repo/luan: website/src/manual.html annotate

annotate website/src/manual.html @ 1647:7eddf1e990c0

minor

author	Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
date	Tue, 22 Mar 2022 09:00:59 -0700
parents	0af6a9d6d12f
children

rev	line source
1216 5dbb552075ff doctype Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1195 diff changeset	1 <!doctype html>
391 2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	2 <html>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	3 <head>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	4 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title>
1521 d3e61cd2aca0 docs and shell bug fix Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1520 diff changeset	5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	6 <style>
1326 29d6d7d79c41 website - use relative paths Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1325 diff changeset	7 @import "site.css";
1645 0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	8
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	9 p[keywords] {
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	10 font-family: monospace;
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	11 margin-left: 40px;
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	12 max-width: 700px;
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	13 }
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	14 p[keywords] span {
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	15 display: inline-block;
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	16 width: 100px;
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	17 }
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	18 </style>
391 2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	19 </head>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	20 <body>
386 db23f654f87d make all of website use luan Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 382 diff changeset	21
1326 29d6d7d79c41 website - use relative paths Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1325 diff changeset	22 <div small>
29d6d7d79c41 website - use relative paths Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1325 diff changeset	23 <a href=".">Luan</a>
29d6d7d79c41 website - use relative paths Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1325 diff changeset	24 / <a href="docs.html">Documentation</a>
29d6d7d79c41 website - use relative paths Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1325 diff changeset	25 </div>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	26
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	27 <h1><a href="manual.html">Luan Reference Manual</a></h1>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	28
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	29 <p small>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	30 Original copyright © 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	31 Freely available under the terms of the
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	32 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>.
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	33 Modified for Luan.
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	34 </p>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	35
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	36 <hr/>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	37
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	38 <h2>Contents</h2>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	39
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	40 <div contents><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></div>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	41
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	42 <div contents>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	43 <a href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	44 <ul>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	45 <li><a href="#types">Values and Types</a></li>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	46 <li><a href="#env">Environments</a></li>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	47 <li><a href="#error">Error Handling</a></li>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	48 <li><a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></li>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	49 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></li>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	50 </ul>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	51 </div>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	52
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	53 <div contents>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	54 <a href="#lang">The Language</a>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	55 <ul>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	56 <li><a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></li>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	57 <li><a href="#vars">Variables</a></li>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	58 <li>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	59 <a href="#stmts">Statements</a>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	60 <ul>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	61 <li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	62 <li><a href="#chunks">Chunks</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	63 <li><a href="#assignment">Assignment</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	64 <li><a href="#control">Control Structures</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	65 <li><a href="#for">For Statement</a></li>
1520 d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	66 <li><a href="#try">Try Statement</a></li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	67 <li><a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	68 <li><a href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></li>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	69 <li><a href="#template_stmt">Template Statements</a></li>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	70 </ul>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	71 </li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	72 <li>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	73 <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	74 <ul>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	75 <li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></li>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	76 <li><a href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	77 <li><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	78 <li><a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	79 <li><a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	80 <li><a href="#length">The Length Operator</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	81 <li><a href="#precedence">Precedence</a></li>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	82 <li><a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></li>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	83 <li><a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></li>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	84 <li><a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></li>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	85 </ul>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	86 </li>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	87 <li><a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a></li>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	88 </ul>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	89 </div>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	90
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	91 <div contents>
468 9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	92 <a href="#libs">Standard Libraries</a>
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	93 <ul>
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	94 <li><a href="#default_lib">Default Environment</a></li>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	95 <li><a href="#luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></li>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	96 <li><a href="#package_lib">Modules</a></li>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	97 <li><a href="#string_lib">String Manipulation</a></li>
567 6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	98 <li><a href="#binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></li>
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	99 <li><a href="#table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></li>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	100 <li><a href="#number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></li>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	101 <li><a href="#math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></li>
468 9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	102 </ul>
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	103 </div>
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	104
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	105 <hr/>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	106
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	107
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	108 <h2 heading><a name="intro" href="#intro">Introduction</a></h2>
372 f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	109
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	110 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	111
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	112 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p>
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	113
f08cefa4594c start editing manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 371 diff changeset	114 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	116
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	117 <h2 heading><a name="basic" href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	118
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	119 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	120
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	121 <h3 heading><a name="types" href="#types">Values and Types</a></h3>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	122
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	123 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	124 Luan is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	125 This means that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	126 variables do not have types; only values do.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	127 There are no type definitions in the language.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	128 All values carry their own type.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	129
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	130
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	131 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	132 All values in Luan are <em>first-class values</em>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	133 This means that all values can be stored in variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	134 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	135
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	137 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	138 There are eight basic types in Luan:
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	139 <em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	140 <em>string</em>, <em>binary</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>java</em>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	141 and <em>table</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	142 <em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	143 whose main property is to be different from any other value;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	144 it usually represents the absence of a useful value.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	145 <em>Nil</em> is implemented as the Java value <em>null</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	146 <em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	147 <em>Boolean</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>Boolean</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	148 <em>Number</em> represents both
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	149 integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	150 <em>Number</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>Number</em>. Any Java subclass of <em>Number</em> is allowed and this is invisible to the Luan user. Operations on numbers follow the same rules of
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	151 the underlying Java implementation.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	152
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	153 <em>String</em> is implemented as the Java class <em>String</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	154 <em>Binary</em> is implemented as the Java type <em>byte[]</em>.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	155
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	156
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	157 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	158 Luan can call (and manipulate) functions written in Luan and
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	159 functions written in Java (see <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>).
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	160 Both are represented by the type <em>function</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	161
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	162
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	163 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	164 The type <em>java</em> is provided to allow arbitrary Java objects to
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	165 be stored in Luan variables.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	166 A <em>java</em> value is a Java object that isn't one of the standard Luan types.
513 0dfc01d8d42d rename type "userdata" to "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 512 diff changeset	167 Java values have no predefined operations in Luan,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	168 except assignment and identity test.
513 0dfc01d8d42d rename type "userdata" to "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 512 diff changeset	169 Java values are useful when Java access is enabled in Luan
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	170
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	171
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	172
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	173 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	174 The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	175 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	176 but with any Luan value except <b>nil</b>.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	177 Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	178 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	179 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	180 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	181 an associated value <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	182
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	183
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	184 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	185 Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Luan;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	186 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	187 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	188 To represent records, Luan uses the field name as an index.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	189 The language supports this representation by
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	190 providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	191 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Luan
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	192 (see <a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	193
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	194
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	195 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	196 We use the term <em>sequence</em> to denote a table where
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	197 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..<em>n</em>}
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	198 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>,
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	199 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	200
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	201
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	202 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	203 Like indices,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	204 the values of table fields can be of any type.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	205 In particular,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	206 because functions are first-class values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	207 table fields can contain functions.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	208 Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	211 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	212 The indexing of tables follows
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	213 the definition of raw equality in the language.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	214 The expressions <code>a[i]</code> and <code>a[j]</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	215 denote the same table element
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	216 if and only if <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> are raw equal
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	217 (that is, equal without metamethods).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	218 In particular, floats with integral values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	219 are equal to their respective integers
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	220 (e.g., <code>1.0 == 1</code>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	221
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	222
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	223 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	224 Luan values are <em>objects</em>:
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	225 variables do not actually <em>contain</em> values,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	226 only <em>references</em> to them.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	227 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	228 always manipulate references to values;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	229 these operations do not imply any kind of copy.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	230
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	231
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	232 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	233 The library function <a href="#Luan.type"><code>Luan.type</code></a> returns a string describing the type
478 eb6d90fb0b5c documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 476 diff changeset	234 of a given value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	235
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	236
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	237
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	238
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	239
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	240 <h3 heading><a name="env" href="#env">Environments</a></h3>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	241
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	242 <p>
1353 8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	243 The environment of a chunk starts with only one local variable: <code><a href="#require">require</a></code>. This function is used to load and access libraries and other modules. All other variables must be added to the environment using <a href="http://localhost:8080/manual.html#local_stmt">local declarations</a>.
512 d96944467ffc update documentation for luan changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 505 diff changeset	244
d96944467ffc update documentation for luan changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 505 diff changeset	245 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	246 As will be discussed in <a href="#vars">Variables</a> and <a href=#assignment">Assignment</a>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	247 any reference to a free name
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	248 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <code>var</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	249 can be syntactically translated to <code>_ENV.var</code> if <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	250
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	251
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	252 <h3 heading><a name="error" href="#error">Error Handling</a></h3>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	253
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	254 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	255 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	256 <a href="#Luan.error"><code>error</code></a> function.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	257 If you need to catch errors in Luan,
1520 d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	258 you can use the <a href="#try">Try Statement</code></a>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	259
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	260
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	261 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	262 Whenever there is an error,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	263 an <em>error table</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	264 is propagated with information about the error.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	265 See <a href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	266
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	267
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	268
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	269 <h3 heading><a name="meta" href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	270
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	271 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	272 Every table in Luan can have a <em>metatable</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	273 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Luan table
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	274 that defines the behavior of the original value
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	275 under certain special operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	276 You can change several aspects of the behavior
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	277 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	278 For instance, when a table is the operand of an addition,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	279 Luan checks for a function in the field "<code>__add</code>" of the table's metatable.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	280 If it finds one,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	281 Luan calls this function to perform the addition.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	282
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	283
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	284 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	285 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <em>event</em> names;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	286 the corresponding values are called <ii>metamethods</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	287 In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	288 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	289
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	290
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	291 <p>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	292 You can query the metatable of any table
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	293 using the <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a> function.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	294
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	295
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	296 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	297 You can replace the metatable of tables
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	298 using the <a href="#Luan.set_metatable"><code>set_metatable</code></a> function.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	299
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	300
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	301 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	302 A metatable controls how a table behaves in
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	303 arithmetic operations, bitwise operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	304 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	305
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	306
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	307 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	308 A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	309 Each operation is identified by its corresponding event name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	310 The key for each event is a string with its name prefixed by
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	311 two underscores, '<code>__</code>';
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	312 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	313 string "<code>__add</code>".
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	314 Note that queries for metamethods are always raw;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	315 the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	316 You can emulate how Luan queries a metamethod for an object <code>obj</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	317 with the following code:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	318
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	319 <pre>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	320 raw_get(get_metatable(obj) or {}, "__" .. event_name)
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	321 </pre>
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	322
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	323 <p>
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	324 Here are the events:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	325
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	326 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	327
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	328 <li><p><b>"add": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	329 the <code>+</code> operation.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	330
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	331 If any operand for an addition is a table,
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	332 Luan will try to call a metamethod.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	333 First, Luan will check the first operand (even if it is valid).
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	334 If that operand does not define a metamethod for the "<code>__add</code>" event,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	335 then Luan will check the second operand.
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	336 If Luan can find a metamethod,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	337 it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	338 and the result of the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	339 (adjusted to one value)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	340 is the result of the operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	341 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	342 it raises an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	343 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	344
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	345 <li><p><b>"sub": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	346 the <code>-</code> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	347
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	348 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	349 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	350
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	351 <li><p><b>"mul": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	352 the <code>*</code> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	353
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	354 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	355 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	356
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	357 <li><p><b>"div": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	358 the <code>/</code> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	359
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	360 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	361 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	362
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	363 <li><p><b>"mod": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	364 the <code>%</code> operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	365
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	366 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	367 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	368
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	369 <li><p><b>"pow": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	370 the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	372 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	373 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	374
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	375 <li><p><b>"unm": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	376 the <code>-</code> (unary minus) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	377
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	378 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	379 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	380
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	381 <li><p><b>"concat": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	382 the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	383
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	384 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	385 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	386
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	387 <li><p><b>"len": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	388 the <code>#</code> (length) operation.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	389
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	390 If there is a metamethod,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	391 Luan calls it with the object as argument,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	392 and the result of the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	393 (always adjusted to one value)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	394 is the result of the operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	395 If there is no metamethod but the object is a table,
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	396 then Luan uses the table length operation (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	397 Otherwise, Luan raises an error.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	398 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	399
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	400 <li><p><b>"eq": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	401 the <code>==</code> (equal) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	403 Behavior similar to the "add" operation,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	404 except that Luan will try a metamethod only when the values
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	405 being compared are both tables
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	406 and they are not primitively equal.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	407 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	408 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	409
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	410 <li><p><b>"lt": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	411 the <code><</code> (less than) operation.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	412
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	413 Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	414 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	415 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	416
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	417 <li><p><b>"le": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	418 the <code><=</code> (less equal) operation.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	419
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	420 Unlike other operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	421 The less-equal operation can use two different events.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	422 First, Luan looks for the "<code>__le</code>" metamethod in both operands,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	423 like in the "lt" operation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	424 If it cannot find such a metamethod,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	425 then it will try the "<code>__lt</code>" event,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	426 assuming that <code>a <= b</code> is equivalent to <code>not (b < a)</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	427 As with the other comparison operators,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	428 the result is always a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	429 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	430
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	431 <li><p><b>"index": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	432 The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>.
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	433
571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	434 This event happens
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	435 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	436 The metamethod is looked up in <code>table</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	437
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	438
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	439 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	440 Despite the name,
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	441 the metamethod for this event can be any type.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	442 If it is a function,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	443 it is called with <code>table</code> and <code>key</code> as arguments.
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	444 Otherwise
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	445 the final result is the result of indexing this metamethod object with <code>key</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	446 (This indexing is regular, not raw,
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	447 and therefore can trigger another metamethod if the metamethod object is a table.)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	448 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	449
502 d3183a330ff5 improve the __index metamethod to work with any type; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 495 diff changeset	450 <li><p><b>"new_index": </b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	451 The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	452
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	453 Like the index event,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	454 this event happens when
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	455 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	456 The metamethod is looked up in <code>table</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	457
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	458
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	459 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	460 Like with indexing,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	461 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	462 If it is a function,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	463 it is called with <code>table</code>, <code>key</code>, and <code>value</code> as arguments.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	464 If it is a table,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	465 Luan does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	466 (This assignment is regular, not raw,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	467 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	468
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	469
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	470 <p>
428 df95199ca4c0 rename __newindex to __new_index Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 418 diff changeset	471 Whenever there is a "new_index" metamethod,
373 571057b1666b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 372 diff changeset	472 Luan does not perform the primitive assignment.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	473 (If necessary,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	474 the metamethod itself can call <a href="#Luan.raw_set"><code>raw_set</code></a>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	475 to do the assignment.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	476 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	477
1272 95f6540b27f9 add __gc to docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1257 diff changeset	478 <li><p><b>"gc":</b>
95f6540b27f9 add __gc to docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1257 diff changeset	479 This is when a table is garbage collected. When the table's <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#finalize()">finalize</a> method is called by the Java garbage collector, if there is a "<code>__gc</code>" metamethod then it is called with the table as a parameter.
95f6540b27f9 add __gc to docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1257 diff changeset	480
95f6540b27f9 add __gc to docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1257 diff changeset	481 </li>
95f6540b27f9 add __gc to docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1257 diff changeset	482
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	483 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	484
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	485
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	486
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	487
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	488 <h3 heading><a name="gc" href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	489
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	490 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	491 Luan uses Java's garbage collection.
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	492
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	493
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	494
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	495
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	496
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	497 <h2 heading><a name="lang" href="#lang">The Language</a></h2>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	498
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	499 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	500 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	501 In other words,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	502 this section describes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	503 which tokens are valid,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	504 how they can be combined,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	505 and what their combinations mean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	506
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	507
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	508 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	509 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	510 in which
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	511 {<em>a</em>} means 0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	512 [<em>a</em>] means an optional <em>a</em>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	513 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	514 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	515 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	516 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	517 at the end of this manual.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	518
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	519
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	520
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	521 <h3 heading><a name="lex" href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	522
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	523 <p>
6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	524 Luan ignores spaces and comments
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	525 between lexical elements (tokens),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	526 except as delimiters between names and keywords.
685 1e4b0bc0202d update documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 642 diff changeset	527 Luan considers the end of a line to be the end of a statement. This catches errors and encourages readability. If you want to continue a statement on another line, you can use a backslash followed by a newline which will be treated as white space.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	528
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	529 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	530 <em>Names</em>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	531 (also called <em>identifiers</em>)
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	532 in Luan can be any string of letters,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	533 digits, and underscores,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	534 not beginning with a digit.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	535 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	536
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	537
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	538 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	539 The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	540 and cannot be used as names:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	541
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	542
1645 0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	543 <p keywords>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	544 <span>and</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	545 <span>break</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	546 <span>catch</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	547 <span>continue</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	548 <span>do</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	549 <span>else</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	550 <span>elseif</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	551 <span>end_do</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	552 <span>end_for</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	553 <span>end_function</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	554 <span>end_if</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	555 <span>end_try</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	556 <span>end_while</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	557 <span>false</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	558 <span>finally</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	559 <span>for</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	560 <span>function</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	561 <span>if</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	562 <span>in</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	563 <span>local</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	564 <span>nil</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	565 <span>not</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	566 <span>or</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	567 <span>repeat</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	568 <span>return</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	569 <span>then</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	570 <span>true</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	571 <span>try</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	572 <span>until</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	573 <span>while</span>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	574 </p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	575
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	576 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	577 Luan is a case-sensitive language:
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	578 <code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	579 are two different, valid names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	580
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	581
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	582 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	583 The following strings denote other tokens:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	584
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	585 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	586 + - * / % ^ #
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	587 & ~ \| << >> //
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	588 == ~= <= >= < > =
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	589 ( ) { } [ ] ::
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	590 ; : , . .. ...
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	591 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	592
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	593 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	594 <em>Literal strings</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	595 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	596 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences:
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	597 '<code>\a</code>' (bell),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	598 '<code>\b</code>' (backspace),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	599 '<code>\f</code>' (form feed),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	600 '<code>\n</code>' (newline),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	601 '<code>\r</code>' (carriage return),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	602 '<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	603 '<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	604 '<code>\\</code>' (backslash),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	605 '<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	606 and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	607 A backslash followed by a real newline
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	608 results in a newline in the string.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	609 The escape sequence '<code>\z</code>' skips the following span
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	610 of white-space characters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	611 including line breaks;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	612 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	613 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	614 into the string contents.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	615
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	616
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	617 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	618 Luan can specify any character in a literal string by its numerical value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	619 This can be done
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	620 with the escape sequence <code>\x<em>XX</em></code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	621 where <em>XX</em> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits,
793 60661a8e738c minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 702 diff changeset	622 or with the escape sequence <code>\u<em>XXXX</em></code>,
60661a8e738c minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 702 diff changeset	623 where <em>XXXX</em> is a sequence of exactly four hexadecimal digits,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	624 or with the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	625 where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	626 (Note that if a decimal escape sequence is to be followed by a digit,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	627 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	628
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	629
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	630 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	631 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	632 enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	633 We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	634 square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	635 opening square bracket.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	636 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	637 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	638 and so on.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	639 A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	640 for instance,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	641 a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	642 A <em>long literal</em> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	643 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	644 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the same level.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	645 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	646 do not interpret any escape sequences,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	647 and ignore long brackets of any other level.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	648 Any kind of end-of-line sequence
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	649 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	650 or newline followed by carriage return)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	651 is converted to a simple newline.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	652
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	654 <p>
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	655 Any character in a literal string not
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	656 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	657 However, Luan opens files for parsing in text mode,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	658 and the system file functions may have problems with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	659 some control characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	660 So, it is safer to represent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	661 non-text data as a quoted literal with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	662 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	663
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	664
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	665 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	666 For convenience,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	667 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	668 the newline is not included in the string.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	669 As an example
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	670 the five literal strings below denote the same string:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	671
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	672 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	673 a = 'alo\n123"'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	674 a = "alo\n123\""
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	675 a = '\97lo\10\04923"'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	676 a = [[alo
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	677 123"]]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	678 a = [==[
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	679 alo
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	680 123"]==]
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	681 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	682
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	683 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	684 A <em>numerical constant</em> (or <em>numeral</em>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	685 can be written with an optional fractional part
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	686 and an optional decimal exponent,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	687 marked by a letter '<code>e</code>' or '<code>E</code>'.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	688 Luan also accepts hexadecimal constants,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	689 which start with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	690 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	691 plus an optional binary exponent,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	692 marked by a letter '<code>p</code>' or '<code>P</code>'.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	693 A numeric constant with a fractional dot or an exponent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	694 denotes a float;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	695 otherwise it denotes an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	696 Examples of valid integer constants are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	697
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	698 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	699 3 345 0xff 0xBEBADA
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	700 </pre>
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	701
8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	702 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	703 Examples of valid float constants are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	704
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	705 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	706 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 34e1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	707 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	708 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	709
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	710 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	711 A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	712 anywhere outside a string.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	713 If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	714 the comment is a <em>short comment</em>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	715 which runs until the end of the line.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	716 Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	717 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	718 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	719
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	720
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	721
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	722
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	723
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	724 <h3 heading><a name="vars" href="#vars">Variables</a></h3>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	725
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	726 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	727 Variables are places that store values.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	728 There are three kinds of variables in Luan:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	729 global variables, local variables, and table fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	731 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	732 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	733 (or a function's formal parameter,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	734 which is a particular kind of local variable):
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	735
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	736 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	737 var ::= Name
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	738 </pre>
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	739
8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	740 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	741 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	742
512 d96944467ffc update documentation for luan changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 505 diff changeset	743 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	744 Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	745 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	746 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	747
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	748
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	749 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	750 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	751
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	752 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	753 Square brackets are used to index a table:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	754
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	755 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	756 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	757 </pre>
382 8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	758
8557581740db added tutorial Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 380 diff changeset	759 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	760 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	761 An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	762 a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>.
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	763 (See <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a> for a complete description of the
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	764 <code>gettable_event</code> function.
380 6c6c3537035e work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 373 diff changeset	765 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	766 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	767
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	768
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	769 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	770 The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	771 <code>var["Name"]</code>:
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	772
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	773 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	774 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	775 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	776
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	777 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	778 Global variables are not available by default. To enable global variable, you must define <code>_ENV</code> as a local variable whose value is a table. If <code>_ENV</code> is not defined, then an unrecognized variable name will produce a compile error. If <code>_ENV</code> is defined then an access to an unrecognized variable name will be consider a global variable. So then an acces to global variable <code>x</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	779 is equivalent to <code>_ENV.x</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	780 Due to the way that chunks are compiled,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	781 <code>_ENV</code> is never a global name (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	782
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	783
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	784
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	785
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	786
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	787 <h3 heading><a name="stmts" href="#stmts">Statements</a></h3>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	788
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	789 <p>
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	790 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	791 similar to those in Pascal or C.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	792 This set includes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	793 assignments, control structures, function calls,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	794 and variable declarations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	795
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	796
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	797
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	798 <h4 heading><a name="blocks" href="#blocks">Blocks</a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	799
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	800 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	801 A block is a list of statements,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	802 which are executed sequentially:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	803
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	804 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	805 block ::= {stat}
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	806 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	807
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	808 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	809 Luan has <em>empty statements</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	810 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	811 start a block with a semicolon
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	812 or write two semicolons in sequence:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	813
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	814 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	815 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	816 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	817
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	818 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	819 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	820
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	821 <pre>
1092 a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	822 stat ::= <b>do</b> block end_do
a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	823 end_do ::= <b>end_do</b> \| <b>end</b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	824 </pre>
389 497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	825
497d4ef0a89f documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 387 diff changeset	826 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	827 Explicit blocks are useful
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	828 to control the scope of variable declarations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	829 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	830 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	831 of another block (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	832
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	833
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	834
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	835
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	836
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	837 <h4 heading><a name="chunks" href="#chunks">Chunks</a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	838
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	839 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	840 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <em>chunk</em>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	841 Syntactically,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	842 a chunk is simply a block:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	843
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	844 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	845 chunk ::= block
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	846 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	847
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	848 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	849 Luan handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	850 with a variable number of arguments
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	851 (see <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	852 As such, chunks can define local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	853 receive arguments, and return values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	854
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	855
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	856 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	857 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	858 To execute a chunk,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	859 Luan first <em>loads</em> it,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	860 compiling the chunk's code,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	861 and then Luan executes the compiled code.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	862
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	863
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	864
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	865
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	866
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	867 <h4 heading><a name="assignment" href="#assignment">Assignment</a></h4>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	868
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	869 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	870 Luan allows multiple assignments.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	871 Therefore, the syntax for assignment
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	872 defines a list of variables on the left side
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	873 and a list of expressions on the right side.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	874 The elements in both lists are separated by commas:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	875
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	876 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	877 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	878 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	879 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp}
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	880 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	881
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	882 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	883 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	884
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	885
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	886 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	887 Before the assignment,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	888 the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	889 the list of variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	890 If there are more values than needed,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	891 the excess values are thrown away.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	892 If there are fewer values than needed,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	893 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	894 If the list of expressions ends with a function call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	895 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	896 before the adjustment
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	897 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	898
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	899
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	900 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	901 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	902 and only then the assignments are performed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	903 Thus the code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	904
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	905 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	906 i = 3
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	907 i, a[i] = i+1, 20
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	908 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	909
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	910 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	911 sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	912 because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	913 before it is assigned 4.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	914 Similarly, the line
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	915
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	916 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	917 x, y = y, x
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	918 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	919
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	920 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	921 exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	922 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	923
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	924 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	925 x, y, z = y, z, x
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	926 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	927
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	928 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	929 cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	930
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	931
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	932 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	933 The meaning of assignments to global variables
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	934 and table fields can be changed via metatables.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	935 An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	936 <code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>.
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	937 (See <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a> for a complete description of the
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	938 <code>settable_event</code> function.
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	939 This function is not defined or callable in Luan.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	940 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	941
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	942
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	943 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	944 An assignment to a global name <code>x = val</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	945 is equivalent to the assignment
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	946 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	947 Global names are only available when <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	948
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	949
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	950
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	951 <h4 heading><a name="control" href="#control">Control Structures</a></h4>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	952
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	953 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	954 The control structures
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	955 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	956 familiar syntax:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	957
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	958 <pre>
1092 a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	959 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block end_while
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	960 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp
1092 a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	961 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] end_if
a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	962 end_while ::= <b>end_while</b> \| <b>end</b>
a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	963 end_if ::= <b>end_if</b> \| <b>end</b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	964 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	965
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	966 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	967 Luan also has a <b>for</b> statement (see <a href="#for">For Statement</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	968
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	969
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	970 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	971 The condition expression of a
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	972 control structure must be a boolean.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	973 Any other value type will produce an error.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	974 This helps catch errors and makes code more readable.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	975
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	976
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	977 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	978 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	979 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	980 but only after the condition.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	981 So, the condition can refer to local variables
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	982 declared inside the loop block.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	983
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	984
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	985 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	986 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	987 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	988 skipping to the next statement after the loop:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	989
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	990 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	991 stat ::= <b>break</b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	992 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	993
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	994 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	995 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	996
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	997
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	998 <p>
1645 0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	999 The <b>continue</b> statement jumps to the beginning of a
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1000 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop for next iteration,
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1001 skipping the execution of statements inside the body of loop for the current iteration:
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1002
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1003 <pre>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1004 stat ::= <b>continue</b>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1005 </pre>
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1006
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1007
0af6a9d6d12f minor - keywords Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1521 diff changeset	1008 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1009 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1010 from a function or a chunk
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1011 (which is an anonymous function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1013 Functions can return more than one value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1014 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1015
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1016 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1017 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’]
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1018 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1019
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1020
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1021
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1022
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1023 <h4 heading><a name="for" href="#for">For Statement</a></h4>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1024
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1025 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1026 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1027 called <em>iterators</em>.
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1028 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value,
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1029 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>.
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1030 The <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax:
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1031
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1032 <pre>
1092 a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	1033 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> exp <b>do</b> block end_for
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1034 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name}
1092 a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	1035 end_for ::= <b>end_for</b> \| <b>end</b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1036 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1037
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1038 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1039 A <b>for</b> statement like
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1040
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1041 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1042 for <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> in <em>exp</em> do <em>block</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1043 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1044
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1045 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1046 is equivalent to the code:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1047
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1048 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1049 do
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1050 local <em>f</em> = <em>exp</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1051 while true do
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1052 local <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>()
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1053 if <em>var_1</em> == nil then break end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1054 <em>block</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1055 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1056 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1057 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1058
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1059 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1060 Note the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1061
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1062 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1064 <li>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1065 <code><em>exp</em></code> is evaluated only once.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1066 Its result is an <em>iterator</em> function.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1067 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1068
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1069 <li>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1070 <code><em>f</em></code> is an invisible variable.
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1071 The name is here for explanatory purposes only.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1072 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1073
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1074 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1075 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1076 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1077
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1078 <li>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1079 The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1080 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1081 If you need these values,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1082 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1083 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1084
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1085 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1086
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1088
1520 d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1089 <h4 heading><a name="try" href="#for">Try Statement</a></h4>
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1090
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1091 <p>The <b>try</b> statement has the same semantics as in Java.</p>
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1092
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1093 <pre>
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1094 stat ::= <b>try</b> block [<b>catch</b> Name block] [<b>finally</b> block] end_try
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1095 end_try ::= <b>end_try</b> \| <b>end</b>
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1096 </pre>
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1097
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1098
d9a5405a3102 try statement Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1434 diff changeset	1099
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1100
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1101 <h4 heading><a name="fn_stmt" href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1102
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1103 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1104 To allow possible side-effects,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1105 function calls can be executed as statements:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1106
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1107 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1108 stat ::= functioncall
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1109 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1110
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1111 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1112 In this case, all returned values are thrown away.
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1113 Function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1114
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1116
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1117 <h4 heading><a name="local_stmt" href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1118
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1119 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1120 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1121 The declaration can include an initial assignment:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1122
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1123 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1124 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist]
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1125 </pre>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1126
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1127 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1128 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1129 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#assignment">Assignment</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1130 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1131
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1132
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1133 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1134 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#chunks">Chunks</a>),
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1135 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1137
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1138 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1139 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1140
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1141
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1142 <h4 heading><a name="template_stmt" href="#template_stmt">Template Statements</a></h4>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1143
1384 f5368cd8c056 remove template expressions and String.concat Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1373 diff changeset	1144 <p>Template statements provide the full equivalent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a> but in a general way. Template statements write to standard output. For example:</p>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1145
1325 28c1fc6d9d29 website - make docs html Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1324 diff changeset	1146 <pre>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1147 local name = "Bob"
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1148 %>
469 85467f95ab13 minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 468 diff changeset	1149 Hello <%= name %>!
85467f95ab13 minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 468 diff changeset	1150 Bye <%= name %>.
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1151 <%
1325 28c1fc6d9d29 website - make docs html Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1324 diff changeset	1152 </pre>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1153
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1154 <p>is equivalent to the code:</p>
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1155
1325 28c1fc6d9d29 website - make docs html Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1324 diff changeset	1156 <pre>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1157 local name = "Bob"
1384 f5368cd8c056 remove template expressions and String.concat Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1373 diff changeset	1158 require("luan:Io.luan").stdout.write( "Hello ", name , "!\nBye ", name , ".\n" )
1325 28c1fc6d9d29 website - make docs html Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1324 diff changeset	1159 </pre>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1160
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1161
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1162
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1163 <h3 heading><a name="expressions" href="#expressions">Expressions</a></h3>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1164
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1165 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1166 The basic expressions in Luan are the following:
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1167
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1168 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1169 exp ::= prefixexp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1170 exp ::= <b>nil</b> \| <b>false</b> \| <b>true</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1171 exp ::= Numeral
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1172 exp ::= LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1173 exp ::= functiondef
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1174 exp ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1175 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1176 exp ::= exp binop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1177 exp ::= unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1178 prefixexp ::= var \| functioncall \| ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1179 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1180
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1181 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1182 Numerals and literal strings are explained in <a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1183 variables are explained in <a href="#vars">Variables</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1184 function definitions are explained in <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1185 function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>;
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1186 table constructors are explained in <a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1187 Vararg expressions,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1188 denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1189 directly inside a vararg function;
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1190 they are explained in <a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a>.
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1191
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1192
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1193 <p>
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1194 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1195 relational operators (see <a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1196 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a>).
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1197 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1198 the unary logical <b>not</b> (see <a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a>),
eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1199 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#length">The Length Operator</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1200
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1201
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1202 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1203 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values.
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1204 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a>),
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1205 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1206 thus discarding all returned values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1207 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1208 of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1209 then no adjustment is made
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1210 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1211 In all other contexts,
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1212 Luan adjusts the result list to one element,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1213 either discarding all values except the first one
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1214 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1216
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1217 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1218 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1219
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1220 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1221 f() -- adjusted to 0 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1222 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1223 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1224 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1225 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1226 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1227 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1228
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1229 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1230 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1231 return f() -- returns all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1232 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1233 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1234 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1235 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1236 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1237 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1238
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1239 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1240 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1241 Thus,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1242 <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1243 even if <code>f</code> returns several values.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1244 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1245 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1246
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1247
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1248
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1249 <h4 heading><a name="arithmetic" href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1250
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1251 <p>
a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1252 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1253
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1254 <ul>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1255 <li><b><code>+</code>: </b>addition</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1256 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b>subtraction</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1257 <li><b><code>*</code>: </b>multiplication</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1258 <li><b><code>/</code>: </b>division</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1259 <li><b><code>%</code>: </b>modulo</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1260 <li><b><code>^</code>: </b>exponentiation</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1261 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b>unary minus</li>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1262 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1263
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1264 <p>
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1265 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary minus are the same as these operators in Java. Exponentiation uses Java's <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow(double,%20double)">Math.pow</a> function.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1266
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1267 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1268 Modulo is defined as the remainder of a division
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1269 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division).
395 a7cb58532846 work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 391 diff changeset	1270 (The Java modulo operator is not used.)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1271
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1272
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1273
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1274 <h4 heading><a name="conversions" href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1275
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1276 <p>
465 47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1277 Luan generally avoids automatic conversions.
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1278 String concatenation automatically converts all of its arguments to strings.
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1279
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1280 <p>
47c7de1f2322 documentation work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 464 diff changeset	1281 Luan provides library functions for explicit type conversions.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1282
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1283
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1284
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1285
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1286 <h4 heading><a name="relational" href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></h4>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1287
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1288 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1289 Luan supports the following relational operators:
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1290
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1291 <ul>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1292 <li><b><code>==</code>: </b>equality</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1293 <li><b><code>~=</code>: </b>inequality</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1294 <li><b><code><</code>: </b>less than</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1295 <li><b><code>></code>: </b>greater than</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1296 <li><b><code><=</code>: </b>less or equal</li>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1297 <li><b><code>>=</code>: </b>greater or equal</li>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1298 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1299 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1301
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1302 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1303 Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1304 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1305 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1306 Strings, numbers, and binary values are compared in the obvious way (by value).
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1307
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1308 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1309 Tables
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1310 are compared by reference:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1311 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1312 Every time you create a new table,
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1313 it is different from any previously existing table.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1314 Closures are also compared by reference.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1315
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1316 <p>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1317 You can change the way that Luan compares tables
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1318 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1319
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1320 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1321 Java values are compared for equality with the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)"><code>equals</code></a> method.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1322
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1323 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1324 Equality comparisons do not convert strings to numbers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1325 or vice versa.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1326 Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1327 and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1328 entries in a table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1329
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1330
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1331 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1332 The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1333
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1334
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1335 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1336 The order operators work as follows.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1337
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1338 If both arguments are numbers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1339 then they are compared following
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1340 the usual rule for binary operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1341 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1342 then their values are compared according to the current locale.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1343 Otherwise, Luan tries to call the "lt" or the "le"
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1344 metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1345 A comparison <code>a > b</code> is translated to <code>b < a</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1346 and <code>a >= b</code> is translated to <code>b <= a</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1347
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1348
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1349
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1350
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1351
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1352 <h4 heading><a name="logical_ops" href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1353
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1354 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1355 The logical operators in Luan are
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1356 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1357 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1358 and anything else as true.
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1359 Like the control structures (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>),
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1360 the <b>not</b> operator requires a boolean value.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1361
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1362 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1363 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1364 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1365 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1366 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1367 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1368 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1369 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1370 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-circuit evaluation;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1371 that is,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1372 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1373 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1374
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1375 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1376 10 or 20 --> 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1377 10 or error() --> 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1378 nil or "a" --> "a"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1379 nil and 10 --> nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1380 false and error() --> false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1381 false and nil --> false
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1382 false or nil --> nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1383 10 and 20 --> 20
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1384 </pre>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1385
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1386 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1387 (In this manual,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1388 <code>--></code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1389
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1390
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1391
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1392 <h4 heading><a name="concatenation" href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1393
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1394 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1395 The string concatenation operator in Luan is
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1396 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>').
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1397 All operands are converted to strings.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1398
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1399
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1400
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1401 <h4 heading><a name="length" href="#length">The Length Operator</a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1402
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1403 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1404 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>.
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1405 The length of a string is its number of characters.
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1406 The length of a binary is its number of bytes.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1407
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1409 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1410 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1411 any table through the <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1412
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1413
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1414 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1415 Unless a <code>__len</code> metamethod is given,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1416 the length of a table <code>t</code> is defined
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1417 as the number of elements in <em>sequence</em>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1418 that is,
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1419 the size of the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1420 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1421 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1422 Note that a table like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1423
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1424 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1425 {10, 20, nil, 40}
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1426 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1427
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1428 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1429 has a length of <code>2</code>, because that is the last key in sequence.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1430
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1431
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1432
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1433
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1434
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1435 <h4 heading><a name="precedence" href="#precedence">Precedence</a></h4>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1436
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1437 <p>
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1438 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1439 from lower to higher priority:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1440
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1441 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1442 or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1443 and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1444 < > <= >= ~= ==
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1445 ..
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1446 + -
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1447 * / %
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1448 unary operators (not # -)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1449 ^
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1450 </pre>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1451
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1452 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1453 As usual,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1454 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1455 The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>')
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1456 operators are right associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1457 All other binary operators are left associative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1458
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1459
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1460
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1461
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1462
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1463 <h4 heading><a name="constructors" href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1464
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1465 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1466 Table constructors are expressions that create tables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1467 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1468 A constructor can be used to create an empty table
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1469 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1470 The general syntax for constructors is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1471
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1472 <pre>
604 b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 589 diff changeset	1473 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ fieldlist ‘<b>}</b>’
b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 589 diff changeset	1474 fieldlist ::= [field] {fieldsep [field]}
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1475 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| exp
604 b73f005f3735 table constructor now uses end_of_line as a delimiter Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 589 diff changeset	1476 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ \| ‘<b>;</b>’ \| <b>end_of_line</b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1477 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1478
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1479 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1480 Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1481 with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1482 A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1483 <code>["name"] = exp</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1484 Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1485 <code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive integers
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1486 starting with 1.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1487 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1488 For example,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1489
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1490 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1491 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 }
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1492 </pre>
396 ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1493
ba8b0aae6453 work on manual; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 395 diff changeset	1494 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1495 is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1496
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1497 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1498 do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1499 local t = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1500 t[f(1)] = g
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1501 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1502 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1503 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1504 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1505 t[30] = 23
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1506 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1507 a = t
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1508 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1509 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1510
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1511 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1512 The order of the assignments in a constructor is undefined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1513 (This order would be relevant only when there are repeated keys.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1514
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1515
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1516 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1517 If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1518 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1519 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1520 (see <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1522
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1523 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1524 The field list can have an optional trailing separator,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1525 as a convenience for machine-generated code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1526
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1527
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1528
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1529
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1530
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1531 <h4 heading><a name="fn_calls" href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1532
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1533 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1534 A function call in Luan has the following syntax:
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1535
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1536 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1537 functioncall ::= prefixexp args
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1538 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1539
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1540 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1541 In a function call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1542 first prefixexp and args are evaluated.
685 1e4b0bc0202d update documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 642 diff changeset	1543 The value of prefixexp must have type <em>function</em>.
1e4b0bc0202d update documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 642 diff changeset	1544 This function is called
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1545 with the given arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1546
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1547
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1548 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1549 Arguments have the following syntax:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1550
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1551 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1552 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1553 args ::= tableconstructor
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1554 args ::= LiteralString
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1555 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1556
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1557 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1558 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1559 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1560 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1561 that is, the argument list is a single new table.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1562 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1563 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1564 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>;
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1565 that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1566
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1567
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1568
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1569
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1570 <h4 heading><a name="fn_def" href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1571
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1572 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1573 The syntax for function definition is
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1574
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1575 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1576 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
1092 a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	1577 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block end_function
a26fbde7ee28 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1090 diff changeset	1578 end_function ::= <b>end_function</b> \| <b>end</b>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1579 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1580
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1581 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1582 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1583
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1584 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1585 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1586 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1587 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name]
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1588 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1589
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1590 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1591 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1592
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1593 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1594 function f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1595 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1596
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1597 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1598 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1599
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1600 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1601 f = function () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1602 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1603
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1604 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1605 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1606
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1607 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1608 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1609 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1610
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1611 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1612 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1613
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1614 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1615 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1616 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1617
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1618 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1619 The statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1620
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1621 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1622 local function f () <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1623 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1624
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1625 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1626 translates to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1627
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1628 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1629 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1630 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1631
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1632 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1633 not to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1634
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1635 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1636 local f = function () <em>body</em> end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1637 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1638
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1639 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1640 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1641 contains references to <code>f</code>.)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1642
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1643
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1644 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1645 A function definition is an executable expression,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1646 whose value has type <em>function</em>.
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1647 When Luan precompiles a chunk,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1648 all its function bodies are precompiled too.
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1649 Then, whenever Luan executes the function definition,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1650 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>).
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1651 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1652 is the final value of the expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1654
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1655 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1656 Parameters act as local variables that are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1657 initialized with the argument values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1658
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1659 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1660 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] \| ‘<b>...</b>’
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1661 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1662
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1663 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1664 When a function is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1665 the list of arguments is adjusted to
1090 616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 799 diff changeset	1666 the length of the list of parameters if the list is too short,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1667 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1668 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>')
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1669 at the end of its parameter list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1670 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1671 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1672 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1673 which is also written as three dots.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1674 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1675 similar to a function with multiple results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1676 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1677 or in the middle of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1678 then its return list is adjusted to one element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1679 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1680 then no adjustment is made
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1681 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1682
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1683
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1684 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1685 As an example, consider the following definitions:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1686
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1687 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1688 function f(a, b) end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1689 function g(a, b, ...) end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1690 function r() return 1,2,3 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1691 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1692
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1693 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1694 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1695 to the vararg expression:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1696
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1697 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1698 CALL PARAMETERS
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1699
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1700 f(3) a=3, b=nil
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1701 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4
1090 616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 799 diff changeset	1702 f(3, 4, 5) runtime error
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 799 diff changeset	1703 f(r(), 10) runtime error
616761e0b9f6 update documentation for last change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 799 diff changeset	1704 f(r()) runtime error
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1705
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1706 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1707 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1708 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1709 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1710 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1711
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1712 <p>
464 eddf7c73373b fix references in the manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 429 diff changeset	1713 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#control">Control Structures</a>).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1714 If control reaches the end of a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1715 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1716 then the function returns with no results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1717
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1718
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1719 <h3 heading><a name="visibility" href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1720
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1721 <p>
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1722 Luan is a lexically scoped language.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1723 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1724 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1725 of the innermost block that includes the declaration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1726 Consider the following example:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1727
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1728 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1729 x = 10 -- global variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1730 do -- new block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1731 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1732 print(x) --> 10
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1733 x = x+1
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1734 do -- another block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1735 local x = x+1 -- another 'x'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1736 print(x) --> 12
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1737 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1738 print(x) --> 11
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1739 end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1740 print(x) --> 10 (the global one)
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1741 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1742
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1743 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1744 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1745 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1746 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1747
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1748
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1749 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1750 Because of the lexical scoping rules,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1751 local variables can be freely accessed by functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1752 defined inside their scope.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1753 A local variable used by an inner function is called
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1754 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1755 inside the inner function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1756
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1757
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1758 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1759 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1760 defines new local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1761 Consider the following example:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1762
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1763 <pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1764 a = {}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1765 local x = 20
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1766 for i=1,10 do
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1767 local y = 0
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1768 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1769 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1770 </pre>
417 a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1771
a40e99cf0b0b work on manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 396 diff changeset	1772 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1773 The loop creates ten closures
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1774 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function).
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1775 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1776 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1777
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1778
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1779
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1780
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1781
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1782 <h2 heading><a name="libs" href="#libs">Standard Libraries</a></h2>
468 9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1783
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1784 <p>
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1785 The standard Luan libraries provide useful functions
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1786 that are implemented both in Java and in Luan itself.
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1787 How each function is implemented shouldn't matter to the user.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1788 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1789 (e.g., <a href="#Luan.type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a>);
468 9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1790 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O).
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1791
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1792
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1793 <h3 heading><a name="default_lib" href="#default_lib">Default Environment</a></h3>
468 9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1794
9b51e2413cab documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 465 diff changeset	1795 <p>
1353 8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1796 This is provided by default as a local variable for any Luan code as described in <a href="#env">Environments</a>.
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1797
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1798
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1799 <h4 heading><a name="require" href="#require"><code>require (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1800
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1801 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1802 Example use:
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1803
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1804 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	1805 local Table = require "luan:Table.luan"
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1806 </pre>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1807
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1808 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1809 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1810
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1811 <pre>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1812 local function require(mod_name)
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	1813 return <a href="#Package.load">Package.load</a>(mod_name) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("module '"..mod_name.."' not found")
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1814 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1815 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1816
1353 8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1817 <p>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1818 A special case is:
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1819
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1820 <pre>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1821 require "java"
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1822 </pre>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1823
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1824 <p>
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1825 This enables Java in the current chunk if that chunk has permission to use Java. If the chunk doesn't have permission to use Java, then an error is thrown.
8d95711f6615 replace java() with require "java" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1342 diff changeset	1826
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1827
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	1828 <h3 heading><a name="luan_lib" href="#luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></h3>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1829
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1830 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1831 Include this library by:
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1832
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1833 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	1834 local Luan = require "luan:Luan.luan"
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1835 </pre>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1836
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	1837 <p>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1838 The basic library provides basic functions to Luan that don't depend on other libaries.
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1839
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1840
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	1841 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.do_file" href="#Luan.do_file"><code>Luan.do_file ([uri])</code></a></h4>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1842
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1843 <p>
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1844 Could be defined as:
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1845
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1846 <pre>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1847 function Luan.do_file(uri)
1316 11d3640e739d load_file returns nil for missing file Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1303 diff changeset	1848 local fn = <a href="#Luan.load_file">Luan.load_file</a>(uri) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("file '"..uri.."' not found")
11d3640e739d load_file returns nil for missing file Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1303 diff changeset	1849 return fn()
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1850 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1851 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1852
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1853
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1854
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	1855 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.error" href="#Luan.error"><code>Luan.error (message)</code></a></h4>
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1856
5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1857 <p>
482 7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1858 Throws an error containing the message.
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1859
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1860 <p>
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1861 Could be defined as:
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1862
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1863 <pre>
482 7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1864 function Luan.error(message)
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1865 <a href="#Luan.new_error">Luan.new_error</a>(message).throw()
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1866 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1867 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1868
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1869
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1870
1434 56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1871 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.eval" href="#Luan.eval"><code>Luan.eval (text [, source_name [, env]])</code></a></h4>
695 5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1872
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1873 <p>
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1874 Evaluates <code>text</code> as a Luan expression.
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1875
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1876 <p>
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1877 Could be defined as:
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1878
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1879 <pre>
1395 9dfff82dfc59 finish postgres work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1389 diff changeset	1880 function Luan.eval(text,source_name, env)
9dfff82dfc59 finish postgres work Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1389 diff changeset	1881 return <a href="#Luan.load">Luan.load</a>( "return "..text, source_name or "eval", env )()
695 5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1882 end
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1883 </pre>
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1884
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1885
5042e487d717 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 693 diff changeset	1886
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	1887 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.get_metatable" href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>Luan.get_metatable (table)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1888
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1889 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1890 If <code>table</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1891 Otherwise,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1892 if the table's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1893 returns the associated value.
470 5627eb637eb4 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 469 diff changeset	1894 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given table.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1895
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1896
1373 372906d1d08b minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1353 diff changeset	1897 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.hash_code" href="#Luan.ipairs"><code>Luan.hash_code (v)</code></a></h4>
372906d1d08b minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1353 diff changeset	1898
372906d1d08b minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1353 diff changeset	1899 <p>
372906d1d08b minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1353 diff changeset	1900 Returns the hash code of <code>v</code>.
372906d1d08b minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1353 diff changeset	1901
372906d1d08b minor Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1353 diff changeset	1902
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	1903 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.ipairs" href="#Luan.ipairs"><code>Luan.ipairs (t)</code></a></h4>
474 00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1904
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1905 <p>
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1906 Returns an iterator function
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1907 so that the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1908
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1909 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1910 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1911 </pre>
474 00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1912
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1913 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1914 will iterate over the key–value pairs
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1915 (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ...,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1916 up to the first nil value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1917
474 00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1918 <p>
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1919 Could be defined as:
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1920
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1921 <pre>
474 00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1922 function Luan.ipairs(t)
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1923 local i = 0
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1924 return function()
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1925 if i < #t then
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1926 i = i + 1
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1927 return i, t[i]
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1928 end
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1929 end
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1930 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1931 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1932
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1933
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1934
1434 56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1935 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.load" href="#Luan.load"><code>Luan.load (text, [source_name [, env [, persist]]])</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1936
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1937 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1938 Loads a chunk.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1939
474 00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1940 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1941 The <code>text</code> is compiled.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1942 If there are no syntactic errors,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1943 returns the compiled chunk as a function;
474 00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1944 otherwise, throws an error.
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1945
00646edc9d92 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 472 diff changeset	1946 <p>
1434 56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1947 The <code>source_name</code> parameter is a string saying where the text came from. It is used to produce error messages. Defaults to "load".
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1948
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1949 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1950 If the <code>env</code> parameter is supplied, it becomes the <code>_ENV</code> of the chunk.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1951
1434 56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1952 <p>
56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1953 The <code>persist</code> parameter is a boolean which determines if the compiled code is persistently cached to a temporary file. Defaults to <code>false</code>.
56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1954
56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1955
56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1956 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.load_file" href="#Luan.load_file"><code>Luan.load_file (file_uri)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1957
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1958 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1959 Similar to <a href="#Luan.load"><code>load</code></a>,
1434 56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1960 but gets the chunk from file <code>file_uri</code>.
56fb5cd8228d cache compiled code in temp files Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1422 diff changeset	1961 <code>file_uri</code> can be a string or a uri table.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1962
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1963
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	1964 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.new_error" href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error (message)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1965
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1966 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1967 Creates a new error table containing the message assigned to "<code>message</code>". The error table also contains a <code>throw</code> function which throws the error. The table also contains a list of stack trace elements where each stack trace element is a table containing "<code>source</code>", "<code>line</code>", and possible "<code>call_to</code>". The table also has a metatable containing "<code>__to_string</code>" to render the error.
482 7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1968
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1969 <p>
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1970 To print the current stack trace, you could do:
7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1971
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1972 <pre>
482 7e9fcfbf22ec documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 479 diff changeset	1973 Io.print( Luan.new_error "stack" )
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1974 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1975
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1976
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	1977 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.pairs" href="#Luan.pairs"><code>Luan.pairs (t)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1978
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1979 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1980 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1981 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the
475 7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	1982 result from the call.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1983
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1984
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1985 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1986 Otherwise,
475 7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	1987 returns a function
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1988 so that the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1989
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1990 <pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1991 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1992 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1993
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1994 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1995 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1996
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1997
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	1998
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	1999 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2000 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2001 Receives any number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2002 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2003 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2004 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2005 but only as a quick way to show a value,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2006 for instance for debugging.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2007 For complete control over the output,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2008 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2009
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2010
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2011
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2012 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.range" href="#Luan.range"><code>Luan.range (start, stop [, step])</code></a></h4>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2013
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2014 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2015 Based on <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#range">the Python range() function</a>, this lets one iterate through a sequence of numbers.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2016
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2017 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2018 Example use:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2019
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2020 <pre>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2021 for i in range(1,10) do
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2022 Io.print("count up:",i)
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2023 end
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2024 for i in range(10,0,-1) do
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2025 Io.print("count down:",i)
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2026 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2027 </pre>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2028
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2029 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2030 Could be defined as:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2031
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2032 <pre>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2033 function Luan.range(start, stop, step)
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2034 step = step or 1
478 eb6d90fb0b5c documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 476 diff changeset	2035 step == 0 and <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a> "bad argument #3 (step may not be zero)"
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2036 local i = start
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2037 return function()
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2038 if step > 0 and i <= stop or step < 0 and i >= stop then
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2039 local rtn = i
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2040 i = i + step
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2041 return rtn
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2042 end
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2043 end
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2044 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2045 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2046
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2047
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2048
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2049 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_equal" href="#Luan.raw_equal"><code>Luan.raw_equal (v1, v2)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2050
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2051 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2052 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2053 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2054 Returns a boolean.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2055
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2057
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2058 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_get" href="#Luan.raw_get"><code>Luan.raw_get (table, index)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2059
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2060 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2061 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2062 without invoking any metamethod.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2063 <code>table</code> must be a table;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2064 <code>index</code> may be any value.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2065
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2066
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2067
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2068 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_len" href="#Luan.raw_len"><code>Luan.raw_len (v)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2069
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2070 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2071 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2072 which must be a table or a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2073 without invoking any metamethod.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2074 Returns an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2076
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2077
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2078 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.raw_set" href="#Luan.raw_set"><code>Luan.raw_set (table, index, value)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2079
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2080 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2081 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2082 without invoking any metamethod.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2083 <code>table</code> must be a table,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2084 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2085 and <code>value</code> any Lua value.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2086
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2087
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2088 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.set_metatable" href="#Luan.set_metatable"><code>Luan.set_metatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2089
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2090 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2091 Sets the metatable for the given table.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2092 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2093 removes the metatable of the given table.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2094 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2095 raises an error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2096
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2097
1389 eb8b35dccd99 cleanup and stringify change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1384 diff changeset	2098 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.stringify" href="#Luan.stringify"><code>Luan.stringify (v [,options])</code></a></h4>
eb8b35dccd99 cleanup and stringify change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1384 diff changeset	2099
eb8b35dccd99 cleanup and stringify change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1384 diff changeset	2100 <p>
eb8b35dccd99 cleanup and stringify change Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1384 diff changeset	2101 Receives a value of any type and converts it to a string that is a Luan expression. <code>options</code> is a table. If <code>options.strict==true</code> then invalid types throw an error. Otherwise invalid types are represented but the resulting expression is invalid. If <code>options.number_types==true</code> then numbers will be wrapped in functions for their type.
1189 73d754b1889f add stringify Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1164 diff changeset	2102
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2103
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2104 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.to_string" href="#Luan.to_string"><code>Luan.to_string (v)</code></a></h4>
475 7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2105
7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2106 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2107 Receives a value of any type and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2108 converts it to a string in a human-readable format.
475 7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2109
7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2110 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2111 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__to_string"</code> field,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2112 then <code>to_string</code> calls the corresponding value
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2113 with <code>v</code> as argument,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2114 and uses the result of the call as its result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2116
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2117
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2118 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.type" href="#Luan.type"><code>Luan.type (v)</code></a></h4>
475 7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2119
7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2120 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2121 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2122 The possible results of this function are
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2123 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>),
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2124 "<code>number</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2125 "<code>string</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2126 "<code>binary</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2127 "<code>boolean</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2128 "<code>table</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2129 "<code>function</code>",
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2130 and "<code>java</code>".
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2131
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2132
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2133 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.values" href="#Luan.values"><code>Luan.values (···)</code></a></h4>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2134
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2135 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2136 Returns a function so that the construction
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2137
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2138 <pre>
1276 623dfe0e2e73 change Luan.values Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1272 diff changeset	2139 for i, v in Luan.values(···) do <em>body</em> end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2140 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2141
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2142 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2143 will iterate over all values of <code>···</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2144
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2145
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2146
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2147 <h4 heading><a name="Luan.VERSION" href="#Luan.VERSION"><code>Luan.VERSION</code></a></h4>
475 7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2148
7ac0891718eb documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 474 diff changeset	2149 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2150 A global variable (not a function) that
1325 28c1fc6d9d29 website - make docs html Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1324 diff changeset	2151 holds a string containing the current Luan version.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2152
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2153
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2154
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2155
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2156
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2157
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	2158 <h3 heading><a name="package_lib" href="#package_lib">Modules</a></h3>
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2159
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2160 <p>
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2161 Include this library by:
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2162
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2163 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	2164 local Package = require "luan:Package.luan"
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2165 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2166
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2167 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2168 The package library provides basic
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2169 facilities for loading modules in Luan.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2170
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2171
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2172 <h4 heading><a name="Package.load" href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2173
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2174 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2175 Loads the given module.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2176 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#Package.loaded"><code>Package.loaded</code></a> table
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2177 to determine whether <code>mod_uri</code> is already loaded.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2178 If it is, then <code>Package.load</code> returns the value stored
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2179 at <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code>.
476 cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2180 Otherwise, it tries to load a new value for the module.
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2181
cd22e4694ea3 documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 475 diff changeset	2182 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2183 To load a new value, <code>Package.load</code> first checks if <code>mod_uri</code> starts with "<b>java:</b>". If yes, then this is a Java class which is loaded by special Java code.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2184
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2185 <p>
799 9c13a15a4002 Package.load() now returns false instead of null, and caches the result. This cleans up the luan.isLocked issues. Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 793 diff changeset	2186 Otherwise <code>Package.load</code> tries to read the text of the file referred to by <code>mod_uri</code>. If the file doesn't exist, then <code>Package.load</code> returns <b>false</b>. If the file exists, then its content is compiled into a chunk by calling <a href="#Luan.load"><code>Luan.load</code></a>. This chunk is run passing in <code>mod_uri</code> as an argument. The value returned by the chunk must not be <b>nil</b> and is loaded.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2187
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2188 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2189 If a new value for the module successful loaded, then it is stored in <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code>. The value is returned.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2190
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2191
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2192
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2193
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2194 <h4 heading><a name="Package.loaded" href="#Package.loaded"><code>Package.loaded</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2195
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2196
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2197 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2198 A table used by <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a> to control which
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2199 modules are already loaded.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2200 When you load a module <code>mod_uri</code> and
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2201 <code>Package.loaded[mod_uri]</code> is not <b>nil</b>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2202 <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a> simply returns the value stored there.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2203
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2204
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2205 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2206 This variable is only a reference to the real table;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2207 assignments to this variable do not change the
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2208 table used by <a href="#Package.load"><code>Package.load</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2209
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2210
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2211
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2212
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2213
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2214
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	2215 <h3 heading><a name="string_lib" href="#string_lib">String Manipulation</a></h3>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2216
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2217 <p>
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2218 Include this library by:
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2219
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2220 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	2221 local String = require "luan:String.luan"
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2222 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2223
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2224 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2225 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2226 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching.
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2227 When indexing a string in Luan, the first character is at position 1
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2228 (not at 0, as in Java).
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2229 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2230 from the end of the string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2231 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2232
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2234
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2235 <h4 heading><a name="String.char" href="#String.char"><code>String.char (···)</code></a></h4>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2236
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2237 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2238 Receives zero or more integers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2239 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2240 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2241 to its corresponding argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2242
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2243
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2244 <h4 heading><a name="String.encode" href="#String.encode"><code>String.encode (s)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2245
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2246 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2247 Encodes argument <code>s</code> into a string that can be placed in quotes so as to return the original value of the string.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2248
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2249
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2250
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2251
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2252 <h4 heading><a name="String.find" href="#String.find"><code>String.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2253
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2254 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2255 Looks for the first match of
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2256 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2257 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2258 where this occurrence starts and ends;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2259 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2260 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2261 where to start the search;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2262 its default value is 1 and can be negative.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2263 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2264 turns off the pattern matching facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2265 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2266 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2267 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2269 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2270 If the pattern has captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2271 then in a successful match
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2272 the captured values are also returned,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2273 after the two indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2274
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2275
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2276
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2277
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2278 <h4 heading><a name="String.format" href="#String.format"><code>String.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2279
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2280
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2281 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2282 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2283 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string).
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2284 The format string follows the same rules as the Java function <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#format(java.lang.String,%20java.lang.Object...)"><code>String.format</code></a> because Luan calls this internally.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2285
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2286 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2287 Note that Java's <code>String.format</code> is too stupid to convert between ints and floats, so you must provide the right kind of number.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2288
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2289
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2290
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2291 <h4 heading><a name="String.gmatch" href="#String.gmatch"><code>String.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h4>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2292
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2293 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2294 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2295 each time it is called,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2296 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2297 over the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2298 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2299 then the whole match is produced in each call.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2300
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2301
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2302 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2303 As an example, the following loop
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2304 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2305 printing one per line:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2306
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2307 <pre>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2308 local s = "hello world from Lua"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2309 for w in String.gmatch(s, [[\w+]]) do
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2310 print(w)
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2311 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2312 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2313
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2314 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2315 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2316 given string into a table:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2317
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2318 <pre>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2319 local t = {}
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2320 local s = "from=world, to=Lua"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2321 for k, v in String.gmatch(s, [[(\w+)=(\w+)]]) do
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2322 t[k] = v
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2323 end
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2324 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2325
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2326 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2327 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2328 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2329
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2330
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2331
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2332 <h4 heading><a name="String.gsub" href="#String.gsub"><code>String.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2333
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2334 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2335 Returns a copy of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2336 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2337 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) have been
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2338 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2339 which can be a string, a table, or a function.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2340 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2341 the total number of matches that occurred.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2342 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2343
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2344
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2345 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2346 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2347 The character <code>\</code> works as an escape character.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2348 Any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>$<em>d</em></code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2349 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2350 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2351 The sequence <code>$0</code> stands for the whole match.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2352
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2353
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2354 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2355 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2356 using the first capture as the key.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2359 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2360 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2361 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2362 in order.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2363
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2364
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2365 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2366 In any case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2367 if the pattern specifies no captures,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2368 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2369
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2370
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2371 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2372 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2373 is not <b>nil</b>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2374 then it is used as the replacement string;
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2375 otherwise, if it is <b>nil</b>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2376 then there is no replacement
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2377 (that is, the original match is kept in the string).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2378
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2379
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2380 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2381 Here are some examples:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2382
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2383 <pre>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2384 x = String.gsub("hello world", [[(\w+)]], "$1 $1")
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2385 --> x="hello hello world world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2386
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2387 x = String.gsub("hello world", [[\w+]], "$0 $0", 1)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2388 --> x="hello hello world"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2389
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2390 x = String.gsub("hello world from Luan", [[(\w+)\s*(\w+)]], "$2 $1")
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2391 --> x="world hello Luan from"
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2392
e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2393 x = String.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", [[\$(.*?)\$]], function (s)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2394 return load(s)()
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2395 end)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2396 --> x="4+5 = 9"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2397
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2398 local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"}
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2399 x = String.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", [[\$(\w+)]], t)
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2400 --> x="lua-5.3.tar.gz"
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2401 </pre>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2402
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2403
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2404 <h4 heading><a name="String.lower" href="#String.lower"><code>String.lower (s)</code></a></h4>
555 e25ba7a2e816 some String documentation and fixes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 553 diff changeset	2405 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2406 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2407 uppercase letters changed to lowercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2408 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2410
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2411
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2412 <h4 heading><a name="String.match" href="#String.match"><code>String.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2413
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2414 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2415 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2416 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html">Pattern</a>) in the string <code>s</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2417 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2418 the captures from the pattern;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2419 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2420 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2421 then the whole match is returned.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2422 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2423 where to start the search;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2424 its default value is 1 and can be negative.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2425
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2426
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2427 <h4 heading><a name="String.matches" href="#String.matches"><code>String.matches (s, pattern)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2428 <p>
629 35dde32c02ab change String.matches() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 626 diff changeset	2429 Returns a boolean indicating whether the <code>pattern</code> can be found in string <code>s</code>.
35dde32c02ab change String.matches() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 626 diff changeset	2430 This function is equivalent to
35dde32c02ab change String.matches() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 626 diff changeset	2431
35dde32c02ab change String.matches() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 626 diff changeset	2432 <pre>
35dde32c02ab change String.matches() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 626 diff changeset	2433 return String.match(s,pattern) ~= nil
35dde32c02ab change String.matches() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 626 diff changeset	2434 </pre>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2435
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2436
1422 e48290f3d9fb better quoting Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1395 diff changeset	2437 <h4 heading><a name="String.regex_quote" href="#String.regex_quote"><code>String.regex_quote (s)</code></a></h4>
e48290f3d9fb better quoting Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1395 diff changeset	2438 <p>
e48290f3d9fb better quoting Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1395 diff changeset	2439 Returns a string which matches the literal string <code>s</code> in a regular expression. This function is simply the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/regex/Pattern.html#quote(java.lang.String)"><code>Pattern.quote</code></a>.
e48290f3d9fb better quoting Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1395 diff changeset	2440
e48290f3d9fb better quoting Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1395 diff changeset	2441
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2442 <h4 heading><a name="String.rep" href="#String.rep"><code>String.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2443 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2444 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2445 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2446 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2447 (that is, no separator).
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2448 Returns the empty string if <code>n</code> is not positive.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2449
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2450
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2451
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2452
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2453 <h4 heading><a name="String.reverse" href="#String.reverse"><code>String.reverse (s)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2454 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2455 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2456
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2457
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2458
1195 9a57f0b16c2b better String.split Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1189 diff changeset	2459 <h4 heading><a name="String.split" href="#String.match"><code>String.split (s, pattern [, limit])</code></a></h4>
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1189 diff changeset	2460
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1189 diff changeset	2461 <p>
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1189 diff changeset	2462 Splits <code>s</code> using regex <code>pattern</code> and returns the results. If <code>limit</code> is positive, then only returns at most that many results. If <code>limit</code> is zero, then remove trailing empty results.
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1189 diff changeset	2463
9a57f0b16c2b better String.split Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1189 diff changeset	2464
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2465
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2466 <h4 heading><a name="String.sub" href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2467
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2468 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2469 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2470 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2471 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2472 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2473 (which is the same as the string length).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2474 In particular,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2475 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2476 with length <code>j</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2477 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2478 with length <code>i</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2479
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2480
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2481 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2482 If, after the translation of negative indices,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2483 <code>i</code> is less than 1,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2484 it is corrected to 1.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2485 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2486 it is corrected to that length.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2487 If, after these corrections,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2488 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2489 the function returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2490
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2491
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2492
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2493 <h4 heading><a name="String.to_binary" href="#String.to_binary"><code>String.to_binary (s)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2494
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2495 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2496 Converts a string to a binary by calling the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#getBytes()"><code>String.getBytes</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2497
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2498
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2499
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2500 <h4 heading><a name="String.to_number" href="#String.to_number"><code>String.to_number (s [, base])</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2501
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2502 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2503 When called with no <code>base</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2504 <code>to_number</code> tries to convert its argument to a number.
556 d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2505 If the argument is
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2506 a string convertible to a number,
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2507 then <code>to_number</code> returns this number;
556 d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2508 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2509
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2510 The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2511
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2512
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2513 <p>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2514 When called with <code>base</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2515 then <code>s</code> must be a string to be interpreted as
556 d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2516 an integer numeral in that base.
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2517 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case)
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2518 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2519 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2520 If the string <code>s</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base,
556 d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2521 the function returns <b>nil</b>.
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2522
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2523
d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2524
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2525 <h4 heading><a name="String.trim" href="#String.trim"><code>String.trim (s)</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2526
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2527 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2528 Removes the leading and trailing whitespace by calling the Java method <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#trim()"><code>String.trim</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2529
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2530
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2531
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2532
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2533 <h4 heading><a name="String.unicode" href="#String.unicode"><code>String.unicode (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2534
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2535 <p>
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2536 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>,
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2537 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2538 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1;
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2539 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>.
556 d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2540 These indices are corrected
562 7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2541 following the same rules of function <a href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub</code></a>.
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2542
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2543
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2544
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2545
7cc9d4a53d3b remove SimplyHTML from documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 556 diff changeset	2546
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2547 <h4 heading><a name="String.upper" href="#String.upper"><code>String.upper (s)</code></a></h4>
556 d02f43598ba3 finish String documentation Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 555 diff changeset	2548 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2549 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2550 lowercase letters changed to uppercase.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2551 All other characters are left unchanged.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2552 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2553
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2554
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2555
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2556
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2557
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	2558 <h3 heading><a name="binary_lib" href="#binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></h3>
567 6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2559
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2560 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2561 Include this library by:
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2562
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2563 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	2564 local Binary = require "luan:Binary.luan"
567 6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2565 </pre>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2566
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2567
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2568 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.binary" href="#Binary.binary"><code>Binary.binary (···)</code></a></h4>
567 6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2569
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2570 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2571 Receives zero or more bytes (as integers).
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2572 Returns a binary with length equal to the number of arguments,
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2573 in which each byte has the internal numerical code equal
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2574 to its corresponding argument.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2575
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2576
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2577 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.byte" href="#Binary.byte"><code>Binary.byte (b [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
567 6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2578
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2579 <p>
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2580 Returns the internal numerical codes of the bytes <code>b[i]</code>,
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2581 <code>b[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>b[j]</code>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2582 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1;
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2583 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2584 These indices are corrected
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2585 following the same rules of function <a href="#String.sub"><code>String.sub</code></a>.
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2586
6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2587
1257 e38f5869e9df don't reset in send_redirect and other improvements Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1216 diff changeset	2588 <h4 heading><a name="Binary.to_string" href="#Binary.to_string"><code>Binary.to_string (b [,charset])</code></a></h4>
e38f5869e9df don't reset in send_redirect and other improvements Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1216 diff changeset	2589 <p>
e38f5869e9df don't reset in send_redirect and other improvements Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1216 diff changeset	2590 If <code>charset</code> is not nil then converts the binary <code>b</code> to a string using the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String(byte[],%20java.lang.String)">String constructor</a>, else makes each byte a char.
567 6c00b8a59240 document Binary Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 566 diff changeset	2591
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2592
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2593
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2594
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	2595 <h3 heading><a name="table_lib" href="#table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></h3>
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2596
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2597 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2598 Include this library by:
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2599
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2600 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	2601 local Table = require "luan:Table.luan"
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2602 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2603
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2604 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2605 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation.
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2606 It provides all its functions inside the table <code>Table</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2607
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2608
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2609
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2610 <h4 heading><a name="Table.clear" href="#Table.clear"><code>Table.clear (tbl)</code></a></h4>
580 1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear(); Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 567 diff changeset	2611
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear(); Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 567 diff changeset	2612 <p>
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear(); Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 567 diff changeset	2613 Clears the table.
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear(); Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 567 diff changeset	2614
1e69d9c21461 add Table.clear(); Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 567 diff changeset	2615
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2616 <h4 heading><a name="Table.concat" href="#Table.concat"><code>Table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h4>
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2617
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2618 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2619 Given a list,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2620 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2621 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2622 the default for <code>i</code> is 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2623 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2624 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2625
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2626
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2627 <h4 heading><a name="Table.copy" href="#Table.copy"><code>Table.copy (tbl [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2628
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2629 <p>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2630 If <code>i</code> is <code>nil</code>, returns a shallow copy of <code>tbl</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2631 Otherwise returns a new table which is a list of the elements <code>tbl[i] ··· tbl[j]</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2632 By default, <code>j</code> is <code>#tbl</code>.
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2633
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2634
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2635
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2636 <h4 heading><a name="Table.insert" href="#Table.insert"><code>Table.insert (list, pos, value)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2637
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2638 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2639 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2640 shifting up the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2641 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>.
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2642
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2643
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2644
1100 ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2645 <h4 heading><a name="Table.is_empty" href="#Table.is_empty"><code>Table.is_empty (tbl)</code></a></h4>
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2646
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2647
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2648
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2649 <h4 heading><a name="Table.pack" href="#Table.pack"><code>Table.pack (···)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2650
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2651 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2652 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2653 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2654 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2655
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2656
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2657
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2658
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2659 <h4 heading><a name="Table.remove" href="#Table.remove"><code>Table.remove (list, pos)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2660
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2661
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2662 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2663 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2664 returning the value of the removed element.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2665 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2666 it shifts down the elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2667 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2668 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2669 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2670 or <code>#list + 1</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2671 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2672
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2673
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2674
1100 ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2675 <h4 heading><a name="Table.size" href="#Table.size"><code>Table.size (tbl)</code></a></h4>
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2676
ad6b3b9fef40 add Table.is_empty() and Table.size() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1092 diff changeset	2677
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2678
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2679 <h4 heading><a name="Table.sort" href="#Table.sort"><code>Table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2680
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2681 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2682 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2683 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2684 If <code>comp</code> is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2685 then it must be a function that receives two list elements
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2686 and returns true when the first element must come
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2687 before the second in the final order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2688 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2689 If <code>comp</code> is not given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2690 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2691
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2692 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2693 The sort algorithm is not stable;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2694 that is, elements considered equal by the given order
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2695 may have their relative positions changed by the sort.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2696
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2697
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2698
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2699 <h4 heading><a name="Table.unpack" href="#Table.unpack"><code>Table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2700
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2701 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2702 Returns the elements from the given list.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2703 This function is equivalent to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2704
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2705 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2706 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j]
565 22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2707 </pre>
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2708
22bfd8a2eaee do Table documentation; Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 562 diff changeset	2709 <p>
1277 5ba660381bd5 fix Io.print() Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1276 diff changeset	2710 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>list.n or #list</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2711
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2712
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2713
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2714
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	2715 <h3 heading><a name="number_lib" href="#number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></h3>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2716
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2717 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2718 Include this library by:
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2719
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2720 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	2721 local Number = require "luan:Number.luan"
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2722 </pre>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2723
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2724
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2725 <h4 heading><a name="Number.double" href="#Number.double"><code>Number.double (x)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2726 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2727 Returns <code>x</code> as a double.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2728
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2729
1342 60599adc27b8 add lucene search options Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1327 diff changeset	2730 <h4 heading><a name="Number.float" href="#Number.double"><code>Number.float (x)</code></a></h4>
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1327 diff changeset	2731 <p>
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1327 diff changeset	2732 Returns <code>x</code> as a float.
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1327 diff changeset	2733
60599adc27b8 add lucene search options Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1327 diff changeset	2734
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2735 <h4 heading><a name="Number.integer" href="#Number.integer"><code>Number.integer (x)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2736 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2737 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an integer,
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2738 returns that integer.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2739 Otherwise throws an error.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2740
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2741
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2742 <h4 heading><a name="Number.long" href="#Number.long"><code>Number.long (x)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2743 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2744 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an long,
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2745 returns that long.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2746 Otherwise throws an error.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2747
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2748
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2749 <h4 heading><a name="Number.long_to_string" href="#Number.long_to_string"><code>Number.long_to_string (i, radix)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2750 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2751 Converts long value <code>i</code> to a string by calling <code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Long.html#toString(long,%20int)">Long.toString</a></code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2752
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2753
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2754 <h4 heading><a name="Number.type" href="#Number.type"><code>Number.type (x)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2755 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2756 Returns a string for the numeric type of <code>x</code>. Possible return values include "<code>integer</code>", "<code>long</code>", "<code>double</code>", and "<code>float</code>".
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2757
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2758
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2759
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2760
1327 b29eefad2111 website - improve docs Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 1326 diff changeset	2761 <h3 heading><a name="math_lib" href="#math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></h3>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2762
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2763 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2764 Include this library by:
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2765
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2766 <pre>
693 ca169567ce07 module URIs must now include ".luan" Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 685 diff changeset	2767 local Math = require "luan:Math.luan"
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2768 </pre>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2769
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2770 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2771 This library provides basic mathematical functions.
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2772 It provides all its functions and constants inside the table <code>Math</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2773
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2774
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2775 <h4 heading><a name="Math.abs" href="#Math.abs"><code>Math.abs (x)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2776
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2777 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2778 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2779
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2780
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2781
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2782 <h4 heading><a name="Math.acos" href="#Math.acos"><code>Math.acos (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2783
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2784 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2785 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2786
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2788
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2789
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2790 <h4 heading><a name="Math.asin" href="#Math.asin"><code>Math.asin (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2791
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2792 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2793 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2794
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2795
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2796
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2797
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2798 <h4 heading><a name="Math.atan" href="#Math.atan"><code>Math.atan (y, x)</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2799
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2800 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2801 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2802 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2803 quadrant of the result.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2804 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2805
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2806
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2807
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2808
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2809 <h4 heading><a name="Math.ceil" href="#Math.ceil"><code>Math.ceil (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2810
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2811 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2812 Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2813
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2814
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2815
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2816
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2817 <h4 heading><a name="Math.cos" href="#Math.cos"><code>Math.cos (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2818
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2819 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2820 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2821
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2822
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2823
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2824
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2825 <h4 heading><a name="Math.deg" href="#Math.deg"><code>Math.deg (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2826
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2827 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2828 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from radians to degrees.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2829
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2830
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2831
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2832
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2833 <h4 heading><a name="Math.exp" href="#Math.exp"><code>Math.exp (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2834
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2835 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2836 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2837 (where <code>e</code> is the base of natural logarithms).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2838
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2839
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2840
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2841
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2842 <h4 heading><a name="Math.floor" href="#Math.floor"><code>Math.floor (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2843
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2844 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2845 Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2846
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2847
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2848
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2849
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2850 <h4 heading><a name="Math.fmod" href="#Math.fmod"><code>Math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2851
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2852 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2853 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2854 that rounds the quotient towards zero.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2855
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2856
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2857
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2858
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2859 <h4 heading><a name="Math.huge" href="#Math.huge"><code>Math.huge</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2860
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2861 <p>
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2862 A value larger than any other numerical value.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2863
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2864
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2865
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2866
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2867 <h4 heading><a name="Math.log" href="#Math.log"><code>Math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2868
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2869 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2870 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2871 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2872 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2873
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2874
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2876
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2877 <h4 heading><a name="Math.max" href="#Math.max"><code>Math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2878
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2879 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2880 Returns the argument with the maximum value,
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2881 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2882
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2883
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2884
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2885
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2886 <h4 heading><a name="Math.max_integer" href="#Math.max_integer"><code>Math.max_integer</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2887 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2888 An integer with the maximum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2889
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2890
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2891
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2892
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2893 <h4 heading><a name="Math.min" href="#Math.min"><code>Math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2894
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2895 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2896 Returns the argument with the minimum value,
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2897 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>.
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2898
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2899
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2900
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2901
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2902 <h4 heading><a name="Math.min_integer" href="#Math.min_integer"><code>Math.min_integer</code></a></h4>
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2903 <p>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2904 An integer with the minimum value for an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2905
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2906
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2907
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2908
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2909 <h4 heading><a name="Math.modf" href="#Math.modf"><code>Math.modf (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2911 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2912 Returns the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>.
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2913
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2914
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2915
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2916
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2917 <h4 heading><a name="Math.pi" href="#Math.pi"><code>Math.pi</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2918
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2919 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2920 The value of <em>π</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2921
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2922
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2923
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2924
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2925 <h4 heading><a name="Math.rad" href="#Math.rad"><code>Math.rad (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2926
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2927 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2928 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from degrees to radians.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2929
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2930
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2931
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2932
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2933 <h4 heading><a name="Math.random" href="#Math.random"><code>Math.random ([m [, n])</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2934
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2935
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2936 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2937 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2938 returns a pseudo-random float with uniform distribution
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2939 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2940 When called with two integers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>,
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2941 <code>Math.random</code> returns a pseudo-random integer
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2942 with uniform distribution in the range <em>[m, n]</em>.
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2943 (The value <em>m-n</em> cannot be negative and must fit in a Luan integer.)
90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2944 The call <code>Math.random(n)</code> is equivalent to <code>Math.random(1,n)</code>.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2945
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2946
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2947 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2948 This function is an interface to the underling
566 90b93790c544 Number and Math documentation and minor changes Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 565 diff changeset	2949 pseudo-random generator function provided by Java.
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2950 No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2951
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2953
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2954
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2955 <h4 heading><a name="Math.sin" href="#Math.sin"><code>Math.sin (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2956
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2957 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2958 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2959
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2960
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2961
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2962
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2963 <h4 heading><a name="Math.sqrt" href="#Math.sqrt"><code>Math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2965 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2966 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2967 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2968
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2969
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2970
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2971
642 c4216a583de4 add links to functions in manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 629 diff changeset	2972 <h4 heading><a name="Math.tan" href="#Math.tan"><code>Math.tan (x)</code></a></h4>
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2974 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2975 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2976
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2977
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2978
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2979
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2980
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2981
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2982
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2983
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2984 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2985
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2986 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2987 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2988 The first one uses implicit file handles;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2989 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2990 default output file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2991 and all input/output operations are over these default files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2992 The second style uses explicit file handles.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2993
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2994
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2995 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2996 When using implicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2997 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2998 When using explicit file handles,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	2999 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file handle
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3000 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3001
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3002
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3003 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3004 The table <code>io</code> also provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3005 three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3006 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3007 The I/O library never closes these files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3008
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3009
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3010 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3011 Unless otherwise stated,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3012 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3013 (plus an error message as a second result and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3014 a system-dependent error code as a third result)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3015 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3016 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3017 the computation of the error message and error code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3018 in case of errors
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3019 may be not thread safe,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3020 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3021
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3022
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3023 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3024 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3025
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3026
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3027 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3028 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3029 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3030
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3031
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3032
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3033
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3034 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3035 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3036
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3037
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3038 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3039 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3041
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3042
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3043
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3044 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3045 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3046
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3047
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3048 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3049 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3050 and sets its handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3051 When called with a file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3052 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3053 When called without parameters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3054 it returns the current default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3055
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3057 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3058 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3059 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3060
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3061
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3062
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3063
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3064 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3065 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3067
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3068 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3069 Opens the given file name in read mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3070 and returns an iterator function that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3071 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3072 When the iterator function detects the end of file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3073 it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3074
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3076 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3077 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3078 to <code>io.input():lines("*l")</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3079 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3080 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3081
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3082
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3083 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3084 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3085 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3086
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3088
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3089
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3090 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3091 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3092
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3093
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3094 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3095 This function opens a file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3096 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3097 It returns a new file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3098 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3099
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3100
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3101 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3102 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3103
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3104 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3105 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3106 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3107 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3108 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3109 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3110 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3111 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3112 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3113 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3114 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3116
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3117
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3118
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3119 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3120 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3121
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3122
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3123 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3124 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3125
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3126
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3127
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3128
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3129 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3130 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3131
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3132
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3133 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3134 This function is system dependent and is not available
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3135 on all platforms.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3136
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3137
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3138 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3139 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3140 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3141 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3142 or to write data to this program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3143 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3144
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3145
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3146
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3147
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3148 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3149 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3150
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3151
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3152 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3153 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3154
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3156
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3157
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3158 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3159 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3160
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3161
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3162 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3163 Returns a handle for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3164 This file is opened in update mode
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3165 and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3166
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3167
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3168
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3169
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3170 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3171 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3172
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3173
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3174 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3175 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3176 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3177 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3178 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3179
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3180
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3181
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3182
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3183 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3184 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3185
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3186
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3187 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3188 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3189
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3190
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3191
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3192
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3193 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3194 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3195
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3196
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3197 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3198 Closes <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3199 Note that files are automatically closed when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3200 their handles are garbage collected,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3201 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3202
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3203
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3204 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3205 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3206 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3207 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3208
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3210
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3211
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3212 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3213 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3216 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3217 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3218
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3219
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3220
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3221
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3222 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3223 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3224
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3225
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3226 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3227 Returns an iterator function that,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3228 each time it is called,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3229 reads the file according to the given formats.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3230 When no format is given,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3231 uses "<code>l</code>" as a default.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3232 As an example, the construction
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3233
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3234 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3235 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3236 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3237 will iterate over all characters of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3238 starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3239 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3240 when the loop ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3241
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3242
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3243 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3244 In case of errors this function raises the error,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3245 instead of returning an error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3246
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3247
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3248
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3249
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3250 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3251 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3252
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3253
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3254 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3255 Reads the file <code>file</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3256 according to the given formats, which specify what to read.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3257 For each format,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3258 the function returns a string or a number with the characters read,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3259 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3260 (In this latter case,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3261 the function does not read subsequent formats.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3262 When called without formats,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3263 it uses a default format that reads the next line
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3264 (see below).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3265
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3266
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3267 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3268 The available formats are
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3269
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3270 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3271
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3272 <li><b>"<code>n</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3273 reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3274 following the lexical conventions of Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3275 (The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3276 This format always reads the longest input sequence that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3277 is a valid prefix for a number;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3278 if that prefix does not form a valid number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3279 (e.g., an empty string, "<code>0x</code>", or "<code>3.4e-</code>"),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3280 it is discarded and the function returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3281 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3282
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3283 <li><b>"<code>i</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3284 reads an integral number and returns it as an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3285 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3286
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3287 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3288 reads the whole file, starting at the current position.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3289 On end of file, it returns the empty string.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3290 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3292 <li><b>"<code>l</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3293 reads the next line skipping the end of line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3294 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3295 This is the default format.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3296 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3297
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3298 <li><b>"<code>L</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3299 reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3300 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3301 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3302
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3303 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3304 reads a string with up to this number of bytes,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3305 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3306 If <code>number</code> is zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3307 it reads nothing and returns an empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3308 or <b>nil</b> on end of file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3309 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3310
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3311 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3312 The formats "<code>l</code>" and "<code>L</code>" should be used only for text files.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3313
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3314
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3316
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3317 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3318 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3319
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3320
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3321 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3322 Sets and gets the file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3323 measured from the beginning of the file,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3324 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3325 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3326
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3327 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3328 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3329 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3330 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3331 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3332 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3333 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3334 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3335 plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3336
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3338 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3339 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3340 and for <code>offset</code> is 0.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3341 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3342 file position, without changing it;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3343 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3344 beginning of the file (and returns 0);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3345 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3346 end of the file, and returns its size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3347
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3348
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3349
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3350
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3351 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3352 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3353
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3354
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3355 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3356 Sets the buffering mode for an output file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3357 There are three available modes:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3359 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3361 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3362 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3363 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3364
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3365 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3366 full buffering; output operation is performed only
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3367 when the buffer is full or when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3368 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3369 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3370
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3371 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3372 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3373 or there is any input from some special files
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3374 (such as a terminal device).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3375 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3376
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3377 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3378 For the last two cases, <code>size</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3379 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3380 The default is an appropriate size.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3381
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3382
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3383
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3384
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3385 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3386 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3387
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3388
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3389 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3390 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3391 The arguments must be strings or numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3392
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3393
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3394 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3395 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3396 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3397
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3398
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3400
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3401
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3402
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3403
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3404 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3405
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3406 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3407 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3408
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3410 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3411 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3413
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3414 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3415 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3416 used by the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3417
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3418
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3419
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3420
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3421 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3422 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3423
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3424
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3425 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3426 Returns a string or a table containing date and time,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3427 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3428
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3429
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3430 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3431 If the <code>time</code> argument is present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3432 this is the time to be formatted
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3433 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3434 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3435
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3436
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3437 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3438 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>',
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3439 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3440 After this optional character,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3441 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3442 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3443 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3444 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3445 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3446 <code>yday</code> (day of the year),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3447 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3448 This last field may be absent
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3449 if the information is not available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3450
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3451
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3452 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3453 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3454 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3455 formatted according to the same rules as the ISO C function <code>strftime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3456
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3457
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3458 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3459 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3460 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3461 the host system and on the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3462 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3463
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3464
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3465 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3466 On non-POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3467 this function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3468 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3469
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3470
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3471
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3472
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3473 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3474 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3475
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3476
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3477 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3478 Returns the difference, in seconds,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3479 from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3480 (where the times are values returned by <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3481 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3482 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3483
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3484
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3485
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3486
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3487 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3488 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3489
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3490
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3491 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3492 This function is equivalent to the ISO C function <code>system</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3493 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3494 Its first result is <b>true</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3495 if the command terminated successfully,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3496 or <b>nil</b> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3497 After this first result
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3498 the function returns a string plus a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3499 as follows:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3500
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3501 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3502
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3503 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3504 the command terminated normally;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3505 the following number is the exit status of the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3506 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3507
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3508 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3509 the command was terminated by a signal;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3510 the following number is the signal that terminated the command.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3511 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3512
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3513 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3514
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3515 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3516 When called without a <code>command</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3517 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3518
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3519
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3520
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3521
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3522 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3523 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3524
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3525
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3526 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3527 Calls the ISO C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3528 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3529 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3530 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3531 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3532 if <code>code</code> is a number,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3533 the returned status is this number.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3534 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3535
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3536
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3537 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3538 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3539 closes the Lua state before exiting.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3540
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3541
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3542
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3543
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3544 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3545 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3546
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3547
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3548 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3549 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3550 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3551
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3552
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3553
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3554
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3555 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3556 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3557
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3558
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3559 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3560 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3561 with the given name.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3562 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3563 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3564
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3565
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3566
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3567
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3568 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3569 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3570
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3571
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3572 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3573 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3574 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3575 plus a string describing the error and the error code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3576
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3577
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3578
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3579
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3580 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3581 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3582
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3583
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3584 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3585 Sets the current locale of the program.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3586 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3587 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3588 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3589 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3590 the default category is <code>"all"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3591 The function returns the name of the new locale,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3592 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3593
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3594
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3595 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3596 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3597 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3598 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3599 the current locale is set to the standard C locale.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3600
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3601
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3602 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3603 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3604 this function only returns the name of the current locale
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3605 for the given category.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3606
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3607
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3608 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3609 This function may be not thread safe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3610 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3611
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3612
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3613
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3614
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3615 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3616 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3617
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3618
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3619 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3620 Returns the current time when called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3621 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3622 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3623 and may have fields
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3624 <code>hour</code> (default is 12),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3625 <code>min</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3626 <code>sec</code> (default is 0),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3627 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3628 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3629
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3630
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3631 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3632 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3633 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3634 this number counts the number
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3635 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch").
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3636 In other systems, the meaning is not specified,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3637 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3638 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3639
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3640
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3641
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3642
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3643 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3644 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3645
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3646
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3647 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3648 Returns a string with a file name that can
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3649 be used for a temporary file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3650 The file must be explicitly opened before its use
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3651 and explicitly removed when no longer needed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3652
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3653
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3654 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3655 On POSIX systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3656 this function also creates a file with that name,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3657 to avoid security risks.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3658 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3659 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3660 You still have to open the file to use it
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3661 and to remove it (even if you do not use it).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3662
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3663
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3664 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3665 When possible,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3666 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3667 which automatically removes the file when the program ends.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3668
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3669
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3670
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3671
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3672
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3673
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3674
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3675 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3676
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3677 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3678 This library provides
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3679 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3680 You should exert care when using this library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3681 Several of its functions
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3682 violate basic assumptions about Lua code
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3683 (e.g., that variables local to a function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3684 cannot be accessed from outside;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3685 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3686 that Lua programs do not crash)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3687 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3688 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3689
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3690
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3691 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3692 All functions in this library are provided
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3693 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3694 All functions that operate over a thread
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3695 have an optional first argument which is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3696 thread to operate over.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3697 The default is always the current thread.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3698
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3699
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3700 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3701 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3702
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3703
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3704 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3705 Enters an interactive mode with the user,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3706 running each string that the user enters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3707 Using simple commands and other debug facilities,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3708 the user can inspect global and local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3709 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3710 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3711 so that the caller continues its execution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3712
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3713
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3714 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3715 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3716 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3717
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3718
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3719
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3720
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3721 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3722 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3723
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3724
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3725 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3726 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3727 the current hook function, the current hook mask,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3728 and the current hook count
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3729 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3730
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3731
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3732
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3733
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3734 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3735 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3736
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3737
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3738 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3739 Returns a table with information about a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3740 You can give the function directly
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3741 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3742 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3743 of the given thread:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3744 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3745 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3746 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack);
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3747 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3748 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3749 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3750
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3751
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3752 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3753 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3754 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3755 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3756 except the table of valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3757 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3758 the option '<code>f</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3759 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3760 If present,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3761 the option '<code>L</code>'
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3762 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3763 valid lines.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3764
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3765
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3766 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3767 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3768 a table with a name for the current function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3769 if a reasonable name can be found,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3770 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3771 returns a table with all available information
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3772 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3773
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3774
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3775
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3776
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3777 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3778 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3779
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3780
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3781 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3782 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3783 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3784 This function accesses not only explicit local variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3785 but also parameters, temporaries, etc.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3786
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3787
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3788 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3789 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3790 following the order that they are declared in the code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3791 counting only the variables that are active
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3792 in the current scope of the function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3793 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3794 -1 is the first vararg parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3795 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3796 and raises an error when called with a level out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3797 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3798
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3799
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3800 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3801 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3802 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3803 (internal variables such as loop control variables,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3804 and variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3805
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3806
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3807 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3808 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3809 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3810
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3811
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3812
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3813
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3814 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3815 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3816
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3817
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3818 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3819 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3820 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3821
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3822
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3823
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3824
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3825 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3826 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3827
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3828
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3829 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3830 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3831
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3832
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3833
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3834
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3835 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3836 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3837
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3838
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3839 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3840 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3841 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3842 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3843
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3844
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3845 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3846 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3847 represent variables with no known names
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3848 (variables from chunks saved without debug information).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3849
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3850
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3851
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3852
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3853 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3854 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3855
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3856
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3857 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3858 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3859 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3860 returns <b>nil</b>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3861
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3862
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3863
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3864
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3865 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3866 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3867
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3868
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3869 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3870 Sets the given function as a hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3871 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3872 when the hook will be called.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3873 The string mask may have any combination of the following characters,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3874 with the given meaning:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3875
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3876 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3877 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3878 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3879 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3880 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3881 Moreover,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3882 with a <code>count</code> different from zero,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3883 the hook is called also after every <code>count</code> instructions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3884
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3885
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3886 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3887 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3888 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3889
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3890
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3891 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3892 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3893 describing the event that has triggered its call:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3894 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3895 <code>"return"</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3896 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3897 For line events,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3898 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3899 Inside a hook,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3900 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3901 the running function
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3902 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3903 and level 1 is the hook function).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3904
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3905
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3906
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3907
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3908 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3909 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3910
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3911
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3912 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3913 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3914 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3915 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3916 variable with the given index,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3917 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3918 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3919 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3920
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3921
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3922 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3923 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3924 variable indices and names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3925
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3926
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3927
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3928
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3929 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3930 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3931
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3932
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3933 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3934 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3935 (which can be <b>nil</b>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3936 Returns <code>value</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3937
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3938
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3939
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3940
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3941 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3942 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3943
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3944
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3945 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3946 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3947 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3948 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3949 with the given index.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3950 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3951
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3952
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3953
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3954
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3955 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3956 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3957
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3958
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3959 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3960 Sets the given <code>value</code> as
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3961 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3962 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3963
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3964
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3965 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3966 Returns <code>udata</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3967
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3968
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3969
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3970
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3971 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3972 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3973
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3974
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3975 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3976 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3977 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3978 Otherwise,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3979 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3980 The optional <code>message</code> string is appended
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3981 at the beginning of the traceback.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3982 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3983 to start the traceback
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3984 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3985
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3986
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3987
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3988
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3989 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3990 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3991
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3992
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3993 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3994 Returns a unique identifier (as a light userdata)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3995 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3996 from the given function.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3997
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3998
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	3999 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4000 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4001 closures share upvalues.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4002 Lua closures that share an upvalue
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4003 (that is, that access a same external local variable)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4004 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4005
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4006
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4007
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4008
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4009 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4010 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4011
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4012
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4013 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4014 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4015 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4016
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4017
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4018
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4019
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4020
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4021
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4022
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4023 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4024
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4025 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4026 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4027 to be embedded in a host C program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4028 it is also frequently used as a standalone language.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4029 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4030 called simply <code>lua</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4031 is provided with the standard distribution.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4032 The standalone interpreter includes
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4033 all standard libraries, including the debug library.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4034 Its usage is:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4035
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4036 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4037 lua [options] [script [args]]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4038 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4039 The options are:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4040
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4041 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4042 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4043 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4044 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4045 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4046 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4047 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4048 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4049 </ul><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4050 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4051 When called without arguments,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4052 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4053 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4054 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4055
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4056
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4057 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4058 When called without option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4059 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_3"><code>LUA_INIT_5_3</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4060 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if the versioned name is not defined)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4061 before running any argument.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4062 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4063 then <code>lua</code> executes the file.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4064 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4065
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4066
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4067 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4068 When called with option <code>-E</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4069 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4070 Lua also ignores
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4071 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4072 setting the values of
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4073 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4074 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4075
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4076
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4077 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4078 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4079 For instance, an invocation like
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4080
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4081 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4082 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4083 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4084 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4085 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4086 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4087
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4088
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4089 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4090 Before running any code,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4091 <code>lua</code> collects all command-line arguments
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4092 in a global table called <code>arg</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4093 The script name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4094 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4095 and so on.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4096 Any arguments before the script name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4097 (that is, the interpreter name plus its options)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4098 go to negative indices.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4099 For instance, in the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4100
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4101 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4102 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4103 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4104 the table is like this:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4105
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4106 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4107 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4108 [0] = "b.lua",
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4109 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" }
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4110 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4111 If there is no script in the call,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4112 the interpreter name goes to index 0,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4113 followed by the other arguments.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4114 For instance, the call
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4115
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4116 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4117 $ lua -e "print(arg[1])"
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4118 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4119 will print "<code>-e</code>".
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4120 If there is a script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4121 the script is called with parameters
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4122 <code>arg[1]</code>, ···, <code>arg[#arg]</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4123 (Like all chunks in Lua,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4124 the script is compiled as a vararg function.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4125
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4126
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4127 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4128 In interactive mode,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4129 Lua repeatedly prompts and waits for a line.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4130 After reading a line,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4131 Lua first try to interpret the line as an expression.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4132 If it succeeds, it prints its value.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4133 Otherwise, it interprets the line as a statement.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4134 If you write an incomplete statement,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4135 the interpreter waits for its completion
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4136 by issuing a different prompt.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4137
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4138
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4139 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4140 In case of unprotected errors in the script,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4141 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4142 If the error object is not a string but
429 e3a6d9dbd694 rename __tostring to __to_string Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 428 diff changeset	4143 has a metamethod <code>__to_string</code>,
371 e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4144 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4145 Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4146 and adds a stack traceback to it.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4147
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4148
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4149 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4150 When finishing normally,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4151 the interpreter closes its main Lua state
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4152 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4153 The script can avoid this step by
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4154 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4155
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4156
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4157 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4158 To allow the use of Lua as a
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4159 script interpreter in Unix systems,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4160 the standalone interpreter skips
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4161 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4162 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4163 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4164 as in
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4165
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4166 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4167 #!/usr/local/bin/lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4168 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4169 (Of course,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4170 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4171 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4172 then
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4173
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4174 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4175 #!/usr/bin/env lua
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4176 </pre><p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4177 is a more portable solution.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4178
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4179
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4180
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4181 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4182
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4183 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4184 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4185 from Lua 5.2 to Lua 5.3.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4186 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4187 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4188 However,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4189 all these compatibility options will be removed in the future.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4190
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4191
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4192 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4193 Lua versions can always change the C API in ways that
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4194 do not imply source-code changes in a program,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4195 such as the numeric values for constants
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4196 or the implementation of functions as macros.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4197 Therefore,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4198 you should not assume that binaries are compatible between
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4199 different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4200 Always recompile clients of the Lua API when
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4201 using a new version.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4202
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4203
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4204 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4205 Similarly, Lua versions can always change the internal representation
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4206 of precompiled chunks;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4207 precompiled chunks are not compatible between different Lua versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4208
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4209
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4210 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4211 The standard paths in the official distribution may
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4212 change between versions.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4213
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4214
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4215
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4216 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4217 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4218
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4219 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4220 The main difference between Lua 5.2 and Lua 5.3 is the
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4221 introduction of an integer subtype for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4222 Although this change should not affect "normal" computations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4223 some computations
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4224 (mainly those that involve some kind of overflow)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4225 can give different results.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4226
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4227
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4228 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4229 You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4230 (in Lua 5.2 all numbers were float),
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4231 in particular writing constants with an ending <code>.0</code>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4232 or using <code>x = x + 0.0</code> to convert a variable.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4233 (This recommendation is only for a quick fix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4234 for an occasional incompatibility;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4235 it is not a general guideline for good programming.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4236 For good programming,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4237 use floats where you need floats
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4238 and integers where you need integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4239 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4240
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4241 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4242 The conversion of a float to a string now adds a <code>.0</code> suffix
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4243 to the result if it looks like an integer.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4244 (For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as <code>2.0</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4245 not as <code>2</code>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4246 You should always use an explicit format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4247 when you need a specific format for numbers.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4248
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4249
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4250 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4251 (Formally this is not an incompatibility,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4252 because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4253 but some programs assumed a specific format.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4254 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4255
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4256 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4257 The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4258 (It was an experimental feature in Lua 5.2.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4259 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4260
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4261 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4262
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4263
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4264
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4265
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4266 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4267 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4268
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4269 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4270 The <code>bit32</code> library has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4271 It is easy to require a compatible external library or,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4272 better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4273 (Keep in mind that <code>bit32</code> operates on 32-bit integers,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4274 while the bitwise operators in standard Lua operate on 64-bit integers.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4275 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4276
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4277 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4278 The Table library now respects metamethods
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4279 for setting and getting elements.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4280 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4281
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4282 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4283 The <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> iterator now respects metamethods and
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4284 its <code>__ipairs</code> metamethod has been deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4285 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4286
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4287 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4288 Option names in <a href="#pdf-io.read"><code>io.read</code></a> do not have a starting '<code>*</code>' anymore.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4289 For compatibility, Lua will continue to ignore this character.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4290 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4291
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4292 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4293 The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4294 <code>atan2</code>, <code>cosh</code>, <code>sinh</code>, <code>tanh</code>, <code>pow</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4295 <code>frexp</code>, and <code>ldexp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4296 You can replace <code>math.pow(x,y)</code> with <code>x^y</code>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4297 you can replace <code>math.atan2</code> with <code>math.atan</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4298 which now accepts one or two parameters;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4299 you can replace <code>math.ldexp(x,exp)</code> with <code>x * 2.0^exp</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4300 For the other operations,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4301 you can either use an external library or
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4302 implement them in Lua.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4303 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4304
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4305 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4306 The searcher for C loaders used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4307 changed the way it handles versioned names.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4308 Now, the version should come after the module name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4309 (as is usual in most other tools).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4310 For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4311 if it cannot find an open function according to the new style.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4312 (Lua 5.2 already worked that way,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4313 but it did not document the change.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4314 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4315
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4316 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4317
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4318
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4319
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4320
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4321 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4322
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4323
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4324 <ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4325
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4326 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4327 Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4328 to get through <code>lua_getctx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4329 so <code>lua_getctx</code> has been removed.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4330 Adapt your code accordingly.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4331 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4332
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4333 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4334 Function <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>strip</code>.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4335 Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4336 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4337
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4338 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4339 Functions to inject/project unsigned integers
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4340 (<code>lua_pushunsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code>,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4341 <code>luaL_checkunsigned</code>, <code>luaL_optunsigned</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4342 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4343 Use their signed equivalents with a type cast.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4344 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4345
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4346 <li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4347 Macros to project non-default integer types
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4348 (<code>luaL_checkint</code>, <code>luaL_optint</code>, <code>luaL_checklong</code>, <code>luaL_optlong</code>)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4349 were deprecated.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4350 Use their equivalent over <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> with a type cast
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4351 (or, when possible, use <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> in your code).
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4352 </li>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4353
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4354 </ul>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4355
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4356
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4357
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4358
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4359 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4360
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4361 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4362 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4363 As usual in extended BNF,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4364 {A} means 0 or more As,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4365 and [A] means an optional A.
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4366 (For operator precedences, see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>;
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4367 for a description of the terminals
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4368 Name, Numeral,
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4369 and LiteralString, see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>.)
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4370
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4371
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4372
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4373
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4374 <pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4375
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4376 chunk ::= block
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4377
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4378 block ::= {stat} [retstat]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4379
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4380 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4381 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4382 functioncall \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4383 label \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4384 <b>break</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4385 <b>goto</b> Name \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4386 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4387 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4388 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4389 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4390 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4391 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4392 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4393 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4394 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4395
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4396 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4397
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4398 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4399
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4400 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4401
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4402 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4403
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4404 var ::= Name \| prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ \| prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4405
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4406 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4407
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4408 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp}
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4409
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4410 exp ::= <b>nil</b> \| <b>false</b> \| <b>true</b> \| Numeral \| LiteralString \| ‘<b>...</b>’ \| functiondef \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4411 prefixexp \| tableconstructor \| exp binop exp \| unop exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4412
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4413 prefixexp ::= var \| functioncall \| ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4414
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4415 functioncall ::= prefixexp args \| prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4416
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4417 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ \| tableconstructor \| LiteralString
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4418
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4419 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4420
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4421 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4422
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4423 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] \| ‘<b>...</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4424
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4425 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4426
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4427 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4428
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4429 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp \| exp
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4430
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4431 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ \| ‘<b>;</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4432
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4433 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ \| ‘<b>-</b>’ \| ‘<b>*</b>’ \| ‘<b>/</b>’ \| ‘<b>//</b>’ \| ‘<b>^</b>’ \| ‘<b>%</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4434 ‘<b>&</b>’ \| ‘<b>~</b>’ \| ‘<b>\|</b>’ \| ‘<b>>></b>’ \| ‘<b><<</b>’ \| ‘<b>..</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4435 ‘<b><</b>’ \| ‘<b><=</b>’ \| ‘<b>></b>’ \| ‘<b>>=</b>’ \| ‘<b>==</b>’ \| ‘<b>~=</b>’ \|
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4436 <b>and</b> \| <b>or</b>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4437
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4438 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ \| <b>not</b> \| ‘<b>#</b>’ \| ‘<b>~</b>’
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4439
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4440 </pre>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4441
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4442 <p>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4443
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4444
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4445
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4446
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4447
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4448
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4449
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4450
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4451 <HR>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4452 <SMALL CLASS="footer">
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4453 Last update:
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4454 Fri Jan 16 00:58:20 BRST 2015
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4455 </SMALL>
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4456 <!--
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4457 Last change: minor edit
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4458 -->
e01cddba3433 add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: diff changeset	4459
391 2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	4460 </body>
2f5cc9c2cbf0 replace Html.simply_html_page with simply_html_head and simply_html_body_bottom Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> parents: 389 diff changeset	4461 </html>

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