annotate website/src/manual.html.luan @ 1143:3bf5190b3c77

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date Tue, 30 Jan 2018 23:53:28 -0700
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1 local Luan = require "luan:Luan.luan"
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2 local Io = require "luan:Io.luan"
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3 local Html = require "luan:Html.luan"
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4 local Http = require "luan:http/Http.luan"
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5 local Shared = require "site:/Shared.luan"
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8 return function()
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9 Io.stdout = Http.response.text_writer()
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10 %>
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11 <html>
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12 <head>
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13 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title>
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14 <style>
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15 @import "/site.css";
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16 </style>
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17 </head>
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18 <body>
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19
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20 <div container>
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21 <% Shared.header() %>
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22
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23 <h1>Luan Reference Manual</h1>
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24
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25 <p small>
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26 Original copyright &copy; 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
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27 Freely available under the terms of the
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28 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>.
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29 Modified for Luan.
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30 </p>
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31
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32 <hr/>
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33
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34 <h2>Contents</h2>
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35
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36 <div contents><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></div>
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37
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38 <div contents>
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39 <a href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a>
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40 <ul>
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41 <li><a href="#types">Values and Types</a></li>
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42 <li><a href="#env">Environments</a></li>
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43 <li><a href="#error">Error Handling</a></li>
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44 <li><a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></li>
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45 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></li>
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46 </ul>
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47 </div>
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48
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49 <div contents>
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50 <a href="#lang">The Language</a>
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51 <ul>
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52 <li><a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></li>
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53 <li><a href="#vars">Variables</a></li>
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54 <li>
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55 <a href="#stmts">Statements</a>
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56 <ul>
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57 <li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li>
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58 <li><a href="#chunks">Chunks</a></li>
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59 <li><a href="#assignment">Assignment</a></li>
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60 <li><a href="#control">Control Structures</a></li>
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61 <li><a href="#for">For Statement</a></li>
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62 <li><a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></li>
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63 <li><a href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></li>
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64 <li><a href="#template_stmt">Template Statements</a></li>
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65 </ul>
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66 </li>
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67 <li>
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68 <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>
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69 <ul>
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70 <li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></li>
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71 <li><a href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></li>
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72 <li><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></li>
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73 <li><a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></li>
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74 <li><a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></li>
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75 <li><a href="#length">The Length Operator</a></li>
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76 <li><a href="#precedence">Precedence</a></li>
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77 <li><a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></li>
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78 <li><a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></li>
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79 <li><a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></li>
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80 <li><a href="#template_expr">Template Expressions</a></li>
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81 </ul>
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82 </li>
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83 <li><a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a></li>
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84 </ul>
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85 </div>
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86
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87 <div contents>
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88 <a href="#libs">Standard Libraries</a>
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89 <ul>
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90 <li><a href="#default_lib">Default Environment</a></li>
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91 <li><a href="#luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></li>
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92 <li><a href="#package_lib">Modules</a></li>
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93 <li><a href="#string_lib">String Manipulation</a></li>
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94 <li><a href="#binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></li>
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95 <li><a href="#table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></li>
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96 <li><a href="#number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></li>
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97 <li><a href="#math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></li>
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98 </ul>
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99 </div>
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100
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101 <hr/>
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102
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103
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104 <h2 heading><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
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105
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106 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p>
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107
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108 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p>
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109
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110 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p>
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112
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113 <h2 heading><a name="basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2>
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114
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115 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p>
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116
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117 <h3 heading><a name="types">Values and Types</a></h3>
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118
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119 <p>
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120 Luan is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>.
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121 This means that
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122 variables do not have types; only values do.
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123 There are no type definitions in the language.
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124 All values carry their own type.
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125
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127 <p>
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128 All values in Luan are <em>first-class values</em>.
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129 This means that all values can be stored in variables,
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130 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results.
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133 <p>
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134 There are eight basic types in Luan:
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135 <em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>,
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136 <em>string</em>, <em>binary</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>java</em>,
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137 and <em>table</em>.
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138 <em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>,
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139 whose main property is to be different from any other value;
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140 it usually represents the absence of a useful value.
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141 <em>Nil</em> is implemented as the Java value <em>null</em>.
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142 <em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>.
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143 <em>Boolean</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>Boolean</em>.
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144 <em>Number</em> represents both
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145 integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers.
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146 <em>Number</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>Number</em>. Any Java subclass of <em>Number</em> is allowed and this is invisible to the Luan user. Operations on numbers follow the same rules of
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147 the underlying Java implementation.
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148
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149 <em>String</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>String</em>.
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150 <em>Binary</em> is implemented as the Java type <em>byte[]</em>.
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151
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152
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153 <p>
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154 Luan can call (and manipulate) functions written in Luan and
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155 functions written in Java (see <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>).
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156 Both are represented by the type <em>function</em>.
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157
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158
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159 <p>
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160 The type <em>java</em> is provided to allow arbitrary Java objects to
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161 be stored in Luan variables.
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162 A <em>java</em> value is a Java object that isn't one of the standard Luan types.
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163 Java values have no predefined operations in Luan,
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164 except assignment and identity test.
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165 Java values are useful when Java access is enabled in Luan
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166
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167
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168
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169 <p>
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170 The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays,
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171 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers,
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172 but with any Luan value except <b>nil</b>.
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173 Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>;
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174 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>).
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175 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table.
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176 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has
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177 an associated value <b>nil</b>.
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178
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179
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180 <p>
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181 Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Luan;
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182 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences,
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183 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc.
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184 To represent records, Luan uses the field name as an index.
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185 The language supports this representation by
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186 providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>.
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187 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Luan
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188 (see <a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a>).
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189
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190
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191 <p>
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192 We use the term <em>sequence</em> to denote a table where
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193 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..<em>n</em>}
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194 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>,
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195 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
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196
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197
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198 <p>
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199 Like indices,
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200 the values of table fields can be of any type.
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201 In particular,
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202 because functions are first-class values,
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203 table fields can contain functions.
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204 Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>).
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205
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206
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207 <p>
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208 The indexing of tables follows
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209 the definition of raw equality in the language.
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210 The expressions <code>a[i]</code> and <code>a[j]</code>
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211 denote the same table element
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212 if and only if <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> are raw equal
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213 (that is, equal without metamethods).
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214 In particular, floats with integral values
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215 are equal to their respective integers
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216 (e.g., <code>1.0 == 1</code>).
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217
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218
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219 <p>
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220 Luan values are <em>objects</em>:
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221 variables do not actually <em>contain</em> values,
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222 only <em>references</em> to them.
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223 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns
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224 always manipulate references to values;
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225 these operations do not imply any kind of copy.
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226
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227
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228 <p>
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229 The library function <a href="#Luan.type"><code>Luan.type</code></a> returns a string describing the type
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230 of a given value.
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231
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232
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233
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234
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235
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236 <h3 heading><a name="env">Environments</a></h3>
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237
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238 <p>
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239 The environment of a chunk starts with only two local variables: <code><a href="#require">require</a></code> and <code><a href="#java">java</a></code>. These are functions are used to load and access libraries and other modules. All other variables must be added to the environment using <a href="http://localhost:8080/manual.html#local_stmt">local declarations</a>.
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240
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241 <p>
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242 As will be discussed in <a href="#vars">Variables</a> and <a href=#assignment">Assignment</a>,
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243 any reference to a free name
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244 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <code>var</code>
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245 can be syntactically translated to <code>_ENV.var</code> if <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
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246
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247
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248 <h3 heading><a name="error">Error Handling</a></h3>
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249
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250 <p>
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251 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the
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252 <a href="#Luan.error"><code>error</code></a> function.
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253 If you need to catch errors in Luan,
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254 you can use <a href="#Luan.pcall"><code>pcall</code></a> or <a href="#Luan.try"><code>try</code></a>
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255 to call a given function in <em>protected mode</em>.
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256
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257
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258 <p>
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259 Whenever there is an error,
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260 an <em>error table</em>
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261 is propagated with information about the error.
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262 See <a href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error</code></a>.
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263
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264
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265
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266 <h3 heading><a name="meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3>
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267
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268 <p>
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269 Every table in Luan can have a <em>metatable</em>.
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270 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Luan table
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271 that defines the behavior of the original value
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272 under certain special operations.
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273 You can change several aspects of the behavior
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274 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable.
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275 For instance, when a table is the operand of an addition,
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276 Luan checks for a function in the field "<code>__add</code>" of the table's metatable.
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277 If it finds one,
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278 Luan calls this function to perform the addition.
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279
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280
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281 <p>
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282 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <em>event</em> names;
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283 the corresponding values are called <ii>metamethods</em>.
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284 In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code>
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285 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition.
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286
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287
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288 <p>
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289 You can query the metatable of any table
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290 using the <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a> function.
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291
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292
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293 <p>
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294 You can replace the metatable of tables
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295 using the <a href="#Luan.set_metatable"><code>set_metatable</code></a> function.
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296
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297
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298 <p>
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299 A metatable controls how a table behaves in
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300 arithmetic operations, bitwise operations,
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301 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing.
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302
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303
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304 <p>
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305 A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next.
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306 Each operation is identified by its corresponding event name.
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307 The key for each event is a string with its name prefixed by
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308 two underscores, '<code>__</code>';
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309 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the
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310 string "<code>__add</code>".
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311 Note that queries for metamethods are always raw;
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312 the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods.
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313 You can emulate how Luan queries a metamethod for an object <code>obj</code>
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314 with the following code:
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315
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316 <pre>
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317 raw_get(get_metatable(obj) or {}, "__" .. event_name)
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318 </pre>
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319
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320 <p>
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321 Here are the events:
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322
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323 <ul>
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324
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325 <li><p><b>"add": </b>
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326 the <code>+</code> operation.
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327
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328 If any operand for an addition is a table,
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329 Luan will try to call a metamethod.
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330 First, Luan will check the first operand (even if it is valid).
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331 If that operand does not define a metamethod for the "<code>__add</code>" event,
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332 then Luan will check the second operand.
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333 If Luan can find a metamethod,
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334 it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments,
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335 and the result of the call
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336 (adjusted to one value)
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337 is the result of the operation.
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338 Otherwise,
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339 it raises an error.
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340 </li>
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341
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342 <li><p><b>"sub": </b>
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343 the <code>-</code> operation.
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344
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345 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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346 </li>
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347
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348 <li><p><b>"mul": </b>
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349 the <code>*</code> operation.
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350
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351 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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352 </li>
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353
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354 <li><p><b>"div": </b>
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355 the <code>/</code> operation.
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356
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357 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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358 </li>
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359
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360 <li><p><b>"mod": </b>
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361 the <code>%</code> operation.
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362
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363 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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364 </li>
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365
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366 <li><p><b>"pow": </b>
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367 the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation.
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368
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369 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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370 </li>
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371
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372 <li><p><b>"unm": </b>
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373 the <code>-</code> (unary minus) operation.
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374
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375 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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376 </li>
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377
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378 <li><p><b>"concat": </b>
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379 the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation.
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380
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381 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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382 </li>
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383
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384 <li><p><b>"len": </b>
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385 the <code>#</code> (length) operation.
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386
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387 If there is a metamethod,
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388 Luan calls it with the object as argument,
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389 and the result of the call
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390 (always adjusted to one value)
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391 is the result of the operation.
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392 If there is no metamethod but the object is a table,
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393 then Luan uses the table length operation (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
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394 Otherwise, Luan raises an error.
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395 </li>
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396
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397 <li><p><b>"eq": </b>
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398 the <code>==</code> (equal) operation.
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399
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400 Behavior similar to the "add" operation,
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401 except that Luan will try a metamethod only when the values
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402 being compared are both tables
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403 and they are not primitively equal.
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404 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
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405 </li>
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406
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407 <li><p><b>"lt": </b>
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408 the <code>&lt;</code> (less than) operation.
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409
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410 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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411 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
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412 </li>
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413
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414 <li><p><b>"le": </b>
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415 the <code>&lt;=</code> (less equal) operation.
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416
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417 Unlike other operations,
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418 The less-equal operation can use two different events.
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419 First, Luan looks for the "<code>__le</code>" metamethod in both operands,
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420 like in the "lt" operation.
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421 If it cannot find such a metamethod,
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422 then it will try the "<code>__lt</code>" event,
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423 assuming that <code>a &lt;= b</code> is equivalent to <code>not (b &lt; a)</code>.
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424 As with the other comparison operators,
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425 the result is always a boolean.
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426 </li>
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427
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428 <li><p><b>"index": </b>
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429 The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>.
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430
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431 This event happens
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432 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>.
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433 The metamethod is looked up in <code>table</code>.
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434
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435
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436 <p>
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437 Despite the name,
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438 the metamethod for this event can be any type.
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439 If it is a function,
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440 it is called with <code>table</code> and <code>key</code> as arguments.
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441 Otherwise
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442 the final result is the result of indexing this metamethod object with <code>key</code>.
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443 (This indexing is regular, not raw,
502
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444 and therefore can trigger another metamethod if the metamethod object is a table.)
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445 </li>
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446
502
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447 <li><p><b>"new_index": </b>
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448 The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>.
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449
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450 Like the index event,
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451 this event happens when
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452 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>.
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453 The metamethod is looked up in <code>table</code>.
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454
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455
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456 <p>
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457 Like with indexing,
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458 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table.
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459 If it is a function,
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460 it is called with <code>table</code>, <code>key</code>, and <code>value</code> as arguments.
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461 If it is a table,
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462 Luan does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value.
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463 (This assignment is regular, not raw,
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464 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.)
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465
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466
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467 <p>
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468 Whenever there is a "new_index" metamethod,
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469 Luan does not perform the primitive assignment.
371
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470 (If necessary,
562
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471 the metamethod itself can call <a href="#Luan.raw_set"><code>raw_set</code></a>
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472 to do the assignment.)
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473 </li>
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474
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475 </ul>
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476
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477
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478
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479
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480 <h3 heading><a name="gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3>
380
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481
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482 <p>
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483 Luan uses Java's garbage collection.
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484
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485
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486
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487
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488
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489 <h2 heading><a name="lang">The Language</a></h2>
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490
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491 <p>
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492 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan.
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493 In other words,
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494 this section describes
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495 which tokens are valid,
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496 how they can be combined,
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497 and what their combinations mean.
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498
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499
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500 <p>
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501 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation,
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502 in which
562
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503 {<em>a</em>}&nbsp;means&nbsp;0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and
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504 [<em>a</em>]&nbsp;means an optional <em>a</em>.
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505 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal,
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506 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>,
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507 and other terminal symbols are shown like &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo;.
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508 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">&sect;9</a>
371
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509 at the end of this manual.
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510
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511
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512
562
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513 <h3 heading><a name="lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3>
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514
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515 <p>
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516 Luan ignores spaces and comments
371
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517 between lexical elements (tokens),
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518 except as delimiters between names and keywords.
685
1e4b0bc0202d update documentation
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519 Luan considers the end of a line to be the end of a statement. This catches errors and encourages readability. If you want to continue a statement on another line, you can use a backslash followed by a newline which will be treated as white space.
562
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520
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521 <p>
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522 <em>Names</em>
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523 (also called <em>identifiers</em>)
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524 in Luan can be any string of letters,
371
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525 digits, and underscores,
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526 not beginning with a digit.
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527 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels.
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528
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529
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530 <p>
562
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531 The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved
371
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532 and cannot be used as names:
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533
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534
562
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535 <pre>
371
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536 and break do else elseif end
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537 end_do end_for end_function end_if end_while
371
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538 false for function goto if in
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539 local nil not or repeat return
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540 then true until while
562
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diff changeset
541 </pre>
371
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542
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543 <p>
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544 Luan is a case-sensitive language:
562
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545 <code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code>
371
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546 are two different, valid names.
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547
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548
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549 <p>
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550 The following strings denote other tokens:
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551
562
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552 <pre>
371
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553 + - * / % ^ #
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554 &amp; ~ | &lt;&lt; &gt;&gt; //
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555 == ~= &lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt; =
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556 ( ) { } [ ] ::
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557 ; : , . .. ...
562
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diff changeset
558 </pre>
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559
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diff changeset
560 <p>
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diff changeset
561 <em>Literal strings</em>
371
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562 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes,
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563 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences:
562
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564 '<code>\a</code>' (bell),
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565 '<code>\b</code>' (backspace),
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566 '<code>\f</code>' (form feed),
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567 '<code>\n</code>' (newline),
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568 '<code>\r</code>' (carriage return),
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569 '<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab),
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570 '<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab),
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571 '<code>\\</code>' (backslash),
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572 '<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]),
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573 and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]).
371
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574 A backslash followed by a real newline
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575 results in a newline in the string.
562
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576 The escape sequence '<code>\z</code>' skips the following span
371
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577 of white-space characters,
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578 including line breaks;
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579 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string
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580 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces
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581 into the string contents.
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582
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583
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584 <p>
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585 Luan can specify any character in a literal string by its numerical value.
371
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586 This can be done
562
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587 with the escape sequence <code>\x<em>XX</em></code>,
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588 where <em>XX</em> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits,
793
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589 or with the escape sequence <code>\u<em>XXXX</em></code>,
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590 where <em>XXXX</em> is a sequence of exactly four hexadecimal digits,
562
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diff changeset
591 or with the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>,
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592 where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits.
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593 (Note that if a decimal escape sequence is to be followed by a digit,
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594 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.)
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595
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596
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597 <p>
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598 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format
562
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diff changeset
599 enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>.
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600 We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening
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601 square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another
371
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602 opening square bracket.
562
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diff changeset
603 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>,
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604 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>,
371
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605 and so on.
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diff changeset
606 A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly;
371
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607 for instance,
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608 a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>.
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609 A <em>long literal</em> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and
371
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610 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level.
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611 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the same level.
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612 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines,
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613 do not interpret any escape sequences,
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614 and ignore long brackets of any other level.
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615 Any kind of end-of-line sequence
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diff changeset
616 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline,
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617 or newline followed by carriage return)
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618 is converted to a simple newline.
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diff changeset
619
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diff changeset
620
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diff changeset
621 <p>
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622 Any character in a literal string not
371
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623 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself.
380
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624 However, Luan opens files for parsing in text mode,
371
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625 and the system file functions may have problems with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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626 some control characters.
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diff changeset
627 So, it is safer to represent
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628 non-text data as a quoted literal with
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629 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters.
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630
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diff changeset
631
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632 <p>
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633 For convenience,
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634 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline,
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635 the newline is not included in the string.
380
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diff changeset
636 As an example
371
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637 the five literal strings below denote the same string:
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638
562
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639 <pre>
371
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640 a = 'alo\n123"'
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641 a = "alo\n123\""
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642 a = '\97lo\10\04923"'
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643 a = [[alo
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644 123"]]
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645 a = [==[
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646 alo
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647 123"]==]
562
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diff changeset
648 </pre>
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diff changeset
649
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diff changeset
650 <p>
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diff changeset
651 A <em>numerical constant</em> (or <em>numeral</em>)
371
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652 can be written with an optional fractional part
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653 and an optional decimal exponent,
562
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654 marked by a letter '<code>e</code>' or '<code>E</code>'.
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diff changeset
655 Luan also accepts hexadecimal constants,
562
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656 which start with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>.
371
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657 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part
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658 plus an optional binary exponent,
562
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659 marked by a letter '<code>p</code>' or '<code>P</code>'.
371
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660 A numeric constant with a fractional dot or an exponent
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661 denotes a float;
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662 otherwise it denotes an integer.
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663 Examples of valid integer constants are
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664
562
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665 <pre>
371
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666 3 345 0xff 0xBEBADA
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diff changeset
667 </pre>
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diff changeset
668
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diff changeset
669 <p>
371
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670 Examples of valid float constants are
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671
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diff changeset
672 <pre>
371
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673 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 34e1
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674 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1
562
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diff changeset
675 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
676
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diff changeset
677 <p>
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diff changeset
678 A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>)
371
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679 anywhere outside a string.
562
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diff changeset
680 If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket,
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diff changeset
681 the comment is a <em>short comment</em>,
371
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682 which runs until the end of the line.
562
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diff changeset
683 Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>,
371
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parents:
diff changeset
684 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket.
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parents:
diff changeset
685 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily.
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parents:
diff changeset
686
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
687
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
688
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
689
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
690
562
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691 <h3 heading><a name="vars">Variables</a></h3>
371
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692
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
693 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
694 Variables are places that store values.
380
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695 There are three kinds of variables in Luan:
371
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parents:
diff changeset
696 global variables, local variables, and table fields.
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parents:
diff changeset
697
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
698 <p>
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parents:
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699 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable
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parents:
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700 (or a function's formal parameter,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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701 which is a particular kind of local variable):
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702
562
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703 <pre>
371
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704 var ::= Name
562
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diff changeset
705 </pre>
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diff changeset
706
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diff changeset
707 <p>
464
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diff changeset
708 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a>.
371
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parents:
diff changeset
709
512
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parents: 505
diff changeset
710 <p>
562
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diff changeset
711 Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>:
371
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712 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
464
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parents: 429
diff changeset
713 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>).
371
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parents:
diff changeset
714
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parents:
diff changeset
715
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
716 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
717 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>.
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parents:
diff changeset
718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
719 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
720 Square brackets are used to index a table:
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parents:
diff changeset
721
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diff changeset
722 <pre>
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723 var ::= prefixexp &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo;
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diff changeset
724 </pre>
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diff changeset
725
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diff changeset
726 <p>
371
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727 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables.
562
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diff changeset
728 An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to
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diff changeset
729 a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>.
464
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diff changeset
730 (See <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a> for a complete description of the
562
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diff changeset
731 <code>gettable_event</code> function.
380
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732 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371
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diff changeset
733 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
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parents:
diff changeset
734
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parents:
diff changeset
735
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parents:
diff changeset
736 <p>
562
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diff changeset
737 The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for
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diff changeset
738 <code>var["Name"]</code>:
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diff changeset
739
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diff changeset
740 <pre>
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741 var ::= prefixexp &lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name
562
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diff changeset
742 </pre>
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diff changeset
743
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diff changeset
744 <p>
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745 Global variables are not available by default. To enable global variable, you must define <code>_ENV</code> as a local variable whose value is a table. If <code>_ENV</code> is not defined, then an unrecognized variable name will produce a compile error. If <code>_ENV</code> is defined then an access to an unrecognized variable name will be consider a global variable. So then an acces to global variable <code>x</code>
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746 is equivalent to <code>_ENV.x</code>.
371
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747 Due to the way that chunks are compiled,
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diff changeset
748 <code>_ENV</code> is never a global name (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
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diff changeset
749
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diff changeset
750
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diff changeset
751
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diff changeset
752
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753
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diff changeset
754 <h3 heading><a name="stmts">Statements</a></h3>
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755
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756 <p>
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757 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements,
371
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758 similar to those in Pascal or C.
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759 This set includes
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760 assignments, control structures, function calls,
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761 and variable declarations.
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762
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diff changeset
763
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diff changeset
764
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765 <h4 heading><a name="blocks">Blocks</a></h4>
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766
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767 <p>
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768 A block is a list of statements,
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769 which are executed sequentially:
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770
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771 <pre>
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772 block ::= {stat}
562
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diff changeset
773 </pre>
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diff changeset
774
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diff changeset
775 <p>
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diff changeset
776 Luan has <em>empty statements</em>
371
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777 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons,
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778 start a block with a semicolon
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779 or write two semicolons in sequence:
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780
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diff changeset
781 <pre>
371
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782 stat ::= &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;
562
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diff changeset
783 </pre>
371
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diff changeset
784
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785 <p>
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786 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement:
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787
562
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diff changeset
788 <pre>
1092
a26fbde7ee28 documentation
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parents: 1090
diff changeset
789 stat ::= <b>do</b> block end_do
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parents: 1090
diff changeset
790 end_do ::= <b>end_do</b> | <b>end</b>
562
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diff changeset
791 </pre>
389
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diff changeset
792
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793 <p>
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diff changeset
794 Explicit blocks are useful
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diff changeset
795 to control the scope of variable declarations.
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diff changeset
796 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to
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797 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle
464
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diff changeset
798 of another block (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>).
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
799
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
800
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
801
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
802
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
803
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diff changeset
804 <h4 heading><a name="chunks">Chunks</a></h4>
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diff changeset
805
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diff changeset
806 <p>
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diff changeset
807 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <em>chunk</em>.
371
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808 Syntactically,
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diff changeset
809 a chunk is simply a block:
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diff changeset
810
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diff changeset
811 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
812 chunk ::= block
562
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diff changeset
813 </pre>
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diff changeset
814
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diff changeset
815 <p>
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diff changeset
816 Luan handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function
371
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817 with a variable number of arguments
464
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diff changeset
818 (see <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>).
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diff changeset
819 As such, chunks can define local variables,
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820 receive arguments, and return values.
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diff changeset
821
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diff changeset
822
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diff changeset
823 <p>
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diff changeset
824 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program.
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825 To execute a chunk,
562
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diff changeset
826 Luan first <em>loads</em> it,
395
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diff changeset
827 compiling the chunk's code,
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diff changeset
828 and then Luan executes the compiled code.
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diff changeset
829
a7cb58532846 work on manual
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diff changeset
830
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diff changeset
831
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diff changeset
832
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diff changeset
833
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diff changeset
834 <h4 heading><a name="assignment">Assignment</a></h4>
395
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diff changeset
835
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diff changeset
836 <p>
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diff changeset
837 Luan allows multiple assignments.
371
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838 Therefore, the syntax for assignment
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diff changeset
839 defines a list of variables on the left side
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diff changeset
840 and a list of expressions on the right side.
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diff changeset
841 The elements in both lists are separated by commas:
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parents:
diff changeset
842
562
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diff changeset
843 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
844 stat ::= varlist &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist
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parents:
diff changeset
845 varlist ::= var {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; var}
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diff changeset
846 explist ::= exp {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp}
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diff changeset
847 </pre>
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diff changeset
848
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diff changeset
849 <p>
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diff changeset
850 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>.
371
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diff changeset
851
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parents:
diff changeset
852
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
853 <p>
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diff changeset
854 Before the assignment,
562
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diff changeset
855 the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of
371
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diff changeset
856 the list of variables.
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diff changeset
857 If there are more values than needed,
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diff changeset
858 the excess values are thrown away.
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diff changeset
859 If there are fewer values than needed,
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diff changeset
860 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed.
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861 If the list of expressions ends with a function call,
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diff changeset
862 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values,
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863 before the adjustment
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diff changeset
864 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>).
371
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diff changeset
865
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diff changeset
866
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
867 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
868 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions
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diff changeset
869 and only then the assignments are performed.
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870 Thus the code
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diff changeset
871
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diff changeset
872 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
873 i = 3
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diff changeset
874 i, a[i] = i+1, 20
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diff changeset
875 </pre>
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diff changeset
876
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diff changeset
877 <p>
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diff changeset
878 sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code>
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879 because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3)
371
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880 before it is assigned&nbsp;4.
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diff changeset
881 Similarly, the line
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882
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diff changeset
883 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
884 x, y = y, x
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diff changeset
885 </pre>
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diff changeset
886
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diff changeset
887 <p>
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diff changeset
888 exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>,
371
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889 and
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diff changeset
890
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diff changeset
891 <pre>
371
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892 x, y, z = y, z, x
562
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diff changeset
893 </pre>
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diff changeset
894
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diff changeset
895 <p>
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diff changeset
896 cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>.
371
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897
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parents:
diff changeset
898
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diff changeset
899 <p>
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900 The meaning of assignments to global variables
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901 and table fields can be changed via metatables.
562
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902 An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to
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diff changeset
903 <code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>.
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904 (See <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a> for a complete description of the
562
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diff changeset
905 <code>settable_event</code> function.
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906 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371
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907 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
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908
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diff changeset
909
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910 <p>
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diff changeset
911 An assignment to a global name <code>x = val</code>
371
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912 is equivalent to the assignment
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913 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
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914 Global names are only available when <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
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915
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diff changeset
916
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917
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918 <h4 heading><a name="control">Control Structures</a></h4>
395
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919
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920 <p>
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921 The control structures
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922 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and
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923 familiar syntax:
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924
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diff changeset
925 <pre>
1092
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926 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block end_while
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927 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp
1092
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928 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] end_if
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diff changeset
929 end_while ::= <b>end_while</b> | <b>end</b>
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930 end_if ::= <b>end_if</b> | <b>end</b>
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diff changeset
931 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
932
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933 <p>
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diff changeset
934 Luan also has a <b>for</b> statement (see <a href="#for">For Statement</a>).
371
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935
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936
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937 <p>
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938 The condition expression of a
395
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diff changeset
939 control structure must be a boolean.
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940 Any other value type will produce an error.
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diff changeset
941 This helps catch errors and makes code more readable.
371
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942
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diff changeset
943
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944 <p>
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945 In the <b>repeat</b>&ndash;<b>until</b> loop,
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946 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword,
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947 but only after the condition.
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948 So, the condition can refer to local variables
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949 declared inside the loop block.
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950
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diff changeset
951
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952 <p>
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953 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a
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954 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop,
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955 skipping to the next statement after the loop:
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956
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957
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958 <pre>
371
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959 stat ::= <b>break</b>
562
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diff changeset
960 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
961
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diff changeset
962 <p>
371
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963 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop.
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964
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diff changeset
965
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diff changeset
966 <p>
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diff changeset
967 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values
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968 from a function or a chunk
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969 (which is an anonymous function).
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diff changeset
970
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971 Functions can return more than one value,
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972 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is
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diff changeset
973
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974 <pre>
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diff changeset
975 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [&lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;]
562
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diff changeset
976 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
977
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diff changeset
978
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diff changeset
979
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diff changeset
980
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diff changeset
981 <h4 heading><a name="for">For Statement</a></h4>
395
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diff changeset
982
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diff changeset
983 <p>
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diff changeset
984 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions,
562
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diff changeset
985 called <em>iterators</em>.
395
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diff changeset
986 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value,
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987 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>.
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diff changeset
988 The <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax:
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diff changeset
989
562
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diff changeset
990 <pre>
1092
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parents: 1090
diff changeset
991 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> exp <b>do</b> block end_for
395
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992 namelist ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; Name}
1092
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diff changeset
993 end_for ::= <b>end_for</b> | <b>end</b>
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994 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
995
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996 <p>
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diff changeset
997 A <b>for</b> statement like
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998
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999 <pre>
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diff changeset
1000 for <em>var_1</em>, &middot;&middot;&middot;, <em>var_n</em> in <em>exp</em> do <em>block</em> end
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1001 </pre>
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diff changeset
1002
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1003 <p>
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1004 is equivalent to the code:
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1005
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1006 <pre>
371
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1007 do
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1008 local <em>f</em> = <em>exp</em>
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1009 while true do
562
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1010 local <em>var_1</em>, &middot;&middot;&middot;, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>()
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1011 if <em>var_1</em> == nil then break end
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1012 <em>block</em>
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1013 end
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1014 end
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1015 </pre>
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diff changeset
1016
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diff changeset
1017 <p>
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diff changeset
1018 Note the following:
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diff changeset
1019
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diff changeset
1020 <ul>
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diff changeset
1021
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1022 <li>
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diff changeset
1023 <code><em>exp</em></code> is evaluated only once.
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diff changeset
1024 Its result is an <em>iterator</em> function.
371
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diff changeset
1025 </li>
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parents:
diff changeset
1026
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1027 <li>
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diff changeset
1028 <code><em>f</em></code> is an invisible variable.
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diff changeset
1029 The name is here for explanatory purposes only.
371
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1030 </li>
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parents:
diff changeset
1031
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1032 <li>
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1033 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop.
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1034 </li>
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diff changeset
1035
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1036 <li>
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diff changeset
1037 The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop;
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1038 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends.
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diff changeset
1039 If you need these values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1040 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop.
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diff changeset
1041 </li>
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diff changeset
1042
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diff changeset
1043 </ul>
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parents:
diff changeset
1044
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1045
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1046
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1047
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diff changeset
1048 <h4 heading><a name="fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4>
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diff changeset
1049
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diff changeset
1050 <p>
371
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1051 To allow possible side-effects,
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diff changeset
1052 function calls can be executed as statements:
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diff changeset
1053
562
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diff changeset
1054 <pre>
371
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1055 stat ::= functioncall
562
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diff changeset
1056 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
1057
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diff changeset
1058 <p>
371
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1059 In this case, all returned values are thrown away.
464
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1060 Function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>.
371
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1061
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diff changeset
1062
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diff changeset
1063
562
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diff changeset
1064 <h4 heading><a name="local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4>
395
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diff changeset
1065
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diff changeset
1066 <p>
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diff changeset
1067 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
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diff changeset
1068 The declaration can include an initial assignment:
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diff changeset
1069
562
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diff changeset
1070 <pre>
371
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1071 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [&lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist]
562
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diff changeset
1072 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
1073
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1074 <p>
371
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1075 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics
464
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1076 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#assignment">Assignment</a>).
371
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1077 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>.
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parents:
diff changeset
1078
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parents:
diff changeset
1079
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diff changeset
1080 <p>
464
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1081 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#chunks">Chunks</a>),
371
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1082 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block.
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diff changeset
1083
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diff changeset
1084
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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1085 <p>
464
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diff changeset
1086 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>.
371
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1087
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diff changeset
1088
562
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diff changeset
1089 <h4 heading><a name="template_stmt">Template Statements</a></h4>
465
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diff changeset
1090
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diff changeset
1091 <p>Template statements are based on <a href="#template_expr">template exressions</a> and provide the full equivalent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a> but in a general way. Template statements write the equivalent template exression to standard output. For example:</p>
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diff changeset
1092
562
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diff changeset
1093 <pre><%=Html.encode[[
465
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diff changeset
1094 local name = "Bob"
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1095 %>
469
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diff changeset
1096 Hello <%= name %>!
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diff changeset
1097 Bye <%= name %>.
465
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diff changeset
1098 <%
562
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diff changeset
1099 ]]%></pre>
465
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1100
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diff changeset
1101 <p>is equivalent to the code:</p>
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diff changeset
1102
562
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1103 <pre><%=Html.encode[[
465
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diff changeset
1104 local name = "Bob"
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
1105 require("luan:Io.luan").stdout.write( %>
469
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parents: 468
diff changeset
1106 Hello <%= name %>!
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1107 Bye <%= name %>.
465
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diff changeset
1108 <% )
562
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diff changeset
1109 ]]%></pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1110
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1111
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1112
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diff changeset
1113 <h3 heading><a name="expressions">Expressions</a></h3>
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diff changeset
1114
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1115 <p>
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1116 The basic expressions in Luan are the following:
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1117
562
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1118 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1119 exp ::= prefixexp
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diff changeset
1120 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b>
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diff changeset
1121 exp ::= Numeral
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diff changeset
1122 exp ::= LiteralString
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diff changeset
1123 exp ::= functiondef
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diff changeset
1124 exp ::= tableconstructor
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diff changeset
1125 exp ::= &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;
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diff changeset
1126 exp ::= exp binop exp
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diff changeset
1127 exp ::= unop exp
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diff changeset
1128 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo;
562
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diff changeset
1129 </pre>
371
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diff changeset
1130
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diff changeset
1131 <p>
464
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1132 Numerals and literal strings are explained in <a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1133 variables are explained in <a href="#vars">Variables</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1134 function definitions are explained in <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>;
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diff changeset
1135 function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>;
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diff changeset
1136 table constructors are explained in <a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a>.
371
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diff changeset
1137 Vararg expressions,
562
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diff changeset
1138 denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when
371
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diff changeset
1139 directly inside a vararg function;
464
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diff changeset
1140 they are explained in <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>.
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diff changeset
1141
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diff changeset
1142
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1143 <p>
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1144 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a>),
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1145 relational operators (see <a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1146 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a>).
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1147 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a>),
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1148 the unary logical <b>not</b> (see <a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1149 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1150
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parents:
diff changeset
1151
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parents:
diff changeset
1152 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
1153 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values.
464
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diff changeset
1154 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a>),
371
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diff changeset
1155 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements,
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parents:
diff changeset
1156 thus discarding all returned values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1157 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element
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diff changeset
1158 of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1159 then no adjustment is made
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diff changeset
1160 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses).
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1161 In all other contexts,
395
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diff changeset
1162 Luan adjusts the result list to one element,
371
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diff changeset
1163 either discarding all values except the first one
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1164 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values.
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parents:
diff changeset
1165
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parents:
diff changeset
1166
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parents:
diff changeset
1167 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
1168 Here are some examples:
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parents:
diff changeset
1169
562
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diff changeset
1170 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1171 f() -- adjusted to 0 results
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diff changeset
1172 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
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diff changeset
1173 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f()
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parents:
diff changeset
1174 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
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parents:
diff changeset
1175 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
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parents:
diff changeset
1176 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
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parents:
diff changeset
1177 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)
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parents:
diff changeset
1178
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parents:
diff changeset
1179 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
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parents:
diff changeset
1180 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
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parents:
diff changeset
1181 return f() -- returns all results from f()
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parents:
diff changeset
1182 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters
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1183 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
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1184 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f()
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1185 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
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1186 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
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1187 </pre>
371
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diff changeset
1188
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1189 <p>
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1190 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value.
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1191 Thus,
562
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1192 <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value,
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1193 even if <code>f</code> returns several values.
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1194 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code>
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1195 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.)
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diff changeset
1196
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diff changeset
1197
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diff changeset
1198
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1199 <h4 heading><a name="arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4>
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1200
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1201 <p>
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1202 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators:
371
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1203
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1204 <ul>
562
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1205 <li><b><code>+</code>: </b>addition</li>
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1206 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b>subtraction</li>
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1207 <li><b><code>*</code>: </b>multiplication</li>
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1208 <li><b><code>/</code>: </b>division</li>
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1209 <li><b><code>%</code>: </b>modulo</li>
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1210 <li><b><code>^</code>: </b>exponentiation</li>
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1211 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b>unary minus</li>
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1212 </ul>
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1213
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1214 <p>
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1215 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary minus are the same as these operators in Java. Exponentiation uses Java's <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow(double,%20double)">Math.pow</a> function.
371
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1216
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1217 <p>
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1218 Modulo is defined as the remainder of a division
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1219 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division).
395
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1220 (The Java modulo operator is not used.)
371
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1221
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diff changeset
1222
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1223
562
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diff changeset
1224 <h4 heading><a name="conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4>
396
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1225
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1226 <p>
465
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diff changeset
1227 Luan generally avoids automatic conversions.
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diff changeset
1228 String concatenation automatically converts all of its arguments to strings.
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diff changeset
1229
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1230 <p>
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1231 Luan provides library functions for explicit type conversions.
371
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1232
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diff changeset
1233
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diff changeset
1234
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diff changeset
1235
562
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diff changeset
1236 <h4 heading><a name="relational">Relational Operators</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1237
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1238 <p>
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1239 Luan supports the following relational operators:
371
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1240
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diff changeset
1241 <ul>
562
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diff changeset
1242 <li><b><code>==</code>: </b>equality</li>
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diff changeset
1243 <li><b><code>~=</code>: </b>inequality</li>
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diff changeset
1244 <li><b><code>&lt;</code>: </b>less than</li>
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diff changeset
1245 <li><b><code>&gt;</code>: </b>greater than</li>
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diff changeset
1246 <li><b><code>&lt;=</code>: </b>less or equal</li>
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1247 <li><b><code>&gt;=</code>: </b>greater or equal</li>
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diff changeset
1248 </ul><p>
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diff changeset
1249 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
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diff changeset
1250
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1251
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1252 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1253 Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands.
371
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1254 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>.
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1255 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared.
396
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diff changeset
1256 Strings, numbers, and binary values are compared in the obvious way (by value).
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diff changeset
1257
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diff changeset
1258 <p>
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diff changeset
1259 Tables
371
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diff changeset
1260 are compared by reference:
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diff changeset
1261 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object.
396
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diff changeset
1262 Every time you create a new table,
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1263 it is different from any previously existing table.
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diff changeset
1264 Closures are also compared by reference.
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diff changeset
1265
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diff changeset
1266 <p>
417
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diff changeset
1267 You can change the way that Luan compares tables
464
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diff changeset
1268 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
371
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1269
396
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diff changeset
1270 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1271 Java values are compared for equality with the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)"><code>equals</code></a> method.
371
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diff changeset
1272
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1273 <p>
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diff changeset
1274 Equality comparisons do not convert strings to numbers
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diff changeset
1275 or vice versa.
562
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diff changeset
1276 Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>,
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diff changeset
1277 and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different
371
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diff changeset
1278 entries in a table.
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diff changeset
1279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1280
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diff changeset
1281 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1282 The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>).
371
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diff changeset
1283
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1284
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1285 <p>
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diff changeset
1286 The order operators work as follows.
396
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diff changeset
1287
371
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diff changeset
1288 If both arguments are numbers,
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diff changeset
1289 then they are compared following
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diff changeset
1290 the usual rule for binary operations.
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diff changeset
1291 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1292 then their values are compared according to the current locale.
396
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diff changeset
1293 Otherwise, Luan tries to call the "lt" or the "le"
464
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diff changeset
1294 metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
562
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diff changeset
1295 A comparison <code>a &gt; b</code> is translated to <code>b &lt; a</code>
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diff changeset
1296 and <code>a &gt;= b</code> is translated to <code>b &lt;= a</code>.
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diff changeset
1297
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diff changeset
1298
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diff changeset
1299
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diff changeset
1300
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1301
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diff changeset
1302 <h4 heading><a name="logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4>
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1303
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1304 <p>
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1305 The logical operators in Luan are
371
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diff changeset
1306 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>.
396
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diff changeset
1307 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false
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1308 and anything else as true.
464
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1309 Like the control structures (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>),
396
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1310 the <b>not</b> operator requires a boolean value.
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diff changeset
1311
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diff changeset
1312 <p>
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diff changeset
1313 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
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diff changeset
1314 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument
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diff changeset
1315 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>;
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1316 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument.
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diff changeset
1317 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument
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diff changeset
1318 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>;
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1319 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument.
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diff changeset
1320 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-circuit evaluation;
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1321 that is,
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diff changeset
1322 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary.
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diff changeset
1323 Here are some examples:
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1324
562
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diff changeset
1325 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1326 10 or 20 --&gt; 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1327 10 or error() --&gt; 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1328 nil or "a" --&gt; "a"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1329 nil and 10 --&gt; nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1330 false and error() --&gt; false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1331 false and nil --&gt; false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1332 false or nil --&gt; nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1333 10 and 20 --&gt; 20
562
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diff changeset
1334 </pre>
396
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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diff changeset
1335
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diff changeset
1336 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1337 (In this manual,
562
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diff changeset
1338 <code>--&gt;</code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.)
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1339
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1340
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diff changeset
1341
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1342 <h4 heading><a name="concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1343
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diff changeset
1344 <p>
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diff changeset
1345 The string concatenation operator in Luan is
562
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diff changeset
1346 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>').
396
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diff changeset
1347 All operands are converted to strings.
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diff changeset
1348
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diff changeset
1349
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diff changeset
1350
562
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diff changeset
1351 <h4 heading><a name="length">The Length Operator</a></h4>
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diff changeset
1352
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diff changeset
1353 <p>
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diff changeset
1354 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>.
396
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diff changeset
1355 The length of a string is its number of characters.
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diff changeset
1356 The length of a binary is its number of bytes.
371
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diff changeset
1357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1359 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1360 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for
562
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diff changeset
1361 any table through the <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
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diff changeset
1362
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diff changeset
1363
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diff changeset
1364 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1365 Unless a <code>__len</code> metamethod is given,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1366 the length of a table <code>t</code> is defined
396
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diff changeset
1367 as the number of elements in <em>sequence</em>,
371
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diff changeset
1368 that is,
396
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diff changeset
1369 the size of the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em>
371
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diff changeset
1370 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>.
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parents:
diff changeset
1371 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length.
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parents:
diff changeset
1372 Note that a table like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1373
562
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diff changeset
1374 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1375 {10, 20, nil, 40}
562
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diff changeset
1376 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1377
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1378 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1379 has a length of <code>2</code>, because that is the last key in sequence.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1380
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1381
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1382
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1383
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1384
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diff changeset
1385 <h4 heading><a name="precedence">Precedence</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1386
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diff changeset
1387 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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diff changeset
1388 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1389 from lower to higher priority:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1390
562
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diff changeset
1391 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1392 or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1393 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1394 &lt; &gt; &lt;= &gt;= ~= ==
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parents:
diff changeset
1395 ..
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1396 + -
396
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1397 * / %
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1398 unary operators (not # -)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1399 ^
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1400 </pre>
396
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1401
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diff changeset
1402 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1403 As usual,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1404 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1405 The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>')
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1406 operators are right associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1407 All other binary operators are left associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1410
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1411
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1412
562
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diff changeset
1413 <h4 heading><a name="constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1414
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diff changeset
1415 <p>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1416 Table constructors are expressions that create tables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1417 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1418 A constructor can be used to create an empty table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1420 The general syntax for constructors is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1421
562
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diff changeset
1422 <pre>
604
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 589
diff changeset
1423 tableconstructor ::= &lsquo;<b>{</b>&rsquo; fieldlist &lsquo;<b>}</b>&rsquo;
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter
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parents: 589
diff changeset
1424 fieldlist ::= [field] {fieldsep [field]}
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1425 field ::= &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | Name &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | exp
604
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 589
diff changeset
1426 fieldsep ::= &lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo; | <b>end_of_line</b>
562
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diff changeset
1427 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1428
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1429 <p>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1430 Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1431 with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>.
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1432 A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1433 <code>["name"] = exp</code>.
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1434 Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to
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diff changeset
1435 <code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive integers
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1436 starting with 1.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1437 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1438 For example,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1439
562
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diff changeset
1440 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1441 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 }
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1442 </pre>
396
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diff changeset
1443
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diff changeset
1444 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1445 is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1446
562
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diff changeset
1447 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1448 do
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parents:
diff changeset
1449 local t = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1450 t[f(1)] = g
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1451 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1452 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1453 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1454 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1455 t[30] = 23
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parents:
diff changeset
1456 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp
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parents:
diff changeset
1457 a = t
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parents:
diff changeset
1458 end
562
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diff changeset
1459 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1461 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1462 The order of the assignments in a constructor is undefined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1463 (This order would be relevant only when there are repeated keys.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1464
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1465
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1466 <p>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1467 If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1468 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression,
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parents:
diff changeset
1469 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively
464
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1470 (see <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>).
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1471
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parents:
diff changeset
1472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1473 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1474 The field list can have an optional trailing separator,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1475 as a convenience for machine-generated code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1478
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1479
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1480
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1481 <h4 heading><a name="fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4>
417
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1482
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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diff changeset
1483 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1484 A function call in Luan has the following syntax:
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1485
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1486 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1487 functioncall ::= prefixexp args
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1488 </pre>
417
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1489
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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diff changeset
1490 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1491 In a function call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 first prefixexp and args are evaluated.
685
1e4b0bc0202d update documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 642
diff changeset
1493 The value of prefixexp must have type <em>function</em>.
1e4b0bc0202d update documentation
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parents: 642
diff changeset
1494 This function is called
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1495 with the given arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1496
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1497
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1498 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1499 Arguments have the following syntax:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1500
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1501 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1502 args ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [explist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1503 args ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1504 args ::= LiteralString
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1505 </pre>
417
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1506
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1507 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1508 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1509 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1510 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>;
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1511 that is, the argument list is a single new table.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1512 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1513 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1514 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>;
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1515 that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1516
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1517
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1518
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1519
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1520 <h4 heading><a name="fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1522 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1523 The syntax for function definition is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1524
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1525 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1526 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
1092
a26fbde7ee28 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1090
diff changeset
1527 funcbody ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [parlist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo; block end_function
a26fbde7ee28 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1090
diff changeset
1528 end_function ::= <b>end_function</b> | <b>end</b>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1529 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1530
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1531 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1532 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1533
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1534 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1535 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1536 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1537 funcname ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name} [&lsquo;<b>:</b>&rsquo; Name]
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1538 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1539
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1540 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1541 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1542
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1543 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1544 function f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1545 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1546
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1547 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1548 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1549
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1550 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1551 f = function () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1552 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1553
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1554 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1555 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1556
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1557 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1558 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1559 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1560
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1561 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1562 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1563
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1564 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1565 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1566 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1567
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1568 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1569 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1570
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1571 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1572 local function f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1573 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1574
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1575 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1576 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1577
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1578 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1579 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1580 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1581
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1582 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1583 not to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1584
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1585 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1586 local f = function () <em>body</em> end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1587 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1588
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1589 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1590 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1591 contains references to <code>f</code>.)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1592
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1593
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1594 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1595 A function definition is an executable expression,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1596 whose value has type <em>function</em>.
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1597 When Luan precompiles a chunk,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1598 all its function bodies are precompiled too.
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1599 Then, whenever Luan executes the function definition,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1600 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1601 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1602 is the final value of the expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1603
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1604
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1605 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1606 Parameters act as local variables that are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1607 initialized with the argument values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1608
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1609 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1610 parlist ::= namelist [&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;] | &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1611 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1612
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1613 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1614 When a function is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1615 the list of arguments is adjusted to
1090
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 799
diff changeset
1616 the length of the list of parameters if the list is too short,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1617 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1618 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>')
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1619 at the end of its parameter list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1620 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1621 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1622 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>,
371
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1623 which is also written as three dots.
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1624 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments,
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diff changeset
1625 similar to a function with multiple results.
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1626 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression
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1627 or in the middle of a list of expressions,
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diff changeset
1628 then its return list is adjusted to one element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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1629 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions,
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1630 then no adjustment is made
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1631 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses).
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1632
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1633
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1634 <p>
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diff changeset
1635 As an example, consider the following definitions:
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1636
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diff changeset
1637 <pre>
371
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1638 function f(a, b) end
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1639 function g(a, b, ...) end
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1640 function r() return 1,2,3 end
562
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diff changeset
1641 </pre>
417
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diff changeset
1642
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1643 <p>
371
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1644 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and
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1645 to the vararg expression:
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1646
562
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diff changeset
1647 <pre>
371
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1648 CALL PARAMETERS
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diff changeset
1649
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diff changeset
1650 f(3) a=3, b=nil
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diff changeset
1651 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4
1090
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parents: 799
diff changeset
1652 f(3, 4, 5) runtime error
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change
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parents: 799
diff changeset
1653 f(r(), 10) runtime error
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diff changeset
1654 f(r()) runtime error
371
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diff changeset
1655
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diff changeset
1656 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --&gt; (nothing)
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diff changeset
1657 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --&gt; (nothing)
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diff changeset
1658 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --&gt; 5 8
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1659 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --&gt; 2 3
562
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diff changeset
1660 </pre>
371
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diff changeset
1661
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1662 <p>
464
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1663 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>).
371
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1664 If control reaches the end of a function
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1665 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement,
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diff changeset
1666 then the function returns with no results.
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diff changeset
1667
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1668
562
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diff changeset
1669 <h4 heading><a name="template_expr">Template Expressions</a></h4>
465
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diff changeset
1670
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diff changeset
1671 <p>Luan template expression are based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a>. Template expressions return multiple values. Here is an example:</p>
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1672
562
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diff changeset
1673 <pre><%=Html.encode[[
465
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diff changeset
1674 local name = "Bob"
469
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1675 write( %>Hello <%= name %>!<% )
562
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diff changeset
1676 ]]%></pre>
465
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diff changeset
1677
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diff changeset
1678 <p>This is equivalent to the code:</p>
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diff changeset
1679
562
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diff changeset
1680 <pre>
465
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diff changeset
1681 local name = "Bob"
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diff changeset
1682 write( "Hello ", name, "!" )
562
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diff changeset
1683 </pre>
465
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diff changeset
1684
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diff changeset
1685 <p>The strings in template expressions may be multiple lines.</p>
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diff changeset
1686
417
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diff changeset
1687
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1688
562
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diff changeset
1689 <h3 heading><a name="visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3>
417
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diff changeset
1690
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diff changeset
1691 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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diff changeset
1692 Luan is a lexically scoped language.
371
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1693 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after
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diff changeset
1694 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement
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diff changeset
1695 of the innermost block that includes the declaration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1696 Consider the following example:
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diff changeset
1697
562
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diff changeset
1698 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1699 x = 10 -- global variable
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parents:
diff changeset
1700 do -- new block
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parents:
diff changeset
1701 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10
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diff changeset
1702 print(x) --&gt; 10
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parents:
diff changeset
1703 x = x+1
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parents:
diff changeset
1704 do -- another block
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parents:
diff changeset
1705 local x = x+1 -- another 'x'
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parents:
diff changeset
1706 print(x) --&gt; 12
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1707 end
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parents:
diff changeset
1708 print(x) --&gt; 11
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parents:
diff changeset
1709 end
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diff changeset
1710 print(x) --&gt; 10 (the global one)
562
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diff changeset
1711 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1712
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diff changeset
1713 <p>
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diff changeset
1714 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>,
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diff changeset
1715 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet,
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diff changeset
1716 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable.
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1717
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parents:
diff changeset
1718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1719 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1720 Because of the lexical scoping rules,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1721 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1722 defined inside their scope.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1723 A local variable used by an inner function is called
562
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diff changeset
1724 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>,
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1725 inside the inner function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1726
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1727
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1728 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1729 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1730 defines new local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1731 Consider the following example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1732
562
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diff changeset
1733 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1734 a = {}
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parents:
diff changeset
1735 local x = 20
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1736 for i=1,10 do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1737 local y = 0
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parents:
diff changeset
1738 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end
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parents:
diff changeset
1739 end
562
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diff changeset
1740 </pre>
417
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diff changeset
1741
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diff changeset
1742 <p>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1743 The loop creates ten closures
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parents:
diff changeset
1744 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function).
562
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diff changeset
1745 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable,
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diff changeset
1746 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>.
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diff changeset
1747
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1748
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1749
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1750
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diff changeset
1751
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diff changeset
1752 <h2 heading><a name="libs">Standard Libraries</a></h2>
468
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diff changeset
1753
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1754 <p>
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1755 The standard Luan libraries provide useful functions
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1756 that are implemented both in Java and in Luan itself.
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1757 How each function is implemented shouldn't matter to the user.
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1758 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language
562
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diff changeset
1759 (e.g., <a href="#Luan.type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a>);
468
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1760 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O).
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1761
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1762
562
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diff changeset
1763 <h3 heading><a name="default_lib">Default Environment</a></h3>
468
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1764
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1765 <p>
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1766 These are provided by default as local variables for any Luan code as described in <a href="#env">Environments</a>.
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diff changeset
1767
470
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1768
562
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diff changeset
1769 <h4 heading><a name="require"><code>java ()</code></a></h4>
470
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1770
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1771 <p>
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diff changeset
1772 This function enables Java in the current chunk if that chunk has permission to use Java. If the chunk doesn't have permission to use Java, then an error is thrown.
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1773
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1774
562
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1775 <h4 heading><a name="require"><code>require (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1776
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1777 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1778 Example use:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1779
562
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diff changeset
1780 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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diff changeset
1781 local Table = require "luan:Table.luan"
562
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diff changeset
1782 </pre>
470
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diff changeset
1783
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1784 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1785 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1786
562
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diff changeset
1787 <pre>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1788 local function require(mod_name)
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
1789 return <a href="#Package.load">Package.load</a>(mod_name) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("module '"..mod_name.."' not found")
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1790 end
562
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diff changeset
1791 </pre>
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diff changeset
1792
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diff changeset
1793
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diff changeset
1794 <h3 heading><a name="luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></h3>
470
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diff changeset
1795
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diff changeset
1796 <p>
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1797 Include this library by:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1798
562
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diff changeset
1799 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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diff changeset
1800 local Luan = require "luan:Luan.luan"
562
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diff changeset
1801 </pre>
470
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diff changeset
1802
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
1803 <p>
470
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diff changeset
1804 The basic library provides basic functions to Luan that don't depend on other libaries.
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1805
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1806
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1807 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert" href="#Luan.assert"><code>Luan.assert (v [, message])</code></a></h4>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1808
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1809 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1810 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1811
562
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1812 <pre>
470
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diff changeset
1813 function Luan.assert(v,message)
472
f4aca5a5346a minor documentation
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diff changeset
1814 return v or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>(message or "assertion failed!")
470
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1815 end
562
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diff changeset
1816 </pre>
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diff changeset
1817
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diff changeset
1818
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1819 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_binary" href="#Luan.assert_binary"><code>Luan.assert_binary (v)</code></a></h4>
470
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diff changeset
1820
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1821 <p>
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diff changeset
1822 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1823
562
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1824 <pre>
470
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diff changeset
1825 function Luan.assert_binary(v)
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1826 local v_type = Luan.type(v)
472
f4aca5a5346a minor documentation
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parents: 470
diff changeset
1827 return v_type == "binary" and v or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("bad argument #1 (binary expected, got "..v_type..")")
470
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1828 end
562
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diff changeset
1829 </pre>
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diff changeset
1830
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diff changeset
1831
642
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diff changeset
1832 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_boolean" href="#Luan.assert_boolean"><code>Luan.assert_boolean (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
1833
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diff changeset
1834 <p>
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diff changeset
1835 Like <a href="#Luan.assert_binary"><code>assert_binary</code></a> but for type <code>boolean</code>.
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diff changeset
1836
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diff changeset
1837
642
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diff changeset
1838 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_function" href="#Luan.assert_function"><code>Luan.assert_function (v)</code></a></h4>
626
53a50c70c5e2 add Luan.assert_function() and Http.run_later()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 604
diff changeset
1839
53a50c70c5e2 add Luan.assert_function() and Http.run_later()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 604
diff changeset
1840 <p>
53a50c70c5e2 add Luan.assert_function() and Http.run_later()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 604
diff changeset
1841 Like <a href="#Luan.assert_binary"><code>assert_binary</code></a> but for type <code>function</code>.
53a50c70c5e2 add Luan.assert_function() and Http.run_later()
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parents: 604
diff changeset
1842
53a50c70c5e2 add Luan.assert_function() and Http.run_later()
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parents: 604
diff changeset
1843
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1844 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_integer" href="#Luan.assert_integer"><code>Luan.assert_integer (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
1845
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diff changeset
1846 <p>
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diff changeset
1847 Asserts that <code>v</code> can be converted to Java type <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</a> and returns an Integer.
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diff changeset
1848
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diff changeset
1849
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1850 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_long" href="#Luan.assert_long"><code>Luan.assert_long (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
1851
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diff changeset
1852 <p>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1853 Asserts that <code>v</code> can be converted to Java type <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Long.html">Long</a> and returns a Long.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1854
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1855
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1856 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_number" href="#Luan.assert_number"><code>Luan.assert_number (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1857
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1858 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1859 Like <a href="#Luan.assert_binary"><code>assert_binary</code></a> but for type <code>number</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1860
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1861
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
1862 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_string" href="#Luan.assert_string"><code>Luan.assert_string (v)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1863
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1864 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1865 Like <a href="#Luan.assert_binary"><code>assert_binary</code></a> but for type <code>string</code>.
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1866
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1867
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
1868 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.assert_table" href="#Luan.assert_table"><code>Luan.assert_table (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1869
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1870 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1871 Like <a href="#Luan.assert_binary"><code>assert_binary</code></a> but for type <code>table</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1872
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1873
642
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parents: 629
diff changeset
1874 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.do_file" href="#Luan.do_file"><code>Luan.do_file ([uri])</code></a></h4>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1875
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1876 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 469
diff changeset
1877 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1878
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1879 <pre>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1880 function Luan.do_file(uri)
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 472
diff changeset
1881 return <a href="#Luan.load_file">Luan.load_file</a>(uri)()
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1882 end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1883 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1884
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1885
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1886
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1887 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.error" href="#Luan.error"><code>Luan.error (message)</code></a></h4>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1888
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1889 <p>
482
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1890 Throws an error containing the message.
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
1891
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
1892 <p>
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
1893 Could be defined as:
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1894
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1895 <pre>
482
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1896 function Luan.error(message)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
1897 <a href="#Luan.new_error">Luan.new_error</a>(message).throw()
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1898 end
562
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diff changeset
1899 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1900
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1901
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1902
695
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1903 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.eval" href="#Luan.eval"><code>Luan.eval (text [, source_name])</code></a></h4>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1904
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1905 <p>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1906 Evaluates <code>text</code> as a Luan expression.
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1907
5042e487d717 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 693
diff changeset
1908 <p>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1909 Could be defined as:
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1910
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1911 <pre>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1912 function Luan.eval(text,source_name)
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1913 return Luan.load( "return "..text, source_name or "eval" )()
5042e487d717 documentation
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diff changeset
1914 end
5042e487d717 documentation
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diff changeset
1915 </pre>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1916
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1917
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1918
642
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parents: 629
diff changeset
1919 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.get_metatable" href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>Luan.get_metatable (table)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
1920
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diff changeset
1921 <p>
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diff changeset
1922 If <code>table</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1923 Otherwise,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1924 if the table's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1925 returns the associated value.
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1926 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given table.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1927
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1928
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1929 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.ipairs" href="#Luan.ipairs"><code>Luan.ipairs (t)</code></a></h4>
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1930
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1931 <p>
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1932 Returns an iterator function
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1933 so that the construction
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1934
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1935 <pre>
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1936 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
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1937 </pre>
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1938
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1939 <p>
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1940 will iterate over the key&ndash;value pairs
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1941 (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ...,
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1942 up to the first nil value.
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1943
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1944 <p>
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1945 Could be defined as:
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1946
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1947 <pre>
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1948 function Luan.ipairs(t)
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1949 local i = 0
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1950 return function()
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1951 if i < #t then
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1952 i = i + 1
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1953 return i, t[i]
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1954 end
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1955 end
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1956 end
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1957 </pre>
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1958
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1959
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1960
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1961 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.load" href="#Luan.load"><code>Luan.load (text, source_name [, env])</code></a></h4>
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1962
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1963 <p>
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1964 Loads a chunk.
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1965
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1966 <p>
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1967 The <code>text</code> is compiled.
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1968 If there are no syntactic errors,
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1969 returns the compiled chunk as a function;
474
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1970 otherwise, throws an error.
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1971
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1972 <p>
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1973 The <code>source_name</code> parameter is a string saying where the text came from. It is used to produce error messages.
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1974
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1975 <p>
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1976 If the <code>env</code> parameter is supplied, it becomes the <code>_ENV</code> of the chunk.
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1977
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diff changeset
1978
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1979 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.load_file" href="#Luan.load_file"><code>Luan.load_file ([file_uri])</code></a></h4>
562
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1980
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1981 <p>
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diff changeset
1982 Similar to <a href="#Luan.load"><code>load</code></a>,
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1983 but gets the chunk from file <code>file_uri</code>
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1984 or from the standard input,
474
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1985 if no file uri is given.
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1986
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1987 <p>
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diff changeset
1988 Could be defined as:
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1989
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1990 <pre>
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1991 function Luan.load_file(file_uri)
474
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1992 file_uri = file_uri or "stdin:"
693
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1993 local f = Io.uri(file_uri)
474
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1994 f.exists() or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("file '"..file_uri.."' not found")
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1995 return <a href="#Luan.load">Luan.load</a>( f.read_text(), file_uri )
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1996 end
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1997 </pre>
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1998
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1999
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2000 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.new_error" href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error (message)</code></a></h4>
562
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2001
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2002 <p>
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diff changeset
2003 Creates a new error table containing the message assigned to "<code>message</code>". The error table also contains a <code>throw</code> function which throws the error. The table also contains a list of stack trace elements where each stack trace element is a table containing "<code>source</code>", "<code>line</code>", and possible "<code>call_to</code>". The table also has a metatable containing "<code>__to_string</code>" to render the error.
482
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2004
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2005 <p>
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2006 To print the current stack trace, you could do:
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parents: 479
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2007
562
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2008 <pre>
482
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diff changeset
2009 Io.print( Luan.new_error "stack" )
562
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2010 </pre>
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2011
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2012
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2013 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.pairs" href="#Luan.pairs"><code>Luan.pairs (t)</code></a></h4>
562
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2014
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diff changeset
2015 <p>
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diff changeset
2016 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>,
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2017 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the
475
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2018 result from the call.
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2019
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2020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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2021 <p>
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2022 Otherwise,
475
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diff changeset
2023 returns a function
371
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2024 so that the construction
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2025
562
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diff changeset
2026 <pre>
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diff changeset
2027 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
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diff changeset
2028 </pre>
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diff changeset
2029
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diff changeset
2030 <p>
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diff changeset
2031 will iterate over all key&ndash;value pairs of table <code>t</code>.
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diff changeset
2032
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diff changeset
2033
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diff changeset
2034
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diff changeset
2035 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.pcall" href="#Luan.pcall"><code>Luan.pcall (f [, arg1, &middot;&middot;&middot;])</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2036
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diff changeset
2037 <p>
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diff changeset
2038 Calls function <code>f</code> with
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diff changeset
2039 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2040 This means that any error inside&nbsp;<code>f</code> is not propagated;
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diff changeset
2041 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error
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2042 and returns a status code.
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2043 Its first result is the status code (a boolean),
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2044 which is true if the call succeeds without errors.
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diff changeset
2045 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call,
371
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2046 after this first result.
562
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diff changeset
2047 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error.
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2048
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parents:
diff changeset
2049
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2050
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2051
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2052 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
2053 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
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parents:
diff changeset
2054 Receives any number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2055 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>,
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parents:
diff changeset
2056 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string.
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2057 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2058 but only as a quick way to show a value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2059 for instance for debugging.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2060 For complete control over the output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2061 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>.
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parents:
diff changeset
2062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2064
642
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2065 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.range" href="#Luan.range"><code>Luan.range (start, stop [, step])</code></a></h4>
476
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diff changeset
2066
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diff changeset
2067 <p>
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diff changeset
2068 Based on <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#range">the Python range() function</a>, this lets one iterate through a sequence of numbers.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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diff changeset
2069
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diff changeset
2070 <p>
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diff changeset
2071 Example use:
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diff changeset
2072
562
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diff changeset
2073 <pre>
476
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diff changeset
2074 for i in range(1,10) do
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2075 Io.print("count up:",i)
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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diff changeset
2076 end
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diff changeset
2077 for i in range(10,0,-1) do
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diff changeset
2078 Io.print("count down:",i)
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diff changeset
2079 end
562
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diff changeset
2080 </pre>
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2081
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2082 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2083 Could be defined as:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2084
562
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diff changeset
2085 <pre>
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2086 function Luan.range(start, stop, step)
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2087 step = step or 1
478
eb6d90fb0b5c documentation
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parents: 476
diff changeset
2088 step == 0 and <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a> "bad argument #3 (step may not be zero)"
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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diff changeset
2089 local i = start
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2090 return function()
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2091 if step > 0 and i <= stop or step < 0 and i >= stop then
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2092 local rtn = i
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2093 i = i + step
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2094 return rtn
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2095 end
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2096 end
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2097 end
562
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diff changeset
2098 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2099
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2100
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2101
642
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2102 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_equal" href="#Luan.raw_equal"><code>Luan.raw_equal (v1, v2)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2103
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2104 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2105 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2106 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2107 Returns a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2110
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2111 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_get" href="#Luan.raw_get"><code>Luan.raw_get (table, index)</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2112
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2113 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2114 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>,
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2115 without invoking any metamethod.
562
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diff changeset
2116 <code>table</code> must be a table;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2117 <code>index</code> may be any value.
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2118
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2119
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2120
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2121 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_len" href="#Luan.raw_len"><code>Luan.raw_len (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2122
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2123 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2124 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2125 which must be a table or a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2126 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2127 Returns an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2128
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2130
642
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2131 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_set" href="#Luan.raw_set"><code>Luan.raw_set (table, index, value)</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2132
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diff changeset
2133 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2134 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2135 without invoking any metamethod.
562
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diff changeset
2136 <code>table</code> must be a table,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2137 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2138 and <code>value</code> any Lua value.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2139
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2140
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2141 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.set_metatable" href="#Luan.set_metatable"><code>Luan.set_metatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2142
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2143 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2144 Sets the metatable for the given table.
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2145 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2146 removes the metatable of the given table.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2147 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2148 raises an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2149
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2150
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2151
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2152 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.to_string" href="#Luan.to_string"><code>Luan.to_string (v)</code></a></h4>
475
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2153
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2154 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2155 Receives a value of any type and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2156 converts it to a string in a human-readable format.
475
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2157
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2158 <p>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2159 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__to_string"</code> field,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2160 then <code>to_string</code> calls the corresponding value
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2161 with <code>v</code> as argument,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2162 and uses the result of the call as its result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2163
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2165
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2166 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.try" href="#Luan.try"><code>Luan.try (t, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
589
97c8ae330efe add varargs to Luan.try;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 581
diff changeset
2167
97c8ae330efe add varargs to Luan.try;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 581
diff changeset
2168 <p>
97c8ae330efe add varargs to Luan.try;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 581
diff changeset
2169 Implements try-catch as found in other languages where each block is in table <code>t</code>. <code>t[1]</code> is the "try" block. The <code>t.catch</code> and <code>t.finally</code> blocks are optional. Any extra arguments are passed to the "try" function. Returns the result of the "try" block or the "catch" block.
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2170
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2171 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2172 Example use:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2173
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2174 <pre>
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2175 try {
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2176 function()
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2177 a_dangerous_fn()
702
87970832a3c3 improve Http_test
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parents: 695
diff changeset
2178 end
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2179 catch = function(e)
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2180 -- handle error
702
87970832a3c3 improve Http_test
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parents: 695
diff changeset
2181 end
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 475
diff changeset
2182 finally = function()
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2183 -- clean up
702
87970832a3c3 improve Http_test
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parents: 695
diff changeset
2184 end
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2185 }
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2186 </pre>
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2187
482
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2188 <p>
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2189 Could be defined as:
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2190
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2191 <pre>
482
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2192 function Luan.try(t)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2193 local r = { <a href="#Luan.pcall">Luan.pcall</a>(t[1]) }
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2194 if r[1] then
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2195 Table.remove(r,1)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2196 elseif t.catch ~= nil then
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2197 r = { t.catch(r[2]) }
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2198 else
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2199 t.finally and t.finally()
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2200 r[2].throw()
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2201 end
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 479
diff changeset
2202 t.finally and t.finally()
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2203 return Table.unpack(r)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2204 end
562
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diff changeset
2205 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2206
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2207
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2208 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.type" href="#Luan.type"><code>Luan.type (v)</code></a></h4>
475
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2209
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2210 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2211 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2212 The possible results of this function are
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2213 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>),
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2214 "<code>number</code>",
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2215 "<code>string</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2216 "<code>binary</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2217 "<code>boolean</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2218 "<code>table</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2219 "<code>function</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2220 and "<code>java</code>".
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2221
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2222
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2223 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.values" href="#Luan.values"><code>Luan.values (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2224
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2225 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2226 Returns a function so that the construction
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2227
562
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diff changeset
2228 <pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2229 for v in Luan.values(&middot;&middot;&middot;) do <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2230 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2231
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2232 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2233 will iterate over all values of <code>&middot;&middot;&middot;</code>.
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2234
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2235
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diff changeset
2236
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diff changeset
2237 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.VERSION" href="#Luan.VERSION"><code>Luan.VERSION</code></a></h4>
475
7ac0891718eb documentation
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parents: 474
diff changeset
2238
7ac0891718eb documentation
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diff changeset
2239 <p>
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e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2240 A global variable (not a function) that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2241 holds a string containing the current interpreter version.
562
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diff changeset
2242 The current value of this variable is "<code><%=Luan.VERSION%></code>".
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diff changeset
2243
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diff changeset
2244
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diff changeset
2245
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diff changeset
2246
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diff changeset
2247
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diff changeset
2248
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diff changeset
2249 <h3 heading><a name="package_lib">Modules</a></h3>
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2250
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2251 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2252 Include this library by:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2253
562
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diff changeset
2254 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
2255 local Package = require "luan:Package.luan"
562
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diff changeset
2256 </pre>
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diff changeset
2257
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2258 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2259 The package library provides basic
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2260 facilities for loading modules in Luan.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2261
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2262
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2263 <h4 heading><a name="Package.load" href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
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diff changeset
2264
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2265 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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2266 Loads the given module.
562
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diff changeset
2267 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#Package.loaded"><code>Package.loaded</code></a> table
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diff changeset
2268 to determine whether <code>mod_uri</code> is already loaded.
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diff changeset
2269 If it is, then <code>Package.load</code> returns the value stored
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diff changeset
2270 at <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code>.
476
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diff changeset
2271 Otherwise, it tries to load a new value for the module.
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diff changeset
2272
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diff changeset
2273 <p>
562
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diff changeset
2274 To load a new value, <code>Package.load</code> first checks if <code>mod_uri</code> starts with "<b>java:</b>". If yes, then this is a Java class which is loaded by special Java code.
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diff changeset
2275
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diff changeset
2276 <p>
799
9c13a15a4002 Package.load() now returns false instead of null, and caches the result. This cleans up the luan.isLocked issues.
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parents: 793
diff changeset
2277 Otherwise <code>Package.load</code> tries to read the text of the file referred to by <code>mod_uri</code>. If the file doesn't exist, then <code>Package.load</code> returns <b>false</b>. If the file exists, then its content is compiled into a chunk by calling <a href="#Luan.load"><code>Luan.load</code></a>. This chunk is run passing in <code>mod_uri</code> as an argument. The value returned by the chunk must not be <b>nil</b> and is loaded.
562
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diff changeset
2278
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diff changeset
2279 <p>
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diff changeset
2280 If a new value for the module successful loaded, then it is stored in <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code>. The value is returned.
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diff changeset
2281
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diff changeset
2282
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diff changeset
2283
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2284
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2285 <h4 heading><a name="Package.loaded" href="#Package.loaded"><code>Package.loaded</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2286
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2287
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diff changeset
2288 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2289 A table used by <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a> to control which
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2290 modules are already loaded.
562
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diff changeset
2291 When you load a module <code>mod_uri</code> and
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diff changeset
2292 <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code> is not <b>nil</b>,
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diff changeset
2293 <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a> simply returns the value stored there.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2294
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2295
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2296 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2297 This variable is only a reference to the real table;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2298 assignments to this variable do not change the
562
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diff changeset
2299 table used by <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a>.
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diff changeset
2300
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diff changeset
2301
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diff changeset
2302
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diff changeset
2303
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diff changeset
2304
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diff changeset
2305
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2306 <h3 heading><a name="string_lib">String Manipulation</a></h3>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2307
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2308 <p>
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2309 Include this library by:
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2310
562
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diff changeset
2311 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
2312 local String = require "luan:String.luan"
562
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diff changeset
2313 </pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2315 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2316 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2317 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching.
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2318 When indexing a string in Luan, the first character is at position&nbsp;1
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2319 (not at&nbsp;0, as in Java).
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2320 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2321 from the end of the string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2322 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2323
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2324
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2325
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2326 <h4 heading><a name="String.char" href="#String.char"><code>String.char (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2327
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2328 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2329 Receives zero or more integers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2330 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2331 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2332 to its corresponding argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2333
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2334
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2335 <h4 heading><a name="String.concat" href="#String.concat"><code>String.concat (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2336
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2337 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2338 Concatenates the <a href="#Luan.to_string"><code>to_string</code></a> value of all arguments.
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diff changeset
2339
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2340
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2341
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2342 <h4 heading><a name="String.encode" href="#String.encode"><code>String.encode (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2343
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2344 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2345 Encodes argument <code>s</code> into a string that can be placed in quotes so as to return the original value of the string.
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diff changeset
2346
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2347
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2348
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2349
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2350 <h4 heading><a name="String.find" href="#String.find"><code>String.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h4>
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diff changeset
2351
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2352 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2353 Looks for the first match of
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2354 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2355 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of&nbsp;<code>s</code>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2356 where this occurrence starts and ends;
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parents:
diff changeset
2357 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
562
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diff changeset
2358 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2359 where to start the search;
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parents:
diff changeset
2360 its default value is&nbsp;1 and can be negative.
562
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diff changeset
2361 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code>
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diff changeset
2362 turns off the pattern matching facilities,
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parents:
diff changeset
2363 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation,
562
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diff changeset
2364 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic.
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diff changeset
2365 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well.
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e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2366
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parents:
diff changeset
2367 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2368 If the pattern has captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2369 then in a successful match
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2370 the captured values are also returned,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2371 after the two indices.
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parents:
diff changeset
2372
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2373
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2374
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2375
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2376 <h4 heading><a name="String.format" href="#String.format"><code>String.format (formatstring, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
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diff changeset
2377
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2378
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2379 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2380 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2381 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string).
562
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diff changeset
2382 The format string follows the same rules as the Java function <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#format(java.lang.String,%20java.lang.Object...)"><code>String.format</code></a> because Luan calls this internally.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2383
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2384 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2385 Note that Java's <code>String.format</code> is too stupid to convert between ints and floats, so you must provide the right kind of number.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2386
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2387
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2388
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2389 <h4 heading><a name="String.gmatch" href="#String.gmatch"><code>String.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h4>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
2390
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2391 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2392 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2393 each time it is called,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2394 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2395 over the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2396 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2397 then the whole match is produced in each call.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2398
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2400 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2401 As an example, the following loop
562
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diff changeset
2402 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>,
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2403 printing one per line:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2404
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2405 <pre>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2406 local s = "hello world from Lua"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2407 for w in String.gmatch(s, [[\w+]]) do
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
2408 print(w)
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2409 end
562
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diff changeset
2410 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2411
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2412 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2413 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2414 given string into a table:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2415
562
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diff changeset
2416 <pre>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2417 local t = {}
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
2418 local s = "from=world, to=Lua"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
2419 for k, v in String.gmatch(s, [[(\w+)=(\w+)]]) do
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2420 t[k] = v
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2421 end
562
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diff changeset
2422 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2423
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2424 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2425 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2426 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2427
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2428
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2429
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2430 <h4 heading><a name="String.gsub" href="#String.gsub"><code>String.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2431
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2432 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2433 Returns a copy of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2434 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2435 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) have been
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2436 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2437 which can be a string, a table, or a function.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2438 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2439 the total number of matches that occurred.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2440 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2441
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2442
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2443 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2444 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2445 The character&nbsp;<code>\</code> works as an escape character.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2446 Any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>$<em>d</em></code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2447 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2448 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2449 The sequence <code>$0</code> stands for the whole match.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2450
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2451
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2452 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2453 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2454 using the first capture as the key.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2455
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2456
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2457 <p>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2458 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2459 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2460 in order.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2463 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2464 In any case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2465 if the pattern specifies no captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2466 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2467
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2468
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2469 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2470 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2471 is not <b>nil</b>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2472 then it is used as the replacement string;
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2473 otherwise, if it is <b>nil</b>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2474 then there is no replacement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2475 (that is, the original match is kept in the string).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2478 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2479 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2480
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2481 <pre>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2482 x = String.gsub("hello world", [[(\w+)]], "$1 $1")
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2483 --&gt; x="hello hello world world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2484
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2485 x = String.gsub("hello world", [[\w+]], "$0 $0", 1)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2486 --&gt; x="hello hello world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2487
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2488 x = String.gsub("hello world from Luan", [[(\w+)\s*(\w+)]], "$2 $1")
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2489 --&gt; x="world hello Luan from"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2490
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2491 x = String.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", [[\$(.*?)\$]], function (s)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2492 return load(s)()
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parents:
diff changeset
2493 end)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2494 --&gt; x="4+5 = 9"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2495
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2496 local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"}
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2497 x = String.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", [[\$(\w+)]], t)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2498 --&gt; x="lua-5.3.tar.gz"
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2499 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2500
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2501
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2502
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2503 <h4 heading><a name="String.literal" href="#String.literal"><code>String.literal (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2504 <p>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2505 Returns a string which matches the literal string <code>s</code> in a regular expression. This function is simply the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html#quote(java.lang.String)"><code>Pattern.quote</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2506
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2507
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2508 <h4 heading><a name="String.lower" href="#String.lower"><code>String.lower (s)</code></a></h4>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2509 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2510 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2511 uppercase letters changed to lowercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2512 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2514
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2515
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2516
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2517 <h4 heading><a name="String.match" href="#String.match"><code>String.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h4>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2518
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2519 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2520 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2521 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2522 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2523 the captures from the pattern;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2524 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2525 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2526 then the whole match is returned.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2527 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2528 where to start the search;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2529 its default value is&nbsp;1 and can be negative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2530
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2531
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2532 <h4 heading><a name="String.matches" href="#String.matches"><code>String.matches (s, pattern)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2533 <p>
629
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2534 Returns a boolean indicating whether the <code>pattern</code> can be found in string <code>s</code>.
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2535 This function is equivalent to
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2536
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2537 <pre>
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2538 return String.match(s,pattern) ~= nil
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2539 </pre>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2540
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2541
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2542 <h4 heading><a name="String.rep" href="#String.rep"><code>String.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2543 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2544 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2545 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2546 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2547 (that is, no separator).
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2548 Returns the empty string if <code>n</code> is not positive.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2549
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2550
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2551
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2552
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2553 <h4 heading><a name="String.reverse" href="#String.reverse"><code>String.reverse (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2554 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2555 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2556
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2557
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2558
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2559
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2560 <h4 heading><a name="String.sub" href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2561
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2562 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2563 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2564 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2565 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2566 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2567 (which is the same as the string length).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2568 In particular,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2569 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2570 with length <code>j</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2571 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2572 with length <code>i</code>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2573
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2574
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2575 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2576 If, after the translation of negative indices,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2577 <code>i</code> is less than 1,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2578 it is corrected to 1.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2579 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2580 it is corrected to that length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2581 If, after these corrections,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2582 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2583 the function returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2584
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2585
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2586
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2587 <h4 heading><a name="String.to_binary" href="#String.to_binary"><code>String.to_binary (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2588
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2589 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2590 Converts a string to a binary by calling the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#getBytes()"><code>String.getBytes</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2591
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2592
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2593
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2594 <h4 heading><a name="String.to_number" href="#String.to_number"><code>String.to_number (s [, base])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2595
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2596 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2597 When called with no <code>base</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2598 <code>to_number</code> tries to convert its argument to a number.
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2599 If the argument is
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2600 a string convertible to a number,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2601 then <code>to_number</code> returns this number;
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2602 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2603
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2604 The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2605
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2606
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2607 <p>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2608 When called with <code>base</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2609 then <code>s</code> must be a string to be interpreted as
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2610 an integer numeral in that base.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2611 In bases above&nbsp;10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2612 represents&nbsp;10, '<code>B</code>' represents&nbsp;11, and so forth,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2613 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2614 If the string <code>s</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base,
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2615 the function returns <b>nil</b>.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2616
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2617
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2618
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2619 <h4 heading><a name="String.trim" href="#String.trim"><code>String.trim (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2620
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2621 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2622 Removes the leading and trailing whitespace by calling the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#trim()"><code>String.trim</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2623
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2624
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2625
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2626
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2627 <h4 heading><a name="String.unicode" href="#String.unicode"><code>String.unicode (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2628
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2629 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2630 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2631 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2632 The default value for <code>i</code> is&nbsp;1;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2633 the default value for <code>j</code> is&nbsp;<code>i</code>.
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2634 These indices are corrected
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2635 following the same rules of function <a href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2636
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2637
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2638
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2639
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2640
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2641 <h4 heading><a name="String.upper" href="#String.upper"><code>String.upper (s)</code></a></h4>
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2642 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2643 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2644 lowercase letters changed to uppercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2645 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2646 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2647
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2648
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2649
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2650
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2651
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2652 <h3 heading><a name="binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></h3>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2653
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2654 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2655 Include this library by:
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2656
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2657 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2658 local Binary = require "luan:Binary.luan"
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2659 </pre>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2660
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2661
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2662 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.binary" href="#Binary.binary"><code>Binary.binary (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2663
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2664 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2665 Receives zero or more bytes (as integers).
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2666 Returns a binary with length equal to the number of arguments,
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2667 in which each byte has the internal numerical code equal
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2668 to its corresponding argument.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2669
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2670
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2671 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.byte" href="#Binary.byte"><code>Binary.byte (b [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2672
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2673 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2674 Returns the internal numerical codes of the bytes <code>b[i]</code>,
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2675 <code>b[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>b[j]</code>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2676 The default value for <code>i</code> is&nbsp;1;
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2677 the default value for <code>j</code> is&nbsp;<code>i</code>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2678 These indices are corrected
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2679 following the same rules of function <a href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub</code></a>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2680
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2681
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2682 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.to_string" href="#Binary.to_string"><code>Binary.to_string (b)</code></a></h4>
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2683 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2684 Converts the binary <code>b</code> to a string using the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String(byte[])">String constructor</a>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2685
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2686
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2687
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2688
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2689 <h3 heading><a name="table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></h3>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2690
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2691 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2692 Include this library by:
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2693
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2694 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2695 local Table = require "luan:Table.luan"
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2696 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2697
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2698 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2699 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation.
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2700 It provides all its functions inside the table <code>Table</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2701
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2702
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2703
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2704 <h4 heading><a name="Table.clear" href="#Table.clear"><code>Table.clear (tbl)</code></a></h4>
580
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2705
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2706 <p>
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2707 Clears the table.
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2708
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2709
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2710 <h4 heading><a name="Table.concat" href="#Table.concat"><code>Table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h4>
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2711
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2712 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2713 Given a list,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2714 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] &middot;&middot;&middot; sep..list[j]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2715 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2716 the default for <code>i</code> is 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2717 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2718 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2719
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2720
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2721 <h4 heading><a name="Table.copy" href="#Table.copy"><code>Table.copy (tbl [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2722
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2723 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2724 If <code>i</code> is <code>nil</code>, returns a shallow copy of <code>tbl</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2725 Otherwise returns a new table which is a list of the elements <code>tbl[i] &middot;&middot;&middot; tbl[j]</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2726 By default, <code>j</code> is <code>#tbl</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2727
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2728
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2729
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2730 <h4 heading><a name="Table.insert" href="#Table.insert"><code>Table.insert (list, pos, value)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2732 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2733 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2734 shifting up the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2735 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], &middot;&middot;&middot;, list[#list]</code>.
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2736
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2737
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2738
1100
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2739 <h4 heading><a name="Table.is_empty" href="#Table.is_empty"><code>Table.is_empty (tbl)</code></a></h4>
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2740
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2741
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2742
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2743 <h4 heading><a name="Table.pack" href="#Table.pack"><code>Table.pack (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2744
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2745 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2746 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2747 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2748 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2749
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2750
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2751
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2752
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2753 <h4 heading><a name="Table.remove" href="#Table.remove"><code>Table.remove (list, pos)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2754
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2755
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2756 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2757 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2758 returning the value of the removed element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2759 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2760 it shifts down the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2761 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], &middot;&middot;&middot;, list[#list]</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2762 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2763 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2764 or <code>#list + 1</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2765 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2766
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2767
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2768
1100
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2769 <h4 heading><a name="Table.size" href="#Table.size"><code>Table.size (tbl)</code></a></h4>
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2770
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2771
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2772
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2773 <h4 heading><a name="Table.sort" href="#Table.sort"><code>Table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2774
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2775 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2776 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2777 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2778 If <code>comp</code> is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2779 then it must be a function that receives two list elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2780 and returns true when the first element must come
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2781 before the second in the final order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2782 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2783 If <code>comp</code> is not given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2784 then the standard Lua operator <code>&lt;</code> is used instead.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2785
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2786 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2787 The sort algorithm is not stable;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2788 that is, elements considered equal by the given order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2789 may have their relative positions changed by the sort.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2790
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2791
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2792
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2793 <h4 heading><a name="Table.unpack" href="#Table.unpack"><code>Table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2794
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2795 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2796 Returns the elements from the given list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2797 This function is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2798
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2799 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2800 return list[i], list[i+1], &middot;&middot;&middot;, list[j]
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2801 </pre>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2802
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2803 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2804 By default, <code>i</code> is&nbsp;1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2805
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2807
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2808
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2809 <h3 heading><a name="number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></h3>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2810
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2811 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2812 Include this library by:
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2813
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2814 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2815 local Number = require "luan:Number.luan"
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2816 </pre>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2817
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2818
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2819 <h4 heading><a name="Number.double" href="#Number.double"><code>Number.double (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2820 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2821 Returns <code>x</code> as a double.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2822
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2823
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2824 <h4 heading><a name="Number.integer" href="#Number.integer"><code>Number.integer (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2825 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2826 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an integer,
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2827 returns that integer.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2828 Otherwise throws an error.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2829
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2830
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2831 <h4 heading><a name="Number.long" href="#Number.long"><code>Number.long (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2832 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2833 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an long,
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2834 returns that long.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2835 Otherwise throws an error.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2836
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2837
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2838 <h4 heading><a name="Number.long_to_string" href="#Number.long_to_string"><code>Number.long_to_string (i, radix)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2839 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2840 Converts long value <code>i</code> to a string by calling <code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Long.html#toString(long,%20int)">Long.toString</a></code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2841
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2842
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2843 <h4 heading><a name="Number.type" href="#Number.type"><code>Number.type (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2844 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2845 Returns a string for the numeric type of <code>x</code>. Possible return values include "<code>integer</code>", "<code>long</code>", "<code>double</code>", and "<code>float</code>".
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2846
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2847
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2848
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2849
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2850 <h3 heading><a name="math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></h3>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2851
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2852 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2853 Include this library by:
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2854
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2855 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2856 local Math = require "luan:Math.luan"
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2857 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2858
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2859 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2860 This library provides basic mathematical functions.
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2861 It provides all its functions and constants inside the table <code>Math</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2862
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2863
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2864 <h4 heading><a name="Math.abs" href="#Math.abs"><code>Math.abs (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2865
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2866 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2867 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2868
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2869
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2870
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2871 <h4 heading><a name="Math.acos" href="#Math.acos"><code>Math.acos (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2872
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2873 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2874 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2877
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2878
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2879 <h4 heading><a name="Math.asin" href="#Math.asin"><code>Math.asin (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2880
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2881 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2882 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2883
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2884
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2885
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2886
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2887 <h4 heading><a name="Math.atan" href="#Math.atan"><code>Math.atan (y, x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2888
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2889 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2890 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2891 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2892 quadrant of the result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2893 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2894
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2895
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2896
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2897
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2898 <h4 heading><a name="Math.ceil" href="#Math.ceil"><code>Math.ceil (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2899
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2900 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2901 Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2902
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2903
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2904
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2905
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2906 <h4 heading><a name="Math.cos" href="#Math.cos"><code>Math.cos (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2907
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2908 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2909 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2911
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2912
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2913
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2914 <h4 heading><a name="Math.deg" href="#Math.deg"><code>Math.deg (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2915
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2916 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2917 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from radians to degrees.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2918
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2919
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2920
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2921
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2922 <h4 heading><a name="Math.exp" href="#Math.exp"><code>Math.exp (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2923
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2924 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2925 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2926 (where <code>e</code> is the base of natural logarithms).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2927
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2928
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2929
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2930
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2931 <h4 heading><a name="Math.floor" href="#Math.floor"><code>Math.floor (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2933 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2934 Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2935
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2936
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2937
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2938
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2939 <h4 heading><a name="Math.fmod" href="#Math.fmod"><code>Math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2940
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2941 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2942 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2943 that rounds the quotient towards zero.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2944
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2945
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2946
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2947
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2948 <h4 heading><a name="Math.huge" href="#Math.huge"><code>Math.huge</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2949
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2950 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2951 A value larger than any other numerical value.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2952
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2953
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2954
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2955
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2956 <h4 heading><a name="Math.log" href="#Math.log"><code>Math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2957
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2958 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2959 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2960 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2961 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2962
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2963
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2965
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2966 <h4 heading><a name="Math.max" href="#Math.max"><code>Math.max (x, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2967
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2968 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2969 Returns the argument with the maximum value,
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2970 according to the Lua operator <code>&lt;</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2971
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2972
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2973
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2974
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2975 <h4 heading><a name="Math.max_integer" href="#Math.max_integer"><code>Math.max_integer</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2976 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2977 An integer with the maximum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2978
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2979
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2980
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2981
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2982 <h4 heading><a name="Math.min" href="#Math.min"><code>Math.min (x, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2983
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2984 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2985 Returns the argument with the minimum value,
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2986 according to the Lua operator <code>&lt;</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2987
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2988
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2989
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2990
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2991 <h4 heading><a name="Math.min_integer" href="#Math.min_integer"><code>Math.min_integer</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2992 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2993 An integer with the minimum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2996
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2997
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2998 <h4 heading><a name="Math.modf" href="#Math.modf"><code>Math.modf (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3000 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3001 Returns the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>.
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3002
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3003
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3004
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3005
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3006 <h4 heading><a name="Math.pi" href="#Math.pi"><code>Math.pi</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3007
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3008 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3009 The value of <em>&pi;</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3011
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3013
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3014 <h4 heading><a name="Math.rad" href="#Math.rad"><code>Math.rad (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3016 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3017 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from degrees to radians.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3018
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3019
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3021
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3022 <h4 heading><a name="Math.random" href="#Math.random"><code>Math.random ([m [, n])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3023
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3024
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3025 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3026 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3027 returns a pseudo-random float with uniform distribution
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3028 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3029 When called with two integers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>,
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3030 <code>Math.random</code> returns a pseudo-random integer
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3031 with uniform distribution in the range <em>[m, n]</em>.
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3032 (The value <em>m-n</em> cannot be negative and must fit in a Luan integer.)
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3033 The call <code>Math.random(n)</code> is equivalent to <code>Math.random(1,n)</code>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3034
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3035
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3036 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3037 This function is an interface to the underling
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
3038 pseudo-random generator function provided by Java.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3039 No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3041
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3043
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3044 <h4 heading><a name="Math.sin" href="#Math.sin"><code>Math.sin (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3045
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3046 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3047 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3048
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3049
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3050
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3051
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3052 <h4 heading><a name="Math.sqrt" href="#Math.sqrt"><code>Math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3053
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3054 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3055 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3056 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3057
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3058
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3059
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3060
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3061 <h4 heading><a name="Math.tan" href="#Math.tan"><code>Math.tan (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3063 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3064 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3065
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3067
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3068
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3069
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3070
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3071
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3072
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3073 <h2>6.8 &ndash; <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3074
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3075 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3076 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3077 The first one uses implicit file handles;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3078 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3079 default output file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3080 and all input/output operations are over these default files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3081 The second style uses explicit file handles.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3083
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3084 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3085 When using implicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3086 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3087 When using explicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3088 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file handle
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3089 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3090
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3091
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3092 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3093 The table <code>io</code> also provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3094 three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3095 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3096 The I/O library never closes these files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3098
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3099 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3100 Unless otherwise stated,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3101 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3102 (plus an error message as a second result and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3103 a system-dependent error code as a third result)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3104 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3105 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3106 the computation of the error message and error code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3107 in case of errors
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3108 may be not thread safe,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3109 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3110
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3111
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3112 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3113 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3114
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3116 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3117 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3118 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3119
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3120
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3121
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3122
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3123 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3124 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3125
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3126
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3127 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3128 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3131
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3132
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3133 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3134 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3135
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3137 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3138 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3139 and sets its handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3140 When called with a file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3141 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3142 When called without parameters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3143 it returns the current default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3144
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3145
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3146 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3147 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3148 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3149
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3150
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3151
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3152
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3153 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3154 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename &middot;&middot;&middot;])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3156
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3157 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3158 Opens the given file name in read mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3159 and returns an iterator function that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3160 works like <code>file:lines(&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code> over the opened file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3161 When the iterator function detects the end of file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3162 it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3163
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3165 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3166 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3167 to <code>io.input():lines("*l")</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3168 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3169 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3170
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3171
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3172 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3173 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3174 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3175
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3176
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3177
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3178
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3179 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3180 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3181
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3182
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3183 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3184 This function opens a file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3185 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3186 It returns a new file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3187 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3188
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3190 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3191 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3192
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3193 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3194 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3195 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3196 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3197 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3198 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3199 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3200 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3201 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3202 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3203 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3204
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3205
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3206
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3207
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3208 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3209 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3211
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3212 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3213 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3216
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3217
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3218 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3219 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3220
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3221
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3222 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3223 This function is system dependent and is not available
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3224 on all platforms.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3225
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3226
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3227 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3228 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3229 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3230 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3231 or to write data to this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3232 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3234
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3235
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3237 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3238 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3239
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3240
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3241 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3242 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3243
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3246
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3247 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3248 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3249
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3250
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3251 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3252 Returns a handle for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3253 This file is opened in update mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3254 and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3255
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3256
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3257
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3258
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3259 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3260 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3261
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3262
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3263 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3264 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3265 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3266 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3267 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3269
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3270
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3271
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3272 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3273 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3274
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3275
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3276 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3277 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3278
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3281
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3282 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3283 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3284
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3285
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3286 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3287 Closes <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3288 Note that files are automatically closed when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3289 their handles are garbage collected,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3290 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3292
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3293 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3294 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3295 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3296 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3298
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3299
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3301 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3302 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3303
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3305 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3306 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3308
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3309
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3310
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3311 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3312 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3313
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3315 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3316 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3317 each time it is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3318 reads the file according to the given formats.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3319 When no format is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3320 uses "<code>l</code>" as a default.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3321 As an example, the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3322
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3323 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3324 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3325 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3326 will iterate over all characters of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3327 starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3328 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3329 when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3330
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3331
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3332 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3333 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3334 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3335
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3336
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3338
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3339 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3340 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3341
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3342
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3343 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3344 Reads the file <code>file</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3345 according to the given formats, which specify what to read.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3346 For each format,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3347 the function returns a string or a number with the characters read,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3348 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3349 (In this latter case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3350 the function does not read subsequent formats.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3351 When called without formats,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3352 it uses a default format that reads the next line
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3353 (see below).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3354
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3355
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3356 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3357 The available formats are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3359 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3361 <li><b>"<code>n</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3362 reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3363 following the lexical conventions of Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3364 (The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3365 This format always reads the longest input sequence that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3366 is a valid prefix for a number;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3367 if that prefix does not form a valid number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3368 (e.g., an empty string, "<code>0x</code>", or "<code>3.4e-</code>"),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3369 it is discarded and the function returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3370 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3372 <li><b>"<code>i</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3373 reads an integral number and returns it as an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3374 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3376 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3377 reads the whole file, starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3378 On end of file, it returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3379 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3380
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3381 <li><b>"<code>l</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3382 reads the next line skipping the end of line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3383 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3384 This is the default format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3385 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3386
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3387 <li><b>"<code>L</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3388 reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3389 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3390 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3391
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3392 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3393 reads a string with up to this number of bytes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3394 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3395 If <code>number</code> is zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3396 it reads nothing and returns an empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3397 or <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3398 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3400 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3401 The formats "<code>l</code>" and "<code>L</code>" should be used only for text files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3403
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3404
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3405
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3406 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3407 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3410 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3411 Sets and gets the file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3412 measured from the beginning of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3413 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3414 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3415
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3416 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3417 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3418 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3419 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3420 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3421 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3422 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3423 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3424 plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3425
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3427 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3428 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3429 and for <code>offset</code> is 0.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3430 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3431 file position, without changing it;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3432 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3433 beginning of the file (and returns 0);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3434 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3435 end of the file, and returns its size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3436
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3437
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3438
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3439
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3440 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3441 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3442
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3443
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3444 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3445 Sets the buffering mode for an output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3446 There are three available modes:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3448 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3449
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3450 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3451 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3452 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3453
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3454 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3455 full buffering; output operation is performed only
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3456 when the buffer is full or when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3457 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3458 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3460 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3461 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3462 or there is any input from some special files
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3463 (such as a terminal device).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3464 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3465
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3466 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3467 For the last two cases, <code>size</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3468 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3469 The default is an appropriate size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3470
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3471
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3473
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3474 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3475 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3478 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3479 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3480 The arguments must be strings or numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3481
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3482
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3483 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3484 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3485 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3486
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3487
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3488
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3489
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3490
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3491
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3492
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3493 <h2>6.9 &ndash; <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3494
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3495 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3496 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3497
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3498
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3499 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3500 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3502
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3503 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3504 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3505 used by the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3506
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3507
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3508
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3509
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3510 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3511 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3512
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3514 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3515 Returns a string or a table containing date and time,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3516 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3517
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3518
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3519 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3520 If the <code>time</code> argument is present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3521 this is the time to be formatted
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3522 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3523 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3524
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3525
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3526 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3527 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3528 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3529 After this optional character,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3530 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3531 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3532 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1&ndash;12), <code>day</code> (1&ndash;31),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3533 <code>hour</code> (0&ndash;23), <code>min</code> (0&ndash;59), <code>sec</code> (0&ndash;61),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3534 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is&nbsp;1),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3535 <code>yday</code> (day of the year),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3536 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3537 This last field may be absent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3538 if the information is not available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3539
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3540
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3541 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3542 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3543 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3544 formatted according to the same rules as the ISO&nbsp;C function <code>strftime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3545
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3546
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3547 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3548 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3549 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3550 the host system and on the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3551 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3552
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3553
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3554 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3555 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3556 this function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3557 because of its reliance on C&nbsp;function <code>gmtime</code> and C&nbsp;function <code>localtime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3558
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3559
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3560
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3561
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3562 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3563 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3564
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3565
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3566 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3567 Returns the difference, in seconds,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3568 from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3569 (where the times are values returned by <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3570 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3571 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3572
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3573
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3574
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3575
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3576 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3577 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3578
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3579
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3580 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3581 This function is equivalent to the ISO&nbsp;C function <code>system</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3582 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3583 Its first result is <b>true</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3584 if the command terminated successfully,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3585 or <b>nil</b> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3586 After this first result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3587 the function returns a string plus a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3588 as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3589
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3590 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3591
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3592 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3593 the command terminated normally;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3594 the following number is the exit status of the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3595 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3596
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3597 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3598 the command was terminated by a signal;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3599 the following number is the signal that terminated the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3600 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3601
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3602 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3603
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3604 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3605 When called without a <code>command</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3606 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3607
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3608
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3609
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3610
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3611 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3612 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3613
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3614
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3615 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3616 Calls the ISO&nbsp;C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3617 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3618 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3619 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3620 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3621 if <code>code</code> is a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3622 the returned status is this number.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3623 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3624
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3625
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3626 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3627 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3628 closes the Lua state before exiting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3629
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3630
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3631
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3632
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3633 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3634 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3635
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3636
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3637 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3638 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3639 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3640
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3641
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3642
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3643
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3644 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3645 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3646
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3647
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3648 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3649 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3650 with the given name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3651 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3652 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3654
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3655
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3656
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3657 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3658 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3659
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3660
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3661 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3662 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3663 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3664 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3665
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3666
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3667
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3668
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3669 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3670 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3671
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3672
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3673 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3674 Sets the current locale of the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3675 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3676 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3677 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3678 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3679 the default category is <code>"all"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3680 The function returns the name of the new locale,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3681 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3682
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3683
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3684 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3685 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3686 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3687 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3688 the current locale is set to the standard C locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3689
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3690
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3691 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3692 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3693 this function only returns the name of the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3694 for the given category.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3695
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3696
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3697 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3698 This function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3699 because of its reliance on C&nbsp;function <code>setlocale</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3700
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3701
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3702
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3703
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3704 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3705 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3706
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3707
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3708 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3709 Returns the current time when called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3710 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3711 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3712 and may have fields
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3713 <code>hour</code> (default is 12),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3714 <code>min</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3715 <code>sec</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3716 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3717 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3719
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3720 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3721 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3722 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3723 this number counts the number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3724 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch").
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3725 In other systems, the meaning is not specified,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3726 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3727 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3728
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3729
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3732 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3733 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3734
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3735
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3736 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3737 Returns a string with a file name that can
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3738 be used for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3739 The file must be explicitly opened before its use
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3740 and explicitly removed when no longer needed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3741
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3742
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3743 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3744 On POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3745 this function also creates a file with that name,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3746 to avoid security risks.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3747 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3748 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3749 You still have to open the file to use it
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3750 and to remove it (even if you do not use it).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3751
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3752
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3753 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3754 When possible,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3755 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3756 which automatically removes the file when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3757
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3758
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3759
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3760
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3761
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3762
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3763
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3764 <h2>6.10 &ndash; <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3765
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3766 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3767 This library provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3768 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">&sect;4.9</a>) to Lua programs.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3769 You should exert care when using this library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3770 Several of its functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3771 violate basic assumptions about Lua code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3772 (e.g., that variables local to a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3773 cannot be accessed from outside;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3774 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3775 that Lua programs do not crash)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3776 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3777 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3778
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3779
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3780 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3781 All functions in this library are provided
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3782 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3783 All functions that operate over a thread
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3784 have an optional first argument which is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3785 thread to operate over.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3786 The default is always the current thread.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3788
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3789 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3790 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3791
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3792
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3793 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3794 Enters an interactive mode with the user,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3795 running each string that the user enters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3796 Using simple commands and other debug facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3797 the user can inspect global and local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3798 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3799 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3800 so that the caller continues its execution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3801
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3802
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3803 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3804 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3805 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3807
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3808
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3809
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3810 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3811 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3812
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3813
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3814 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3815 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3816 the current hook function, the current hook mask,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3817 and the current hook count
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3818 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3819
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3820
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3821
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3822
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3823 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3824 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3825
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3826
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3827 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3828 Returns a table with information about a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3829 You can give the function directly
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3830 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3831 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3832 of the given thread:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3833 level&nbsp;0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3834 level&nbsp;1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3835 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3836 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3837 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3838 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3839
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3840
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3841 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3842 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3843 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3844 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3845 except the table of valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3846 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3847 the option '<code>f</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3848 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3849 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3850 the option '<code>L</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3851 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3852 valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3853
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3854
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3855 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3856 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3857 a table with a name for the current function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3858 if a reasonable name can be found,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3859 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3860 returns a table with all available information
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3861 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3862
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3865
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3866 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3867 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3868
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3869
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3870 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3871 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3872 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3873 This function accesses not only explicit local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3874 but also parameters, temporaries, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3877 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3878 The first parameter or local variable has index&nbsp;1, and so on,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3879 following the order that they are declared in the code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3880 counting only the variables that are active
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3881 in the current scope of the function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3882 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3883 -1 is the first vararg parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3884 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3885 and raises an error when called with a level out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3886 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3887
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3888
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3889 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3890 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3891 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3892 (internal variables such as loop control variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3893 and variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3894
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3895
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3896 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3897 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3898 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3899
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3900
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3901
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3902
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3903 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3904 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3905
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3906
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3907 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3908 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3909 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3911
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3912
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3913
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3914 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3915 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3916
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3918 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3919 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">&sect;4.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3920
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3921
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3922
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3923
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3924 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3925 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3926
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3927
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3928 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3929 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3930 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3931 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3933
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3934 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3935 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3936 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3937 (variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3938
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3939
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3940
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3941
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3942 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3943 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3944
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3945
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3946 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3947 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3948 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3949 returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3950
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3951
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3953
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3954 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3955 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3956
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3957
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3958 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3959 Sets the given function as a hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3960 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3961 when the hook will be called.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3962 The string mask may have any combination of the following characters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3963 with the given meaning:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3965 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3966 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3967 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3968 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3969 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3970 Moreover,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3971 with a <code>count</code> different from zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3972 the hook is called also after every <code>count</code> instructions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3974
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3975 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3976 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3977 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3978
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3979
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3980 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3981 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3982 describing the event that has triggered its call:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3983 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3984 <code>"return"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3985 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3986 For line events,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3987 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3988 Inside a hook,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3989 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level&nbsp;2 to get more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3990 the running function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3991 (level&nbsp;0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3992 and level&nbsp;1 is the hook function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3996
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3997 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3998 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4000
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4001 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4002 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4003 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4004 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4005 variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4006 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4007 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4008 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4009
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4011 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4012 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4013 variable indices and names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4014
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4016
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4017
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4018 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4019 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4021
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4022 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4023 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4024 (which can be <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4025 Returns <code>value</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4026
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4027
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4028
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4029
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4030 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4031 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4032
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4033
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4034 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4035 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4036 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4037 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4038 with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4039 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4041
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4043
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4044 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4045 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4046
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4047
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4048 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4049 Sets the given <code>value</code> as
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4050 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4051 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4052
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4053
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4054 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4055 Returns <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4057
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4058
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4059
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4060 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4061 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4064 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4065 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4066 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4067 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4068 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4069 The optional <code>message</code> string is appended
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4070 at the beginning of the traceback.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4071 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4072 to start the traceback
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4073 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4074
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4076
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4077
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4078 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4079 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4080
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4081
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4082 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4083 Returns a unique identifier (as a light userdata)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4084 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4085 from the given function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4086
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4088 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4089 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4090 closures share upvalues.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4091 Lua closures that share an upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4092 (that is, that access a same external local variable)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4093 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4094
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4095
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4096
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4098 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4099 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4100
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4101
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4102 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4103 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4104 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4105
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4106
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4107
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4110
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4111
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4112 <h1>7 &ndash; <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4113
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4114 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4115 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4116 to be embedded in a host C&nbsp;program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4117 it is also frequently used as a standalone language.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4118 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4119 called simply <code>lua</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4120 is provided with the standard distribution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4121 The standalone interpreter includes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4122 all standard libraries, including the debug library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4123 Its usage is:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4124
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4125 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4126 lua [options] [script [args]]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4127 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4128 The options are:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4130 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4131 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4132 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4133 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4134 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4135 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4136 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4137 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4138 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4139 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4140 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4141 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4142 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4143 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4144
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4145
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4146 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4147 When called without option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4148 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_3"><code>LUA_INIT_5_3</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4149 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if the versioned name is not defined)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4150 before running any argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4151 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4152 then <code>lua</code> executes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4153 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4154
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4156 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4157 When called with option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4158 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4159 Lua also ignores
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4160 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4161 setting the values of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4162 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4163 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4165
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4166 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4167 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4168 For instance, an invocation like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4169
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4170 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4171 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4172 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4173 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4174 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4175 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4176
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4177
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4178 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4179 Before running any code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4180 <code>lua</code> collects all command-line arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4181 in a global table called <code>arg</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4182 The script name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4183 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4184 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4185 Any arguments before the script name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4186 (that is, the interpreter name plus its options)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4187 go to negative indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4188 For instance, in the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4190 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4191 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4192 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4193 the table is like this:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4194
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4195 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4196 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4197 [0] = "b.lua",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4198 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" }
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4199 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4200 If there is no script in the call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4201 the interpreter name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4202 followed by the other arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4203 For instance, the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4204
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4205 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4206 $ lua -e "print(arg[1])"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4207 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4208 will print "<code>-e</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4209 If there is a script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4210 the script is called with parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4211 <code>arg[1]</code>, &middot;&middot;&middot;, <code>arg[#arg]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4212 (Like all chunks in Lua,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4213 the script is compiled as a vararg function.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4216 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4217 In interactive mode,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4218 Lua repeatedly prompts and waits for a line.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4219 After reading a line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4220 Lua first try to interpret the line as an expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4221 If it succeeds, it prints its value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4222 Otherwise, it interprets the line as a statement.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4223 If you write an incomplete statement,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4224 the interpreter waits for its completion
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4225 by issuing a different prompt.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4226
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4227
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4228 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4229 In case of unprotected errors in the script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4230 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4231 If the error object is not a string but
429
e3a6d9dbd694 rename __tostring to __to_string
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 428
diff changeset
4232 has a metamethod <code>__to_string</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4233 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4234 Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4235 and adds a stack traceback to it.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4237
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4238 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4239 When finishing normally,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4240 the interpreter closes its main Lua state
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4241 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4242 The script can avoid this step by
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4243 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4246 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4247 To allow the use of Lua as a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4248 script interpreter in Unix systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4249 the standalone interpreter skips
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4250 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4251 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4252 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the&nbsp;<code>#!</code> form,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4253 as in
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4254
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4255 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4256 #!/usr/local/bin/lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4257 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4258 (Of course,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4259 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4260 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4261 then
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4262
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4263 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4264 #!/usr/bin/env lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4265 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4266 is a more portable solution.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4267
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4269
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4270 <h1>8 &ndash; <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4271
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4272 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4273 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4274 from Lua&nbsp;5.2 to Lua&nbsp;5.3.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4275 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4276 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4277 However,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4278 all these compatibility options will be removed in the future.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4281 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4282 Lua versions can always change the C API in ways that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4283 do not imply source-code changes in a program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4284 such as the numeric values for constants
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4285 or the implementation of functions as macros.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4286 Therefore,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4287 you should not assume that binaries are compatible between
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4288 different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4289 Always recompile clients of the Lua API when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4290 using a new version.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4292
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4293 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4294 Similarly, Lua versions can always change the internal representation
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4295 of precompiled chunks;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4296 precompiled chunks are not compatible between different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4298
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4299 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4300 The standard paths in the official distribution may
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4301 change between versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4302
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4303
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4305 <h2>8.1 &ndash; <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4306 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4308 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4309 The main difference between Lua&nbsp;5.2 and Lua&nbsp;5.3 is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4310 introduction of an integer subtype for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4311 Although this change should not affect "normal" computations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4312 some computations
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4313 (mainly those that involve some kind of overflow)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4314 can give different results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4316
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4317 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4318 You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4319 (in Lua&nbsp;5.2 all numbers were float),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4320 in particular writing constants with an ending <code>.0</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4321 or using <code>x = x + 0.0</code> to convert a variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4322 (This recommendation is only for a quick fix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4323 for an occasional incompatibility;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4324 it is not a general guideline for good programming.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4325 For good programming,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4326 use floats where you need floats
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4327 and integers where you need integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4328 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4329
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4330 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4331 The conversion of a float to a string now adds a <code>.0</code> suffix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4332 to the result if it looks like an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4333 (For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as <code>2.0</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4334 not as <code>2</code>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4335 You should always use an explicit format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4336 when you need a specific format for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4338
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4339 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4340 (Formally this is not an incompatibility,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4341 because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4342 but some programs assumed a specific format.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4343 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4344
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4345 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4346 The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4347 (It was an experimental feature in Lua&nbsp;5.2.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4348 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4349
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4350 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4351
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4352
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4353
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4354
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4355 <h2>8.2 &ndash; <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4356 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4358 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4359 The <code>bit32</code> library has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4360 It is easy to require a compatible external library or,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4361 better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4362 (Keep in mind that <code>bit32</code> operates on 32-bit integers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4363 while the bitwise operators in standard Lua operate on 64-bit integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4364 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4365
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4366 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4367 The Table library now respects metamethods
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4368 for setting and getting elements.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4369 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4370
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4371 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4372 The <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> iterator now respects metamethods and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4373 its <code>__ipairs</code> metamethod has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4374 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4376 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4377 Option names in <a href="#pdf-io.read"><code>io.read</code></a> do not have a starting '<code>*</code>' anymore.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4378 For compatibility, Lua will continue to ignore this character.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4379 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4380
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4381 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4382 The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4383 <code>atan2</code>, <code>cosh</code>, <code>sinh</code>, <code>tanh</code>, <code>pow</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4384 <code>frexp</code>, and <code>ldexp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4385 You can replace <code>math.pow(x,y)</code> with <code>x^y</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4386 you can replace <code>math.atan2</code> with <code>math.atan</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4387 which now accepts one or two parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4388 you can replace <code>math.ldexp(x,exp)</code> with <code>x * 2.0^exp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4389 For the other operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4390 you can either use an external library or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4391 implement them in Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4392 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4393
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4394 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4395 The searcher for C loaders used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4396 changed the way it handles versioned names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4397 Now, the version should come after the module name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4398 (as is usual in most other tools).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4399 For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4400 if it cannot find an open function according to the new style.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4401 (Lua&nbsp;5.2 already worked that way,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4402 but it did not document the change.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4403 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4404
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4405 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4406
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4407
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4410 <h2>8.3 &ndash; <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4411
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4413 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4414
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4415 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4416 Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4417 to get through <code>lua_getctx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4418 so <code>lua_getctx</code> has been removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4419 Adapt your code accordingly.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4420 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4421
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4422 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4423 Function <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>strip</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4424 Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4425 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4427 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4428 Functions to inject/project unsigned integers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4429 (<code>lua_pushunsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4430 <code>luaL_checkunsigned</code>, <code>luaL_optunsigned</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4431 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4432 Use their signed equivalents with a type cast.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4433 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4434
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4435 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4436 Macros to project non-default integer types
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4437 (<code>luaL_checkint</code>, <code>luaL_optint</code>, <code>luaL_checklong</code>, <code>luaL_optlong</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4438 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4439 Use their equivalent over <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> with a type cast
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4440 (or, when possible, use <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> in your code).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4441 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4442
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4443 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4444
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4445
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4446
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4448 <h1>9 &ndash; <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4449
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4450 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4451 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4452 As usual in extended BNF,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4453 {A} means 0 or more As,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4454 and [A] means an optional A.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4455 (For operator precedences, see <a href="#3.4.8">&sect;3.4.8</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4456 for a description of the terminals
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4457 Name, Numeral,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4458 and LiteralString, see <a href="#3.1">&sect;3.1</a>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4463 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4464
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4465 chunk ::= block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4466
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4467 block ::= {stat} [retstat]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4468
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4469 stat ::= &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4470 varlist &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4471 functioncall |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4472 label |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4473 <b>break</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4474 <b>goto</b> Name |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4475 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4476 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4477 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4478 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4479 <b>for</b> Name &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp [&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4480 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4481 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4482 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4483 <b>local</b> namelist [&lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4484
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4485 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [&lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4486
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4487 label ::= &lsquo;<b>::</b>&rsquo; Name &lsquo;<b>::</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4488
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4489 funcname ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name} [&lsquo;<b>:</b>&rsquo; Name]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4490
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4491 varlist ::= var {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; var}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4492
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4493 var ::= Name | prefixexp &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo; | prefixexp &lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4494
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4495 namelist ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; Name}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4496
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4497 explist ::= exp {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4498
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4499 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Numeral | LiteralString | &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo; | functiondef |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4500 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4501
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4502 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4503
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4504 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp &lsquo;<b>:</b>&rsquo; Name args
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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4505
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4506 args ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [explist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo; | tableconstructor | LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4507
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4508 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4509
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4510 funcbody ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [parlist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo; block <b>end</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4511
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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4512 parlist ::= namelist [&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;] | &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4514 tableconstructor ::= &lsquo;<b>{</b>&rsquo; [fieldlist] &lsquo;<b>}</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4515
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4516 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4517
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4518 field ::= &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | Name &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4519
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4520 fieldsep ::= &lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4522 binop ::= &lsquo;<b>+</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>-</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>*</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>/</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>//</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>^</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>%</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
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4523 &lsquo;<b>&amp;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>~</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>|</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&gt;&gt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&lt;&lt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>..</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
4524 &lsquo;<b>&lt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&lt;=</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&gt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&gt;=</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>==</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>~=</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
4525 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
4526
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
4527 unop ::= &lsquo;<b>-</b>&rsquo; | <b>not</b> | &lsquo;<b>#</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>~</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4528
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4529 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4530
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4531 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4532
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4533
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4534
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4535
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4536
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4537
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4538
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4539
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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4540 <HR>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4541 <SMALL CLASS="footer">
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4542 Last update:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4543 Fri Jan 16 00:58:20 BRST 2015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4544 </SMALL>
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4545 <!--
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4546 Last change: minor edit
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4547 -->
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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4548
372
f08cefa4594c start editing manual
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diff changeset
4549 </div>
386
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan
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4550
391
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom
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diff changeset
4551 </body>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom
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4552 </html>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom
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4553 <%
386
db23f654f87d make all of website use luan
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4554 end