065 --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3067 x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3068 return load(s)()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3069 end)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3070 --> x="4+5 = 9"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3071
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3072 local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3073 x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3074 --> x="lua-5.3.tar.gz"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3075 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3076
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3077
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3078
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3079 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3080 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3081 Receives a string and returns its length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3082 The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3083 Embedded zeros are counted,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3084 so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3085
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3086
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3088
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3089 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3090 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3091 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3092 uppercase letters changed to lowercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3093 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3094 The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3095
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3096
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3098
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3099 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3100 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3101 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3102 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3103 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3104 the captures from the pattern;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3105 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3106 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3107 then the whole match is returned.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3108 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3109 where to start the search;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3110 its default value is 1 and can be negative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3111
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3112
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3113
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3114
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3115 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3116 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack (fmt, v1, v2, ···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3117
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3118
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3119 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3120 Returns a binary string containing the values <code>v1</code>, <code>v2</code>, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3121 packed (that is, serialized in binary form)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3122 according to the format string <code>fmt</code> (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3123
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3124
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3125
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3126
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3127 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3128 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.packsize"><code>string.packsize (fmt)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3131 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3132 Returns the size of a string resulting from <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3133 with the given format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3134 The format string cannot have the variable-length options
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3135 '<code>s</code>' or '<code>z</code>' (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3137
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3138
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3139
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3140 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3141 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3142 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3143 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3144 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3145 (that is, no separator).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3146 Returns the empty string if <code>n</code> is not positive.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3147
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3148
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3149
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3150
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3151 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3152 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3153 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3154
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3156
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3157
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3158 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3159 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3160 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3161 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3162 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3163 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3164 (which is the same as the string length).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3165 In particular,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3166 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3167 with length <code>j</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3168 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3169 with length <code>i</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3170
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3171
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3172 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3173 If, after the translation of negative indices,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3174 <code>i</code> is less than 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3175 it is corrected to 1.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3176 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3177 it is corrected to that length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3178 If, after these corrections,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3179 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3180 the function returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3181
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3182
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3183
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3184
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3185 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3186 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack (fmt, s [, pos])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3187
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3188
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3189 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3190 Returns the values packed in string <code>s</code> (see <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3191 according to the format string <code>fmt</code> (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3192 An optional <code>pos</code> marks where
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3193 to start reading in <code>s</code> (default is 1).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3194 After the read values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3195 this function also returns the index of the first unread byte in <code>s</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3196
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3197
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3198
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3199
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3200 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3201 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3202 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3203 lowercase letters changed to uppercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3204 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3205 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3206
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3207
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3208
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3211 <h3>6.4.1 – <a name="6.4.1">Patterns</a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3212
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3213 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3214 Patterns in Lua are described by regular strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3215 which are interpreted as patterns by the pattern-matching functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3216 <a href="#pdf-string.find"><code>string.find</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3217 <a href="#pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3218 <a href="#pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3219 and <a href="#pdf-string.match"><code>string.match</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3220 This section describes the syntax and the meaning
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3221 (that is, what they match) of these strings.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3222
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3223
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3224
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3225 <h4>Character Class:</h4><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3226 A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3227 The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3228
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3229 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3230
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3231 <li><b><em>x</em>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3232 (where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3233 <code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3234 represents the character <em>x</em> itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3235 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3237 <li><b><code>.</code>: </b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3238
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3239 <li><b><code>%a</code>: </b> represents all letters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3240
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3241 <li><b><code>%c</code>: </b> represents all control characters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3242
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3243 <li><b><code>%d</code>: </b> represents all digits.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3245 <li><b><code>%g</code>: </b> represents all printable characters except space.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3246
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3247 <li><b><code>%l</code>: </b> represents all lowercase letters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3248
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3249 <li><b><code>%p</code>: </b> represents all punctuation characters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3250
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3251 <li><b><code>%s</code>: </b> represents all space characters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3252
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3253 <li><b><code>%u</code>: </b> represents all uppercase letters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3254
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3255 <li><b><code>%w</code>: </b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3256
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3257 <li><b><code>%x</code>: </b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3258
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3259 <li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>: </b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3260 represents the character <em>x</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3261 This is the standard way to escape the magic characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3262 Any non-alphanumeric character
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3263 (including all punctuations, even the non-magical)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3264 can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3265 when used to represent itself in a pattern.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3266 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3267
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3268 <li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3269 represents the class which is the union of all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3270 characters in <em>set</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3271 A range of characters can be specified by
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3272 separating the end characters of the range,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3273 in ascending order, with a '<code>-</code>'.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3274 All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3275 components in <em>set</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3276 All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3277 For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3278 represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3279 <code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3280 and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3281 the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3282
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3283
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3284 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3285 The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3286 Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3287 have no meaning.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3288 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3289
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3290 <li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3291 represents the complement of <em>set</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3292 where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3293 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3294
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3295 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3296 For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3297 the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3298 For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3299
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3301 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3302 The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3303 depend on the current locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3304 In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3305
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3306
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3308
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3309
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3310 <h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3311 A <em>pattern item</em> can be
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3312
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3313 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3315 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3316 a single character class,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3317 which matches any single character in the class;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3318 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3319
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3320 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3321 a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3322 which matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3323 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3324 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3325
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3326 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3327 a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3328 which matches one or more repetitions of characters in the class.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3329 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3330 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3331
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3332 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3333 a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3334 which also matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3335 Unlike '<code>*</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3336 these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3337 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3338
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3339 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3340 a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3341 which matches zero or one occurrence of a character in the class.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3342 It always matches one occurrence if possible;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3343 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3344
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3345 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3346 <code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3347 such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3348 (see below);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3349 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3350
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3351 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3352 <code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3353 such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3354 and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3355 This means that, if one reads the string from left to right,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3356 counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3357 the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3358 For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3359 balanced parentheses.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3360 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3361
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3362 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3363 <code>%f[<em>set</em>]</code>, a <em>frontier pattern</em>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3364 such item matches an empty string at any position such that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3365 the next character belongs to <em>set</em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3366 and the previous character does not belong to <em>set</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3367 The set <em>set</em> is interpreted as previously described.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3368 The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3369 they were the character '<code>\0</code>'.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3370 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3372 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3373
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3374
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3376
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3377 <h4>Pattern:</h4><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3378 A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3379 A caret '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3380 beginning of the subject string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3381 A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3382 end of the subject string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3383 At other positions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3384 '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3385
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3386
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3387
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3388
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3389
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3390 <h4>Captures:</h4><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3391 A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3392 they describe <em>captures</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3393 When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3394 that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3395 Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3396 For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a(.)%w(%s))"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3397 the part of the string matching <code>"a(.)%w(%s)"</code> is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3398 stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3399 the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3400 and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3401
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3403 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3404 As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3405 the current string position (a number).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3406 For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3407 string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3410
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3411
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3413
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3414
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3415 <h3>6.4.2 – <a name="6.4.2">Format Strings for Pack and Unpack</a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3416
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3417 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3418 The first argument to <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3419 <a href="#pdf-string.packsize"><code>string.packsize</code></a>, and <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3420 is a format string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3421 which describes the layout of the structure being created or read.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3422
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3423
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3424 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3425 A format string is a sequence of conversion options.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3426 The conversion options are as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3427
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3428 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3429 <li><b><code><</code>: </b>sets little endian</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3430 <li><b><code>></code>: </b>sets big endian</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3431 <li><b><code>=</code>: </b>sets native endian</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3432 <li><b><code>![<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>sets maximum alignment to <code>n</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3433 (default is native alignment)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3434 <li><b><code>b</code>: </b>a signed byte (<code>char</code>)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3435 <li><b><code>B</code>: </b>an unsigned byte (<code>char</code>)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3436 <li><b><code>h</code>: </b>a signed <code>short</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3437 <li><b><code>H</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>short</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3438 <li><b><code>l</code>: </b>a signed <code>long</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3439 <li><b><code>L</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>long</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3440 <li><b><code>j</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Integer</code></li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3441 <li><b><code>J</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Unsigned</code></li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3442 <li><b><code>T</code>: </b>a <code>size_t</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3443 <li><b><code>i[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>a signed <code>int</code> with <code>n</code> bytes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3444 (default is native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3445 <li><b><code>I[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>int</code> with <code>n</code> bytes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3446 (default is native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3447 <li><b><code>f</code>: </b>a <code>float</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3448 <li><b><code>d</code>: </b>a <code>double</code> (native size)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3449 <li><b><code>n</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Number</code></li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3450 <li><b><code>c<em>n</em></code>: </b>a fixed-sized string with <code>n</code> bytes</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3451 <li><b><code>z</code>: </b>a zero-terminated string</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3452 <li><b><code>s[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>a string preceded by its length
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3453 coded as an unsigned integer with <code>n</code> bytes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3454 (default is a <code>size_t</code>)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3455 <li><b><code>x</code>: </b>one byte of padding</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3456 <li><b><code>X<em>op</em></code>: </b>an empty item that aligns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3457 according to option <code>op</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3458 (which is otherwise ignored)</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3459 <li><b>'<code> </code>': </b>(empty space) ignored</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3460 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3461 (A "<code>[<em>n</em>]</code>" means an optional integral numeral.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3462 Except for padding, spaces, and configurations
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3463 (options "<code>xX <=>!</code>"),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3464 each option corresponds to an argument (in <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3465 or a result (in <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3466
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3467
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3468 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3469 For options "<code>!<em>n</em></code>", "<code>s<em>n</em></code>", "<code>i<em>n</em></code>", and "<code>I<em>n</em></code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3470 <code>n</code> can be any integer between 1 and 16.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3471 All integral options check overflows;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3472 <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> checks whether the given value fits in the given size;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3473 <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a> checks whether the read value fits in a Lua integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3474
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3475
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3476 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3477 Any format string starts as if prefixed by "<code>!1=</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3478 that is,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3479 with maximum alignment of 1 (no alignment)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3480 and native endianness.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3481
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3482
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3483 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3484 Alignment works as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3485 For each option,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3486 the format gets extra padding until the data starts
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3487 at an offset that is a multiple of the minimum between the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3488 option size and the maximum alignment;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3489 this minimum must be a power of 2.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3490 Options "<code>c</code>" and "<code>z</code>" are not aligned;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3491 option "<code>s</code>" follows the alignment of its starting integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3492
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3493
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3494 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3495 All padding is filled with zeros by <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3496 (and ignored by <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3497
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3498
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3499
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3500
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3502
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3503
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3504 <h2>6.5 – <a name="6.5">UTF-8 Support</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3505
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3506 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3507 This library provides basic support for UTF-8 encoding.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3508 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-utf8"><code>utf8</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3509 This library does not provide any support for Unicode other
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3510 than the handling of the encoding.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3511 Any operation that needs the meaning of a character,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3512 such as character classification, is outside its scope.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3514
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3515 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3516 Unless stated otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3517 all functions that expect a byte position as a parameter
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3518 assume that the given position is either the start of a byte sequence
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3519 or one plus the length of the subject string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3520 As in the string library,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3521 negative indices count from the end of the string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3522
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3523
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3524 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3525 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.char"><code>utf8.char (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3526 Receives zero or more integers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3527 converts each one to its corresponding UTF-8 byte sequence
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3528 and returns a string with the concatenation of all these sequences.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3529
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3530
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3531
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3532
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3533 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3534 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.charpattern"><code>utf8.charpattern</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3535 The pattern (a string, not a function) "<code>[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xF4][\x80-\xBF]*</code>"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3536 (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3537 which matches exactly one UTF-8 byte sequence,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3538 assuming that the subject is a valid UTF-8 string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3539
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3540
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3541
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3542
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3543 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3544 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.codes"><code>utf8.codes (s)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3545
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3546
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3547 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3548 Returns values so that the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3549
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3550 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3551 for p, c in utf8.codes(s) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3552 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3553 will iterate over all characters in string <code>s</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3554 with <code>p</code> being the position (in bytes) and <code>c</code> the code point
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3555 of each character.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3556 It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3557
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3558
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3559
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3560
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3561 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3562 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.codepoint"><code>utf8.codepoint (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3563 Returns the codepoints (as integers) from all characters in <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3564 that start between byte position <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> (both included).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3565 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 and for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3566 It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3567
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3568
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3569
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3570
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3571 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3572 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.len"><code>utf8.len (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3573 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters in string <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3574 that start between positions <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> (both inclusive).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3575 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 and for <code>j</code> is -1.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3576 If it finds any invalid byte sequence,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3577 returns a false value plus the position of the first invalid byte.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3578
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3579
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3580
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3581
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3582 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3583 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.offset"><code>utf8.offset (s, n [, i])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3584 Returns the position (in bytes) where the encoding of the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3585 <code>n</code>-th character of <code>s</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3586 (counting from position <code>i</code>) starts.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3587 A negative <code>n</code> gets characters before position <code>i</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3588 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 when <code>n</code> is non-negative
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3589 and <code>#s + 1</code> otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3590 so that <code>utf8.offset(s, -n)</code> gets the offset of the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3591 <code>n</code>-th character from the end of the string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3592 If the specified character is neither in the subject
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3593 nor right after its end,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3594 the function returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3595
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3596
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3597 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3598 As a special case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3599 when <code>n</code> is 0 the function returns the start of the encoding
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3600 of the character that contains the <code>i</code>-th byte of <code>s</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3601
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3602
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3603 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3604 This function assumes that <code>s</code> is a valid UTF-8 string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3605
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3606
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3607
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3608
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3609
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3610
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3611
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3612 <h2>6.6 – <a name="6.6">Table Manipulation</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3613
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3614 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3615 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3616 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3617
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3618
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3619 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3620 Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3621 the table must be a proper sequence
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3622 or have a <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3623 All functions ignore non-numeric keys
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3624 in the tables given as arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3625
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3626
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3627 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3628 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3629
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3630
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3631 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3632 Given a list where all elements are strings or numbers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3633 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3634 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3635 the default for <code>i</code> is 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3636 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3637 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3638
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3639
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3640
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3641
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3642 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3643 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (list, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3644
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3645
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3646 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3647 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3648 shifting up the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3649 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3650 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list+1</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3651 so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3652 of list <code>t</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3654
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3655
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3656
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3657 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3658 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.move"><code>table.move (a1, f, e, t [,a2])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3659
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3660
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3661 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3662 Moves elements from table <code>a1</code> to table <code>a2</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3663 This function performs the equivalent to the following
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3664 multiple assignment:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3665 <code>a2[t],··· = a1[f],···,a1[e]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3666 The default for <code>a2</code> is <code>a1</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3667 The destination range can overlap with the source range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3668 Index <code>f</code> must be positive.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3669
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3670
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3671
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3672
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3673 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3674 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.pack"><code>table.pack (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3675
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3676
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3677 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3678 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3679 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3680 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3681
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3682
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3683
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3684
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3685 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3686 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (list [, pos])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3687
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3688
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3689 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3690 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3691 returning the value of the removed element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3692 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3693 it shifts down the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3694 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3695 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3696 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3697 or <code>#list + 1</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3698 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3699
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3700
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3701 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3702 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3703 so that a call <code>table.remove(l)</code> removes the last element
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3704 of list <code>l</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3705
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3706
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3707
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3708
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3709 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3710 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3711
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3712
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3713 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3714 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3715 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3716 If <code>comp</code> is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3717 then it must be a function that receives two list elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3718 and returns true when the first element must come
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3719 before the second in the final order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3720 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3721 If <code>comp</code> is not given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3722 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3723
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3724
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3725 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3726 The sort algorithm is not stable;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3727 that is, elements considered equal by the given order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3728 may have their relative positions changed by the sort.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3729
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3732
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3733 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3734 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3735
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3736
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3737 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3738 Returns the elements from the given list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3739 This function is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3740
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3741 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3742 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3743 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3744 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3745
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3746
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3747
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3748
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3749
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3750
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3751
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3752 <h2>6.7 – <a name="6.7">Mathematical Functions</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3753
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3754 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3755 This library provides basic mathematical functions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3756 It provides all its functions and constants inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3757 Functions with the annotation "<code>integer/float</code>" give
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3758 integer results for integer arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3759 and float results for float (or mixed) arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3760 Rounding functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3761 (<a href="#pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor</code></a>, and <a href="#pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf</code></a>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3762 return an integer when the result fits in the range of an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3763 or a float otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3764
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3765
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3766 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3767 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3768
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3769
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3770 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3771 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>. (integer/float)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3772
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3773
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3774
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3775
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3776 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3777 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3778
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3779
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3780 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3781 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3782
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3783
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3784
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3785
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3786 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3787 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3788
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3789
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3790 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3791 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3792
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3793
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3794
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3795
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3796 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3797 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (y [, x])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3798
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3799
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3800 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3801
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3802 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3803 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3804 quadrant of the result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3805 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3807
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3808 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3809 The default value for <code>x</code> is 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3810 so that the call <code>math.atan(y)</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3811 returns the arc tangent of <code>y</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3812
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3813
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3814
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3815
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3816 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3817 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3818
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3819
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3820 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3821 Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3822
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3823
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3824
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3825
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3826 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3827 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3828
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3829
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3830 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3831 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3832
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3833
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3834
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3835
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3836 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3837 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3838
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3839
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3840 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3841 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from radians to degrees.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3842
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3843
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3844
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3845
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3846 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3847 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3848
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3849
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3850 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3851 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3852 (where <code>e</code> is the base of natural logarithms).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3853
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3854
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3855
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3856
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3857 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3858 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3859
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3860
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3861 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3862 Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3865
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3866
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3867 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3868 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3869
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3870
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3871 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3872 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3873 that rounds the quotient towards zero. (integer/float)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3874
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3877
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3878 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3879 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3880
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3881
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3882 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3883 The float value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3884 a value larger than any other numerical value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3885
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3886
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3887
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3888
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3889 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3890 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3891
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3892
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3893 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3894 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3895 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3896 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3897
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3898
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3899
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3900
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3901 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3902 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3903
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3904
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3905 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3906 Returns the argument with the maximum value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3907 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>. (integer/float)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3908
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3909
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3911
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3912 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3913 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.maxinteger"><code>math.maxinteger</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3914 An integer with the maximum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3915
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3916
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3918
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3919 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3920 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3921
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3922
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3923 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3924 Returns the argument with the minimum value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3925 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>. (integer/float)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3926
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3927
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3928
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3929
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3930 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3931 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.mininteger"><code>math.mininteger</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3932 An integer with the minimum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3933
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3934
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3935
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3936
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3937 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3938 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3939
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3940
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3941 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3942 Returns the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3943 Its second result is always a float.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3944
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3945
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3946
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3947
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3948 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3949 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3950
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3951
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3952 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3953 The value of <em>π</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3954
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3955
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3956
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3957
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3958 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3959 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3960
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3961
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3962 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3963 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from degrees to radians.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3965
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3966
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3967
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3968 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3969 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3970
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3971
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3972 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3973 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3974 returns a pseudo-random float with uniform distribution
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3975 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3976 When called with two integers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3977 <code>math.random</code> returns a pseudo-random integer
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3978 with uniform distribution in the range <em>[m, n]</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3979 (The value <em>m-n</em> cannot be negative and must fit in a Lua integer.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3980 The call <code>math.random(n)</code> is equivalent to <code>math.random(1,n)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3981
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3982
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3983 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3984 This function is an interface to the underling
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3985 pseudo-random generator function provided by C.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3986 No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3987
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3988
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3989
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3990
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3991 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3992 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3995 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3996 Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3997 for the pseudo-random generator:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3998 equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4000
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4001
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4002
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4003 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4004 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4005
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4006
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4007 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4008 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4009
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4011
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4013 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4014 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4016
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4017 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4018 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4019 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4021
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4022
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4023
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4024 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4025 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4026
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4027
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4028 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4029 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4030
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4031
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4032
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4033
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4034 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4035 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tointeger"><code>math.tointeger (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4036
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4037
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4038 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4039 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4040 returns that integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4041 Otherwise, returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4043
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4044
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4045
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4046 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4047 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.type"><code>math.type (x)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4048
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4049
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4050 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4051 Returns "<code>integer</code>" if <code>x</code> is an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4052 "<code>float</code>" if it is a float,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4053 or <b>nil</b> if <code>x</code> is not a number.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4054
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4055
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4057
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4058 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4059 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ult"><code>math.ult (m, n)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4060
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4061
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4062 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4063 Returns a boolean,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4064 true if integer <code>m</code> is below integer <code>n</code> when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4065 they are compared as unsigned integers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4067
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4068
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4069
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4070
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4071
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4072
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4073 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4074
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4075 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4076 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4077 The first one uses implicit file handles;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4078 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4079 default output file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4080 and all input/output operations are over these default files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4081 The second style uses explicit file handles.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4083
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4084 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4085 When using implicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4086 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4087 When using explicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4088 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file handle
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4089 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4090
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4091
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4092 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4093 The table <code>io</code> also provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4094 three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4095 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4096 The I/O library never closes these files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4098
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4099 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4100 Unless otherwise stated,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4101 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4102 (plus an error message as a second result and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4103 a system-dependent error code as a third result)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4104 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4105 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4106 the computation of the error message and error code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4107 in case of errors
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4108 may be not thread safe,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4109 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4110
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4111
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4112 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4113 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4114
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4116 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4117 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4118 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4119
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4120
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4121
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4122
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4123 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4124 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4125
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4126
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4127 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4128 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4131
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4132
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4133 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4134 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4135
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4137 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4138 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4139 and sets its handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4140 When called with a file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4141 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4142 When called without parameters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4143 it returns the current default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4144
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4145
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4146 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4147 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4148 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4149
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4150
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4151
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4152
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4153 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4154 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4156
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4157 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4158 Opens the given file name in read mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4159 and returns an iterator function that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4160 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4161 When the iterator function detects the end of file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4162 it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4163
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4165 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4166 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4167 to <code>io.input():lines("*l")</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4168 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4169 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4170
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4171
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4172 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4173 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4174 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4175
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4176
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4177
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4178
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4179 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4180 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4181
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4182
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4183 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4184 This function opens a file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4185 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4186 It returns a new file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4187 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4188
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4190 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4191 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4192
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4193 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4194 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4195 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4196 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4197 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4198 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4199 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4200 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4201 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4202 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4203 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4204
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4205
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4206
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4207
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4208 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4209 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4211
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4212 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4213 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4216
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4217
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4218 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4219 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4220
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4221
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4222 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4223 This function is system dependent and is not available
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4224 on all platforms.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4225
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4226
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4227 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4228 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4229 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4230 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4231 or to write data to this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4232 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4234
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4235
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4237 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4238 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4239
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4240
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4241 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4242 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4243
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4246
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4247 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4248 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4249
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4250
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4251 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4252 Returns a handle for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4253 This file is opened in update mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4254 and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4255
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4256
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4257
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4258
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4259 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4260 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4261
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4262
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4263 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4264 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4265 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4266 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4267 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4269
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4270
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4271
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4272 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4273 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4274
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4275
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4276 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4277 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4278
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4281
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4282 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4283 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4284
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4285
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4286 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4287 Closes <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4288 Note that files are automatically closed when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4289 their handles are garbage collected,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4290 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4292
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4293 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4294 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4295 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4296 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4298
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4299
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4301 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4302 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4303
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4305 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4306 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4308
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4309
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4310
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4311 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4312 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4313
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4315 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4316 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4317 each time it is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4318 reads the file according to the given formats.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4319 When no format is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4320 uses "<code>l</code>" as a default.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4321 As an example, the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4322
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4323 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4324 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4325 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4326 will iterate over all characters of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4327 starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4328 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4329 when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4330
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4331
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4332 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4333 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4334 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4335
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4336
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4338
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4339 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4340 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4341
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4342
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4343 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4344 Reads the file <code>file</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4345 according to the given formats, which specify what to read.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4346 For each format,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4347 the function returns a string or a number with the characters read,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4348 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4349 (In this latter case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4350 the function does not read subsequent formats.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4351 When called without formats,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4352 it uses a default format that reads the next line
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4353 (see below).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4354
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4355
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4356 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4357 The available formats are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4359 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4361 <li><b>"<code>n</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4362 reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4363 following the lexical conventions of Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4364 (The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4365 This format always reads the longest input sequence that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4366 is a valid prefix for a number;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4367 if that prefix does not form a valid number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4368 (e.g., an empty string, "<code>0x</code>", or "<code>3.4e-</code>"),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4369 it is discarded and the function returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4370 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4372 <li><b>"<code>i</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4373 reads an integral number and returns it as an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4374 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4376 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4377 reads the whole file, starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4378 On end of file, it returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4379 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4380
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4381 <li><b>"<code>l</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4382 reads the next line skipping the end of line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4383 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4384 This is the default format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4385 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4386
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4387 <li><b>"<code>L</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4388 reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4389 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4390 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4391
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4392 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4393 reads a string with up to this number of bytes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4394 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4395 If <code>number</code> is zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4396 it reads nothing and returns an empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4397 or <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4398 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4400 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4401 The formats "<code>l</code>" and "<code>L</code>" should be used only for text files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4403
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4404
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4405
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4406 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4407 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4410 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4411 Sets and gets the file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4412 measured from the beginning of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4413 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4414 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4415
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4416 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4417 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4418 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4419 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4420 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4421 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4422 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4423 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4424 plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4425
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4427 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4428 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4429 and for <code>offset</code> is 0.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4430 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4431 file position, without changing it;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4432 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4433 beginning of the file (and returns 0);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4434 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4435 end of the file, and returns its size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4436
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4437
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4438
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4439
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4440 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4441 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4442
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4443
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4444 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4445 Sets the buffering mode for an output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4446 There are three available modes:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4448 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4449
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4450 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4451 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4452 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4453
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4454 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4455 full buffering; output operation is performed only
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4456 when the buffer is full or when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4457 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4458 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4460 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4461 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4462 or there is any input from some special files
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4463 (such as a terminal device).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4464 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4465
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4466 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4467 For the last two cases, <code>size</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4468 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4469 The default is an appropriate size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4470
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4471
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4473
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4474 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4475 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4478 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4479 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4480 The arguments must be strings or numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4481
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4482
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4483 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4484 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4485 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4486
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4487
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4488
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4489
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4490
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4491
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4492
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4493 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4494
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4495 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4496 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4497
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4498
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4499 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4500 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4502
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4503 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4504 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4505 used by the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4506
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4507
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4508
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4509
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4510 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4511 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4512
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4514 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4515 Returns a string or a table containing date and time,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4516 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4517
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4518
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4519 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4520 If the <code>time</code> argument is present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4521 this is the time to be formatted
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4522 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4523 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4524
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4525
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4526 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4527 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4528 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4529 After this optional character,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4530 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4531 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4532 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4533 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4534 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4535 <code>yday</code> (day of the year),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4536 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4537 This last field may be absent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4538 if the information is not available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4539
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4540
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4541 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4542 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4543 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4544 formatted according to the same rules as the ISO C function <code>strftime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4545
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4546
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4547 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4548 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4549 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4550 the host system and on the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4551 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4552
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4553
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4554 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4555 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4556 this function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4557 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4558
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4559
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4560
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4561
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4562 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4563 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4564
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4565
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4566 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4567 Returns the difference, in seconds,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4568 from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4569 (where the times are values returned by <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4570 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4571 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4572
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4573
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4574
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4575
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4576 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4577 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4578
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4579
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4580 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4581 This function is equivalent to the ISO C function <code>system</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4582 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4583 Its first result is <b>true</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4584 if the command terminated successfully,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4585 or <b>nil</b> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4586 After this first result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4587 the function returns a string plus a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4588 as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4589
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4590 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4591
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4592 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4593 the command terminated normally;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4594 the following number is the exit status of the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4595 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4596
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4597 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4598 the command was terminated by a signal;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4599 the following number is the signal that terminated the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4600 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4601
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4602 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4603
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4604 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4605 When called without a <code>command</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4606 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4607
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4608
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4609
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4610
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4611 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4612 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4613
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4614
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4615 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4616 Calls the ISO C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4617 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4618 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4619 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4620 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4621 if <code>code</code> is a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4622 the returned status is this number.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4623 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4624
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4625
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4626 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4627 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4628 closes the Lua state before exiting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4629
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4630
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4631
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4632
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4633 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4634 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4635
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4636
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4637 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4638 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4639 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4640
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4641
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4642
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4643
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4644 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4645 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4646
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4647
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4648 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4649 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4650 with the given name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4651 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4652 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4654
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4655
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4656
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4657 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4658 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4659
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4660
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4661 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4662 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4663 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4664 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4665
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4666
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4667
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4668
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4669 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4670 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4671
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4672
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4673 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4674 Sets the current locale of the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4675 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4676 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4677 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4678 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4679 the default category is <code>"all"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4680 The function returns the name of the new locale,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4681 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4682
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4683
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4684 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4685 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4686 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4687 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4688 the current locale is set to the standard C locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4689
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4690
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4691 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4692 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4693 this function only returns the name of the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4694 for the given category.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4695
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4696
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4697 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4698 This function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4699 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4700
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4701
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4702
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4703
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4704 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4705 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4706
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4707
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4708 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4709 Returns the current time when called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4710 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4711 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4712 and may have fields
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4713 <code>hour</code> (default is 12),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4714 <code>min</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4715 <code>sec</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4716 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4717 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4719
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4720 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4721 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4722 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4723 this number counts the number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4724 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch").
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4725 In other systems, the meaning is not specified,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4726 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4727 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4728
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4729
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4732 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4733 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4734
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4735
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4736 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4737 Returns a string with a file name that can
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4738 be used for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4739 The file must be explicitly opened before its use
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4740 and explicitly removed when no longer needed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4741
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4742
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4743 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4744 On POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4745 this function also creates a file with that name,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4746 to avoid security risks.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4747 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4748 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4749 You still have to open the file to use it
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4750 and to remove it (even if you do not use it).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4751
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4752
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4753 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4754 When possible,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4755 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4756 which automatically removes the file when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4757
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4758
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4759
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4760
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4761
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4762
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4763
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4764 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4765
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4766 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4767 This library provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4768 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4769 You should exert care when using this library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4770 Several of its functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4771 violate basic assumptions about Lua code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4772 (e.g., that variables local to a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4773 cannot be accessed from outside;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4774 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4775 that Lua programs do not crash)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4776 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4777 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4778
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4779
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4780 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4781 All functions in this library are provided
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4782 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4783 All functions that operate over a thread
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4784 have an optional first argument which is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4785 thread to operate over.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4786 The default is always the current thread.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4788
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4789 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4790 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4791
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4792
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4793 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4794 Enters an interactive mode with the user,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4795 running each string that the user enters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4796 Using simple commands and other debug facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4797 the user can inspect global and local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4798 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4799 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4800 so that the caller continues its execution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4801
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4802
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4803 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4804 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4805 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4807
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4808
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4809
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4810 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4811 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4812
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4813
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4814 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4815 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4816 the current hook function, the current hook mask,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4817 and the current hook count
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4818 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4819
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4820
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4821
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4822
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4823 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4824 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4825
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4826
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4827 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4828 Returns a table with information about a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4829 You can give the function directly
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4830 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4831 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4832 of the given thread:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4833 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4834 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4835 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4836 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4837 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4838 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4839
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4840
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4841 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4842 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4843 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4844 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4845 except the table of valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4846 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4847 the option '<code>f</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4848 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4849 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4850 the option '<code>L</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4851 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4852 valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4853
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4854
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4855 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4856 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4857 a table with a name for the current function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4858 if a reasonable name can be found,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4859 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4860 returns a table with all available information
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4861 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4862
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4865
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4866 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4867 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4868
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4869
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4870 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4871 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4872 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4873 This function accesses not only explicit local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4874 but also parameters, temporaries, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4877 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4878 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4879 following the order that they are declared in the code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4880 counting only the variables that are active
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4881 in the current scope of the function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4882 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4883 -1 is the first vararg parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4884 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4885 and raises an error when called with a level out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4886 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4887
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4888
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4889 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4890 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4891 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4892 (internal variables such as loop control variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4893 and variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4894
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4895
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4896 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4897 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4898 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4899
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4900
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4901
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4902
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4903 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4904 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4905
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4906
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4907 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4908 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4909 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4911
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4912
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4913
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4914 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4915 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4916
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4918 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4919 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4920
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4921
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4922
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4923
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4924 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4925 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4926
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4927
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4928 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4929 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4930 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4931 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4933
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4934 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4935 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4936 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4937 (variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4938
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4939
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4940
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4941
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4942 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4943 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4944
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4945
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4946 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4947 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4948 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4949 returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4950
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4951
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4953
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4954 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4955 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4956
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4957
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4958 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4959 Sets the given function as a hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4960 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4961 when the hook will be called.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4962 The string mask may have any combination of the following characters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4963 with the given meaning:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4965 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4966 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4967 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4968 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4969 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4970 Moreover,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4971 with a <code>count</code> different from zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4972 the hook is called also after every <code>count</code> instructions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4974
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4975 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4976 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4977 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4978
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4979
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4980 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4981 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4982 describing the event that has triggered its call:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4983 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4984 <code>"return"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4985 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4986 For line events,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4987 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4988 Inside a hook,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4989 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4990 the running function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4991 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4992 and level 1 is the hook function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4996
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4997 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4998 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5000
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5001 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5002 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5003 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5004 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5005 variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5006 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5007 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5008 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5009
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5011 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5012 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5013 variable indices and names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5014
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5016
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5017
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5018 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5019 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5021
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5022 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5023 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5024 (which can be <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5025 Returns <code>value</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5026
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5027
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5028
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5029
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5030 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5031 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5032
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5033
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5034 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5035 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5036 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5037 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5038 with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5039 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5041
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5043
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5044 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5045 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5046
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5047
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5048 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5049 Sets the given <code>value</code> as
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5050 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5051 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5052
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5053
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5054 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5055 Returns <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5057
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5058
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5059
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5060 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5061 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5064 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5065 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5066 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5067 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5068 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5069 The optional <code>message</code> string is appended
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5070 at the beginning of the traceback.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5071 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5072 to start the traceback
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5073 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5074
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5076
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5077
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5078 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5079 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5080
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5081
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5082 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5083 Returns a unique identifier (as a light userdata)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5084 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5085 from the given function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5086
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5088 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5089 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5090 closures share upvalues.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5091 Lua closures that share an upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5092 (that is, that access a same external local variable)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5093 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5094
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5095
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5096
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5098 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5099 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5100
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5101
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5102 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5103 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5104 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5105
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5106
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5107
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5110
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5111
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5112 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5113
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5114 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5115 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5116 to be embedded in a host C program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5117 it is also frequently used as a standalone language.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5118 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5119 called simply <code>lua</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5120 is provided with the standard distribution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5121 The standalone interpreter includes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5122 all standard libraries, including the debug library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5123 Its usage is:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5124
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5125 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5126 lua [options] [script [args]]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5127 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5128 The options are:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5130 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5131 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5132 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5133 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5134 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5135 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5136 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5137 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5138 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5139 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5140 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5141 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5142 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5143 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5144
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5145
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5146 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5147 When called without option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5148 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_3"><code>LUA_INIT_5_3</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5149 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if the versioned name is not defined)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5150 before running any argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5151 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5152 then <code>lua</code> executes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5153 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5154
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5156 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5157 When called with option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5158 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5159 Lua also ignores
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5160 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5161 setting the values of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5162 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5163 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5165
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5166 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5167 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5168 For instance, an invocation like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5169
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5170 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5171 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5172 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5173 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5174 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5175 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5176
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5177
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5178 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5179 Before running any code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5180 <code>lua</code> collects all command-line arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5181 in a global table called <code>arg</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5182 The script name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5183 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5184 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5185 Any arguments before the script name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5186 (that is, the interpreter name plus its options)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5187 go to negative indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5188 For instance, in the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5190 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5191 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5192 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5193 the table is like this:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5194
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5195 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5196 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5197 [0] = "b.lua",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5198 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" }
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5199 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5200 If there is no script in the call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5201 the interpreter name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5202 followed by the other arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5203 For instance, the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5204
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5205 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5206 $ lua -e "print(arg[1])"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5207 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5208 will print "<code>-e</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5209 If there is a script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5210 the script is called with parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5211 <code>arg[1]</code>, ···, <code>arg[#arg]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5212 (Like all chunks in Lua,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5213 the script is compiled as a vararg function.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5216 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5217 In interactive mode,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5218 Lua repeatedly prompts and waits for a line.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5219 After reading a line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5220 Lua first try to interpret the line as an expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5221 If it succeeds, it prints its value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5222 Otherwise, it interprets the line as a statement.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5223 If you write an incomplete statement,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5224 the interpreter waits for its completion
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5225 by issuing a different prompt.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5226
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5227
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5228 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5229 In case of unprotected errors in the script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5230 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5231 If the error object is not a string but
429 e3a6d9dbd694 rename __tostring to __to_string Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 428 diff changeset	5232 has a metamethod <code>__to_string</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5233 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5234 Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5235 and adds a stack traceback to it.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5237
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5238 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5239 When finishing normally,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5240 the interpreter closes its main Lua state
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5241 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5242 The script can avoid this step by
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5243 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5246 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5247 To allow the use of Lua as a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5248 script interpreter in Unix systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5249 the standalone interpreter skips
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5250 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5251 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5252 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5253 as in
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5254
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5255 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5256 #!/usr/local/bin/lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5257 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5258 (Of course,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5259 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5260 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5261 then
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5262
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5263 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5264 #!/usr/bin/env lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5265 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5266 is a more portable solution.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5267
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5269
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5270 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5271
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5272 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5273 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5274 from Lua 5.2 to Lua 5.3.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5275 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5276 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5277 However,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5278 all these compatibility options will be removed in the future.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5281 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5282 Lua versions can always change the C API in ways that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5283 do not imply source-code changes in a program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5284 such as the numeric values for constants
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5285 or the implementation of functions as macros.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5286 Therefore,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5287 you should not assume that binaries are compatible between
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5288 different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5289 Always recompile clients of the Lua API when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5290 using a new version.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5292
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5293 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5294 Similarly, Lua versions can always change the internal representation
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5295 of precompiled chunks;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5296 precompiled chunks are not compatible between different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5298
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5299 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5300 The standard paths in the official distribution may
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5301 change between versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5302
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5303
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5305 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5306 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5308 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5309 The main difference between Lua 5.2 and Lua 5.3 is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5310 introduction of an integer subtype for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5311 Although this change should not affect "normal" computations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5312 some computations
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5313 (mainly those that involve some kind of overflow)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5314 can give different results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5316
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5317 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5318 You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5319 (in Lua 5.2 all numbers were float),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5320 in particular writing constants with an ending <code>.0</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5321 or using <code>x = x + 0.0</code> to convert a variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5322 (This recommendation is only for a quick fix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5323 for an occasional incompatibility;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5324 it is not a general guideline for good programming.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5325 For good programming,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5326 use floats where you need floats
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5327 and integers where you need integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5328 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5329
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5330 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5331 The conversion of a float to a string now adds a <code>.0</code> suffix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5332 to the result if it looks like an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5333 (For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as <code>2.0</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5334 not as <code>2</code>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5335 You should always use an explicit format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5336 when you need a specific format for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5338
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5339 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5340 (Formally this is not an incompatibility,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5341 because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5342 but some programs assumed a specific format.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5343 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5344
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5345 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5346 The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5347 (It was an experimental feature in Lua 5.2.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5348 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5349
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5350 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5351
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5352
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5353
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5354
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5355 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5356 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5358 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5359 The <code>bit32</code> library has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5360 It is easy to require a compatible external library or,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5361 better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5362 (Keep in mind that <code>bit32</code> operates on 32-bit integers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5363 while the bitwise operators in standard Lua operate on 64-bit integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5364 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5365
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5366 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5367 The Table library now respects metamethods
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5368 for setting and getting elements.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5369 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5370
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5371 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5372 The <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> iterator now respects metamethods and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5373 its <code>__ipairs</code> metamethod has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5374 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5376 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5377 Option names in <a href="#pdf-io.read"><code>io.read</code></a> do not have a starting '<code>*</code>' anymore.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5378 For compatibility, Lua will continue to ignore this character.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5379 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5380
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5381 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5382 The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5383 <code>atan2</code>, <code>cosh</code>, <code>sinh</code>, <code>tanh</code>, <code>pow</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5384 <code>frexp</code>, and <code>ldexp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5385 You can replace <code>math.pow(x,y)</code> with <code>x^y</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5386 you can replace <code>math.atan2</code> with <code>math.atan</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5387 which now accepts one or two parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5388 you can replace <code>math.ldexp(x,exp)</code> with <code>x * 2.0^exp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5389 For the other operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5390 you can either use an external library or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5391 implement them in Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5392 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5393
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5394 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5395 The searcher for C loaders used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5396 changed the way it handles versioned names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5397 Now, the version should come after the module name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5398 (as is usual in most other tools).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5399 For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5400 if it cannot find an open function according to the new style.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5401 (Lua 5.2 already worked that way,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5402 but it did not document the change.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5403 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5404
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5405 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5406
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5407
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5410 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5411
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5413 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5414
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5415 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5416 Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5417 to get through <code>lua_getctx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5418 so <code>lua_getctx</code> has been removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5419 Adapt your code accordingly.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5420 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5421
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5422 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5423 Function <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>strip</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5424 Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5425 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5427 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5428 Functions to inject/project unsigned integers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5429 (<code>lua_pushunsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5430 <code>luaL_checkunsigned</code>, <code>luaL_optunsigned</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5431 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5432 Use their signed equivalents with a type cast.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5433 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5434
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5435 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5436 Macros to project non-default integer types
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5437 (<code>luaL_checkint</code>, <code>luaL_optint</code>, <code>luaL_checklong</code>, <code>luaL_optlong</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5438 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5439 Use their equivalent over <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> with a type cast
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5440 (or, when possible, use <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> in your code).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5441 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5442
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5443 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5444
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5445
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5446
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5448 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5449
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5450 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5451 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5452 As usual in extended BNF,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5453 {A} means 0 or more As,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5454 and [A] means an optional A.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5455 (For operator precedences, see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5456 for a description of the terminals
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5457 Name, Numeral,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5458 and LiteralString, see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5463 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5464
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5465 chunk ::= block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5466
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5467 block ::= {stat} [retstat]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5468
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5469 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5470 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5471 functioncall \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5472 label \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5473 <b>break</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5474 <b>goto</b> Name \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5475 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5476 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5477 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5478 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5479 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5480 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5481 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5482 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5483 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5484
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5485 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5486
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5487 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5488
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5489 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5490
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5491 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5492
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5493 var ::= Name \| prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ \| prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5494
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5495 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5496
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5497 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5498
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5499 exp ::= <b>nil</b> \| <b>false</b> \| <b>true</b> \| Numeral \| LiteralString \| ‘<b>...</b>’ \| functiondef \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5500 prefixexp \| tableconstructor \| exp binop exp \| unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5502 prefixexp ::= var \| functioncall \| ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5503
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5504 functioncall ::= prefixexp args \| prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5505
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5506 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ \| tableconstructor \| LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5507
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5508 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5509
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5510 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5511
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5512 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] \| ‘<b>...</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5514 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5515
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5516 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5517
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5518 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5519
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5520 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ \| ‘<b>;</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5522 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ \| ‘<b>-</b>’ \| ‘<b>*</b>’ \| ‘<b>/</b>’ \| ‘<b>//</b>’ \| ‘<b>^</b>’ \| ‘<b>%</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5523 ‘<b>&</b>’ \| ‘<b>~</b>’ \| ‘<b>\|</b>’ \| ‘<b>>></b>’ \| ‘<b><<</b>’ \| ‘<b>..</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5524 ‘<b><</b>’ \| ‘<b><=</b>’ \| ‘<b>></b>’ \| ‘<b>>=</b>’ \| ‘<b>==</b>’ \| ‘<b>~=</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5525 <b>and</b> \| <b>or</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5526
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5527 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ \| <b>not</b> \| ‘<b>#</b>’ \| ‘<b>~</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5528
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5529 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5530
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5531 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5532
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5533
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5534
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5535
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5536
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5537
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5538
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5539
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5540 <HR>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5541 <SMALL CLASS="footer">
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5542 Last update:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5543 Fri Jan 16 00:58:20 BRST 2015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5544 </SMALL>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5545 <!--
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5546 Last change: minor edit
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5547 -->
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	5548
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	5549 </div>
386 db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	5550
391 2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	5551 <% Html.simply_html_body_bottom() %>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	5552 </body>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	5553 </html>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	5554 <%
386 db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	5555 end

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