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date Wed, 29 May 2019 19:03:25 -0600
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1 <!doctype html>
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2 <html>
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3 <head>
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4 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title>
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5 <style>
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6 @import "site.css";
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7 </style>
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8 </head>
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9 <body>
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10
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11 <div small>
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12 <a href=".">Luan</a>
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13 / <a href="docs.html">Documentation</a>
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14 </div>
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15
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16 <h1><a href="manual.html">Luan Reference Manual</a></h1>
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17
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18 <p small>
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19 Original copyright &copy; 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
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20 Freely available under the terms of the
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21 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>.
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22 Modified for Luan.
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23 </p>
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24
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25 <hr/>
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26
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27 <h2>Contents</h2>
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28
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29 <div contents><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></div>
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30
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31 <div contents>
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32 <a href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a>
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33 <ul>
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34 <li><a href="#types">Values and Types</a></li>
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35 <li><a href="#env">Environments</a></li>
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36 <li><a href="#error">Error Handling</a></li>
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37 <li><a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></li>
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38 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></li>
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39 </ul>
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40 </div>
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41
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42 <div contents>
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43 <a href="#lang">The Language</a>
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44 <ul>
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45 <li><a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></li>
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46 <li><a href="#vars">Variables</a></li>
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47 <li>
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48 <a href="#stmts">Statements</a>
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49 <ul>
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50 <li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li>
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51 <li><a href="#chunks">Chunks</a></li>
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52 <li><a href="#assignment">Assignment</a></li>
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53 <li><a href="#control">Control Structures</a></li>
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54 <li><a href="#for">For Statement</a></li>
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55 <li><a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></li>
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56 <li><a href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></li>
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57 <li><a href="#template_stmt">Template Statements</a></li>
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58 </ul>
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59 </li>
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60 <li>
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61 <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>
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62 <ul>
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63 <li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></li>
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64 <li><a href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></li>
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65 <li><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></li>
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66 <li><a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></li>
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67 <li><a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></li>
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68 <li><a href="#length">The Length Operator</a></li>
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69 <li><a href="#precedence">Precedence</a></li>
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70 <li><a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></li>
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71 <li><a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></li>
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72 <li><a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></li>
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73 <li><a href="#template_expr">Template Expressions</a></li>
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74 </ul>
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75 </li>
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76 <li><a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a></li>
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77 </ul>
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78 </div>
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79
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80 <div contents>
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81 <a href="#libs">Standard Libraries</a>
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82 <ul>
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83 <li><a href="#default_lib">Default Environment</a></li>
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84 <li><a href="#luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></li>
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85 <li><a href="#package_lib">Modules</a></li>
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86 <li><a href="#string_lib">String Manipulation</a></li>
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87 <li><a href="#binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></li>
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88 <li><a href="#table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></li>
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89 <li><a href="#number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></li>
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90 <li><a href="#math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></li>
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91 </ul>
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92 </div>
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93
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94 <hr/>
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95
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96
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97 <h2 heading><a name="intro" href="#intro">Introduction</a></h2>
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98
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99 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p>
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100
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101 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p>
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102
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103 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p>
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105
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106 <h2 heading><a name="basic" href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2>
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107
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108 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p>
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109
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110 <h3 heading><a name="types" href="#types">Values and Types</a></h3>
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111
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112 <p>
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113 Luan is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>.
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114 This means that
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115 variables do not have types; only values do.
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116 There are no type definitions in the language.
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117 All values carry their own type.
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120 <p>
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121 All values in Luan are <em>first-class values</em>.
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122 This means that all values can be stored in variables,
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123 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results.
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126 <p>
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127 There are eight basic types in Luan:
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128 <em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>,
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129 <em>string</em>, <em>binary</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>java</em>,
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130 and <em>table</em>.
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131 <em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>,
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132 whose main property is to be different from any other value;
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133 it usually represents the absence of a useful value.
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134 <em>Nil</em> is implemented as the Java value <em>null</em>.
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135 <em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>.
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136 <em>Boolean</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>Boolean</em>.
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137 <em>Number</em> represents both
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138 integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers.
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139 <em>Number</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>Number</em>. Any Java subclass of <em>Number</em> is allowed and this is invisible to the Luan user. Operations on numbers follow the same rules of
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140 the underlying Java implementation.
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141
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142 <em>String</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>String</em>.
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143 <em>Binary</em> is implemented as the Java type <em>byte[]</em>.
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146 <p>
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147 Luan can call (and manipulate) functions written in Luan and
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148 functions written in Java (see <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>).
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149 Both are represented by the type <em>function</em>.
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150
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151
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152 <p>
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153 The type <em>java</em> is provided to allow arbitrary Java objects to
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154 be stored in Luan variables.
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155 A <em>java</em> value is a Java object that isn't one of the standard Luan types.
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156 Java values have no predefined operations in Luan,
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157 except assignment and identity test.
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158 Java values are useful when Java access is enabled in Luan
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159
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160
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161
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162 <p>
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163 The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays,
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164 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers,
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165 but with any Luan value except <b>nil</b>.
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166 Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>;
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167 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>).
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168 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table.
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169 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has
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170 an associated value <b>nil</b>.
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171
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173 <p>
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174 Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Luan;
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175 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences,
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176 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc.
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177 To represent records, Luan uses the field name as an index.
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178 The language supports this representation by
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179 providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>.
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180 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Luan
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181 (see <a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a>).
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182
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183
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184 <p>
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185 We use the term <em>sequence</em> to denote a table where
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186 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..<em>n</em>}
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187 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>,
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188 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
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189
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190
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191 <p>
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192 Like indices,
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193 the values of table fields can be of any type.
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194 In particular,
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195 because functions are first-class values,
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196 table fields can contain functions.
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197 Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>).
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198
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199
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200 <p>
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201 The indexing of tables follows
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202 the definition of raw equality in the language.
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203 The expressions <code>a[i]</code> and <code>a[j]</code>
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204 denote the same table element
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205 if and only if <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> are raw equal
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206 (that is, equal without metamethods).
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207 In particular, floats with integral values
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208 are equal to their respective integers
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209 (e.g., <code>1.0 == 1</code>).
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210
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211
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212 <p>
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213 Luan values are <em>objects</em>:
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214 variables do not actually <em>contain</em> values,
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215 only <em>references</em> to them.
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216 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns
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217 always manipulate references to values;
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218 these operations do not imply any kind of copy.
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219
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220
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221 <p>
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222 The library function <a href="#Luan.type"><code>Luan.type</code></a> returns a string describing the type
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223 of a given value.
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224
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228
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229 <h3 heading><a name="env" href="#env">Environments</a></h3>
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230
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231 <p>
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232 The environment of a chunk starts with only one local variable: <code><a href="#require">require</a></code>. This function is used to load and access libraries and other modules. All other variables must be added to the environment using <a href="http://localhost:8080/manual.html#local_stmt">local declarations</a>.
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233
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234 <p>
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235 As will be discussed in <a href="#vars">Variables</a> and <a href=#assignment">Assignment</a>,
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236 any reference to a free name
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237 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <code>var</code>
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238 can be syntactically translated to <code>_ENV.var</code> if <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
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239
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240
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241 <h3 heading><a name="error" href="#error">Error Handling</a></h3>
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242
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243 <p>
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244 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the
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245 <a href="#Luan.error"><code>error</code></a> function.
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246 If you need to catch errors in Luan,
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247 you can use <a href="#Luan.pcall"><code>pcall</code></a> or <a href="#Luan.try"><code>try</code></a>
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248 to call a given function in <em>protected mode</em>.
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249
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250
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251 <p>
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252 Whenever there is an error,
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253 an <em>error table</em>
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254 is propagated with information about the error.
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255 See <a href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error</code></a>.
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256
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257
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258
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259 <h3 heading><a name="meta" href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3>
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260
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261 <p>
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262 Every table in Luan can have a <em>metatable</em>.
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263 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Luan table
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264 that defines the behavior of the original value
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265 under certain special operations.
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266 You can change several aspects of the behavior
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267 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable.
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268 For instance, when a table is the operand of an addition,
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269 Luan checks for a function in the field "<code>__add</code>" of the table's metatable.
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270 If it finds one,
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271 Luan calls this function to perform the addition.
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272
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273
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274 <p>
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275 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <em>event</em> names;
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276 the corresponding values are called <ii>metamethods</em>.
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277 In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code>
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278 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition.
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279
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280
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281 <p>
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282 You can query the metatable of any table
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283 using the <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a> function.
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284
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285
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286 <p>
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287 You can replace the metatable of tables
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288 using the <a href="#Luan.set_metatable"><code>set_metatable</code></a> function.
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289
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290
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291 <p>
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292 A metatable controls how a table behaves in
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293 arithmetic operations, bitwise operations,
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294 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing.
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295
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296
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297 <p>
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298 A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next.
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299 Each operation is identified by its corresponding event name.
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300 The key for each event is a string with its name prefixed by
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301 two underscores, '<code>__</code>';
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302 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the
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303 string "<code>__add</code>".
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304 Note that queries for metamethods are always raw;
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305 the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods.
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306 You can emulate how Luan queries a metamethod for an object <code>obj</code>
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307 with the following code:
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308
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309 <pre>
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310 raw_get(get_metatable(obj) or {}, "__" .. event_name)
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311 </pre>
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312
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313 <p>
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314 Here are the events:
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315
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316 <ul>
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317
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318 <li><p><b>"add": </b>
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319 the <code>+</code> operation.
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320
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321 If any operand for an addition is a table,
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322 Luan will try to call a metamethod.
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323 First, Luan will check the first operand (even if it is valid).
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324 If that operand does not define a metamethod for the "<code>__add</code>" event,
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325 then Luan will check the second operand.
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326 If Luan can find a metamethod,
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327 it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments,
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328 and the result of the call
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329 (adjusted to one value)
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330 is the result of the operation.
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331 Otherwise,
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332 it raises an error.
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333 </li>
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334
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335 <li><p><b>"sub": </b>
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336 the <code>-</code> operation.
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337
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338 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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339 </li>
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340
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341 <li><p><b>"mul": </b>
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342 the <code>*</code> operation.
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343
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344 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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345 </li>
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346
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347 <li><p><b>"div": </b>
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348 the <code>/</code> operation.
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349
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350 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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351 </li>
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352
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353 <li><p><b>"mod": </b>
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354 the <code>%</code> operation.
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355
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356 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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357 </li>
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358
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359 <li><p><b>"pow": </b>
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360 the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation.
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361
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362 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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363 </li>
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364
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365 <li><p><b>"unm": </b>
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366 the <code>-</code> (unary minus) operation.
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367
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368 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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369 </li>
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370
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371 <li><p><b>"concat": </b>
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372 the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation.
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373
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374 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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375 </li>
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376
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377 <li><p><b>"len": </b>
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378 the <code>#</code> (length) operation.
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379
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380 If there is a metamethod,
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381 Luan calls it with the object as argument,
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382 and the result of the call
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383 (always adjusted to one value)
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384 is the result of the operation.
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385 If there is no metamethod but the object is a table,
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386 then Luan uses the table length operation (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
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387 Otherwise, Luan raises an error.
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388 </li>
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389
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390 <li><p><b>"eq": </b>
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391 the <code>==</code> (equal) operation.
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392
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393 Behavior similar to the "add" operation,
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394 except that Luan will try a metamethod only when the values
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395 being compared are both tables
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396 and they are not primitively equal.
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397 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
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398 </li>
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399
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400 <li><p><b>"lt": </b>
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401 the <code>&lt;</code> (less than) operation.
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402
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403 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
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404 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
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405 </li>
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406
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407 <li><p><b>"le": </b>
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408 the <code>&lt;=</code> (less equal) operation.
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409
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410 Unlike other operations,
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411 The less-equal operation can use two different events.
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412 First, Luan looks for the "<code>__le</code>" metamethod in both operands,
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413 like in the "lt" operation.
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414 If it cannot find such a metamethod,
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415 then it will try the "<code>__lt</code>" event,
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416 assuming that <code>a &lt;= b</code> is equivalent to <code>not (b &lt; a)</code>.
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417 As with the other comparison operators,
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418 the result is always a boolean.
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419 </li>
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420
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421 <li><p><b>"index": </b>
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422 The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>.
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423
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424 This event happens
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425 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>.
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426 The metamethod is looked up in <code>table</code>.
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427
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428
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429 <p>
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430 Despite the name,
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431 the metamethod for this event can be any type.
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432 If it is a function,
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433 it is called with <code>table</code> and <code>key</code> as arguments.
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434 Otherwise
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435 the final result is the result of indexing this metamethod object with <code>key</code>.
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436 (This indexing is regular, not raw,
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437 and therefore can trigger another metamethod if the metamethod object is a table.)
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438 </li>
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439
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440 <li><p><b>"new_index": </b>
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441 The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>.
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442
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443 Like the index event,
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444 this event happens when
562
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445 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>.
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446 The metamethod is looked up in <code>table</code>.
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447
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448
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449 <p>
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450 Like with indexing,
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451 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table.
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452 If it is a function,
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453 it is called with <code>table</code>, <code>key</code>, and <code>value</code> as arguments.
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454 If it is a table,
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455 Luan does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value.
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456 (This assignment is regular, not raw,
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457 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.)
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458
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459
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460 <p>
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461 Whenever there is a "new_index" metamethod,
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462 Luan does not perform the primitive assignment.
371
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463 (If necessary,
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464 the metamethod itself can call <a href="#Luan.raw_set"><code>raw_set</code></a>
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465 to do the assignment.)
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466 </li>
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467
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468 <li><p><b>"gc":</b>
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469 This is when a table is garbage collected. When the table's <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#finalize()">finalize</a> method is called by the Java garbage collector, if there is a "<code>__gc</code>" metamethod then it is called with the table as a parameter.
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470
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471 </li>
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472
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473 </ul>
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474
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475
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476
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477
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478 <h3 heading><a name="gc" href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3>
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479
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480 <p>
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481 Luan uses Java's garbage collection.
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482
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483
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484
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diff changeset
485
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486
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487 <h2 heading><a name="lang" href="#lang">The Language</a></h2>
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488
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489 <p>
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490 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan.
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491 In other words,
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492 this section describes
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493 which tokens are valid,
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494 how they can be combined,
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495 and what their combinations mean.
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496
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497
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498 <p>
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499 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation,
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500 in which
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501 {<em>a</em>}&nbsp;means&nbsp;0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and
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502 [<em>a</em>]&nbsp;means an optional <em>a</em>.
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503 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal,
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504 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>,
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505 and other terminal symbols are shown like &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo;.
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506 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">&sect;9</a>
371
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507 at the end of this manual.
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508
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509
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510
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511 <h3 heading><a name="lex" href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3>
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512
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513 <p>
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514 Luan ignores spaces and comments
371
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515 between lexical elements (tokens),
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516 except as delimiters between names and keywords.
685
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517 Luan considers the end of a line to be the end of a statement. This catches errors and encourages readability. If you want to continue a statement on another line, you can use a backslash followed by a newline which will be treated as white space.
562
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518
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519 <p>
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520 <em>Names</em>
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521 (also called <em>identifiers</em>)
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522 in Luan can be any string of letters,
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523 digits, and underscores,
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524 not beginning with a digit.
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525 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels.
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526
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527
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528 <p>
562
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529 The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved
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530 and cannot be used as names:
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531
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532
562
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533 <pre>
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534 and break do else elseif end
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535 end_do end_for end_function end_if end_while
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536 false for function goto if in
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537 local nil not or repeat return
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538 then true until while
562
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539 </pre>
371
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540
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541 <p>
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542 Luan is a case-sensitive language:
562
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543 <code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code>
371
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544 are two different, valid names.
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545
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546
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547 <p>
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548 The following strings denote other tokens:
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549
562
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550 <pre>
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551 + - * / % ^ #
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552 &amp; ~ | &lt;&lt; &gt;&gt; //
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553 == ~= &lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt; =
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554 ( ) { } [ ] ::
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555 ; : , . .. ...
562
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556 </pre>
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557
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558 <p>
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559 <em>Literal strings</em>
371
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560 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes,
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561 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences:
562
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562 '<code>\a</code>' (bell),
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563 '<code>\b</code>' (backspace),
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564 '<code>\f</code>' (form feed),
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565 '<code>\n</code>' (newline),
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566 '<code>\r</code>' (carriage return),
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567 '<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab),
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568 '<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab),
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569 '<code>\\</code>' (backslash),
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570 '<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]),
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571 and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]).
371
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572 A backslash followed by a real newline
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573 results in a newline in the string.
562
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574 The escape sequence '<code>\z</code>' skips the following span
371
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575 of white-space characters,
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576 including line breaks;
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577 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string
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578 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces
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579 into the string contents.
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580
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581
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582 <p>
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583 Luan can specify any character in a literal string by its numerical value.
371
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584 This can be done
562
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585 with the escape sequence <code>\x<em>XX</em></code>,
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586 where <em>XX</em> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits,
793
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587 or with the escape sequence <code>\u<em>XXXX</em></code>,
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588 where <em>XXXX</em> is a sequence of exactly four hexadecimal digits,
562
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589 or with the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>,
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diff changeset
590 where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits.
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591 (Note that if a decimal escape sequence is to be followed by a digit,
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592 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.)
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593
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diff changeset
594
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595 <p>
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596 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format
562
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diff changeset
597 enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>.
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598 We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening
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599 square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another
371
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600 opening square bracket.
562
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diff changeset
601 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>,
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602 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>,
371
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603 and so on.
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604 A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly;
371
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605 for instance,
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606 a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>.
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607 A <em>long literal</em> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and
371
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608 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level.
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609 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the same level.
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610 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines,
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611 do not interpret any escape sequences,
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612 and ignore long brackets of any other level.
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613 Any kind of end-of-line sequence
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614 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline,
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615 or newline followed by carriage return)
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616 is converted to a simple newline.
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617
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diff changeset
618
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619 <p>
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620 Any character in a literal string not
371
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621 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself.
380
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622 However, Luan opens files for parsing in text mode,
371
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623 and the system file functions may have problems with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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624 some control characters.
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625 So, it is safer to represent
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626 non-text data as a quoted literal with
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627 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters.
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628
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629
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630 <p>
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631 For convenience,
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632 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline,
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633 the newline is not included in the string.
380
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634 As an example
371
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635 the five literal strings below denote the same string:
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636
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637 <pre>
371
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638 a = 'alo\n123"'
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639 a = "alo\n123\""
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640 a = '\97lo\10\04923"'
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641 a = [[alo
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642 123"]]
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643 a = [==[
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644 alo
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645 123"]==]
562
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diff changeset
646 </pre>
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diff changeset
647
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648 <p>
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diff changeset
649 A <em>numerical constant</em> (or <em>numeral</em>)
371
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650 can be written with an optional fractional part
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651 and an optional decimal exponent,
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652 marked by a letter '<code>e</code>' or '<code>E</code>'.
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653 Luan also accepts hexadecimal constants,
562
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654 which start with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>.
371
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655 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part
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656 plus an optional binary exponent,
562
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657 marked by a letter '<code>p</code>' or '<code>P</code>'.
371
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658 A numeric constant with a fractional dot or an exponent
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659 denotes a float;
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660 otherwise it denotes an integer.
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661 Examples of valid integer constants are
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662
562
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663 <pre>
371
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664 3 345 0xff 0xBEBADA
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665 </pre>
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666
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667 <p>
371
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668 Examples of valid float constants are
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669
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670 <pre>
371
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671 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 34e1
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672 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1
562
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diff changeset
673 </pre>
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diff changeset
674
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diff changeset
675 <p>
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diff changeset
676 A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>)
371
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677 anywhere outside a string.
562
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678 If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket,
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679 the comment is a <em>short comment</em>,
371
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680 which runs until the end of the line.
562
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681 Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>,
371
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682 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket.
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683 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily.
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parents:
diff changeset
684
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
685
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parents:
diff changeset
686
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
687
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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688
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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diff changeset
689 <h3 heading><a name="vars" href="#vars">Variables</a></h3>
371
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690
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parents:
diff changeset
691 <p>
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692 Variables are places that store values.
380
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693 There are three kinds of variables in Luan:
371
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694 global variables, local variables, and table fields.
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parents:
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695
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parents:
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696 <p>
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697 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable
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698 (or a function's formal parameter,
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699 which is a particular kind of local variable):
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700
562
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701 <pre>
371
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702 var ::= Name
562
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diff changeset
703 </pre>
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diff changeset
704
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705 <p>
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706 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a>.
371
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707
512
d96944467ffc update documentation for luan changes
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diff changeset
708 <p>
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diff changeset
709 Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>:
371
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710 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
464
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711 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>).
371
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parents:
diff changeset
712
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parents:
diff changeset
713
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
714 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
715 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>.
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parents:
diff changeset
716
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
717 <p>
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diff changeset
718 Square brackets are used to index a table:
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parents:
diff changeset
719
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720 <pre>
371
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721 var ::= prefixexp &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo;
562
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diff changeset
722 </pre>
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diff changeset
723
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diff changeset
724 <p>
371
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725 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables.
562
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726 An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to
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727 a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>.
464
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728 (See <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a> for a complete description of the
562
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diff changeset
729 <code>gettable_event</code> function.
380
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730 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371
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diff changeset
731 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
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parents:
diff changeset
732
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parents:
diff changeset
733
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
734 <p>
562
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diff changeset
735 The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for
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diff changeset
736 <code>var["Name"]</code>:
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737
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diff changeset
738 <pre>
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739 var ::= prefixexp &lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name
562
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740 </pre>
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diff changeset
741
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diff changeset
742 <p>
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diff changeset
743 Global variables are not available by default. To enable global variable, you must define <code>_ENV</code> as a local variable whose value is a table. If <code>_ENV</code> is not defined, then an unrecognized variable name will produce a compile error. If <code>_ENV</code> is defined then an access to an unrecognized variable name will be consider a global variable. So then an acces to global variable <code>x</code>
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744 is equivalent to <code>_ENV.x</code>.
371
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745 Due to the way that chunks are compiled,
562
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746 <code>_ENV</code> is never a global name (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
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diff changeset
747
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diff changeset
748
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diff changeset
749
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diff changeset
750
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diff changeset
751
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752 <h3 heading><a name="stmts" href="#stmts">Statements</a></h3>
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753
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754 <p>
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755 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements,
371
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756 similar to those in Pascal or C.
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757 This set includes
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758 assignments, control structures, function calls,
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759 and variable declarations.
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760
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761
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762
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763 <h4 heading><a name="blocks" href="#blocks">Blocks</a></h4>
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764
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765 <p>
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766 A block is a list of statements,
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767 which are executed sequentially:
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768
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769 <pre>
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770 block ::= {stat}
562
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771 </pre>
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diff changeset
772
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773 <p>
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774 Luan has <em>empty statements</em>
371
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775 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons,
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776 start a block with a semicolon
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777 or write two semicolons in sequence:
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778
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diff changeset
779 <pre>
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780 stat ::= &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;
562
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diff changeset
781 </pre>
371
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782
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783 <p>
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784 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement:
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785
562
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diff changeset
786 <pre>
1092
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diff changeset
787 stat ::= <b>do</b> block end_do
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diff changeset
788 end_do ::= <b>end_do</b> | <b>end</b>
562
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789 </pre>
389
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790
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791 <p>
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diff changeset
792 Explicit blocks are useful
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793 to control the scope of variable declarations.
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794 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to
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diff changeset
795 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle
464
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796 of another block (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>).
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
797
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parents:
diff changeset
798
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
799
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
800
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
801
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802 <h4 heading><a name="chunks" href="#chunks">Chunks</a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
803
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diff changeset
804 <p>
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diff changeset
805 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <em>chunk</em>.
371
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806 Syntactically,
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807 a chunk is simply a block:
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diff changeset
808
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diff changeset
809 <pre>
371
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810 chunk ::= block
562
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diff changeset
811 </pre>
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diff changeset
812
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813 <p>
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diff changeset
814 Luan handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function
371
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815 with a variable number of arguments
464
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816 (see <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>).
371
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817 As such, chunks can define local variables,
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818 receive arguments, and return values.
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diff changeset
819
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parents:
diff changeset
820
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diff changeset
821 <p>
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diff changeset
822 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program.
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823 To execute a chunk,
562
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diff changeset
824 Luan first <em>loads</em> it,
395
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825 compiling the chunk's code,
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diff changeset
826 and then Luan executes the compiled code.
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diff changeset
827
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diff changeset
828
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diff changeset
829
a7cb58532846 work on manual
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diff changeset
830
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diff changeset
831
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832 <h4 heading><a name="assignment" href="#assignment">Assignment</a></h4>
395
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diff changeset
833
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834 <p>
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diff changeset
835 Luan allows multiple assignments.
371
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836 Therefore, the syntax for assignment
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837 defines a list of variables on the left side
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838 and a list of expressions on the right side.
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diff changeset
839 The elements in both lists are separated by commas:
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840
562
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diff changeset
841 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
842 stat ::= varlist &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist
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parents:
diff changeset
843 varlist ::= var {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; var}
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diff changeset
844 explist ::= exp {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp}
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diff changeset
845 </pre>
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diff changeset
846
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847 <p>
464
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diff changeset
848 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>.
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diff changeset
849
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parents:
diff changeset
850
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
851 <p>
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diff changeset
852 Before the assignment,
562
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diff changeset
853 the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of
371
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854 the list of variables.
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diff changeset
855 If there are more values than needed,
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856 the excess values are thrown away.
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857 If there are fewer values than needed,
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858 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed.
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859 If the list of expressions ends with a function call,
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860 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values,
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861 before the adjustment
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diff changeset
862 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>).
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863
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parents:
diff changeset
864
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diff changeset
865 <p>
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diff changeset
866 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions
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867 and only then the assignments are performed.
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868 Thus the code
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diff changeset
869
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870 <pre>
371
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871 i = 3
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872 i, a[i] = i+1, 20
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diff changeset
873 </pre>
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diff changeset
874
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875 <p>
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diff changeset
876 sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code>
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877 because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3)
371
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878 before it is assigned&nbsp;4.
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879 Similarly, the line
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880
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diff changeset
881 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
882 x, y = y, x
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diff changeset
883 </pre>
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diff changeset
884
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diff changeset
885 <p>
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diff changeset
886 exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>,
371
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diff changeset
887 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
888
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diff changeset
889 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
890 x, y, z = y, z, x
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diff changeset
891 </pre>
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diff changeset
892
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diff changeset
893 <p>
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diff changeset
894 cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
895
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diff changeset
896
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897 <p>
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898 The meaning of assignments to global variables
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diff changeset
899 and table fields can be changed via metatables.
562
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diff changeset
900 An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to
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diff changeset
901 <code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>.
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902 (See <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a> for a complete description of the
562
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903 <code>settable_event</code> function.
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904 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371
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905 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
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906
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907
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908 <p>
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diff changeset
909 An assignment to a global name <code>x = val</code>
371
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910 is equivalent to the assignment
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diff changeset
911 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
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912 Global names are only available when <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
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913
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diff changeset
914
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diff changeset
915
1327
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916 <h4 heading><a name="control" href="#control">Control Structures</a></h4>
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917
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918 <p>
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919 The control structures
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920 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and
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921 familiar syntax:
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922
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923 <pre>
1092
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924 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block end_while
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925 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp
1092
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diff changeset
926 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] end_if
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diff changeset
927 end_while ::= <b>end_while</b> | <b>end</b>
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diff changeset
928 end_if ::= <b>end_if</b> | <b>end</b>
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diff changeset
929 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
930
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diff changeset
931 <p>
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diff changeset
932 Luan also has a <b>for</b> statement (see <a href="#for">For Statement</a>).
371
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933
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diff changeset
934
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diff changeset
935 <p>
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936 The condition expression of a
395
a7cb58532846 work on manual
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diff changeset
937 control structure must be a boolean.
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938 Any other value type will produce an error.
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diff changeset
939 This helps catch errors and makes code more readable.
371
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diff changeset
940
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parents:
diff changeset
941
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diff changeset
942 <p>
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diff changeset
943 In the <b>repeat</b>&ndash;<b>until</b> loop,
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944 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword,
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945 but only after the condition.
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diff changeset
946 So, the condition can refer to local variables
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947 declared inside the loop block.
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diff changeset
948
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diff changeset
949
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950 <p>
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diff changeset
951 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a
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952 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop,
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diff changeset
953 skipping to the next statement after the loop:
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954
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955
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diff changeset
956 <pre>
371
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957 stat ::= <b>break</b>
562
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diff changeset
958 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
959
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diff changeset
960 <p>
371
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961 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop.
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962
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diff changeset
963
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diff changeset
964 <p>
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diff changeset
965 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values
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diff changeset
966 from a function or a chunk
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967 (which is an anonymous function).
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diff changeset
968
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diff changeset
969 Functions can return more than one value,
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970 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is
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diff changeset
971
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972 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
973 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [&lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;]
562
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diff changeset
974 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
975
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diff changeset
976
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parents: 556
diff changeset
977
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diff changeset
978
1327
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diff changeset
979 <h4 heading><a name="for" href="#for">For Statement</a></h4>
395
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diff changeset
980
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diff changeset
981 <p>
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diff changeset
982 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions,
562
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diff changeset
983 called <em>iterators</em>.
395
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diff changeset
984 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value,
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diff changeset
985 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>.
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diff changeset
986 The <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax:
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diff changeset
987
562
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diff changeset
988 <pre>
1092
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parents: 1090
diff changeset
989 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> exp <b>do</b> block end_for
395
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diff changeset
990 namelist ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; Name}
1092
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parents: 1090
diff changeset
991 end_for ::= <b>end_for</b> | <b>end</b>
562
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992 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
993
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diff changeset
994 <p>
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diff changeset
995 A <b>for</b> statement like
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diff changeset
996
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997 <pre>
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diff changeset
998 for <em>var_1</em>, &middot;&middot;&middot;, <em>var_n</em> in <em>exp</em> do <em>block</em> end
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999 </pre>
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diff changeset
1000
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1001 <p>
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1002 is equivalent to the code:
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1003
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1004 <pre>
371
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1005 do
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1006 local <em>f</em> = <em>exp</em>
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1007 while true do
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1008 local <em>var_1</em>, &middot;&middot;&middot;, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>()
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diff changeset
1009 if <em>var_1</em> == nil then break end
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1010 <em>block</em>
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1011 end
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1012 end
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1013 </pre>
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1014
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diff changeset
1015 <p>
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diff changeset
1016 Note the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1017
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diff changeset
1018 <ul>
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diff changeset
1019
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diff changeset
1020 <li>
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1021 <code><em>exp</em></code> is evaluated only once.
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diff changeset
1022 Its result is an <em>iterator</em> function.
371
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diff changeset
1023 </li>
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diff changeset
1024
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1025 <li>
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diff changeset
1026 <code><em>f</em></code> is an invisible variable.
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diff changeset
1027 The name is here for explanatory purposes only.
371
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1028 </li>
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diff changeset
1029
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1030 <li>
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1031 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop.
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1032 </li>
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diff changeset
1033
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1034 <li>
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diff changeset
1035 The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop;
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diff changeset
1036 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends.
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diff changeset
1037 If you need these values,
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diff changeset
1038 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop.
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 </li>
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parents:
diff changeset
1040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1041 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1043
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1044
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1045
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1046 <h4 heading><a name="fn_stmt" href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4>
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diff changeset
1047
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diff changeset
1048 <p>
371
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1049 To allow possible side-effects,
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parents:
diff changeset
1050 function calls can be executed as statements:
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parents:
diff changeset
1051
562
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diff changeset
1052 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1053 stat ::= functioncall
562
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diff changeset
1054 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
1055
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diff changeset
1056 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1057 In this case, all returned values are thrown away.
464
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diff changeset
1058 Function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>.
371
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1059
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parents:
diff changeset
1060
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1061
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1062 <h4 heading><a name="local_stmt" href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4>
395
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diff changeset
1063
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diff changeset
1064 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1065 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
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parents:
diff changeset
1066 The declaration can include an initial assignment:
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diff changeset
1067
562
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diff changeset
1068 <pre>
371
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1069 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [&lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist]
562
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diff changeset
1070 </pre>
395
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diff changeset
1071
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1072 <p>
371
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1073 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics
464
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diff changeset
1074 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#assignment">Assignment</a>).
371
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1075 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>.
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parents:
diff changeset
1076
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parents:
diff changeset
1077
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1078 <p>
464
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diff changeset
1079 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#chunks">Chunks</a>),
371
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1080 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block.
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parents:
diff changeset
1081
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parents:
diff changeset
1082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1083 <p>
464
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diff changeset
1084 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>.
371
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1085
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parents:
diff changeset
1086
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1087 <h4 heading><a name="template_stmt" href="#template_stmt">Template Statements</a></h4>
465
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diff changeset
1088
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diff changeset
1089 <p>Template statements are based on <a href="#template_expr">template exressions</a> and provide the full equivalent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a> but in a general way. Template statements write the equivalent template exression to standard output. For example:</p>
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1090
1325
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diff changeset
1091 <pre>
465
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1092 local name = "Bob"
47c7de1f2322 documentation work
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1093 %>
469
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diff changeset
1094 Hello <%= name %>!
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diff changeset
1095 Bye <%= name %>.
465
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diff changeset
1096 <%
1325
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1097 </pre>
465
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1098
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1099 <p>is equivalent to the code:</p>
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1100
1325
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1101 <pre>
465
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1102 local name = "Bob"
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
1103 require("luan:Io.luan").stdout.write( %>
469
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parents: 468
diff changeset
1104 Hello <%= name %>!
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diff changeset
1105 Bye <%= name %>.
465
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diff changeset
1106 <% )
1325
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parents: 1324
diff changeset
1107 </pre>
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1108
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1109
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1110
1327
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1111 <h3 heading><a name="expressions" href="#expressions">Expressions</a></h3>
395
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diff changeset
1112
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1113 <p>
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diff changeset
1114 The basic expressions in Luan are the following:
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parents: 391
diff changeset
1115
562
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diff changeset
1116 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1117 exp ::= prefixexp
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diff changeset
1118 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b>
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diff changeset
1119 exp ::= Numeral
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parents:
diff changeset
1120 exp ::= LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1121 exp ::= functiondef
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diff changeset
1122 exp ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 exp ::= &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;
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diff changeset
1124 exp ::= exp binop exp
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parents:
diff changeset
1125 exp ::= unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo;
562
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diff changeset
1127 </pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1128
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1129 <p>
464
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1130 Numerals and literal strings are explained in <a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1131 variables are explained in <a href="#vars">Variables</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1132 function definitions are explained in <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1133 function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1134 table constructors are explained in <a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a>.
371
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diff changeset
1135 Vararg expressions,
562
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diff changeset
1136 denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when
371
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diff changeset
1137 directly inside a vararg function;
464
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1138 they are explained in <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>.
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1139
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1140
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1141 <p>
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1142 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1143 relational operators (see <a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1144 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a>).
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1145 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a>),
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1146 the unary logical <b>not</b> (see <a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1147 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1148
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parents:
diff changeset
1149
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1150 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values.
464
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diff changeset
1152 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a>),
371
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diff changeset
1153 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements,
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parents:
diff changeset
1154 thus discarding all returned values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1155 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element
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diff changeset
1156 of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1157 then no adjustment is made
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1158 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses).
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1159 In all other contexts,
395
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diff changeset
1160 Luan adjusts the result list to one element,
371
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diff changeset
1161 either discarding all values except the first one
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1162 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values.
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parents:
diff changeset
1163
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parents:
diff changeset
1164
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parents:
diff changeset
1165 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
1166 Here are some examples:
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diff changeset
1167
562
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diff changeset
1168 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1169 f() -- adjusted to 0 results
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diff changeset
1170 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1171 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f()
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parents:
diff changeset
1172 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
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parents:
diff changeset
1173 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
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parents:
diff changeset
1174 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
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parents:
diff changeset
1175 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)
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parents:
diff changeset
1176
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parents:
diff changeset
1177 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1178 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
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parents:
diff changeset
1179 return f() -- returns all results from f()
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diff changeset
1180 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters
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parents:
diff changeset
1181 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
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1182 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f()
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1183 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
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1184 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
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1185 </pre>
371
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1186
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1187 <p>
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1188 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value.
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1189 Thus,
562
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1190 <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value,
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1191 even if <code>f</code> returns several values.
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1192 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code>
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1193 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.)
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1194
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diff changeset
1195
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diff changeset
1196
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1197 <h4 heading><a name="arithmetic" href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4>
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diff changeset
1198
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1199 <p>
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1200 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators:
371
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1201
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1202 <ul>
562
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1203 <li><b><code>+</code>: </b>addition</li>
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1204 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b>subtraction</li>
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1205 <li><b><code>*</code>: </b>multiplication</li>
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1206 <li><b><code>/</code>: </b>division</li>
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1207 <li><b><code>%</code>: </b>modulo</li>
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1208 <li><b><code>^</code>: </b>exponentiation</li>
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1209 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b>unary minus</li>
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1210 </ul>
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1211
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1212 <p>
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1213 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary minus are the same as these operators in Java. Exponentiation uses Java's <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow(double,%20double)">Math.pow</a> function.
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1214
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1215 <p>
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1216 Modulo is defined as the remainder of a division
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1217 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division).
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1218 (The Java modulo operator is not used.)
371
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1219
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1220
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1221
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1222 <h4 heading><a name="conversions" href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4>
396
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1223
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1224 <p>
465
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1225 Luan generally avoids automatic conversions.
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1226 String concatenation automatically converts all of its arguments to strings.
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1227
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1228 <p>
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1229 Luan provides library functions for explicit type conversions.
371
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1230
396
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1231
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1232
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1233
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1234 <h4 heading><a name="relational" href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></h4>
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1235
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1236 <p>
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1237 Luan supports the following relational operators:
371
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1238
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1239 <ul>
562
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1240 <li><b><code>==</code>: </b>equality</li>
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1241 <li><b><code>~=</code>: </b>inequality</li>
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1242 <li><b><code>&lt;</code>: </b>less than</li>
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1243 <li><b><code>&gt;</code>: </b>greater than</li>
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1244 <li><b><code>&lt;=</code>: </b>less or equal</li>
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1245 <li><b><code>&gt;=</code>: </b>greater or equal</li>
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1246 </ul><p>
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diff changeset
1247 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
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diff changeset
1248
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1249
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1250 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1251 Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands.
371
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1252 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>.
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1253 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared.
396
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diff changeset
1254 Strings, numbers, and binary values are compared in the obvious way (by value).
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diff changeset
1255
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diff changeset
1256 <p>
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diff changeset
1257 Tables
371
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1258 are compared by reference:
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diff changeset
1259 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object.
396
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diff changeset
1260 Every time you create a new table,
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1261 it is different from any previously existing table.
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1262 Closures are also compared by reference.
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diff changeset
1263
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diff changeset
1264 <p>
417
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diff changeset
1265 You can change the way that Luan compares tables
464
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diff changeset
1266 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
371
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1267
396
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diff changeset
1268 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1269 Java values are compared for equality with the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)"><code>equals</code></a> method.
371
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diff changeset
1270
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diff changeset
1271 <p>
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diff changeset
1272 Equality comparisons do not convert strings to numbers
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diff changeset
1273 or vice versa.
562
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diff changeset
1274 Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>,
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1275 and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different
371
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1276 entries in a table.
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diff changeset
1277
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1278
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diff changeset
1279 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1280 The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>).
371
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diff changeset
1281
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1282
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parents:
diff changeset
1283 <p>
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diff changeset
1284 The order operators work as follows.
396
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diff changeset
1285
371
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1286 If both arguments are numbers,
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diff changeset
1287 then they are compared following
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diff changeset
1288 the usual rule for binary operations.
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diff changeset
1289 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings,
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diff changeset
1290 then their values are compared according to the current locale.
396
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diff changeset
1291 Otherwise, Luan tries to call the "lt" or the "le"
464
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diff changeset
1292 metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
562
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diff changeset
1293 A comparison <code>a &gt; b</code> is translated to <code>b &lt; a</code>
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1294 and <code>a &gt;= b</code> is translated to <code>b &lt;= a</code>.
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diff changeset
1295
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diff changeset
1296
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1297
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diff changeset
1298
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diff changeset
1299
1327
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1300 <h4 heading><a name="logical_ops" href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4>
396
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1301
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1302 <p>
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1303 The logical operators in Luan are
371
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1304 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>.
396
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1305 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false
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1306 and anything else as true.
464
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1307 Like the control structures (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>),
396
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1308 the <b>not</b> operator requires a boolean value.
371
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diff changeset
1309
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diff changeset
1310 <p>
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diff changeset
1311 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
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1312 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument
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diff changeset
1313 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>;
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1314 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument.
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1315 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument
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diff changeset
1316 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>;
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1317 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument.
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1318 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-circuit evaluation;
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1319 that is,
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diff changeset
1320 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary.
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1321 Here are some examples:
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1322
562
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diff changeset
1323 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1324 10 or 20 --&gt; 10
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parents:
diff changeset
1325 10 or error() --&gt; 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1326 nil or "a" --&gt; "a"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1327 nil and 10 --&gt; nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1328 false and error() --&gt; false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1329 false and nil --&gt; false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1330 false or nil --&gt; nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1331 10 and 20 --&gt; 20
562
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diff changeset
1332 </pre>
396
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diff changeset
1333
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diff changeset
1334 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1335 (In this manual,
562
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diff changeset
1336 <code>--&gt;</code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.)
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diff changeset
1337
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1338
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1339
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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diff changeset
1340 <h4 heading><a name="concatenation" href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1341
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diff changeset
1342 <p>
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diff changeset
1343 The string concatenation operator in Luan is
562
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diff changeset
1344 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>').
396
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diff changeset
1345 All operands are converted to strings.
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diff changeset
1346
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diff changeset
1347
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diff changeset
1348
1327
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diff changeset
1349 <h4 heading><a name="length" href="#length">The Length Operator</a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
1350
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diff changeset
1351 <p>
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diff changeset
1352 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>.
396
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diff changeset
1353 The length of a string is its number of characters.
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diff changeset
1354 The length of a binary is its number of bytes.
371
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diff changeset
1355
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diff changeset
1356
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1358 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for
562
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diff changeset
1359 any table through the <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
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diff changeset
1360
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1361
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diff changeset
1362 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1363 Unless a <code>__len</code> metamethod is given,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1364 the length of a table <code>t</code> is defined
396
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1365 as the number of elements in <em>sequence</em>,
371
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1366 that is,
396
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diff changeset
1367 the size of the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em>
371
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1368 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1369 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1370 Note that a table like
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diff changeset
1371
562
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diff changeset
1372 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1373 {10, 20, nil, 40}
562
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diff changeset
1374 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1375
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diff changeset
1376 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1377 has a length of <code>2</code>, because that is the last key in sequence.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1378
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1379
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1380
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1381
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1382
1327
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diff changeset
1383 <h4 heading><a name="precedence" href="#precedence">Precedence</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1384
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diff changeset
1385 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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diff changeset
1386 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1387 from lower to higher priority:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1388
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1389 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1390 or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1391 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1392 &lt; &gt; &lt;= &gt;= ~= ==
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parents:
diff changeset
1393 ..
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1394 + -
396
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1395 * / %
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1396 unary operators (not # -)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1397 ^
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1398 </pre>
396
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual;
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1399
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parents: 395
diff changeset
1400 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1401 As usual,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1402 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1403 The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>')
371
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diff changeset
1404 operators are right associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1405 All other binary operators are left associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1406
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1407
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1410
1327
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diff changeset
1411 <h4 heading><a name="constructors" href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4>
396
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diff changeset
1412
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diff changeset
1413 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1414 Table constructors are expressions that create tables.
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parents:
diff changeset
1415 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1416 A constructor can be used to create an empty table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1417 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1418 The general syntax for constructors is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1419
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1420 <pre>
604
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter
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parents: 589
diff changeset
1421 tableconstructor ::= &lsquo;<b>{</b>&rsquo; fieldlist &lsquo;<b>}</b>&rsquo;
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter
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parents: 589
diff changeset
1422 fieldlist ::= [field] {fieldsep [field]}
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1423 field ::= &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | Name &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | exp
604
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter
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parents: 589
diff changeset
1424 fieldsep ::= &lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo; | <b>end_of_line</b>
562
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diff changeset
1425 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1426
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1427 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1428 Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1429 with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>.
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diff changeset
1430 A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1431 <code>["name"] = exp</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1432 Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to
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diff changeset
1433 <code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive integers
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1434 starting with 1.
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parents:
diff changeset
1435 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1436 For example,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1437
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1438 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1439 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 }
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1440 </pre>
396
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diff changeset
1441
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diff changeset
1442 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1443 is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1444
562
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diff changeset
1445 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1446 do
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parents:
diff changeset
1447 local t = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1448 t[f(1)] = g
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1449 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1450 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1451 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1452 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp
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parents:
diff changeset
1453 t[30] = 23
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parents:
diff changeset
1454 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp
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parents:
diff changeset
1455 a = t
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1456 end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1457 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1458
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1459 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1460 The order of the assignments in a constructor is undefined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1461 (This order would be relevant only when there are repeated keys.)
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parents:
diff changeset
1462
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parents:
diff changeset
1463
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1464 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1465 If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code>
371
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diff changeset
1466 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression,
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parents:
diff changeset
1467 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively
464
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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parents: 429
diff changeset
1468 (see <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>).
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1469
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parents:
diff changeset
1470
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1471 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1472 The field list can have an optional trailing separator,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 as a convenience for machine-generated code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1474
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1475
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1478
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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parents: 1326
diff changeset
1479 <h4 heading><a name="fn_calls" href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4>
417
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diff changeset
1480
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diff changeset
1481 <p>
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1482 A function call in Luan has the following syntax:
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1483
562
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diff changeset
1484 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1485 functioncall ::= prefixexp args
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1486 </pre>
417
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1487
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diff changeset
1488 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1489 In a function call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1490 first prefixexp and args are evaluated.
685
1e4b0bc0202d update documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 642
diff changeset
1491 The value of prefixexp must have type <em>function</em>.
1e4b0bc0202d update documentation
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parents: 642
diff changeset
1492 This function is called
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1493 with the given arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1494
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1495
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1497 Arguments have the following syntax:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1498
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1499 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1500 args ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [explist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1501 args ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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1502 args ::= LiteralString
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1503 </pre>
417
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1504
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1505 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1506 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1507 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1508 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>;
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
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1509 that is, the argument list is a single new table.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1510 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1511 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1512 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>;
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1513 that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1514
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1515
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1516
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1517
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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parents: 1326
diff changeset
1518 <h4 heading><a name="fn_def" href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1519
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1520 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1521 The syntax for function definition is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1522
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1523 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1524 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
1092
a26fbde7ee28 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1090
diff changeset
1525 funcbody ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [parlist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo; block end_function
a26fbde7ee28 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1090
diff changeset
1526 end_function ::= <b>end_function</b> | <b>end</b>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1527 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1528
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1529 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1530 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1531
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1532 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1533 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1534 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1535 funcname ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name} [&lsquo;<b>:</b>&rsquo; Name]
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1536 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1537
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1538 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1539 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1540
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1541 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1542 function f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1543 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1544
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1545 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1546 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1547
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1548 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1549 f = function () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1550 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1551
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1552 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1553 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1554
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1555 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1556 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1557 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1558
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1559 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1560 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1561
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1562 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1563 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1564 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1565
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 396
diff changeset
1566 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1567 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1568
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1569 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1570 local function f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1571 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1572
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1573 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1574 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1575
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1576 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1577 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
1578 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1579
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1580 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1581 not to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1582
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1583 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1584 local f = function () <em>body</em> end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1585 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1586
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1587 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1588 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1589 contains references to <code>f</code>.)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1590
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1591
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1592 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1593 A function definition is an executable expression,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1594 whose value has type <em>function</em>.
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1595 When Luan precompiles a chunk,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1596 all its function bodies are precompiled too.
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1597 Then, whenever Luan executes the function definition,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1598 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1599 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1600 is the final value of the expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1601
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1602
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1603 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1604 Parameters act as local variables that are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1605 initialized with the argument values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1606
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1607 <pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1608 parlist ::= namelist [&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;] | &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1609 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1610
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1611 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1612 When a function is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1613 the list of arguments is adjusted to
1090
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 799
diff changeset
1614 the length of the list of parameters if the list is too short,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1615 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1616 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>')
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1617 at the end of its parameter list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1618 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1619 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1620 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>,
371
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diff changeset
1621 which is also written as three dots.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1622 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments,
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diff changeset
1623 similar to a function with multiple results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1624 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1625 or in the middle of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1626 then its return list is adjusted to one element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1627 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1628 then no adjustment is made
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1629 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses).
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diff changeset
1630
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1631
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1632 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1633 As an example, consider the following definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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1634
562
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diff changeset
1635 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1636 function f(a, b) end
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diff changeset
1637 function g(a, b, ...) end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1638 function r() return 1,2,3 end
562
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diff changeset
1639 </pre>
417
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diff changeset
1640
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diff changeset
1641 <p>
371
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diff changeset
1642 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and
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parents:
diff changeset
1643 to the vararg expression:
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1644
562
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diff changeset
1645 <pre>
371
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diff changeset
1646 CALL PARAMETERS
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parents:
diff changeset
1647
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diff changeset
1648 f(3) a=3, b=nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1649 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4
1090
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change
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parents: 799
diff changeset
1650 f(3, 4, 5) runtime error
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change
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parents: 799
diff changeset
1651 f(r(), 10) runtime error
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change
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parents: 799
diff changeset
1652 f(r()) runtime error
371
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diff changeset
1653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1654 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --&gt; (nothing)
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parents:
diff changeset
1655 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --&gt; (nothing)
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parents:
diff changeset
1656 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --&gt; 5 8
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diff changeset
1657 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --&gt; 2 3
562
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diff changeset
1658 </pre>
371
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diff changeset
1659
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1660 <p>
464
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual
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diff changeset
1661 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>).
371
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1662 If control reaches the end of a function
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diff changeset
1663 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement,
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parents:
diff changeset
1664 then the function returns with no results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1665
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1666
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1667 <h4 heading><a name="template_expr" href="#template_expr">Template Expressions</a></h4>
465
47c7de1f2322 documentation work
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diff changeset
1668
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diff changeset
1669 <p>Luan template expression are based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a>. Template expressions return multiple values. Here is an example:</p>
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diff changeset
1670
1325
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diff changeset
1671 <pre>
465
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diff changeset
1672 local name = "Bob"
469
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diff changeset
1673 write( %>Hello <%= name %>!<% )
1325
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diff changeset
1674 </pre>
465
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diff changeset
1675
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diff changeset
1676 <p>This is equivalent to the code:</p>
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1677
562
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diff changeset
1678 <pre>
465
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diff changeset
1679 local name = "Bob"
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diff changeset
1680 write( "Hello ", name, "!" )
562
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diff changeset
1681 </pre>
465
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parents: 464
diff changeset
1682
47c7de1f2322 documentation work
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diff changeset
1683 <p>The strings in template expressions may be multiple lines.</p>
47c7de1f2322 documentation work
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diff changeset
1684
417
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diff changeset
1685
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1686
1327
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1687 <h3 heading><a name="visibility" href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3>
417
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diff changeset
1688
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diff changeset
1689 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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diff changeset
1690 Luan is a lexically scoped language.
371
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diff changeset
1691 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after
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parents:
diff changeset
1692 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1693 of the innermost block that includes the declaration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1694 Consider the following example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1695
562
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diff changeset
1696 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1697 x = 10 -- global variable
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parents:
diff changeset
1698 do -- new block
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parents:
diff changeset
1699 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1700 print(x) --&gt; 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1701 x = x+1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1702 do -- another block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1703 local x = x+1 -- another 'x'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1704 print(x) --&gt; 12
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1705 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1706 print(x) --&gt; 11
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1707 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1708 print(x) --&gt; 10 (the global one)
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1709 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1710
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1711 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1712 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1713 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1714 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable.
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1715
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1716
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1717 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1718 Because of the lexical scoping rules,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1719 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1720 defined inside their scope.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1721 A local variable used by an inner function is called
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1722 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>,
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1723 inside the inner function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1724
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1725
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1726 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1727 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1728 defines new local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1729 Consider the following example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1730
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1731 <pre>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1732 a = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1733 local x = 20
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1734 for i=1,10 do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1735 local y = 0
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1736 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1737 end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1738 </pre>
417
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1739
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual
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parents: 396
diff changeset
1740 <p>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
1741 The loop creates ten closures
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parents:
diff changeset
1742 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function).
562
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diff changeset
1743 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1744 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>.
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1745
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1746
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1747
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1748
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1749
1327
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diff changeset
1750 <h2 heading><a name="libs" href="#libs">Standard Libraries</a></h2>
468
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1751
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1752 <p>
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1753 The standard Luan libraries provide useful functions
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1754 that are implemented both in Java and in Luan itself.
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1755 How each function is implemented shouldn't matter to the user.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1756 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1757 (e.g., <a href="#Luan.type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a>);
468
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1758 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O).
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1759
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1760
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diff changeset
1761 <h3 heading><a name="default_lib" href="#default_lib">Default Environment</a></h3>
468
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1762
9b51e2413cab documentation
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parents: 465
diff changeset
1763 <p>
1353
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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parents: 1342
diff changeset
1764 This is provided by default as a local variable for any Luan code as described in <a href="#env">Environments</a>.
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1765
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1766
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diff changeset
1767 <h4 heading><a name="require" href="#require"><code>require (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
470
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1768
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parents: 469
diff changeset
1769 <p>
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diff changeset
1770 Example use:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1771
562
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1772 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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1773 local Table = require "luan:Table.luan"
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1774 </pre>
470
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diff changeset
1775
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diff changeset
1776 <p>
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diff changeset
1777 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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1778
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1779 <pre>
470
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diff changeset
1780 local function require(mod_name)
476
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diff changeset
1781 return <a href="#Package.load">Package.load</a>(mod_name) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("module '"..mod_name.."' not found")
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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1782 end
562
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diff changeset
1783 </pre>
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diff changeset
1784
1353
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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1785 <p>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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diff changeset
1786 A special case is:
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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parents: 1342
diff changeset
1787
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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diff changeset
1788 <pre>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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diff changeset
1789 require "java"
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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1790 </pre>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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diff changeset
1791
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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1792 <p>
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1793 This enables Java in the current chunk if that chunk has permission to use Java. If the chunk doesn't have permission to use Java, then an error is thrown.
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java"
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1794
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1795
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b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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1796 <h3 heading><a name="luan_lib" href="#luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></h3>
470
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diff changeset
1797
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diff changeset
1798 <p>
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diff changeset
1799 Include this library by:
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1800
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1801 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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1802 local Luan = require "luan:Luan.luan"
562
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1803 </pre>
470
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1804
476
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diff changeset
1805 <p>
470
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diff changeset
1806 The basic library provides basic functions to Luan that don't depend on other libaries.
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1807
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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1808
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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1809 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.do_file" href="#Luan.do_file"><code>Luan.do_file ([uri])</code></a></h4>
470
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1810
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1811 <p>
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1812 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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1813
562
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1814 <pre>
470
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diff changeset
1815 function Luan.do_file(uri)
1316
11d3640e739d load_file returns nil for missing file
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1816 local fn = <a href="#Luan.load_file">Luan.load_file</a>(uri) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("file '"..uri.."' not found")
11d3640e739d load_file returns nil for missing file
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1817 return fn()
470
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1818 end
562
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1819 </pre>
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1820
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1821
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1822
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1823 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.error" href="#Luan.error"><code>Luan.error (message)</code></a></h4>
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1824
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diff changeset
1825 <p>
482
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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diff changeset
1826 Throws an error containing the message.
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1827
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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diff changeset
1828 <p>
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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diff changeset
1829 Could be defined as:
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1830
562
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1831 <pre>
482
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1832 function Luan.error(message)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
1833 <a href="#Luan.new_error">Luan.new_error</a>(message).throw()
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diff changeset
1834 end
562
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diff changeset
1835 </pre>
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diff changeset
1836
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diff changeset
1837
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1838
695
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diff changeset
1839 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.eval" href="#Luan.eval"><code>Luan.eval (text [, source_name])</code></a></h4>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1840
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1841 <p>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1842 Evaluates <code>text</code> as a Luan expression.
5042e487d717 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 693
diff changeset
1843
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1844 <p>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1845 Could be defined as:
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1846
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1847 <pre>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1848 function Luan.eval(text,source_name)
5042e487d717 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 693
diff changeset
1849 return Luan.load( "return "..text, source_name or "eval" )()
5042e487d717 documentation
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diff changeset
1850 end
5042e487d717 documentation
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diff changeset
1851 </pre>
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1852
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1853
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1854
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1855 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.get_metatable" href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>Luan.get_metatable (table)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1856
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diff changeset
1857 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1858 If <code>table</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1859 Otherwise,
562
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diff changeset
1860 if the table's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1861 returns the associated value.
470
5627eb637eb4 documentation
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diff changeset
1862 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given table.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1864
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
1865 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.ipairs" href="#Luan.ipairs"><code>Luan.ipairs (t)</code></a></h4>
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1866
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1867 <p>
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1868 Returns an iterator function
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1869 so that the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1870
562
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diff changeset
1871 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1872 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
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diff changeset
1873 </pre>
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1874
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1875 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1876 will iterate over the key&ndash;value pairs
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1877 (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ...,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1878 up to the first nil value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1879
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1880 <p>
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1881 Could be defined as:
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1882
562
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diff changeset
1883 <pre>
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1884 function Luan.ipairs(t)
00646edc9d92 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 472
diff changeset
1885 local i = 0
00646edc9d92 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 472
diff changeset
1886 return function()
00646edc9d92 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 472
diff changeset
1887 if i < #t then
00646edc9d92 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 472
diff changeset
1888 i = i + 1
00646edc9d92 documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 472
diff changeset
1889 return i, t[i]
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1890 end
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1891 end
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1892 end
562
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diff changeset
1893 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1894
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parents: 556
diff changeset
1895
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diff changeset
1896
695
5042e487d717 documentation
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parents: 693
diff changeset
1897 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.load" href="#Luan.load"><code>Luan.load (text, source_name [, env])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1898
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1899 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1900 Loads a chunk.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1901
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1902 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1903 The <code>text</code> is compiled.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1904 If there are no syntactic errors,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1905 returns the compiled chunk as a function;
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1906 otherwise, throws an error.
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1907
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1908 <p>
562
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diff changeset
1909 The <code>source_name</code> parameter is a string saying where the text came from. It is used to produce error messages.
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diff changeset
1910
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diff changeset
1911 <p>
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diff changeset
1912 If the <code>env</code> parameter is supplied, it becomes the <code>_ENV</code> of the chunk.
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diff changeset
1913
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diff changeset
1914
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
1915 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.load_file" href="#Luan.load_file"><code>Luan.load_file ([file_uri])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1916
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diff changeset
1917 <p>
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diff changeset
1918 Similar to <a href="#Luan.load"><code>load</code></a>,
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diff changeset
1919 but gets the chunk from file <code>file_uri</code>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
1920 or from the standard input,
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1921 if no file uri is given.
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1922
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1923 <p>
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1924 Could be defined as:
00646edc9d92 documentation
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diff changeset
1925
562
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diff changeset
1926 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
1927 function Luan.load_file(file_uri)
474
00646edc9d92 documentation
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parents: 472
diff changeset
1928 file_uri = file_uri or "stdin:"
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
1929 local f = Io.uri(file_uri)
1316
11d3640e739d load_file returns nil for missing file
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diff changeset
1930 if not f.exists() then
11d3640e739d load_file returns nil for missing file
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parents: 1303
diff changeset
1931 return nil
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1932 end
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1933 return <a href="#Luan.load">Luan.load</a>( f.read_text(), file_uri )
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1934 end
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1935 </pre>
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1936
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1937
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1938 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.new_error" href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error (message)</code></a></h4>
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1939
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1940 <p>
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1941 Creates a new error table containing the message assigned to "<code>message</code>". The error table also contains a <code>throw</code> function which throws the error. The table also contains a list of stack trace elements where each stack trace element is a table containing "<code>source</code>", "<code>line</code>", and possible "<code>call_to</code>". The table also has a metatable containing "<code>__to_string</code>" to render the error.
482
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1942
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1943 <p>
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diff changeset
1944 To print the current stack trace, you could do:
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1945
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1946 <pre>
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1947 Io.print( Luan.new_error "stack" )
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1948 </pre>
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1949
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1950
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1951 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.pairs" href="#Luan.pairs"><code>Luan.pairs (t)</code></a></h4>
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1952
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1953 <p>
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1954 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>,
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1955 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the
475
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1956 result from the call.
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1957
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1958
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1959 <p>
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1960 Otherwise,
475
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1961 returns a function
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1962 so that the construction
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1963
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1964 <pre>
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1965 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
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1966 </pre>
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1967
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1968 <p>
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diff changeset
1969 will iterate over all key&ndash;value pairs of table <code>t</code>.
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1970
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1971
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1972
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1973 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.pcall" href="#Luan.pcall"><code>Luan.pcall (f [, arg1, &middot;&middot;&middot;])</code></a></h4>
562
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1974
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1975 <p>
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diff changeset
1976 Calls function <code>f</code> with
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diff changeset
1977 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
1978 This means that any error inside&nbsp;<code>f</code> is not propagated;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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1979 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error
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1980 and returns a status code.
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1981 Its first result is the status code (a boolean),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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1982 which is true if the call succeeds without errors.
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1983 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call,
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1984 after this first result.
562
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1985 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error.
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1986
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parents:
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1987
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1988
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1989
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
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1990 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1991 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
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parents:
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1992 Receives any number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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1993 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1994 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string.
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1995 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output,
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1996 but only as a quick way to show a value,
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parents:
diff changeset
1997 for instance for debugging.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1998 For complete control over the output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
1999 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>.
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parents:
diff changeset
2000
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parents:
diff changeset
2001
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
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2002
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diff changeset
2003 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.range" href="#Luan.range"><code>Luan.range (start, stop [, step])</code></a></h4>
476
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diff changeset
2004
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diff changeset
2005 <p>
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2006 Based on <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#range">the Python range() function</a>, this lets one iterate through a sequence of numbers.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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diff changeset
2007
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diff changeset
2008 <p>
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2009 Example use:
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2010
562
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diff changeset
2011 <pre>
476
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diff changeset
2012 for i in range(1,10) do
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2013 Io.print("count up:",i)
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2014 end
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diff changeset
2015 for i in range(10,0,-1) do
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diff changeset
2016 Io.print("count down:",i)
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diff changeset
2017 end
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diff changeset
2018 </pre>
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2019
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diff changeset
2020 <p>
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diff changeset
2021 Could be defined as:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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diff changeset
2022
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diff changeset
2023 <pre>
476
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diff changeset
2024 function Luan.range(start, stop, step)
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diff changeset
2025 step = step or 1
478
eb6d90fb0b5c documentation
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parents: 476
diff changeset
2026 step == 0 and <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a> "bad argument #3 (step may not be zero)"
476
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diff changeset
2027 local i = start
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2028 return function()
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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diff changeset
2029 if step > 0 and i <= stop or step < 0 and i >= stop then
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2030 local rtn = i
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2031 i = i + step
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diff changeset
2032 return rtn
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diff changeset
2033 end
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2034 end
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diff changeset
2035 end
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diff changeset
2036 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2037
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2038
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2039
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diff changeset
2040 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_equal" href="#Luan.raw_equal"><code>Luan.raw_equal (v1, v2)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2041
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diff changeset
2042 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2043 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>,
371
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diff changeset
2044 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2045 Returns a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2046
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2047
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2048
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diff changeset
2049 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_get" href="#Luan.raw_get"><code>Luan.raw_get (table, index)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2050
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diff changeset
2051 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2052 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>,
371
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2053 without invoking any metamethod.
562
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diff changeset
2054 <code>table</code> must be a table;
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diff changeset
2055 <code>index</code> may be any value.
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diff changeset
2056
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2057
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2058
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diff changeset
2059 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_len" href="#Luan.raw_len"><code>Luan.raw_len (v)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2060
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diff changeset
2061 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2062 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>,
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2063 which must be a table or a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2064 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2065 Returns an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2067
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2068
642
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diff changeset
2069 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_set" href="#Luan.raw_set"><code>Luan.raw_set (table, index, value)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2070
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2071 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2072 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2073 without invoking any metamethod.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2074 <code>table</code> must be a table,
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diff changeset
2075 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2076 and <code>value</code> any Lua value.
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diff changeset
2077
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2078
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2079 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.set_metatable" href="#Luan.set_metatable"><code>Luan.set_metatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2080
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2081 <p>
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2082 Sets the metatable for the given table.
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2083 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>,
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2084 removes the metatable of the given table.
562
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diff changeset
2085 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
371
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2086 raises an error.
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parents:
diff changeset
2087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2088
1189
73d754b1889f add stringify
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2089 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.stringify" href="#Luan.stringify"><code>Luan.stringify (v [,strict])</code></a></h4>
73d754b1889f add stringify
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diff changeset
2090
73d754b1889f add stringify
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diff changeset
2091 <p>
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693da73c8a2f update documentation
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2092 Receives a value of any type and converts it to a string that is a Luan expression. <code>strict</code> is a string. If <code>strict</code> is 'strict' then invalid types throw an error. If <code>strict</code> is nil then invalid types are represented but the resulting expression is invalid. <code>strict</code> defaults to <b>nil</b>.
1189
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diff changeset
2093
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diff changeset
2094
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diff changeset
2095 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.to_string" href="#Luan.to_string"><code>Luan.to_string (v)</code></a></h4>
475
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diff changeset
2096
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diff changeset
2097 <p>
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2098 Receives a value of any type and
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2099 converts it to a string in a human-readable format.
475
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diff changeset
2100
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diff changeset
2101 <p>
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2102 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__to_string"</code> field,
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diff changeset
2103 then <code>to_string</code> calls the corresponding value
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2104 with <code>v</code> as argument,
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2105 and uses the result of the call as its result.
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diff changeset
2106
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diff changeset
2107
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diff changeset
2108
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2109 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.try" href="#Luan.try"><code>Luan.try (t, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
589
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2110
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2111 <p>
97c8ae330efe add varargs to Luan.try;
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diff changeset
2112 Implements try-catch as found in other languages where each block is in table <code>t</code>. <code>t[1]</code> is the "try" block. The <code>t.catch</code> and <code>t.finally</code> blocks are optional. Any extra arguments are passed to the "try" function. Returns the result of the "try" block or the "catch" block.
476
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diff changeset
2113
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diff changeset
2114 <p>
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diff changeset
2115 Example use:
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diff changeset
2116
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2117 <pre>
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diff changeset
2118 try {
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diff changeset
2119 function()
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diff changeset
2120 a_dangerous_fn()
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2121 end
476
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diff changeset
2122 catch = function(e)
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diff changeset
2123 -- handle error
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diff changeset
2124 end
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diff changeset
2125 finally = function()
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diff changeset
2126 -- clean up
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2127 end
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diff changeset
2128 }
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diff changeset
2129 </pre>
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diff changeset
2130
482
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diff changeset
2131 <p>
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diff changeset
2132 Could be defined as:
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diff changeset
2133
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diff changeset
2134 <pre>
482
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diff changeset
2135 function Luan.try(t)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2136 local r = { <a href="#Luan.pcall">Luan.pcall</a>(t[1]) }
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2137 if r[1] then
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2138 Table.remove(r,1)
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2139 elseif t.catch ~= nil then
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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diff changeset
2140 r = { t.catch(r[2]) }
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diff changeset
2141 else
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diff changeset
2142 t.finally and t.finally()
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation
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parents: 479
diff changeset
2143 r[2].throw()
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diff changeset
2144 end
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diff changeset
2145 t.finally and t.finally()
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diff changeset
2146 return Table.unpack(r)
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diff changeset
2147 end
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diff changeset
2148 </pre>
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diff changeset
2149
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diff changeset
2150
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diff changeset
2151 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.type" href="#Luan.type"><code>Luan.type (v)</code></a></h4>
475
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diff changeset
2152
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diff changeset
2153 <p>
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2154 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string.
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diff changeset
2155 The possible results of this function are
562
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diff changeset
2156 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>),
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diff changeset
2157 "<code>number</code>",
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diff changeset
2158 "<code>string</code>",
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diff changeset
2159 "<code>binary</code>",
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diff changeset
2160 "<code>boolean</code>",
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diff changeset
2161 "<code>table</code>",
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diff changeset
2162 "<code>function</code>",
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diff changeset
2163 and "<code>java</code>".
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2164
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diff changeset
2165
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diff changeset
2166 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.values" href="#Luan.values"><code>Luan.values (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
476
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diff changeset
2167
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diff changeset
2168 <p>
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diff changeset
2169 Returns a function so that the construction
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diff changeset
2170
562
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diff changeset
2171 <pre>
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623dfe0e2e73 change Luan.values
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diff changeset
2172 for i, v in Luan.values(&middot;&middot;&middot;) do <em>body</em> end
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diff changeset
2173 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2174
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diff changeset
2175 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2176 will iterate over all values of <code>&middot;&middot;&middot;</code>.
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diff changeset
2177
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diff changeset
2178
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2179
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diff changeset
2180 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.VERSION" href="#Luan.VERSION"><code>Luan.VERSION</code></a></h4>
475
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diff changeset
2181
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diff changeset
2182 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
2183 A global variable (not a function) that
1325
28c1fc6d9d29 website - make docs html
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parents: 1324
diff changeset
2184 holds a string containing the current Luan version.
562
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diff changeset
2185
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2186
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2187
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2188
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2189
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diff changeset
2190
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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parents: 1326
diff changeset
2191 <h3 heading><a name="package_lib" href="#package_lib">Modules</a></h3>
476
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2192
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2193 <p>
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2194 Include this library by:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2195
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diff changeset
2196 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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parents: 685
diff changeset
2197 local Package = require "luan:Package.luan"
562
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diff changeset
2198 </pre>
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parents:
diff changeset
2199
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2200 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2201 The package library provides basic
476
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2202 facilities for loading modules in Luan.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2203
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parents: 475
diff changeset
2204
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diff changeset
2205 <h4 heading><a name="Package.load" href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
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parents:
diff changeset
2206
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parents:
diff changeset
2207 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
2208 Loads the given module.
562
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diff changeset
2209 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#Package.loaded"><code>Package.loaded</code></a> table
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diff changeset
2210 to determine whether <code>mod_uri</code> is already loaded.
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diff changeset
2211 If it is, then <code>Package.load</code> returns the value stored
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2212 at <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code>.
476
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diff changeset
2213 Otherwise, it tries to load a new value for the module.
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diff changeset
2214
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diff changeset
2215 <p>
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diff changeset
2216 To load a new value, <code>Package.load</code> first checks if <code>mod_uri</code> starts with "<b>java:</b>". If yes, then this is a Java class which is loaded by special Java code.
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diff changeset
2217
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diff changeset
2218 <p>
799
9c13a15a4002 Package.load() now returns false instead of null, and caches the result. This cleans up the luan.isLocked issues.
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parents: 793
diff changeset
2219 Otherwise <code>Package.load</code> tries to read the text of the file referred to by <code>mod_uri</code>. If the file doesn't exist, then <code>Package.load</code> returns <b>false</b>. If the file exists, then its content is compiled into a chunk by calling <a href="#Luan.load"><code>Luan.load</code></a>. This chunk is run passing in <code>mod_uri</code> as an argument. The value returned by the chunk must not be <b>nil</b> and is loaded.
562
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diff changeset
2220
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diff changeset
2221 <p>
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diff changeset
2222 If a new value for the module successful loaded, then it is stored in <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code>. The value is returned.
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diff changeset
2223
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diff changeset
2224
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diff changeset
2225
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diff changeset
2226
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diff changeset
2227 <h4 heading><a name="Package.loaded" href="#Package.loaded"><code>Package.loaded</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2228
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diff changeset
2229
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diff changeset
2230 <p>
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diff changeset
2231 A table used by <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a> to control which
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diff changeset
2232 modules are already loaded.
562
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diff changeset
2233 When you load a module <code>mod_uri</code> and
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diff changeset
2234 <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code> is not <b>nil</b>,
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diff changeset
2235 <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a> simply returns the value stored there.
371
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diff changeset
2236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2237
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2238 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2239 This variable is only a reference to the real table;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2240 assignments to this variable do not change the
562
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diff changeset
2241 table used by <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a>.
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diff changeset
2242
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diff changeset
2243
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diff changeset
2244
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diff changeset
2245
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diff changeset
2246
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diff changeset
2247
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
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parents: 1326
diff changeset
2248 <h3 heading><a name="string_lib" href="#string_lib">String Manipulation</a></h3>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2249
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2250 <p>
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2251 Include this library by:
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2252
562
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diff changeset
2253 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
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diff changeset
2254 local String = require "luan:String.luan"
562
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diff changeset
2255 </pre>
371
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diff changeset
2256
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2257 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2258 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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2259 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching.
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2260 When indexing a string in Luan, the first character is at position&nbsp;1
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2261 (not at&nbsp;0, as in Java).
371
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diff changeset
2262 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2263 from the end of the string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2264 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2265
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2266
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2267
642
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diff changeset
2268 <h4 heading><a name="String.char" href="#String.char"><code>String.char (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2269
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2270 <p>
371
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diff changeset
2271 Receives zero or more integers.
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diff changeset
2272 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2273 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2274 to its corresponding argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2275
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2276
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2277 <h4 heading><a name="String.concat" href="#String.concat"><code>String.concat (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2278
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diff changeset
2279 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2280 Concatenates the <a href="#Luan.to_string"><code>to_string</code></a> value of all arguments.
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diff changeset
2281
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diff changeset
2282
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2283
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2284 <h4 heading><a name="String.encode" href="#String.encode"><code>String.encode (s)</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2285
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diff changeset
2286 <p>
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diff changeset
2287 Encodes argument <code>s</code> into a string that can be placed in quotes so as to return the original value of the string.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2288
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2289
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2290
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2291
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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diff changeset
2292 <h4 heading><a name="String.find" href="#String.find"><code>String.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h4>
371
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diff changeset
2293
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2294 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2295 Looks for the first match of
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2296 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2297 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of&nbsp;<code>s</code>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2298 where this occurrence starts and ends;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2299 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
562
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diff changeset
2300 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
371
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diff changeset
2301 where to start the search;
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parents:
diff changeset
2302 its default value is&nbsp;1 and can be negative.
562
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diff changeset
2303 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code>
371
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diff changeset
2304 turns off the pattern matching facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2305 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation,
562
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diff changeset
2306 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2307 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well.
371
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diff changeset
2308
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diff changeset
2309 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2310 If the pattern has captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2311 then in a successful match
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2312 the captured values are also returned,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2313 after the two indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2316
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2317
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2318 <h4 heading><a name="String.format" href="#String.format"><code>String.format (formatstring, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2319
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2320
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2321 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2322 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2323 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string).
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2324 The format string follows the same rules as the Java function <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#format(java.lang.String,%20java.lang.Object...)"><code>String.format</code></a> because Luan calls this internally.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2325
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2326 <p>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2327 Note that Java's <code>String.format</code> is too stupid to convert between ints and floats, so you must provide the right kind of number.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2328
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2329
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2330
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2331 <h4 heading><a name="String.gmatch" href="#String.gmatch"><code>String.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h4>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2332
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2333 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2334 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2335 each time it is called,
562
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2336 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2337 over the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2338 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2339 then the whole match is produced in each call.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2340
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2341
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2342 <p>
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parents:
diff changeset
2343 As an example, the following loop
562
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diff changeset
2344 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2345 printing one per line:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2346
562
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diff changeset
2347 <pre>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2348 local s = "hello world from Lua"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2349 for w in String.gmatch(s, [[\w+]]) do
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff changeset
2350 print(w)
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2351 end
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2352 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2353
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2354 <p>
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diff changeset
2355 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2356 given string into a table:
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parents:
diff changeset
2357
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2358 <pre>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2359 local t = {}
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2360 local s = "from=world, to=Lua"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2361 for k, v in String.gmatch(s, [[(\w+)=(\w+)]]) do
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2362 t[k] = v
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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diff changeset
2363 end
562
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diff changeset
2364 </pre>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2365
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diff changeset
2366 <p>
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diff changeset
2367 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not
371
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parents:
diff changeset
2368 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration.
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parents:
diff changeset
2369
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2370
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2371
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2372 <h4 heading><a name="String.gsub" href="#String.gsub"><code>String.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h4>
562
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diff changeset
2373
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diff changeset
2374 <p>
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diff changeset
2375 Returns a copy of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2376 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2377 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) have been
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2378 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2379 which can be a string, a table, or a function.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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diff changeset
2380 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff changeset
2381 the total number of matches that occurred.
562
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diff changeset
2382 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2383
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2384
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2385 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2386 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2387 The character&nbsp;<code>\</code> works as an escape character.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2388 Any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>$<em>d</em></code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2389 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2390 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2391 The sequence <code>$0</code> stands for the whole match.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2392
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2393
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2394 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2395 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2396 using the first capture as the key.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2397
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2398
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2399 <p>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2400 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2401 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2402 in order.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2403
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2404
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2405 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2406 In any case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2407 if the pattern specifies no captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2408 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2410
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2411 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2412 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2413 is not <b>nil</b>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2414 then it is used as the replacement string;
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2415 otherwise, if it is <b>nil</b>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2416 then there is no replacement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2417 (that is, the original match is kept in the string).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2418
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2419
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2420 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2421 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2422
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2423 <pre>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2424 x = String.gsub("hello world", [[(\w+)]], "$1 $1")
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2425 --&gt; x="hello hello world world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2426
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
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parents: 553
diff changeset
2427 x = String.gsub("hello world", [[\w+]], "$0 $0", 1)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2428 --&gt; x="hello hello world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2429
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2430 x = String.gsub("hello world from Luan", [[(\w+)\s*(\w+)]], "$2 $1")
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2431 --&gt; x="world hello Luan from"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2432
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2433 x = String.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", [[\$(.*?)\$]], function (s)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2434 return load(s)()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2435 end)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2436 --&gt; x="4+5 = 9"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2437
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2438 local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"}
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2439 x = String.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", [[\$(\w+)]], t)
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2440 --&gt; x="lua-5.3.tar.gz"
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2441 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2442
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2443
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2444
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2445 <h4 heading><a name="String.literal" href="#String.literal"><code>String.literal (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2446 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2447 Returns a string which matches the literal string <code>s</code> in a regular expression. This function is simply the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html#quote(java.lang.String)"><code>Pattern.quote</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2448
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2449
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2450 <h4 heading><a name="String.lower" href="#String.lower"><code>String.lower (s)</code></a></h4>
555
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 553
diff changeset
2451 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2452 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2453 uppercase letters changed to lowercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2454 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2455
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2456
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2457
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2458
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2459 <h4 heading><a name="String.match" href="#String.match"><code>String.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2460
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2461 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2462 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2463 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2464 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2465 the captures from the pattern;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2466 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2467 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2468 then the whole match is returned.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2469 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2470 where to start the search;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2471 its default value is&nbsp;1 and can be negative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2473
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2474 <h4 heading><a name="String.matches" href="#String.matches"><code>String.matches (s, pattern)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2475 <p>
629
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2476 Returns a boolean indicating whether the <code>pattern</code> can be found in string <code>s</code>.
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2477 This function is equivalent to
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2478
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2479 <pre>
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2480 return String.match(s,pattern) ~= nil
35dde32c02ab change String.matches()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 626
diff changeset
2481 </pre>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2482
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2483
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2484 <h4 heading><a name="String.rep" href="#String.rep"><code>String.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2485 <p>
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2486 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2487 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2488 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2489 (that is, no separator).
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2490 Returns the empty string if <code>n</code> is not positive.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2491
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2492
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2493
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2494
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2495 <h4 heading><a name="String.reverse" href="#String.reverse"><code>String.reverse (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2496 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2497 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2498
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2499
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2500
1195
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1189
diff changeset
2501 <h4 heading><a name="String.split" href="#String.match"><code>String.split (s, pattern [, limit])</code></a></h4>
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1189
diff changeset
2502
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1189
diff changeset
2503 <p>
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1189
diff changeset
2504 Splits <code>s</code> using regex <code>pattern</code> and returns the results. If <code>limit</code> is positive, then only returns at most that many results. If <code>limit</code> is zero, then remove trailing empty results.
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1189
diff changeset
2505
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1189
diff changeset
2506
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2507
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
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parents: 629
diff changeset
2508 <h4 heading><a name="String.sub" href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2509
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2510 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2511 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2512 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2513 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
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parents: 556
diff changeset
2514 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff changeset
2515 (which is the same as the string length).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2516 In particular,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2517 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2518 with length <code>j</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2519 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2520 with length <code>i</code>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2522
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2523 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2524 If, after the translation of negative indices,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2525 <code>i</code> is less than 1,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2526 it is corrected to 1.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2527 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2528 it is corrected to that length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2529 If, after these corrections,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2530 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2531 the function returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2532
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2533
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2534
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2535 <h4 heading><a name="String.to_binary" href="#String.to_binary"><code>String.to_binary (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2536
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2537 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2538 Converts a string to a binary by calling the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#getBytes()"><code>String.getBytes</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2539
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2540
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2541
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2542 <h4 heading><a name="String.to_number" href="#String.to_number"><code>String.to_number (s [, base])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2543
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2544 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2545 When called with no <code>base</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2546 <code>to_number</code> tries to convert its argument to a number.
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2547 If the argument is
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2548 a string convertible to a number,
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2549 then <code>to_number</code> returns this number;
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2550 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2551
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2552 The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2553
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2554
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2555 <p>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2556 When called with <code>base</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2557 then <code>s</code> must be a string to be interpreted as
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2558 an integer numeral in that base.
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2559 In bases above&nbsp;10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2560 represents&nbsp;10, '<code>B</code>' represents&nbsp;11, and so forth,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2561 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2562 If the string <code>s</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base,
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2563 the function returns <b>nil</b>.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2564
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2565
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2566
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2567 <h4 heading><a name="String.trim" href="#String.trim"><code>String.trim (s)</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2568
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2569 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2570 Removes the leading and trailing whitespace by calling the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#trim()"><code>String.trim</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2571
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2572
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2573
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2574
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2575 <h4 heading><a name="String.unicode" href="#String.unicode"><code>String.unicode (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2576
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2577 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2578 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2579 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2580 The default value for <code>i</code> is&nbsp;1;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2581 the default value for <code>j</code> is&nbsp;<code>i</code>.
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2582 These indices are corrected
562
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2583 following the same rules of function <a href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2584
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2585
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2586
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2587
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 556
diff changeset
2588
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2589 <h4 heading><a name="String.upper" href="#String.upper"><code>String.upper (s)</code></a></h4>
556
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 555
diff changeset
2590 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2591 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2592 lowercase letters changed to uppercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2593 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2594 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2595
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2596
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2597
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2598
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2599
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1326
diff changeset
2600 <h3 heading><a name="binary_lib" href="#binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></h3>
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2601
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2602 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2603 Include this library by:
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2604
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2605 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2606 local Binary = require "luan:Binary.luan"
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2607 </pre>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2608
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2609
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2610 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.binary" href="#Binary.binary"><code>Binary.binary (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2611
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2612 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2613 Receives zero or more bytes (as integers).
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2614 Returns a binary with length equal to the number of arguments,
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2615 in which each byte has the internal numerical code equal
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2616 to its corresponding argument.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2617
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2618
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2619 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.byte" href="#Binary.byte"><code>Binary.byte (b [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2620
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2621 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2622 Returns the internal numerical codes of the bytes <code>b[i]</code>,
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2623 <code>b[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>b[j]</code>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2624 The default value for <code>i</code> is&nbsp;1;
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2625 the default value for <code>j</code> is&nbsp;<code>i</code>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2626 These indices are corrected
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2627 following the same rules of function <a href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub</code></a>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2628
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2629
1257
e38f5869e9df don't reset in send_redirect and other improvements
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1216
diff changeset
2630 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.to_string" href="#Binary.to_string"><code>Binary.to_string (b [,charset])</code></a></h4>
e38f5869e9df don't reset in send_redirect and other improvements
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1216
diff changeset
2631 <p>
e38f5869e9df don't reset in send_redirect and other improvements
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1216
diff changeset
2632 If <code>charset</code> is not nil then converts the binary <code>b</code> to a string using the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String(byte[],%20java.lang.String)">String constructor</a>, else makes each byte a char.
567
6c00b8a59240 document Binary
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 566
diff changeset
2633
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2634
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2635
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2636
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1326
diff changeset
2637 <h3 heading><a name="table_lib" href="#table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></h3>
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2638
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2639 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2640 Include this library by:
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2641
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2642 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2643 local Table = require "luan:Table.luan"
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2644 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2645
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2646 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2647 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation.
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2648 It provides all its functions inside the table <code>Table</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2649
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2650
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2651
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2652 <h4 heading><a name="Table.clear" href="#Table.clear"><code>Table.clear (tbl)</code></a></h4>
580
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2653
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2654 <p>
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2655 Clears the table.
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2656
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear();
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 567
diff changeset
2657
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2658 <h4 heading><a name="Table.concat" href="#Table.concat"><code>Table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h4>
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2659
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2660 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2661 Given a list,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2662 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] &middot;&middot;&middot; sep..list[j]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2663 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2664 the default for <code>i</code> is 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2665 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2666 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2667
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2668
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2669 <h4 heading><a name="Table.copy" href="#Table.copy"><code>Table.copy (tbl [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2670
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2671 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2672 If <code>i</code> is <code>nil</code>, returns a shallow copy of <code>tbl</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2673 Otherwise returns a new table which is a list of the elements <code>tbl[i] &middot;&middot;&middot; tbl[j]</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2674 By default, <code>j</code> is <code>#tbl</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2675
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2676
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2677
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2678 <h4 heading><a name="Table.insert" href="#Table.insert"><code>Table.insert (list, pos, value)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2679
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2680 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2681 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2682 shifting up the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2683 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], &middot;&middot;&middot;, list[#list]</code>.
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2684
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2685
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2686
1100
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2687 <h4 heading><a name="Table.is_empty" href="#Table.is_empty"><code>Table.is_empty (tbl)</code></a></h4>
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2688
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2689
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2690
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2691 <h4 heading><a name="Table.pack" href="#Table.pack"><code>Table.pack (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2692
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2693 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2694 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2695 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2696 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2697
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2698
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2699
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2700
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2701 <h4 heading><a name="Table.remove" href="#Table.remove"><code>Table.remove (list, pos)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2702
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2703
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2704 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2705 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2706 returning the value of the removed element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2707 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2708 it shifts down the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2709 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], &middot;&middot;&middot;, list[#list]</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2710 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2711 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2712 or <code>#list + 1</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2713 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2714
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2715
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2716
1100
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2717 <h4 heading><a name="Table.size" href="#Table.size"><code>Table.size (tbl)</code></a></h4>
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2718
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1092
diff changeset
2719
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2720
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2721 <h4 heading><a name="Table.sort" href="#Table.sort"><code>Table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2722
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2723 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2724 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2725 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2726 If <code>comp</code> is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2727 then it must be a function that receives two list elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2728 and returns true when the first element must come
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2729 before the second in the final order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2730 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2731 If <code>comp</code> is not given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2732 then the standard Lua operator <code>&lt;</code> is used instead.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2733
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2734 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2735 The sort algorithm is not stable;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2736 that is, elements considered equal by the given order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2737 may have their relative positions changed by the sort.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2738
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2739
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2740
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2741 <h4 heading><a name="Table.unpack" href="#Table.unpack"><code>Table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2742
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2743 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2744 Returns the elements from the given list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2745 This function is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2746
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2747 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2748 return list[i], list[i+1], &middot;&middot;&middot;, list[j]
565
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2749 </pre>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2750
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation;
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 562
diff changeset
2751 <p>
1277
5ba660381bd5 fix Io.print()
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1276
diff changeset
2752 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>list.n or #list</code>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2753
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2754
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2755
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2756
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1326
diff changeset
2757 <h3 heading><a name="number_lib" href="#number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></h3>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2758
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2759 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2760 Include this library by:
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2761
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2762 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2763 local Number = require "luan:Number.luan"
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2764 </pre>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2765
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2766
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2767 <h4 heading><a name="Number.double" href="#Number.double"><code>Number.double (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2768 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2769 Returns <code>x</code> as a double.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2770
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2771
1342
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1327
diff changeset
2772 <h4 heading><a name="Number.float" href="#Number.double"><code>Number.float (x)</code></a></h4>
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1327
diff changeset
2773 <p>
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1327
diff changeset
2774 Returns <code>x</code> as a float.
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1327
diff changeset
2775
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1327
diff changeset
2776
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2777 <h4 heading><a name="Number.integer" href="#Number.integer"><code>Number.integer (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2778 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2779 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an integer,
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2780 returns that integer.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2781 Otherwise throws an error.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2782
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2783
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2784 <h4 heading><a name="Number.long" href="#Number.long"><code>Number.long (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2785 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2786 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an long,
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2787 returns that long.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2788 Otherwise throws an error.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2789
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2790
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2791 <h4 heading><a name="Number.long_to_string" href="#Number.long_to_string"><code>Number.long_to_string (i, radix)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2792 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2793 Converts long value <code>i</code> to a string by calling <code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Long.html#toString(long,%20int)">Long.toString</a></code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2794
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2795
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2796 <h4 heading><a name="Number.type" href="#Number.type"><code>Number.type (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2797 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2798 Returns a string for the numeric type of <code>x</code>. Possible return values include "<code>integer</code>", "<code>long</code>", "<code>double</code>", and "<code>float</code>".
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2799
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2800
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2801
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2802
1327
b29eefad2111 website - improve docs
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 1326
diff changeset
2803 <h3 heading><a name="math_lib" href="#math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></h3>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2804
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2805 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2806 Include this library by:
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2807
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2808 <pre>
693
ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan"
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 685
diff changeset
2809 local Math = require "luan:Math.luan"
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2810 </pre>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2811
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2812 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2813 This library provides basic mathematical functions.
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2814 It provides all its functions and constants inside the table <code>Math</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2815
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2816
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2817 <h4 heading><a name="Math.abs" href="#Math.abs"><code>Math.abs (x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2818
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2819 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2820 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2821
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2822
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2823
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2824 <h4 heading><a name="Math.acos" href="#Math.acos"><code>Math.acos (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2825
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2826 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2827 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2828
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2829
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2830
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2831
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2832 <h4 heading><a name="Math.asin" href="#Math.asin"><code>Math.asin (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2833
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2834 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2835 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2836
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2837
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2838
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2839
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2840 <h4 heading><a name="Math.atan" href="#Math.atan"><code>Math.atan (y, x)</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2841
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2842 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2843 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2844 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2845 quadrant of the result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2846 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2847
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2848
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2849
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2850
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2851 <h4 heading><a name="Math.ceil" href="#Math.ceil"><code>Math.ceil (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2852
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2853 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2854 Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2855
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2856
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2857
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2858
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2859 <h4 heading><a name="Math.cos" href="#Math.cos"><code>Math.cos (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2860
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2861 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2862 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2865
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2866
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2867 <h4 heading><a name="Math.deg" href="#Math.deg"><code>Math.deg (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2868
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2869 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2870 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from radians to degrees.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2871
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2872
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2873
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2874
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2875 <h4 heading><a name="Math.exp" href="#Math.exp"><code>Math.exp (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2877 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2878 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2879 (where <code>e</code> is the base of natural logarithms).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2880
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2881
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2882
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2883
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2884 <h4 heading><a name="Math.floor" href="#Math.floor"><code>Math.floor (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2885
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2886 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2887 Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2888
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2889
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2890
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2891
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2892 <h4 heading><a name="Math.fmod" href="#Math.fmod"><code>Math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2893
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2894 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2895 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2896 that rounds the quotient towards zero.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2897
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2898
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2899
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2900
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2901 <h4 heading><a name="Math.huge" href="#Math.huge"><code>Math.huge</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2902
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2903 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2904 A value larger than any other numerical value.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2905
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2906
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2907
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2908
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2909 <h4 heading><a name="Math.log" href="#Math.log"><code>Math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2911 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2912 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2913 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2914 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2915
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2916
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2918
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2919 <h4 heading><a name="Math.max" href="#Math.max"><code>Math.max (x, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2920
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2921 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2922 Returns the argument with the maximum value,
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2923 according to the Lua operator <code>&lt;</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2924
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2925
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2926
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2927
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2928 <h4 heading><a name="Math.max_integer" href="#Math.max_integer"><code>Math.max_integer</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2929 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2930 An integer with the maximum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2931
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2933
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2934
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2935 <h4 heading><a name="Math.min" href="#Math.min"><code>Math.min (x, &middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2936
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2937 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2938 Returns the argument with the minimum value,
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2939 according to the Lua operator <code>&lt;</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2940
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2941
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2942
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2943
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2944 <h4 heading><a name="Math.min_integer" href="#Math.min_integer"><code>Math.min_integer</code></a></h4>
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2945 <p>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2946 An integer with the minimum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2947
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2948
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2949
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2950
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2951 <h4 heading><a name="Math.modf" href="#Math.modf"><code>Math.modf (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2953 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2954 Returns the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>.
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2955
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2956
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2957
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2958
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2959 <h4 heading><a name="Math.pi" href="#Math.pi"><code>Math.pi</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2960
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2961 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2962 The value of <em>&pi;</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2963
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2965
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2966
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2967 <h4 heading><a name="Math.rad" href="#Math.rad"><code>Math.rad (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2968
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2969 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2970 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from degrees to radians.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2971
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2972
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2974
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2975 <h4 heading><a name="Math.random" href="#Math.random"><code>Math.random ([m [, n])</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2976
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2977
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2978 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2979 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2980 returns a pseudo-random float with uniform distribution
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2981 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2982 When called with two integers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>,
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2983 <code>Math.random</code> returns a pseudo-random integer
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2984 with uniform distribution in the range <em>[m, n]</em>.
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2985 (The value <em>m-n</em> cannot be negative and must fit in a Luan integer.)
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2986 The call <code>Math.random(n)</code> is equivalent to <code>Math.random(1,n)</code>.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2987
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2988
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2989 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2990 This function is an interface to the underling
566
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 565
diff changeset
2991 pseudo-random generator function provided by Java.
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2992 No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2996
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
2997 <h4 heading><a name="Math.sin" href="#Math.sin"><code>Math.sin (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2998
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
2999 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3000 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3001
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3002
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3003
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3004
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3005 <h4 heading><a name="Math.sqrt" href="#Math.sqrt"><code>Math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3006
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3007 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3008 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3009 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3011
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3013
642
c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 629
diff changeset
3014 <h4 heading><a name="Math.tan" href="#Math.tan"><code>Math.tan (x)</code></a></h4>
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3016 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3017 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3018
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3019
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3021
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3022
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3023
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3024
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3025
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3026 <h2>6.8 &ndash; <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3027
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3028 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3029 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3030 The first one uses implicit file handles;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3031 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3032 default output file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3033 and all input/output operations are over these default files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3034 The second style uses explicit file handles.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3035
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3036
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3037 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3038 When using implicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3039 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3040 When using explicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3041 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file handle
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3042 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3043
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3044
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3045 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3046 The table <code>io</code> also provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3047 three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3048 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3049 The I/O library never closes these files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3050
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3051
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3052 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3053 Unless otherwise stated,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3054 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3055 (plus an error message as a second result and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3056 a system-dependent error code as a third result)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3057 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3058 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3059 the computation of the error message and error code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3060 in case of errors
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3061 may be not thread safe,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3062 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3064
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3065 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3066 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3067
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3068
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3069 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3070 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3071 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3072
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3073
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3074
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3076 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3077 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3078
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3079
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3080 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3081 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3083
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3084
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3085
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3086 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3087 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3088
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3089
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3090 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3091 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3092 and sets its handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3093 When called with a file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3094 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3095 When called without parameters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3096 it returns the current default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3098
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3099 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3100 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3101 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3102
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3103
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3104
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3105
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3106 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3107 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename &middot;&middot;&middot;])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3109
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3110 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3111 Opens the given file name in read mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3112 and returns an iterator function that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3113 works like <code>file:lines(&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code> over the opened file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3114 When the iterator function detects the end of file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3115 it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3116
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3117
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3118 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3119 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3120 to <code>io.input():lines("*l")</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3121 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3122 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3123
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3124
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3125 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3126 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3127 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3128
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3131
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3132 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3133 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3134
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3135
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3136 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3137 This function opens a file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3138 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3139 It returns a new file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3140 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3141
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3142
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3143 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3144 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3145
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3146 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3147 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3148 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3149 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3150 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3151 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3152 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3153 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3154 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3155 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3156 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3157
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3158
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3159
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3160
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3161 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3162 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3163
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3164
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3165 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3166 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3167
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3168
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3169
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3170
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3171 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3172 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3173
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3174
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3175 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3176 This function is system dependent and is not available
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3177 on all platforms.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3178
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3179
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3180 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3181 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3182 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3183 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3184 or to write data to this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3185 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3186
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3187
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3188
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3190 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3191 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3192
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3193
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3194 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3195 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3196
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3197
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3198
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3199
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3200 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3201 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3202
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3203
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3204 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3205 Returns a handle for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3206 This file is opened in update mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3207 and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3208
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3211
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3212 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3213 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3216 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3217 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3218 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3219 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3220 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3221
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3222
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3223
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3224
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3225 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3226 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3227
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3228
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3229 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3230 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3231
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3232
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3234
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3235 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3236 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3237
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3238
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3239 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3240 Closes <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3241 Note that files are automatically closed when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3242 their handles are garbage collected,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3243 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3246 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3247 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3248 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3249 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3250
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3251
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3252
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3253
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3254 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3255 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3256
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3257
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3258 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3259 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3260
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3261
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3262
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3263
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3264 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3265 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3266
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3267
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3268 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3269 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3270 each time it is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3271 reads the file according to the given formats.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3272 When no format is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3273 uses "<code>l</code>" as a default.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3274 As an example, the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3275
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3276 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3277 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3278 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3279 will iterate over all characters of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3280 starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3281 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3282 when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3283
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3284
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3285 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3286 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3287 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3288
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3289
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3290
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3292 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3293 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3294
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3295
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3296 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3297 Reads the file <code>file</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3298 according to the given formats, which specify what to read.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3299 For each format,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3300 the function returns a string or a number with the characters read,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3301 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3302 (In this latter case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3303 the function does not read subsequent formats.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3304 When called without formats,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3305 it uses a default format that reads the next line
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3306 (see below).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3308
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3309 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3310 The available formats are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3311
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3312 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3313
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3314 <li><b>"<code>n</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3315 reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3316 following the lexical conventions of Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3317 (The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3318 This format always reads the longest input sequence that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3319 is a valid prefix for a number;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3320 if that prefix does not form a valid number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3321 (e.g., an empty string, "<code>0x</code>", or "<code>3.4e-</code>"),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3322 it is discarded and the function returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3323 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3324
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3325 <li><b>"<code>i</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3326 reads an integral number and returns it as an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3327 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3328
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3329 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3330 reads the whole file, starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3331 On end of file, it returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3332 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3333
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3334 <li><b>"<code>l</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3335 reads the next line skipping the end of line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3336 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3337 This is the default format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3338 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3339
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3340 <li><b>"<code>L</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3341 reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3342 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3343 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3344
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3345 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3346 reads a string with up to this number of bytes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3347 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3348 If <code>number</code> is zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3349 it reads nothing and returns an empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3350 or <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3351 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3352
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3353 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3354 The formats "<code>l</code>" and "<code>L</code>" should be used only for text files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3355
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3356
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3359 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3360 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3361
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3362
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3363 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3364 Sets and gets the file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3365 measured from the beginning of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3366 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3367 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3368
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3369 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3370 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3371 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3372 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3373 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3374 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3375 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3376 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3377 plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3378
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3379
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3380 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3381 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3382 and for <code>offset</code> is 0.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3383 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3384 file position, without changing it;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3385 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3386 beginning of the file (and returns 0);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3387 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3388 end of the file, and returns its size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3389
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3390
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3391
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3392
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3393 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3394 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3395
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3396
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3397 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3398 Sets the buffering mode for an output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3399 There are three available modes:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3400
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3401 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3403 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3404 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3405 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3406
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3407 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3408 full buffering; output operation is performed only
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3409 when the buffer is full or when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3410 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3411 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3413 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3414 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3415 or there is any input from some special files
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3416 (such as a terminal device).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3417 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3418
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3419 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3420 For the last two cases, <code>size</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3421 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3422 The default is an appropriate size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3423
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3424
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3425
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3427 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3428 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (&middot;&middot;&middot;)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3429
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3430
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3431 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3432 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3433 The arguments must be strings or numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3434
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3435
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3436 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3437 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3438 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3439
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3440
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3441
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3442
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3443
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3444
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3445
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3446 <h2>6.9 &ndash; <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3448 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3449 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3450
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3451
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3452 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3453 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3454
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3455
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3456 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3457 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3458 used by the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3463 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3464 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3465
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3466
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3467 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3468 Returns a string or a table containing date and time,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3469 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3470
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3471
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3472 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3473 If the <code>time</code> argument is present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3474 this is the time to be formatted
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3475 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3476 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3477
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3478
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3479 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3480 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3481 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3482 After this optional character,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3483 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3484 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3485 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1&ndash;12), <code>day</code> (1&ndash;31),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3486 <code>hour</code> (0&ndash;23), <code>min</code> (0&ndash;59), <code>sec</code> (0&ndash;61),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3487 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is&nbsp;1),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3488 <code>yday</code> (day of the year),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3489 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3490 This last field may be absent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3491 if the information is not available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3492
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3493
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3494 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3495 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3496 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3497 formatted according to the same rules as the ISO&nbsp;C function <code>strftime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3498
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3499
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3500 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3501 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3502 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3503 the host system and on the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3504 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3505
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3506
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3507 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3508 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3509 this function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3510 because of its reliance on C&nbsp;function <code>gmtime</code> and C&nbsp;function <code>localtime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3511
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3512
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3513
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3514
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3515 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3516 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3517
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3518
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3519 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3520 Returns the difference, in seconds,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3521 from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3522 (where the times are values returned by <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3523 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3524 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3525
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3526
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3527
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3528
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3529 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3530 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3531
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3532
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3533 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3534 This function is equivalent to the ISO&nbsp;C function <code>system</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3535 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3536 Its first result is <b>true</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3537 if the command terminated successfully,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3538 or <b>nil</b> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3539 After this first result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3540 the function returns a string plus a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3541 as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3542
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3543 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3544
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3545 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3546 the command terminated normally;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3547 the following number is the exit status of the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3548 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3549
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3550 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3551 the command was terminated by a signal;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3552 the following number is the signal that terminated the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3553 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3554
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3555 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3556
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3557 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3558 When called without a <code>command</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3559 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3560
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3561
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3562
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3563
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3564 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3565 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3566
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3567
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3568 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3569 Calls the ISO&nbsp;C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3570 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3571 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3572 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3573 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3574 if <code>code</code> is a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3575 the returned status is this number.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3576 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3577
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3578
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3579 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3580 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3581 closes the Lua state before exiting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3582
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3583
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3584
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3585
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3586 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3587 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3588
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3589
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3590 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3591 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3592 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3593
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3594
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3595
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3596
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3597 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3598 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3599
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3600
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3601 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3602 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3603 with the given name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3604 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3605 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3606
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3607
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3608
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3609
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3610 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3611 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3612
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3613
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3614 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3615 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3616 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3617 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3618
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3619
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3620
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3621
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3622 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3623 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3624
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3625
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3626 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3627 Sets the current locale of the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3628 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3629 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3630 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3631 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3632 the default category is <code>"all"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3633 The function returns the name of the new locale,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3634 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3635
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3636
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3637 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3638 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3639 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3640 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3641 the current locale is set to the standard C locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3642
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3643
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3644 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3645 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3646 this function only returns the name of the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3647 for the given category.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3648
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3649
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3650 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3651 This function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3652 because of its reliance on C&nbsp;function <code>setlocale</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3654
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3655
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3656
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3657 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3658 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3659
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3660
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3661 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3662 Returns the current time when called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3663 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3664 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3665 and may have fields
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3666 <code>hour</code> (default is 12),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3667 <code>min</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3668 <code>sec</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3669 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3670 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3671
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3672
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3673 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3674 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3675 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3676 this number counts the number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3677 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch").
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3678 In other systems, the meaning is not specified,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3679 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3680 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3681
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3682
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3683
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3684
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3685 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3686 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3687
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3688
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3689 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3690 Returns a string with a file name that can
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3691 be used for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3692 The file must be explicitly opened before its use
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3693 and explicitly removed when no longer needed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3694
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3695
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3696 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3697 On POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3698 this function also creates a file with that name,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3699 to avoid security risks.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3700 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3701 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3702 You still have to open the file to use it
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3703 and to remove it (even if you do not use it).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3704
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3705
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3706 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3707 When possible,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3708 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3709 which automatically removes the file when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3710
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3711
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3712
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3713
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3714
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3715
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3716
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3717 <h2>6.10 &ndash; <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3719 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3720 This library provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3721 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">&sect;4.9</a>) to Lua programs.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3722 You should exert care when using this library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3723 Several of its functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3724 violate basic assumptions about Lua code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3725 (e.g., that variables local to a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3726 cannot be accessed from outside;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3727 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3728 that Lua programs do not crash)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3729 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3730 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3732
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3733 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3734 All functions in this library are provided
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3735 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3736 All functions that operate over a thread
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3737 have an optional first argument which is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3738 thread to operate over.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3739 The default is always the current thread.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3740
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3741
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3742 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3743 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3744
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3745
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3746 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3747 Enters an interactive mode with the user,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3748 running each string that the user enters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3749 Using simple commands and other debug facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3750 the user can inspect global and local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3751 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3752 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3753 so that the caller continues its execution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3754
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3755
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3756 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3757 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3758 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3759
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3760
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3761
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3762
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3763 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3764 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3765
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3766
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3767 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3768 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3769 the current hook function, the current hook mask,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3770 and the current hook count
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3771 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3772
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3773
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3774
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3775
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3776 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3777 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3778
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3779
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3780 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3781 Returns a table with information about a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3782 You can give the function directly
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3783 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3784 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3785 of the given thread:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3786 level&nbsp;0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3787 level&nbsp;1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3788 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3789 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3790 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3791 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3792
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3793
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3794 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3795 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3796 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3797 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3798 except the table of valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3799 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3800 the option '<code>f</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3801 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3802 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3803 the option '<code>L</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3804 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3805 valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3807
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3808 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3809 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3810 a table with a name for the current function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3811 if a reasonable name can be found,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3812 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3813 returns a table with all available information
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3814 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3815
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3816
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3817
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3818
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3819 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3820 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3821
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3822
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3823 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3824 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3825 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3826 This function accesses not only explicit local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3827 but also parameters, temporaries, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3828
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3829
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3830 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3831 The first parameter or local variable has index&nbsp;1, and so on,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3832 following the order that they are declared in the code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3833 counting only the variables that are active
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3834 in the current scope of the function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3835 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3836 -1 is the first vararg parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3837 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3838 and raises an error when called with a level out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3839 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3840
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3841
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3842 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3843 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3844 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3845 (internal variables such as loop control variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3846 and variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3847
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3848
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3849 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3850 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3851 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3852
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3853
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3854
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3855
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3856 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3857 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3858
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3859
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3860 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3861 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3862 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3865
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3866
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3867 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3868 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3869
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3870
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3871 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3872 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">&sect;4.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3873
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3874
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3876
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3877 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3878 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3879
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3880
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3881 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3882 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3883 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3884 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3885
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3886
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3887 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3888 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3889 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3890 (variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3891
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3892
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3893
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3894
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3895 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3896 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3897
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3898
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3899 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3900 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3901 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3902 returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3903
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3904
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3905
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3906
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3907 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3908 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3909
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3911 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3912 Sets the given function as a hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3913 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3914 when the hook will be called.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3915 The string mask may have any combination of the following characters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3916 with the given meaning:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3917
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3918 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3919 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3920 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3921 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3922 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3923 Moreover,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3924 with a <code>count</code> different from zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3925 the hook is called also after every <code>count</code> instructions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3926
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3927
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3928 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3929 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3930 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3931
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3933 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3934 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3935 describing the event that has triggered its call:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3936 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3937 <code>"return"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3938 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3939 For line events,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3940 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3941 Inside a hook,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3942 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level&nbsp;2 to get more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3943 the running function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3944 (level&nbsp;0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3945 and level&nbsp;1 is the hook function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3946
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3947
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3948
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3949
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3950 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3951 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3953
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3954 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3955 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3956 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3957 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3958 variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3959 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3960 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3961 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3962
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3963
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3964 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3965 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3966 variable indices and names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3967
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3968
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3969
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3970
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3971 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3972 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3974
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3975 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3976 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3977 (which can be <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3978 Returns <code>value</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3979
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3980
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3981
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3982
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3983 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3984 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3985
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3986
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3987 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3988 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3989 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3990 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3991 with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3992 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3995
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3996
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3997 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3998 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
3999
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4000
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4001 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4002 Sets the given <code>value</code> as
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4003 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4004 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4005
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4006
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4007 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4008 Returns <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4009
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4011
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4013 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4014 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4016
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4017 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4018 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4019 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4020 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4021 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4022 The optional <code>message</code> string is appended
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4023 at the beginning of the traceback.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4024 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4025 to start the traceback
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4026 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4027
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4028
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4029
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4030
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4031 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4032 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4033
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4034
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4035 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4036 Returns a unique identifier (as a light userdata)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4037 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4038 from the given function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4039
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4041 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4042 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4043 closures share upvalues.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4044 Lua closures that share an upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4045 (that is, that access a same external local variable)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4046 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4047
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4048
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4049
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4050
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4051 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4052 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4053
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4054
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4055 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4056 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4057 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4058
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4059
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4060
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4061
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4064
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4065 <h1>7 &ndash; <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4067 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4068 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4069 to be embedded in a host C&nbsp;program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4070 it is also frequently used as a standalone language.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4071 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4072 called simply <code>lua</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4073 is provided with the standard distribution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4074 The standalone interpreter includes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4075 all standard libraries, including the debug library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4076 Its usage is:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4077
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4078 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4079 lua [options] [script [args]]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4080 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4081 The options are:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4083 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4084 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4085 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4086 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4087 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4088 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4089 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4090 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4091 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4092 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4093 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4094 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4095 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4096 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4097
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4098
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4099 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4100 When called without option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4101 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_3"><code>LUA_INIT_5_3</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4102 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if the versioned name is not defined)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4103 before running any argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4104 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4105 then <code>lua</code> executes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4106 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4107
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4108
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4109 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4110 When called with option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4111 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4112 Lua also ignores
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4113 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4114 setting the values of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4115 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4116 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4117
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4118
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4119 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4120 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4121 For instance, an invocation like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4122
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4123 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4124 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4125 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4126 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4127 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4128 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4131 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4132 Before running any code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4133 <code>lua</code> collects all command-line arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4134 in a global table called <code>arg</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4135 The script name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4136 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4137 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4138 Any arguments before the script name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4139 (that is, the interpreter name plus its options)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4140 go to negative indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4141 For instance, in the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4142
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4143 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4144 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4145 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4146 the table is like this:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4147
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4148 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4149 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4150 [0] = "b.lua",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4151 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" }
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4152 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4153 If there is no script in the call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4154 the interpreter name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4155 followed by the other arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4156 For instance, the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4157
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4158 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4159 $ lua -e "print(arg[1])"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4160 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4161 will print "<code>-e</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4162 If there is a script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4163 the script is called with parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4164 <code>arg[1]</code>, &middot;&middot;&middot;, <code>arg[#arg]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4165 (Like all chunks in Lua,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4166 the script is compiled as a vararg function.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4167
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4168
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4169 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4170 In interactive mode,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4171 Lua repeatedly prompts and waits for a line.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4172 After reading a line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4173 Lua first try to interpret the line as an expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4174 If it succeeds, it prints its value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4175 Otherwise, it interprets the line as a statement.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4176 If you write an incomplete statement,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4177 the interpreter waits for its completion
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4178 by issuing a different prompt.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4179
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4180
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4181 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4182 In case of unprotected errors in the script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4183 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4184 If the error object is not a string but
429
e3a6d9dbd694 rename __tostring to __to_string
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents: 428
diff changeset
4185 has a metamethod <code>__to_string</code>,
371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4186 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4187 Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4188 and adds a stack traceback to it.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4190
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4191 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4192 When finishing normally,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4193 the interpreter closes its main Lua state
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4194 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4195 The script can avoid this step by
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4196 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4197
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4198
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4199 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4200 To allow the use of Lua as a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4201 script interpreter in Unix systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4202 the standalone interpreter skips
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4203 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4204 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4205 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the&nbsp;<code>#!</code> form,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4206 as in
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4207
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4208 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4209 #!/usr/local/bin/lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4210 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4211 (Of course,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4212 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4213 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4214 then
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4216 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4217 #!/usr/bin/env lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4218 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4219 is a more portable solution.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4220
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4221
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4222
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4223 <h1>8 &ndash; <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4224
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4225 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4226 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4227 from Lua&nbsp;5.2 to Lua&nbsp;5.3.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4228 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4229 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4230 However,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4231 all these compatibility options will be removed in the future.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4232
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4234 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4235 Lua versions can always change the C API in ways that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4236 do not imply source-code changes in a program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4237 such as the numeric values for constants
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4238 or the implementation of functions as macros.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4239 Therefore,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4240 you should not assume that binaries are compatible between
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4241 different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4242 Always recompile clients of the Lua API when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4243 using a new version.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4244
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4245
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4246 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4247 Similarly, Lua versions can always change the internal representation
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4248 of precompiled chunks;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4249 precompiled chunks are not compatible between different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4250
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4251
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4252 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4253 The standard paths in the official distribution may
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4254 change between versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4255
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4256
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4257
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4258 <h2>8.1 &ndash; <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4259 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4260
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4261 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4262 The main difference between Lua&nbsp;5.2 and Lua&nbsp;5.3 is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4263 introduction of an integer subtype for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4264 Although this change should not affect "normal" computations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4265 some computations
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4266 (mainly those that involve some kind of overflow)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4267 can give different results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4269
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4270 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4271 You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4272 (in Lua&nbsp;5.2 all numbers were float),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4273 in particular writing constants with an ending <code>.0</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4274 or using <code>x = x + 0.0</code> to convert a variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4275 (This recommendation is only for a quick fix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4276 for an occasional incompatibility;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4277 it is not a general guideline for good programming.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4278 For good programming,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4279 use floats where you need floats
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4280 and integers where you need integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4281 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4282
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4283 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4284 The conversion of a float to a string now adds a <code>.0</code> suffix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4285 to the result if it looks like an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4286 (For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as <code>2.0</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4287 not as <code>2</code>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4288 You should always use an explicit format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4289 when you need a specific format for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4290
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4292 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4293 (Formally this is not an incompatibility,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4294 because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4295 but some programs assumed a specific format.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4296 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4298 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4299 The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4300 (It was an experimental feature in Lua&nbsp;5.2.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4301 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4302
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4303 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4305
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4306
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4307
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4308 <h2>8.2 &ndash; <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4309 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4310
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4311 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4312 The <code>bit32</code> library has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4313 It is easy to require a compatible external library or,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4314 better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4315 (Keep in mind that <code>bit32</code> operates on 32-bit integers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4316 while the bitwise operators in standard Lua operate on 64-bit integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4317 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4318
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4319 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4320 The Table library now respects metamethods
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4321 for setting and getting elements.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4322 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4323
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4324 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4325 The <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> iterator now respects metamethods and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4326 its <code>__ipairs</code> metamethod has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4327 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4328
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4329 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4330 Option names in <a href="#pdf-io.read"><code>io.read</code></a> do not have a starting '<code>*</code>' anymore.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4331 For compatibility, Lua will continue to ignore this character.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4332 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4333
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4334 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4335 The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4336 <code>atan2</code>, <code>cosh</code>, <code>sinh</code>, <code>tanh</code>, <code>pow</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4337 <code>frexp</code>, and <code>ldexp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4338 You can replace <code>math.pow(x,y)</code> with <code>x^y</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4339 you can replace <code>math.atan2</code> with <code>math.atan</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4340 which now accepts one or two parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4341 you can replace <code>math.ldexp(x,exp)</code> with <code>x * 2.0^exp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4342 For the other operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4343 you can either use an external library or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4344 implement them in Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4345 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4346
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4347 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4348 The searcher for C loaders used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4349 changed the way it handles versioned names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4350 Now, the version should come after the module name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4351 (as is usual in most other tools).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4352 For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4353 if it cannot find an open function according to the new style.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4354 (Lua&nbsp;5.2 already worked that way,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4355 but it did not document the change.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4356 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4358 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4359
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4361
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4362
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4363 <h2>8.3 &ndash; <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4364
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4365
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4366 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4367
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4368 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4369 Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4370 to get through <code>lua_getctx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4371 so <code>lua_getctx</code> has been removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4372 Adapt your code accordingly.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4373 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4374
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4375 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4376 Function <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>strip</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4377 Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4378 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4379
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4380 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4381 Functions to inject/project unsigned integers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4382 (<code>lua_pushunsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4383 <code>luaL_checkunsigned</code>, <code>luaL_optunsigned</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4384 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4385 Use their signed equivalents with a type cast.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4386 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4387
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4388 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4389 Macros to project non-default integer types
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4390 (<code>luaL_checkint</code>, <code>luaL_optint</code>, <code>luaL_checklong</code>, <code>luaL_optlong</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4391 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4392 Use their equivalent over <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> with a type cast
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4393 (or, when possible, use <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> in your code).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4394 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4395
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4396 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4397
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4398
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4400
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4401 <h1>9 &ndash; <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4403 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4404 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4405 As usual in extended BNF,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4406 {A} means 0 or more As,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4407 and [A] means an optional A.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4408 (For operator precedences, see <a href="#3.4.8">&sect;3.4.8</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4409 for a description of the terminals
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4410 Name, Numeral,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4411 and LiteralString, see <a href="#3.1">&sect;3.1</a>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4413
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4414
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4415
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4416 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4417
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4418 chunk ::= block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4419
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4420 block ::= {stat} [retstat]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4421
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4422 stat ::= &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4423 varlist &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4424 functioncall |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4425 label |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4426 <b>break</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4427 <b>goto</b> Name |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4428 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4429 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4430 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4431 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4432 <b>for</b> Name &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp [&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4433 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4434 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4435 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4436 <b>local</b> namelist [&lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; explist]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4437
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4438 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [&lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4439
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4440 label ::= &lsquo;<b>::</b>&rsquo; Name &lsquo;<b>::</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4441
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4442 funcname ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name} [&lsquo;<b>:</b>&rsquo; Name]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4443
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4444 varlist ::= var {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; var}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4445
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4446 var ::= Name | prefixexp &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo; | prefixexp &lsquo;<b>.</b>&rsquo; Name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4448 namelist ::= Name {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; Name}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4449
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4450 explist ::= exp {&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; exp}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4451
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4452 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Numeral | LiteralString | &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo; | functiondef |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4453 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4454
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4455 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4456
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4457 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp &lsquo;<b>:</b>&rsquo; Name args
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4458
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4459 args ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [explist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo; | tableconstructor | LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4461 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4462
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4463 funcbody ::= &lsquo;<b>(</b>&rsquo; [parlist] &lsquo;<b>)</b>&rsquo; block <b>end</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4464
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4465 parlist ::= namelist [&lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;] | &lsquo;<b>...</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4466
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4467 tableconstructor ::= &lsquo;<b>{</b>&rsquo; [fieldlist] &lsquo;<b>}</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4468
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4469 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4470
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4471 field ::= &lsquo;<b>[</b>&rsquo; exp &lsquo;<b>]</b>&rsquo; &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | Name &lsquo;<b>=</b>&rsquo; exp | exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4473 fieldsep ::= &lsquo;<b>,</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>;</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4474
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4475 binop ::= &lsquo;<b>+</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>-</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>*</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>/</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>//</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>^</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>%</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4476 &lsquo;<b>&amp;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>~</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>|</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&gt;&gt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&lt;&lt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>..</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4477 &lsquo;<b>&lt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&lt;=</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&gt;</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>&gt;=</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>==</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>~=</b>&rsquo; |
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4478 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4479
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4480 unop ::= &lsquo;<b>-</b>&rsquo; | <b>not</b> | &lsquo;<b>#</b>&rsquo; | &lsquo;<b>~</b>&rsquo;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4481
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4482 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4483
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4484 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff changeset
4485
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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4493 <HR>
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4494 <SMALL CLASS="footer">
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4495 Last update:
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4496 Fri Jan 16 00:58:20 BRST 2015
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4497 </SMALL>
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4502 </body>
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4503 </html>