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annotate website/src/manual.html.luan @ 413:8937263f59f6
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| author | Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> |
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| date | Wed, 29 Apr 2015 19:01:18 -0600 |
| parents | ba8b0aae6453 |
| children | a40e99cf0b0b |
| rev | line source |
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1 local Io = require "luan:Io" |
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2 local Html = require "luan:Html" |
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3 local Http = require "luan:web/Http" |
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4 local Shared = require "site:/Shared" |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 function service() |
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8 Io.stdout = Http.response.text_writer() |
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9 %> |
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10 <html> |
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11 <head> |
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12 <% Html.simply_html_head() %> |
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13 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title> |
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14 </head> |
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15 <body> |
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16 |
| 372 | 17 <div container> |
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18 <% Shared.header() %> |
| 372 | 19 |
| 20 <h1>Luan Reference Manual</h1> | |
| 21 | |
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22 <p> |
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23 <small> |
| 372 | 24 Original copyright © 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. |
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25 Freely available under the terms of the |
| 372 | 26 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>. |
| 27 Modified for Luan. | |
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28 </small> |
| 372 | 29 </p> |
| 30 | |
| 31 <hr/> | |
| 32 | |
| 33 <h2>Contents</h2> | |
| 34 | |
| 35 <div margin-bottom="1em"><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></div> | |
| 36 | |
| 373 | 37 <div margin-bottom="1em"> |
| 38 <a href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a> | |
| 39 <ul> | |
| 40 <li><a href="#types">Values and Types</a></li> | |
| 41 <li><a href="#env">Environments</a></li> | |
| 42 <li><a href="#error">Error Handling</a></li> | |
| 43 <li><a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></li> | |
| 380 | 44 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></li> |
| 45 </ul> | |
| 46 </div> | |
| 47 | |
| 48 <div margin-bottom="1em"> | |
| 49 <a href="#lang">The Language</a> | |
| 50 <ul> | |
| 51 <li><a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></li> | |
| 52 <li><a href="#vars">Variables</a></li> | |
| 389 | 53 <li> |
| 54 <a href="#stmts">Statements</a> | |
| 55 <ul> | |
| 56 <li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li> | |
| 395 | 57 <li><a href="#chunks">Chunks</a></li> |
| 58 <li><a href="#assignment">Assignment</a></li> | |
| 59 <li><a href="#control">Control Structures</a></li> | |
| 60 <li><a href="#for">For Statement</a></li> | |
| 61 <li><a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></li> | |
| 62 <li><a href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></li> | |
| 63 </ul> | |
| 64 </li> | |
| 65 <li> | |
| 66 <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a> | |
| 67 <ul> | |
| 68 <li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></li> | |
| 396 | 69 <li><a href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></li> |
| 70 <li><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></li> | |
| 71 <li><a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></li> | |
| 72 <li><a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></li> | |
| 73 <li><a href="#length">The Length Operator</a></li> | |
| 74 <li><a href="#precedence">Precedence</a></li> | |
| 75 <li><a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></li> | |
| 389 | 76 </ul> |
| 77 </li> | |
| 373 | 78 </ul> |
| 79 </div> | |
| 80 | |
| 372 | 81 <hr/> |
| 82 | |
| 373 | 83 |
| 372 | 84 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2> |
| 85 | |
| 86 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p> | |
| 87 | |
| 88 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p> | |
| 89 | |
| 90 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p> | |
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91 |
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92 |
| 373 | 93 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2> |
| 94 | |
| 95 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p> | |
| 96 | |
| 97 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="types">Values and Types</a></h3> | |
| 98 | |
| 99 <p> | |
| 100 Luan is a <i>dynamically typed language</i>. | |
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101 This means that |
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102 variables do not have types; only values do. |
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103 There are no type definitions in the language. |
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104 All values carry their own type. |
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105 |
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106 |
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107 <p> |
| 373 | 108 All values in Luan are <i>first-class values</i>. |
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109 This means that all values can be stored in variables, |
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110 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results. |
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111 |
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112 |
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113 <p> |
| 373 | 114 There are eight basic types in Luan: |
| 115 <i>nil</i>, <i>boolean</i>, <i>number</i>, | |
| 116 <i>string</i>, <i>binary</i>, <i>function</i>, <i>userdata</i>, | |
| 117 and <i>table</i>. | |
| 118 <i>Nil</i> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>, | |
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119 whose main property is to be different from any other value; |
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120 it usually represents the absence of a useful value. |
| 373 | 121 <i>Nil</i> is implemented as the Java value <i>null</i>. |
| 122 <i>Boolean</i> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>. | |
| 123 <i>Boolean</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>Boolean</i>. | |
| 124 <i>Number</i> represents both | |
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125 integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers. |
| 373 | 126 <i>Number</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>Number</i>. Any Java subclass of <i>Number</i> is allowed and this is invisible to the Luan user. Operations on numbers follow the same rules of |
| 127 the underlying Java implementation. | |
| 128 | |
| 129 <i>String</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>String</i>. | |
| 130 <i>Binary</i> is implemented as the Java type <i>byte[]</i>. | |
| 131 | |
| 132 | |
| 133 <p> | |
| 134 Luan can call (and manipulate) functions written in Luan and | |
| 135 functions written in Java (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). | |
| 136 Both are represented by the type <i>function</i>. | |
| 137 | |
| 138 | |
| 139 <p> | |
| 140 The type <i>userdata</i> is provided to allow arbitrary Java objects to | |
| 141 be stored in Luan variables. | |
| 142 A userdata value is a Java object that isn't one of the standard Luan types. | |
| 143 Userdata has no predefined operations in Luan, | |
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144 except assignment and identity test. |
| 373 | 145 Userdata is useful then Java access is enabled in Luan |
| 146 | |
| 147 | |
| 148 | |
| 149 <p> | |
| 150 The type <i>table</i> implements associative arrays, | |
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151 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, |
| 373 | 152 but with any Luan value except <b>nil</b>. |
| 153 Tables can be <i>heterogeneous</i>; | |
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154 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>). |
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155 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table. |
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156 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has |
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157 an associated value <b>nil</b>. |
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158 |
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159 |
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160 <p> |
| 373 | 161 Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Luan; |
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162 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences, |
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163 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc. |
| 373 | 164 To represent records, Luan uses the field name as an index. |
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165 The language supports this representation by |
| 373 | 166 providing <tt>a.name</tt> as syntactic sugar for <tt>a["name"]</tt>. |
| 167 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Luan | |
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168 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). |
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169 |
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170 |
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171 <p> |
| 373 | 172 We use the term <i>sequence</i> to denote a table where |
| 173 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..<i>n</i>} | |
| 174 for some non-negative integer <i>n</i>, | |
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175 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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176 |
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177 |
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178 <p> |
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179 Like indices, |
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180 the values of table fields can be of any type. |
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181 In particular, |
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182 because functions are first-class values, |
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183 table fields can contain functions. |
| 373 | 184 Thus tables can also carry <i>methods</i> (see <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>). |
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185 |
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186 |
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187 <p> |
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188 The indexing of tables follows |
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189 the definition of raw equality in the language. |
| 373 | 190 The expressions <tt>a[i]</tt> and <tt>a[j]</tt> |
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191 denote the same table element |
| 373 | 192 if and only if <tt>i</tt> and <tt>j</tt> are raw equal |
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193 (that is, equal without metamethods). |
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194 In particular, floats with integral values |
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195 are equal to their respective integers |
| 373 | 196 (e.g., <tt>1.0 == 1</tt>). |
| 197 | |
| 198 | |
| 199 <p> | |
| 200 Luan values are <i>objects</i>: | |
| 201 variables do not actually <i>contain</i> values, | |
| 202 only <i>references</i> to them. | |
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203 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns |
| 373 | 204 always manipulate references to values; |
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205 these operations do not imply any kind of copy. |
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206 |
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207 |
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208 <p> |
| 373 | 209 The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><tt>Luan.type</tt></a> returns a string describing the type |
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210 of a given value (see <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>). |
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211 |
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212 |
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213 |
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215 |
| 373 | 216 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="env">Environments</a></h3> |
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217 |
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218 <p> |
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219 As will be discussed in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a> and <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>, |
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220 any reference to a free name |
| 373 | 221 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <tt>var</tt> |
| 222 is syntactically translated to <tt>_ENV.var</tt>. | |
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223 Moreover, every chunk is compiled in the scope of |
| 373 | 224 an external local variable named <tt>_ENV</tt> (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), |
| 225 so <tt>_ENV</tt> itself is never a free name in a chunk. | |
| 226 | |
| 227 | |
| 228 <p> | |
| 229 Despite the existence of this external <tt>_ENV</tt> variable and | |
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230 the translation of free names, |
| 373 | 231 <tt>_ENV</tt> is a completely regular name. |
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232 In particular, |
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233 you can define new variables and parameters with that name. |
| 373 | 234 Each reference to a free name uses the <tt>_ENV</tt> that is |
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235 visible at that point in the program, |
| 373 | 236 following the usual visibility rules of Luan (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). |
| 237 | |
| 238 | |
| 239 <p> | |
| 240 Any table used as the value of <tt>_ENV</tt> is called an <i>environment</i>. | |
| 241 | |
| 242 | |
| 243 <p> | |
| 244 When Luan loads a chunk, | |
| 245 the default value for its <tt>_ENV</tt> is an empty table. | |
| 246 | |
| 247 <p> | |
| 248 Luan also provides all chunks with two other local values: <tt>require</tt> and <tt>java</tt>. These are functions used to load and access libraries and other modules. | |
| 249 | |
| 250 | |
| 251 | |
| 252 | |
| 253 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="error">Error Handling</a></h3> | |
| 254 | |
| 255 <p> | |
| 256 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the | |
| 257 <a href="#pdf-error"><tt>error</tt></a> function. | |
| 258 If you need to catch errors in Luan, | |
| 259 you can use <a href="#pdf-pcall"><tt>pcall</tt></a> or <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><tt>try</tt></a> | |
| 260 to call a given function in <i>protected mode</i>. | |
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261 |
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262 |
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263 <p> |
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264 Whenever there is an error, |
| 373 | 265 an <i>error object</i> (also called an <i>error message</i>) |
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266 is propagated with information about the error. |
| 373 | 267 Luan itself only generates errors whose error object is a string, |
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268 but programs may generate errors with |
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269 any value as the error object. |
| 373 | 270 It is up to the Luan program or its host to handle such error objects. |
| 271 | |
| 272 | |
| 273 | |
| 274 | |
| 275 | |
| 276 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3> | |
| 277 | |
| 278 <p> | |
| 279 Every table in Luan can have a <i>metatable</i>. | |
| 280 This <i>metatable</i> is an ordinary Luan table | |
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281 that defines the behavior of the original value |
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282 under certain special operations. |
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283 You can change several aspects of the behavior |
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284 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. |
| 373 | 285 For instance, when a table is the operand of an addition, |
| 286 Luan checks for a function in the field "<tt>__add</tt>" of the table's metatable. | |
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287 If it finds one, |
| 373 | 288 Luan calls this function to perform the addition. |
| 289 | |
| 290 | |
| 291 <p> | |
| 292 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <i>event</i> names; | |
| 293 the corresponding values are called <ii>metamethods</i>. | |
| 294 In the previous example, the event is <tt>"add"</tt> | |
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295 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition. |
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296 |
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297 |
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298 <p> |
| 373 | 299 You can query the metatable of any table |
| 300 using the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><tt>get_metatable</tt></a> function. | |
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301 |
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302 |
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303 <p> |
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304 You can replace the metatable of tables |
| 373 | 305 using the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><tt>set_metatable</tt></a> function. |
| 306 | |
| 307 | |
| 308 <p> | |
| 309 A metatable controls how a table behaves in | |
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310 arithmetic operations, bitwise operations, |
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311 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing. |
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312 |
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313 |
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314 <p> |
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315 A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next. |
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316 Each operation is identified by its corresponding event name. |
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317 The key for each event is a string with its name prefixed by |
| 373 | 318 two underscores, '<tt>__</tt>'; |
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319 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the |
| 373 | 320 string "<tt>__add</tt>". |
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321 Note that queries for metamethods are always raw; |
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322 the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods. |
| 373 | 323 You can emulate how Luan queries a metamethod for an object <tt>obj</tt> |
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324 with the following code: |
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325 |
| 382 | 326 <p><tt><pre> |
| 373 | 327 raw_get(get_metatable(obj) or {}, "__" .. event_name) |
| 382 | 328 </pre></tt></p> |
| 373 | 329 |
| 330 <p> | |
| 331 Here are the events: | |
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332 |
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333 <ul> |
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334 |
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335 <li><b>"add": </b> |
| 373 | 336 the <tt>+</tt> operation. |
| 337 | |
| 338 If any operand for an addition is a table, | |
| 339 Luan will try to call a metamethod. | |
| 340 First, Luan will check the first operand (even if it is valid). | |
| 341 If that operand does not define a metamethod for the "<tt>__add</tt>" event, | |
| 342 then Luan will check the second operand. | |
| 343 If Luan can find a metamethod, | |
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344 it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments, |
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345 and the result of the call |
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346 (adjusted to one value) |
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347 is the result of the operation. |
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348 Otherwise, |
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349 it raises an error. |
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350 </li> |
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351 |
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352 <li><b>"sub": </b> |
| 373 | 353 the <tt>-</tt> operation. |
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354 |
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355 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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356 </li> |
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357 |
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358 <li><b>"mul": </b> |
| 373 | 359 the <tt>*</tt> operation. |
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360 |
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361 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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362 </li> |
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363 |
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364 <li><b>"div": </b> |
| 373 | 365 the <tt>/</tt> operation. |
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366 |
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367 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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368 </li> |
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369 |
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370 <li><b>"mod": </b> |
| 373 | 371 the <tt>%</tt> operation. |
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372 |
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373 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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374 </li> |
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375 |
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376 <li><b>"pow": </b> |
| 373 | 377 the <tt>^</tt> (exponentiation) operation. |
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378 |
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379 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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380 </li> |
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381 |
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382 <li><b>"unm": </b> |
| 373 | 383 the <tt>-</tt> (unary minus) operation. |
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384 |
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385 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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386 </li> |
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387 |
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388 <li><b>"concat": </b> |
| 373 | 389 the <tt>..</tt> (concatenation) operation. |
| 390 | |
| 391 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | |
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371
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392 </li> |
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393 |
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394 <li><b>"len": </b> |
| 373 | 395 the <tt>#</tt> (length) operation. |
| 396 | |
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397 If there is a metamethod, |
| 373 | 398 Luan calls it with the object as argument, |
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399 and the result of the call |
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400 (always adjusted to one value) |
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401 is the result of the operation. |
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402 If there is no metamethod but the object is a table, |
| 373 | 403 then Luan uses the table length operation (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
| 404 Otherwise, Luan raises an error. | |
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405 </li> |
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406 |
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407 <li><b>"eq": </b> |
| 373 | 408 the <tt>==</tt> (equal) operation. |
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409 |
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410 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, |
| 373 | 411 except that Luan will try a metamethod only when the values |
| 412 being compared are both tables | |
|
371
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413 and they are not primitively equal. |
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414 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean. |
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415 </li> |
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416 |
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417 <li><b>"lt": </b> |
| 373 | 418 the <tt><</tt> (less than) operation. |
| 419 | |
| 420 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | |
|
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421 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean. |
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422 </li> |
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423 |
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424 <li><b>"le": </b> |
| 373 | 425 the <tt><=</tt> (less equal) operation. |
|
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426 |
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427 Unlike other operations, |
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428 The less-equal operation can use two different events. |
| 373 | 429 First, Luan looks for the "<tt>__le</tt>" metamethod in both operands, |
|
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430 like in the "lt" operation. |
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431 If it cannot find such a metamethod, |
| 373 | 432 then it will try the "<tt>__lt</tt>" event, |
| 433 assuming that <tt>a <= b</tt> is equivalent to <tt>not (b < a)</tt>. | |
|
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434 As with the other comparison operators, |
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435 the result is always a boolean. |
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436 </li> |
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437 |
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438 <li><b>"index": </b> |
| 373 | 439 The indexing access <tt>table[key]</tt>. |
| 440 | |
| 441 This event happens | |
| 442 when <tt>key</tt> is not present in <tt>table</tt>. | |
| 443 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>table</tt>. | |
|
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444 |
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445 |
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446 <p> |
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447 Despite the name, |
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448 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table. |
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449 If it is a function, |
| 373 | 450 it is called with <tt>table</tt> and <tt>key</tt> as arguments. |
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451 If it is a table, |
| 373 | 452 the final result is the result of indexing this table with <tt>key</tt>. |
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453 (This indexing is regular, not raw, |
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454 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.) |
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455 </li> |
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456 |
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457 <li><b>"newindex": </b> |
| 373 | 458 The indexing assignment <tt>table[key] = value</tt>. |
|
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459 |
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460 Like the index event, |
| 373 | 461 this event happens when |
| 462 when <tt>key</tt> is not present in <tt>table</tt>. | |
| 463 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>table</tt>. | |
|
371
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464 |
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465 |
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466 <p> |
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467 Like with indexing, |
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468 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table. |
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469 If it is a function, |
| 373 | 470 it is called with <tt>table</tt>, <tt>key</tt>, and <tt>value</tt> as arguments. |
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471 If it is a table, |
| 373 | 472 Luan does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value. |
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473 (This assignment is regular, not raw, |
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474 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.) |
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475 |
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476 |
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477 <p> |
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478 Whenever there is a "newindex" metamethod, |
| 373 | 479 Luan does not perform the primitive assignment. |
|
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480 (If necessary, |
| 373 | 481 the metamethod itself can call <a href="#pdf-rawset"><tt>raw_set</tt></a> |
|
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482 to do the assignment.) |
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483 </li> |
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484 |
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485 <li><b>"call": </b> |
| 373 | 486 The call operation <tt>func(args)</tt>. |
| 487 | |
| 488 This event happens when Luan tries to call a table. | |
| 489 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>func</tt>. | |
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490 If present, |
| 373 | 491 the metamethod is called with <tt>func</tt> as its first argument, |
| 492 followed by the arguments of the original call (<tt>args</tt>). | |
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493 </li> |
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494 |
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495 </ul> |
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496 |
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497 |
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498 |
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499 |
| 380 | 500 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3> |
| 501 | |
| 502 <p> | |
| 503 Luan uses Java's garbage collection. | |
| 504 | |
| 505 | |
| 506 | |
| 507 | |
| 508 | |
| 509 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="lang">The Language</a></h2> | |
| 510 | |
| 511 <p> | |
| 512 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan. | |
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513 In other words, |
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514 this section describes |
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515 which tokens are valid, |
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516 how they can be combined, |
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517 and what their combinations mean. |
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518 |
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519 |
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520 <p> |
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521 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation, |
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522 in which |
| 380 | 523 {<i>a</i>} means 0 or more <i>a</i>'s, and |
| 524 [<i>a</i>] means an optional <i>a</i>. | |
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525 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal, |
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526 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>, |
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527 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’. |
| 380 | 528 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a> |
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529 at the end of this manual. |
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530 |
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531 |
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532 |
| 380 | 533 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3> |
| 534 | |
| 535 <p> | |
| 536 Luan ignores spaces and comments | |
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537 between lexical elements (tokens), |
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538 except as delimiters between names and keywords. |
| 380 | 539 Luan generally considers the end of a line to be the end of a statement. This catches errors and encourages readability. The exception to this is in paranthesis ( <i>(...)</i>, <i>[...]</i>, and <i>{...}</i> ) where the end of line is treated as white space. |
| 540 | |
| 541 <p> | |
| 542 <i>Names</i> | |
| 543 (also called <i>identifiers</i>) | |
| 544 in Luan can be any string of letters, | |
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545 digits, and underscores, |
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546 not beginning with a digit. |
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547 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels. |
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548 |
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549 |
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550 <p> |
| 380 | 551 The following <i>keywords</i> are reserved |
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552 and cannot be used as names: |
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553 |
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554 |
| 389 | 555 <p><tt><pre> |
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556 and break do else elseif end |
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557 false for function goto if in |
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558 local nil not or repeat return |
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559 then true until while |
| 389 | 560 </pre></tt></p> |
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561 |
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562 <p> |
| 380 | 563 Luan is a case-sensitive language: |
| 564 <tt>and</tt> is a reserved word, but <tt>And</tt> and <tt>AND</tt> | |
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565 are two different, valid names. |
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566 |
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567 |
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568 <p> |
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569 The following strings denote other tokens: |
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570 |
| 389 | 571 <p><tt><pre> |
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572 + - * / % ^ # |
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573 & ~ | << >> // |
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574 == ~= <= >= < > = |
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575 ( ) { } [ ] :: |
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576 ; : , . .. ... |
| 389 | 577 </pre></tt></p> |
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578 |
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579 <p> |
| 380 | 580 <i>Literal strings</i> |
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581 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes, |
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582 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: |
| 380 | 583 '<tt>\a</tt>' (bell), |
| 584 '<tt>\b</tt>' (backspace), | |
| 585 '<tt>\f</tt>' (form feed), | |
| 586 '<tt>\n</tt>' (newline), | |
| 587 '<tt>\r</tt>' (carriage return), | |
| 588 '<tt>\t</tt>' (horizontal tab), | |
| 589 '<tt>\v</tt>' (vertical tab), | |
| 590 '<tt>\\</tt>' (backslash), | |
| 591 '<tt>\"</tt>' (quotation mark [double quote]), | |
| 592 and '<tt>\'</tt>' (apostrophe [single quote]). | |
|
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593 A backslash followed by a real newline |
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594 results in a newline in the string. |
| 380 | 595 The escape sequence '<tt>\z</tt>' skips the following span |
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596 of white-space characters, |
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597 including line breaks; |
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598 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string |
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599 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces |
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600 into the string contents. |
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601 |
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602 |
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603 <p> |
| 380 | 604 Luan can specify any character in a literal string by its numerical value. |
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605 This can be done |
| 380 | 606 with the escape sequence <tt>\x<i>XX</i></tt>, |
| 607 where <i>XX</i> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits, | |
| 608 or with the escape sequence <tt>\<i>ddd</i></tt>, | |
| 609 where <i>ddd</i> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits. | |
|
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610 (Note that if a decimal escape sequence is to be followed by a digit, |
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611 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.) |
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612 |
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613 |
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614 <p> |
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615 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format |
| 380 | 616 enclosed by <i>long brackets</i>. |
| 617 We define an <i>opening long bracket of level <i>n</i></i> as an opening | |
| 618 square bracket followed by <i>n</i> equal signs followed by another | |
|
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619 opening square bracket. |
| 380 | 620 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <tt>[[</tt>, |
| 621 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <tt>[=[</tt>, | |
|
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622 and so on. |
| 380 | 623 A <i>closing long bracket</i> is defined similarly; |
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624 for instance, |
| 380 | 625 a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <tt>]====]</tt>. |
| 626 A <i>long literal</i> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and | |
|
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627 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level. |
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628 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the same level. |
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629 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines, |
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630 do not interpret any escape sequences, |
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631 and ignore long brackets of any other level. |
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632 Any kind of end-of-line sequence |
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633 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline, |
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634 or newline followed by carriage return) |
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635 is converted to a simple newline. |
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636 |
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637 |
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638 <p> |
| 380 | 639 Any character in a literal string not |
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640 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. |
| 380 | 641 However, Luan opens files for parsing in text mode, |
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642 and the system file functions may have problems with |
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643 some control characters. |
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644 So, it is safer to represent |
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645 non-text data as a quoted literal with |
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646 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters. |
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647 |
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648 |
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649 <p> |
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650 For convenience, |
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651 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, |
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652 the newline is not included in the string. |
| 380 | 653 As an example |
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654 the five literal strings below denote the same string: |
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655 |
| 389 | 656 <p><tt><pre> |
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657 a = 'alo\n123"' |
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658 a = "alo\n123\"" |
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659 a = '\97lo\10\04923"' |
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660 a = [[alo |
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661 123"]] |
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662 a = [==[ |
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663 alo |
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664 123"]==] |
| 389 | 665 </pre></tt></p> |
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666 |
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667 <p> |
| 380 | 668 A <i>numerical constant</i> (or <i>numeral</i>) |
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669 can be written with an optional fractional part |
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670 and an optional decimal exponent, |
| 380 | 671 marked by a letter '<tt>e</tt>' or '<tt>E</tt>'. |
| 672 Luan also accepts hexadecimal constants, | |
| 673 which start with <tt>0x</tt> or <tt>0X</tt>. | |
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674 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part |
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675 plus an optional binary exponent, |
| 380 | 676 marked by a letter '<tt>p</tt>' or '<tt>P</tt>'. |
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677 A numeric constant with a fractional dot or an exponent |
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678 denotes a float; |
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679 otherwise it denotes an integer. |
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680 Examples of valid integer constants are |
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681 |
| 389 | 682 <p><tt><pre> |
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683 3 345 0xff 0xBEBADA |
| 389 | 684 </pre></tt></p> |
| 382 | 685 |
| 686 <p> | |
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687 Examples of valid float constants are |
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688 |
| 389 | 689 <p><tt><pre> |
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690 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 34e1 |
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691 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1 |
| 389 | 692 </pre></tt></p> |
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693 |
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694 <p> |
| 380 | 695 A <i>comment</i> starts with a double hyphen (<tt>--</tt>) |
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696 anywhere outside a string. |
| 380 | 697 If the text immediately after <tt>--</tt> is not an opening long bracket, |
| 698 the comment is a <i>short comment</i>, | |
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699 which runs until the end of the line. |
| 380 | 700 Otherwise, it is a <i>long comment</i>, |
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701 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket. |
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702 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily. |
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703 |
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704 |
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705 |
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706 |
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707 |
| 380 | 708 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="vars">Variables</a></h3> |
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709 |
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710 <p> |
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711 Variables are places that store values. |
| 380 | 712 There are three kinds of variables in Luan: |
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713 global variables, local variables, and table fields. |
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714 |
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715 |
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716 <p> |
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717 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable |
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718 (or a function's formal parameter, |
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719 which is a particular kind of local variable): |
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720 |
| 389 | 721 <p><tt><pre> |
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722 var ::= Name |
| 389 | 723 </pre></tt></p> |
| 382 | 724 |
| 725 <p> | |
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726 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>. |
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727 |
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728 |
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729 <p> |
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730 Any variable name is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared |
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731 as a local (see <a href="#3.3.7">§3.3.7</a>). |
| 380 | 732 Local variables are <i>lexically scoped</i>: |
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733 local variables can be freely accessed by functions |
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734 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). |
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735 |
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736 |
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737 <p> |
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|
738 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>. |
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739 |
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740 |
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741 <p> |
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742 Square brackets are used to index a table: |
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743 |
| 389 | 744 <p><tt><pre> |
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745 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ |
| 389 | 746 </pre></tt></p> |
| 382 | 747 |
| 748 <p> | |
|
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749 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables. |
| 380 | 750 An access to an indexed variable <tt>t[i]</tt> is equivalent to |
| 751 a call <tt>gettable_event(t,i)</tt>. | |
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752 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the |
| 380 | 753 <tt>gettable_event</tt> function. |
| 754 This function is not defined or callable in Luan. | |
|
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755 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) |
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756 |
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757 |
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758 <p> |
| 380 | 759 The syntax <tt>var.Name</tt> is just syntactic sugar for |
| 760 <tt>var["Name"]</tt>: | |
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761 |
| 389 | 762 <p><tt><pre> |
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763 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name |
| 389 | 764 </pre></tt></p> |
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765 |
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766 <p> |
| 380 | 767 An access to a global variable <tt>x</tt> |
| 768 is equivalent to <tt>_ENV.x</tt>. | |
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769 Due to the way that chunks are compiled, |
| 380 | 770 <tt>_ENV</tt> is never a global name (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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771 |
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772 |
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773 |
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774 |
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775 |
| 389 | 776 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="stmts">Statements</a></h3> |
| 777 | |
| 778 <p> | |
| 779 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements, | |
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780 similar to those in Pascal or C. |
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781 This set includes |
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782 assignments, control structures, function calls, |
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783 and variable declarations. |
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784 |
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785 |
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786 |
| 395 | 787 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="blocks">Blocks</a></h4> |
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788 |
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789 <p> |
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790 A block is a list of statements, |
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791 which are executed sequentially: |
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792 |
| 389 | 793 <p><tt><pre> |
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794 block ::= {stat} |
| 389 | 795 </pre></tt></p> |
| 796 | |
| 797 <p> | |
| 798 Luan has <i>empty statements</i> | |
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799 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons, |
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800 start a block with a semicolon |
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801 or write two semicolons in sequence: |
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802 |
| 389 | 803 <p><tt><pre> |
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804 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ |
| 389 | 805 </pre></tt></p> |
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806 |
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807 <p> |
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808 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement: |
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809 |
| 389 | 810 <p><tt><pre> |
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811 stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
| 389 | 812 </pre></tt></p> |
| 813 | |
| 814 <p> | |
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815 Explicit blocks are useful |
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816 to control the scope of variable declarations. |
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817 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to |
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818 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle |
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819 of another block (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). |
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820 |
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821 |
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822 |
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823 |
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824 |
| 395 | 825 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="chunks">Chunks</a></h4> |
| 826 | |
| 827 <p> | |
| 828 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <i>chunk</i>. | |
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829 Syntactically, |
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830 a chunk is simply a block: |
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831 |
| 395 | 832 <p><tt><pre> |
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833 chunk ::= block |
| 395 | 834 </pre></tt></p> |
| 835 | |
| 836 <p> | |
| 837 Luan handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function | |
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838 with a variable number of arguments |
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839 (see <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>). |
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840 As such, chunks can define local variables, |
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841 receive arguments, and return values. |
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842 |
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843 |
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844 <p> |
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845 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program. |
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846 To execute a chunk, |
| 395 | 847 Luan first <i>loads</i> it, |
| 848 compiling the chunk's code, | |
| 849 and then Luan executes the compiled code. | |
| 850 | |
| 851 | |
| 852 | |
| 853 | |
| 854 | |
| 855 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="assignment">Assignment</a></h4> | |
| 856 | |
| 857 <p> | |
| 858 Luan allows multiple assignments. | |
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859 Therefore, the syntax for assignment |
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860 defines a list of variables on the left side |
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861 and a list of expressions on the right side. |
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862 The elements in both lists are separated by commas: |
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863 |
| 395 | 864 <p><tt><pre> |
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865 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist |
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866 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} |
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867 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} |
| 395 | 868 </pre></tt></p> |
| 869 | |
| 870 <p> | |
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871 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>. |
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872 |
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873 |
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874 <p> |
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875 Before the assignment, |
| 395 | 876 the list of values is <i>adjusted</i> to the length of |
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877 the list of variables. |
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878 If there are more values than needed, |
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879 the excess values are thrown away. |
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880 If there are fewer values than needed, |
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881 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed. |
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882 If the list of expressions ends with a function call, |
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883 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values, |
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884 before the adjustment |
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885 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>). |
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886 |
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887 |
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888 <p> |
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889 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions |
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890 and only then the assignments are performed. |
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891 Thus the code |
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892 |
| 395 | 893 <p><tt><pre> |
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894 i = 3 |
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895 i, a[i] = i+1, 20 |
| 395 | 896 </pre></tt></p> |
| 897 | |
| 898 <p> | |
| 899 sets <tt>a[3]</tt> to 20, without affecting <tt>a[4]</tt> | |
| 900 because the <tt>i</tt> in <tt>a[i]</tt> is evaluated (to 3) | |
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901 before it is assigned 4. |
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902 Similarly, the line |
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903 |
| 395 | 904 <p><tt><pre> |
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905 x, y = y, x |
| 395 | 906 </pre></tt></p> |
| 907 | |
| 908 <p> | |
| 909 exchanges the values of <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt>, | |
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910 and |
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911 |
| 395 | 912 <p><tt><pre> |
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913 x, y, z = y, z, x |
| 395 | 914 </pre></tt></p> |
| 915 | |
| 916 <p> | |
| 917 cyclically permutes the values of <tt>x</tt>, <tt>y</tt>, and <tt>z</tt>. | |
|
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918 |
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919 |
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920 <p> |
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921 The meaning of assignments to global variables |
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922 and table fields can be changed via metatables. |
| 395 | 923 An assignment to an indexed variable <tt>t[i] = val</tt> is equivalent to |
| 924 <tt>settable_event(t,i,val)</tt>. | |
|
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925 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the |
| 395 | 926 <tt>settable_event</tt> function. |
| 927 This function is not defined or callable in Luan. | |
|
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928 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) |
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929 |
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930 |
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931 <p> |
| 395 | 932 An assignment to a global name <tt>x = val</tt> |
|
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933 is equivalent to the assignment |
| 395 | 934 <tt>_ENV.x = val</tt> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
| 935 | |
| 936 | |
| 937 | |
| 938 | |
| 939 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="control">Control Structures</a></h4> | |
| 940 | |
| 941 <p> | |
|
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942 The control structures |
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943 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and |
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944 familiar syntax: |
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945 |
| 395 | 946 <p><tt><pre> |
|
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947 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
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948 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp |
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949 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> |
| 395 | 950 </pre></tt></p> |
| 951 | |
| 952 <p> | |
| 953 Luan also has a <b>for</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.5">§3.3.5</a>). | |
|
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954 |
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955 |
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956 <p> |
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957 The condition expression of a |
| 395 | 958 control structure must be a boolean. |
| 959 Any other value type will produce an error. | |
| 960 This helps catch errors and makes code more readable. | |
|
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961 |
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962 |
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963 <p> |
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964 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop, |
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965 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword, |
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966 but only after the condition. |
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967 So, the condition can refer to local variables |
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968 declared inside the loop block. |
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969 |
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970 |
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971 <p> |
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972 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a |
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973 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop, |
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974 skipping to the next statement after the loop: |
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975 |
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976 |
| 395 | 977 <p><tt><pre> |
|
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978 stat ::= <b>break</b> |
| 395 | 979 </pre></tt></p> |
| 980 | |
| 981 <p> | |
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982 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop. |
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983 |
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984 |
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985 <p> |
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986 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values |
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987 from a function or a chunk |
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988 (which is an anonymous function). |
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989 |
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990 Functions can return more than one value, |
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991 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is |
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992 |
| 395 | 993 <p><tt><pre> |
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994 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] |
| 395 | 995 </pre></tt></p> |
| 996 | |
| 997 | |
| 998 | |
| 999 | |
| 1000 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="for">For Statement</a></h4> | |
| 1001 | |
| 1002 <p> | |
| 1003 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions, | |
| 1004 called <i>iterators</i>. | |
| 1005 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value, | |
| 1006 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>. | |
| 1007 The <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax: | |
| 1008 | |
| 1009 <p><tt><pre> | |
| 1010 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
| 1011 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} | |
| 1012 </pre></tt></p> | |
| 1013 | |
| 1014 <p> | |
| 1015 A <b>for</b> statement like | |
| 1016 | |
| 1017 <p><tt><pre> | |
| 1018 for <i>var_1</i>, ···, <i>var_n</i> in <i>exp</i> do <i>block</i> end | |
| 1019 </pre></tt></p> | |
| 1020 | |
| 1021 <p> | |
|
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1022 is equivalent to the code: |
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1023 |
| 395 | 1024 <p><tt><pre> |
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1025 do |
| 395 | 1026 local <i>f</i> = <i>exp</i> |
|
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1027 while true do |
| 395 | 1028 local <i>var_1</i>, ···, <i>var_n</i> = <i>f</i>() |
| 1029 if <i>var_1</i> == nil then break end | |
| 1030 <i>block</i> | |
|
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1031 end |
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1032 end |
| 395 | 1033 </pre></tt></p> |
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1034 |
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1035 <p> |
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1036 Note the following: |
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1037 |
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1038 <ul> |
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1039 |
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1040 <li> |
| 395 | 1041 <tt><i>exp</i></tt> is evaluated only once. |
| 1042 Its result is an <i>iterator</i> function. | |
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1043 </li> |
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1044 |
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1045 <li> |
| 395 | 1046 <tt><i>f</i></tt> is an invisible variable. |
| 1047 The name is here for explanatory purposes only. | |
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1048 </li> |
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1049 |
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1050 <li> |
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1051 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. |
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1052 </li> |
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1053 |
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1054 <li> |
| 395 | 1055 The loop variables <tt><i>var_i</i></tt> are local to the loop; |
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1056 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends. |
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1057 If you need these values, |
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1058 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop. |
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1059 </li> |
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1060 |
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1061 </ul> |
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1062 |
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1063 |
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1064 |
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1065 |
| 395 | 1066 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4> |
| 1067 | |
| 1068 <p> | |
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1069 To allow possible side-effects, |
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1070 function calls can be executed as statements: |
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1071 |
| 395 | 1072 <p><tt><pre> |
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1073 stat ::= functioncall |
| 395 | 1074 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1075 | |
| 1076 <p> | |
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1077 In this case, all returned values are thrown away. |
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1078 Function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>. |
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1079 |
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1080 |
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1081 |
| 395 | 1082 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4> |
| 1083 | |
| 1084 <p> | |
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1085 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block. |
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1086 The declaration can include an initial assignment: |
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1087 |
| 395 | 1088 <p><tt><pre> |
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1089 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] |
| 395 | 1090 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1091 | |
| 1092 <p> | |
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1093 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics |
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1094 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>). |
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1095 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
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1096 |
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1097 |
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1098 <p> |
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1099 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), |
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1100 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block. |
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1101 |
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1102 |
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1103 <p> |
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1104 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>. |
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1105 |
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1106 |
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1107 |
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1108 |
| 395 | 1109 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="expressions">Expressions</a></h3> |
| 1110 | |
| 1111 <p> | |
| 1112 The basic expressions in Luan are the following: | |
| 1113 | |
| 1114 <p><tt><pre> | |
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1115 exp ::= prefixexp |
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1116 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> |
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1117 exp ::= Numeral |
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1118 exp ::= LiteralString |
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1119 exp ::= functiondef |
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1120 exp ::= tableconstructor |
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1121 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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1122 exp ::= exp binop exp |
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1123 exp ::= unop exp |
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1124 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ |
| 395 | 1125 </pre></tt></p> |
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1126 |
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1127 <p> |
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1128 Numerals and literal strings are explained in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>; |
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1129 variables are explained in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a>; |
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1130 function definitions are explained in <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>; |
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1131 function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>; |
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1132 table constructors are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>. |
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1133 Vararg expressions, |
| 395 | 1134 denoted by three dots ('<tt>...</tt>'), can only be used when |
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1135 directly inside a vararg function; |
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1136 they are explained in <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>. |
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1137 |
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1138 |
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1139 <p> |
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1140 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), |
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1141 relational operators (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>), |
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1142 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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1143 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), |
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1144 the unary logical <b>not</b> (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>), |
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1145 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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1146 |
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1147 |
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1148 <p> |
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1149 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values. |
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1150 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#3.3.6">§3.3.6</a>), |
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1151 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements, |
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1152 thus discarding all returned values. |
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1153 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element |
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1154 of a list of expressions, |
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1155 then no adjustment is made |
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1156 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses). |
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1157 In all other contexts, |
| 395 | 1158 Luan adjusts the result list to one element, |
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1159 either discarding all values except the first one |
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1160 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values. |
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1161 |
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1162 |
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1163 <p> |
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1164 Here are some examples: |
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1165 |
| 395 | 1166 <p><tt><pre> |
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1167 f() -- adjusted to 0 results |
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1168 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result |
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1169 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f() |
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1170 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil) |
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1171 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets |
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1172 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there |
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1173 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter) |
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1174 |
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1175 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results |
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1176 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results |
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1177 return f() -- returns all results from f() |
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1178 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters |
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1179 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f() |
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1180 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f() |
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1181 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters |
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1182 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result |
| 395 | 1183 </pre></tt></p> |
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1184 |
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1185 <p> |
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1186 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value. |
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1187 Thus, |
| 395 | 1188 <tt>(f(x,y,z))</tt> is always a single value, |
| 1189 even if <tt>f</tt> returns several values. | |
| 1190 (The value of <tt>(f(x,y,z))</tt> is the first value returned by <tt>f</tt> | |
| 1191 or <b>nil</b> if <tt>f</tt> does not return any values.) | |
| 1192 | |
| 1193 | |
| 1194 | |
| 1195 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4> | |
| 1196 | |
| 1197 <p> | |
| 1198 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators: | |
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1199 |
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1200 <ul> |
| 395 | 1201 <li><b><tt>+</tt>: </b>addition</li> |
| 1202 <li><b><tt>-</tt>: </b>subtraction</li> | |
| 1203 <li><b><tt>*</tt>: </b>multiplication</li> | |
| 1204 <li><b><tt>/</tt>: </b>division</li> | |
| 1205 <li><b><tt>%</tt>: </b>modulo</li> | |
| 1206 <li><b><tt>^</tt>: </b>exponentiation</li> | |
| 1207 <li><b><tt>-</tt>: </b>unary minus</li> | |
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1208 </ul> |
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1209 |
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1210 <p> |
| 395 | 1211 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary minus are the same as these operators in Java. Exponentiation uses Java's <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow(double,%20double)">Math.pow</a> function. |
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1212 |
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1213 <p> |
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1214 Modulo is defined as the remainder of a division |
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1215 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division). |
| 395 | 1216 (The Java modulo operator is not used.) |
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1217 |
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1218 |
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1219 |
| 396 | 1220 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4> |
| 1221 | |
| 1222 <p> | |
| 1223 Luan provides some automatic conversions between some | |
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1224 types and representations at run time. |
| 396 | 1225 String concatenation converts all of its arguments to strings. |
| 1226 | |
| 1227 Luan also converts strings to numbers | |
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1228 whenever a number is expected. |
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1229 |
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1230 |
| 396 | 1231 |
| 1232 | |
| 1233 | |
| 1234 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="relational">Relational Operators</a></h4> | |
| 1235 | |
| 1236 <p> | |
| 1237 Luan supports the following relational operators: | |
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1238 |
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1239 <ul> |
| 396 | 1240 <li><b><tt>==</tt>: </b>equality</li> |
| 1241 <li><b><tt>~=</tt>: </b>inequality</li> | |
| 1242 <li><b><tt><</tt>: </b>less than</li> | |
| 1243 <li><b><tt>></tt>: </b>greater than</li> | |
| 1244 <li><b><tt><=</tt>: </b>less or equal</li> | |
| 1245 <li><b><tt>>=</tt>: </b>greater or equal</li> | |
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1246 </ul><p> |
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1247 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. |
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1248 |
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1249 |
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1250 <p> |
| 396 | 1251 Equality (<tt>==</tt>) first compares the type of its operands. |
|
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1252 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>. |
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1253 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared. |
| 396 | 1254 Strings, numbers, and binary values are compared in the obvious way (by value). |
| 1255 | |
| 1256 <p> | |
| 1257 Tables | |
|
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1258 are compared by reference: |
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1259 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object. |
| 396 | 1260 Every time you create a new table, |
| 1261 it is different from any previously existing table. | |
| 1262 Closures are also compared by reference. | |
| 1263 | |
| 1264 <p> | |
| 1265 You can change the way that Lua compares tables | |
|
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1266 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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1267 |
| 396 | 1268 <p> |
| 1269 Userdata are Java objects. They are compared for equality with the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)"><tt>equals</tt></a> method. | |
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1270 |
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1271 <p> |
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1272 Equality comparisons do not convert strings to numbers |
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1273 or vice versa. |
| 396 | 1274 Thus, <tt>"0"==0</tt> evaluates to <b>false</b>, |
| 1275 and <tt>t[0]</tt> and <tt>t["0"]</tt> denote different | |
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1276 entries in a table. |
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1277 |
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1278 |
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1279 <p> |
| 396 | 1280 The operator <tt>~=</tt> is exactly the negation of equality (<tt>==</tt>). |
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1281 |
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1282 |
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1283 <p> |
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1284 The order operators work as follows. |
| 396 | 1285 |
|
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1286 If both arguments are numbers, |
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1287 then they are compared following |
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1288 the usual rule for binary operations. |
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1289 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings, |
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1290 then their values are compared according to the current locale. |
| 396 | 1291 Otherwise, Luan tries to call the "lt" or the "le" |
|
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1292 metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
| 396 | 1293 A comparison <tt>a > b</tt> is translated to <tt>b < a</tt> |
| 1294 and <tt>a >= b</tt> is translated to <tt>b <= a</tt>. | |
| 1295 | |
| 1296 | |
| 1297 | |
| 1298 | |
| 1299 | |
| 1300 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4> | |
| 1301 | |
| 1302 <p> | |
| 1303 The logical operators in Luan are | |
|
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1304 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>. |
| 396 | 1305 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false |
| 1306 and anything else as true. | |
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1307 Like the control structures (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>), |
| 396 | 1308 the <b>not</b> operator requires a boolean value. |
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1309 |
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1310 <p> |
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1311 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. |
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1312 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument |
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1313 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>; |
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1314 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument. |
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1315 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument |
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1316 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>; |
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1317 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument. |
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1318 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-circuit evaluation; |
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1319 that is, |
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1320 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary. |
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1321 Here are some examples: |
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1322 |
| 396 | 1323 <p><tt><pre> |
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1324 10 or 20 --> 10 |
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1325 10 or error() --> 10 |
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1326 nil or "a" --> "a" |
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1327 nil and 10 --> nil |
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1328 false and error() --> false |
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1329 false and nil --> false |
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1330 false or nil --> nil |
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1331 10 and 20 --> 20 |
| 396 | 1332 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1333 | |
| 1334 <p> | |
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1335 (In this manual, |
| 396 | 1336 <tt>--></tt> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) |
| 1337 | |
| 1338 | |
| 1339 | |
| 1340 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4> | |
| 1341 | |
| 1342 <p> | |
| 1343 The string concatenation operator in Luan is | |
| 1344 denoted by two dots ('<tt>..</tt>'). | |
| 1345 All operands are converted to strings. | |
| 1346 | |
| 1347 | |
| 1348 | |
| 1349 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="length">The Length Operator</a></h4> | |
| 1350 | |
| 1351 <p> | |
| 1352 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <tt>#</tt>. | |
| 1353 The length of a string is its number of characters. | |
| 1354 The length of a binary is its number of bytes. | |
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1355 |
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1356 |
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1357 <p> |
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1358 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for |
| 396 | 1359 any table through the <tt>__len</tt> metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
| 1360 | |
| 1361 | |
| 1362 <p> | |
| 1363 Unless a <tt>__len</tt> metamethod is given, | |
| 1364 the length of a table <tt>t</tt> is defined | |
| 1365 as the number of elements in <em>sequence</em>, | |
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1366 that is, |
| 396 | 1367 the size of the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> |
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1368 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>. |
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1369 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length. |
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1370 Note that a table like |
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1371 |
| 396 | 1372 <p><tt><pre> |
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1373 {10, 20, nil, 40} |
| 396 | 1374 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1375 | |
| 1376 <p> | |
| 1377 has a length of <tt>2</tt>, because that is the last key in sequence. | |
| 1378 | |
| 1379 | |
| 1380 | |
| 1381 | |
| 1382 | |
| 1383 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="precedence">Precedence</a></h4> | |
| 1384 | |
| 1385 <p> | |
| 1386 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below, | |
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1387 from lower to higher priority: |
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1388 |
| 396 | 1389 <p><tt><pre> |
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1390 or |
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1391 and |
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1392 < > <= >= ~= == |
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1393 .. |
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1394 + - |
| 396 | 1395 * / % |
| 1396 unary operators (not # -) | |
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1397 ^ |
| 396 | 1398 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1399 | |
| 1400 <p> | |
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1401 As usual, |
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1402 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression. |
| 396 | 1403 The concatenation ('<tt>..</tt>') and exponentiation ('<tt>^</tt>') |
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1404 operators are right associative. |
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1405 All other binary operators are left associative. |
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1406 |
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1407 |
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1408 |
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1409 |
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1410 |
| 396 | 1411 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4> |
| 1412 | |
| 1413 <p> | |
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1414 Table constructors are expressions that create tables. |
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1415 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. |
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1416 A constructor can be used to create an empty table |
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1417 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields. |
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1418 The general syntax for constructors is |
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1419 |
| 396 | 1420 <p><tt><pre> |
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1421 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ |
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1422 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] |
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1423 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp |
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1424 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ |
| 396 | 1425 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1426 | |
| 1427 <p> | |
| 1428 Each field of the form <tt>[exp1] = exp2</tt> adds to the new table an entry | |
| 1429 with key <tt>exp1</tt> and value <tt>exp2</tt>. | |
| 1430 A field of the form <tt>name = exp</tt> is equivalent to | |
| 1431 <tt>["name"] = exp</tt>. | |
| 1432 Finally, fields of the form <tt>exp</tt> are equivalent to | |
| 1433 <tt>[i] = exp</tt>, where <tt>i</tt> are consecutive integers | |
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1434 starting with 1. |
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1435 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. |
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1436 For example, |
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1437 |
| 396 | 1438 <p><tt><pre> |
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1439 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 } |
| 396 | 1440 </pre></tt></p> |
| 1441 | |
| 1442 <p> | |
|
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1443 is equivalent to |
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1444 |
| 396 | 1445 <p><tt><pre> |
|
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1446 do |
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1447 local t = {} |
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1448 t[f(1)] = g |
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1449 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp |
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1450 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp |
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1451 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1 |
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1452 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp |
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1453 t[30] = 23 |
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1454 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp |
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1455 a = t |
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1456 end |
| 396 | 1457 </pre></tt></p> |
|
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1458 |
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1459 <p> |
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1460 The order of the assignments in a constructor is undefined. |
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1461 (This order would be relevant only when there are repeated keys.) |
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1462 |
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1463 |
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1464 <p> |
| 396 | 1465 If the last field in the list has the form <tt>exp</tt> |
|
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1466 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression, |
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1467 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively |
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1468 (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). |
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1469 |
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1470 |
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1471 <p> |
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1472 The field list can have an optional trailing separator, |
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1473 as a convenience for machine-generated code. |
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1474 |
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1475 |
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1476 |
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1477 |
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1478 |
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1479 <h3>3.4.10 – <a name="3.4.10">Function Calls</a></h3><p> |
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1480 A function call in Lua has the following syntax: |
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1481 |
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1482 <pre> |
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1483 functioncall ::= prefixexp args |
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1484 </pre><p> |
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1485 In a function call, |
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1486 first prefixexp and args are evaluated. |
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1487 If the value of prefixexp has type <em>function</em>, |
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1488 then this function is called |
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1489 with the given arguments. |
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1490 Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called, |
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1491 having as first parameter the value of prefixexp, |
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1492 followed by the original call arguments |
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1493 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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1494 |
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1495 |
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1496 <p> |
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1497 The form |
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1498 |
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1499 <pre> |
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1500 functioncall ::= prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args |
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1501 </pre><p> |
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1502 can be used to call "methods". |
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1503 A call <code>v:name(<em>args</em>)</code> |
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1504 is syntactic sugar for <code>v.name(v,<em>args</em>)</code>, |
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1505 except that <code>v</code> is evaluated only once. |
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1506 |
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1507 |
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1508 <p> |
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1509 Arguments have the following syntax: |
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1510 |
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1511 <pre> |
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1512 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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1513 args ::= tableconstructor |
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1514 args ::= LiteralString |
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1515 </pre><p> |
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1516 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call. |
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1517 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is |
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1518 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>; |
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1519 that is, the argument list is a single new table. |
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1520 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code> |
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1521 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>) |
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1522 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>; |
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1523 that is, the argument list is a single literal string. |
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1524 |
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1525 |
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1526 <p> |
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1527 A call of the form <code>return <em>functioncall</em></code> is called |
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1528 a <em>tail call</em>. |
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1529 Lua implements <em>proper tail calls</em> |
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1530 (or <em>proper tail recursion</em>): |
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1531 in a tail call, |
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1532 the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function. |
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1533 Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that |
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1534 a program can execute. |
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1535 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the |
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1536 calling function. |
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1537 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax, |
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1538 where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument; |
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1539 this syntax makes the calling function return exactly |
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1540 the returns of the called function. |
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1541 So, none of the following examples are tail calls: |
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1542 |
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1543 <pre> |
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1544 return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1 |
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1545 return 2 * f(x) |
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1546 return x, f(x) -- additional results |
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1547 f(x); return -- results discarded |
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1548 return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1 |
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1549 </pre> |
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1550 |
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1551 |
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1552 |
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1553 |
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1554 <h3>3.4.11 – <a name="3.4.11">Function Definitions</a></h3> |
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1555 |
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1556 <p> |
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1557 The syntax for function definition is |
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1558 |
|
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1559 <pre> |
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1560 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody |
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1561 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> |
|
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|
1562 </pre> |
|
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|
1563 |
|
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|
1564 <p> |
|
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|
1565 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions: |
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1566 |
|
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|
1567 <pre> |
|
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1568 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody |
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1569 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody |
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1570 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] |
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1571 </pre><p> |
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|
1572 The statement |
|
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|
1573 |
|
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|
1574 <pre> |
|
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1575 function f () <em>body</em> end |
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1576 </pre><p> |
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1577 translates to |
|
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1578 |
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|
1579 <pre> |
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1580 f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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1581 </pre><p> |
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1582 The statement |
|
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|
1583 |
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|
1584 <pre> |
|
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1585 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end |
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1586 </pre><p> |
|
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1587 translates to |
|
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|
1588 |
|
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|
1589 <pre> |
|
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1590 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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1591 </pre><p> |
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|
1592 The statement |
|
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|
1593 |
|
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|
1594 <pre> |
|
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1595 local function f () <em>body</em> end |
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1596 </pre><p> |
|
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1597 translates to |
|
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|
1598 |
|
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|
1599 <pre> |
|
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1600 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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1601 </pre><p> |
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1602 not to |
|
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|
1603 |
|
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|
1604 <pre> |
|
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1605 local f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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1606 </pre><p> |
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1607 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function |
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1608 contains references to <code>f</code>.) |
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|
1609 |
|
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|
1610 |
|
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|
1611 <p> |
|
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|
1612 A function definition is an executable expression, |
|
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1613 whose value has type <em>function</em>. |
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1614 When Lua precompiles a chunk, |
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1615 all its function bodies are precompiled too. |
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1616 Then, whenever Lua executes the function definition, |
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1617 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>). |
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1618 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>) |
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1619 is the final value of the expression. |
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1620 |
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|
1621 |
|
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|
1622 <p> |
|
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|
1623 Parameters act as local variables that are |
|
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1624 initialized with the argument values: |
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|
1625 |
|
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|
1626 <pre> |
|
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1627 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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1628 </pre><p> |
|
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|
1629 When a function is called, |
|
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1630 the list of arguments is adjusted to |
|
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1631 the length of the list of parameters, |
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1632 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>, |
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1633 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>') |
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1634 at the end of its parameter list. |
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1635 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list; |
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1636 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them |
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1637 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>, |
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1638 which is also written as three dots. |
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1639 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments, |
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|
1640 similar to a function with multiple results. |
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|
1641 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression |
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1642 or in the middle of a list of expressions, |
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1643 then its return list is adjusted to one element. |
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1644 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions, |
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1645 then no adjustment is made |
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1646 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses). |
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|
1647 |
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|
1648 |
|
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|
1649 <p> |
|
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|
1650 As an example, consider the following definitions: |
|
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|
1651 |
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|
1652 <pre> |
|
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|
1653 function f(a, b) end |
|
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1654 function g(a, b, ...) end |
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1655 function r() return 1,2,3 end |
|
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|
1656 </pre><p> |
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|
1657 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and |
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|
1658 to the vararg expression: |
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|
1659 |
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changeset
|
1660 <pre> |
|
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changeset
|
1661 CALL PARAMETERS |
|
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changeset
|
1662 |
|
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|
1663 f(3) a=3, b=nil |
|
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|
1664 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4 |
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1665 f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4 |
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|
1666 f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10 |
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|
1667 f(r()) a=1, b=2 |
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|
1668 |
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1669 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing) |
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1670 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing) |
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|
1671 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8 |
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|
1672 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3 |
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|
1673 </pre> |
|
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changeset
|
1674 |
|
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changeset
|
1675 <p> |
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|
1676 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). |
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1677 If control reaches the end of a function |
|
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|
1678 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement, |
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|
1679 then the function returns with no results. |
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|
1680 |
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1681 |
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1682 <p> |
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|
1683 |
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|
1684 There is a system-dependent limit on the number of values |
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1685 that a function may return. |
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1686 This limit is guaranteed to be larger than 1000. |
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1687 |
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1688 |
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1689 <p> |
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1690 The <em>colon</em> syntax |
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1691 is used for defining <em>methods</em>, |
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1692 that is, functions that have an implicit extra parameter <code>self</code>. |
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1693 Thus, the statement |
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1694 |
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1695 <pre> |
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1696 function t.a.b.c:f (<em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end |
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1697 </pre><p> |
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1698 is syntactic sugar for |
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1699 |
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1700 <pre> |
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1701 t.a.b.c.f = function (self, <em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end |
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1702 </pre> |
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1703 |
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1704 |
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1705 |
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1706 |
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1707 |
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1708 |
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1709 <h2>3.5 – <a name="3.5">Visibility Rules</a></h2> |
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1710 |
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1711 <p> |
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1712 |
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1713 Lua is a lexically scoped language. |
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1714 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after |
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1715 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement |
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1716 of the innermost block that includes the declaration. |
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1717 Consider the following example: |
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1718 |
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1719 <pre> |
|
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1720 x = 10 -- global variable |
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1721 do -- new block |
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1722 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10 |
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1723 print(x) --> 10 |
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1724 x = x+1 |
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1725 do -- another block |
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1726 local x = x+1 -- another 'x' |
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1727 print(x) --> 12 |
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1728 end |
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1729 print(x) --> 11 |
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1730 end |
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1731 print(x) --> 10 (the global one) |
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1732 </pre> |
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1733 |
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1734 <p> |
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1735 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>, |
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1736 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet, |
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1737 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable. |
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1738 |
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1739 |
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1740 <p> |
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1741 Because of the lexical scoping rules, |
|
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1742 local variables can be freely accessed by functions |
|
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1743 defined inside their scope. |
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1744 A local variable used by an inner function is called |
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1745 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>, |
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1746 inside the inner function. |
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1747 |
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1748 |
|
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1749 <p> |
|
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1750 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement |
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1751 defines new local variables. |
|
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1752 Consider the following example: |
|
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1753 |
|
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1754 <pre> |
|
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1755 a = {} |
|
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1756 local x = 20 |
|
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|
1757 for i=1,10 do |
|
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1758 local y = 0 |
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|
1759 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end |
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1760 end |
|
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1761 </pre><p> |
|
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|
1762 The loop creates ten closures |
|
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1763 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function). |
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1764 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable, |
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1765 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>. |
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1766 |
|
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1767 |
|
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1768 |
|
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1769 |
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1770 |
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1771 <h1>4 – <a name="4">The Application Program Interface</a></h1> |
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1772 |
|
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1773 <p> |
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1774 |
|
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1775 This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, |
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1776 the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate |
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1777 with Lua. |
|
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1778 All API functions and related types and constants |
|
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1779 are declared in the header file <a name="pdf-lua.h"><code>lua.h</code></a>. |
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1780 |
|
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1781 |
|
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1782 <p> |
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1783 Even when we use the term "function", |
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1784 any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. |
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1785 Except where stated otherwise, |
|
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1786 all such macros use each of their arguments exactly once |
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1787 (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), |
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1788 and so do not generate any hidden side-effects. |
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1789 |
|
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1790 |
|
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1791 <p> |
|
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1792 As in most C libraries, |
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1793 the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. |
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1794 However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua |
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1795 with the macro <a name="pdf-LUA_USE_APICHECK"><code>LUA_USE_APICHECK</code></a> defined. |
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1796 |
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1797 |
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1798 |
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1799 <h2>4.1 – <a name="4.1">The Stack</a></h2> |
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1800 |
|
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1801 <p> |
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1802 Lua uses a <em>virtual stack</em> to pass values to and from C. |
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1803 Each element in this stack represents a Lua value |
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1804 (<b>nil</b>, number, string, etc.). |
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1805 |
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1806 |
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1807 <p> |
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1808 Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack, |
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1809 which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of |
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1810 C functions that are still active. |
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1811 This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function |
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1812 and it is where the C function pushes its results |
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1813 to be returned to the caller (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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1814 |
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1815 |
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1816 <p> |
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1817 For convenience, |
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1818 most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. |
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1819 Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack |
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1820 by using an <em>index</em>: |
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1821 A positive index represents an absolute stack position |
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1822 (starting at 1); |
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1823 a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack. |
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1824 More specifically, if the stack has <em>n</em> elements, |
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1825 then index 1 represents the first element |
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1826 (that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first) |
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1827 and |
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1828 index <em>n</em> represents the last element; |
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1829 index -1 also represents the last element |
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1830 (that is, the element at the top) |
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1831 and index <em>-n</em> represents the first element. |
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1832 |
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1833 |
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1834 |
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1835 |
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1836 |
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1837 <h2>4.2 – <a name="4.2">Stack Size</a></h2> |
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1838 |
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1839 <p> |
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1840 When you interact with the Lua API, |
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1841 you are responsible for ensuring consistency. |
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1842 In particular, |
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1843 <em>you are responsible for controlling stack overflow</em>. |
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1844 You can use the function <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a> |
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1845 to ensure that the stack has enough space for pushing new elements. |
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1846 |
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1847 |
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1848 <p> |
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1849 Whenever Lua calls C, |
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1850 it ensures that the stack has space for |
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1851 at least <a name="pdf-LUA_MINSTACK"><code>LUA_MINSTACK</code></a> extra slots. |
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1852 <code>LUA_MINSTACK</code> is defined as 20, |
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1853 so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space |
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1854 unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack. |
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1855 |
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1856 |
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1857 <p> |
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1858 When you call a Lua function |
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1859 without a fixed number of results (see <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>), |
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1860 Lua ensures that the stack has enough space for all results, |
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1861 but it does not ensure any extra space. |
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1862 So, before pushing anything in the stack after such a call |
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1863 you should use <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>. |
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1864 |
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1865 |
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1866 |
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1867 |
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1868 |
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1869 <h2>4.3 – <a name="4.3">Valid and Acceptable Indices</a></h2> |
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1870 |
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1871 <p> |
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1872 Any function in the API that receives stack indices |
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1873 works only with <em>valid indices</em> or <em>acceptable indices</em>. |
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1874 |
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1875 |
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1876 <p> |
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1877 A <em>valid index</em> is an index that refers to a |
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1878 real position within the stack, that is, |
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1879 its position lies between 1 and the stack top |
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1880 (<code>1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top</code>). |
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1881 |
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1882 Usually, functions that can modify the value at an index |
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1883 require valid indices. |
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1884 |
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1885 |
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1886 <p> |
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1887 Unless otherwise noted, |
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1888 any function that accepts valid indices also accepts <em>pseudo-indices</em>, |
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1889 which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code |
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1890 but which are not in the stack. |
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1891 Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry |
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1892 and the upvalues of a C function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). |
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1893 |
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1894 |
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1895 <p> |
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1896 Functions that do not need a specific stack position, |
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1897 but only a value in the stack (e.g., query functions), |
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1898 can be called with acceptable indices. |
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1899 An <em>acceptable index</em> can be any valid index, |
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1900 including the pseudo-indices, |
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1901 but it also can be any positive index after the stack top |
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1902 within the space allocated for the stack, |
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1903 that is, indices up to the stack size. |
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1904 (Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.) |
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1905 Except when noted otherwise, |
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1906 functions in the API work with acceptable indices. |
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1907 |
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1908 |
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1909 <p> |
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1910 Acceptable indices serve to avoid extra tests |
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1911 against the stack top when querying the stack. |
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1912 For instance, a C function can query its third argument |
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1913 without the need to first check whether there is a third argument, |
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1914 that is, without the need to check whether 3 is a valid index. |
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1915 |
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1916 |
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1917 <p> |
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1918 For functions that can be called with acceptable indices, |
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1919 any non-valid index is treated as if it |
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1920 contains a value of a virtual type <a name="pdf-LUA_TNONE"><code>LUA_TNONE</code></a>, |
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1921 which behaves like a nil value. |
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1922 |
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1923 |
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1924 |
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1925 |
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1926 |
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1927 <h2>4.4 – <a name="4.4">C Closures</a></h2> |
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1928 |
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1929 <p> |
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1930 When a C function is created, |
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1931 it is possible to associate some values with it, |
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1932 thus creating a <em>C closure</em> |
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1933 (see <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>); |
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1934 these values are called <em>upvalues</em> and are |
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1935 accessible to the function whenever it is called. |
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1936 |
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1937 |
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1938 <p> |
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1939 Whenever a C function is called, |
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1940 its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices. |
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1941 These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro |
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1942 <a href="#lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a>. |
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1943 The first value associated with a function is at position |
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1944 <code>lua_upvalueindex(1)</code>, and so on. |
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1945 Any access to <code>lua_upvalueindex(<em>n</em>)</code>, |
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1946 where <em>n</em> is greater than the number of upvalues of the |
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1947 current function (but not greater than 256), |
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1948 produces an acceptable but invalid index. |
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1949 |
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1950 |
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1951 |
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1952 |
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1953 |
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1954 <h2>4.5 – <a name="4.5">Registry</a></h2> |
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1955 |
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1956 <p> |
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1957 Lua provides a <em>registry</em>, |
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1958 a predefined table that can be used by any C code to |
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1959 store whatever Lua values it needs to store. |
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1960 The registry table is always located at pseudo-index |
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1961 <a name="pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX"><code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code></a>, |
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1962 which is a valid index. |
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1963 Any C library can store data into this table, |
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1964 but it must take care to choose keys |
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1965 that are different from those used |
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1966 by other libraries, to avoid collisions. |
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1967 Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name, |
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1968 or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code, |
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1969 or any Lua object created by your code. |
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1970 As with variable names, |
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1971 string keys starting with an underscore followed by |
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1972 uppercase letters are reserved for Lua. |
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1973 |
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1974 |
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1975 <p> |
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1976 The integer keys in the registry are used |
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1977 by the reference mechanism (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>) |
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1978 and by some predefined values. |
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1979 Therefore, integer keys must not be used for other purposes. |
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1980 |
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1981 |
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1982 <p> |
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1983 When you create a new Lua state, |
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1984 its registry comes with some predefined values. |
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1985 These predefined values are indexed with integer keys |
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1986 defined as constants in <code>lua.h</code>. |
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1987 The following constants are defined: |
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1988 |
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1989 <ul> |
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1990 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD"><code>LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has |
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1991 the main thread of the state. |
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1992 (The main thread is the one created together with the state.) |
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1993 </li> |
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1994 |
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1995 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS"><code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has |
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1996 the global environment. |
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1997 </li> |
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1998 </ul> |
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1999 |
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2000 |
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2001 |
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2002 |
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2003 <h2>4.6 – <a name="4.6">Error Handling in C</a></h2> |
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2004 |
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2005 <p> |
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2006 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to handle errors. |
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2007 (Lua will use exceptions if you compile it as C++; |
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2008 search for <code>LUAI_THROW</code> in the source code for details.) |
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2009 When Lua faces any error |
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2010 (such as a memory allocation error, type errors, syntax errors, |
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2011 and runtime errors) |
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2012 it <em>raises</em> an error; |
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2013 that is, it does a long jump. |
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2014 A <em>protected environment</em> uses <code>setjmp</code> |
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2015 to set a recovery point; |
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2016 any error jumps to the most recent active recovery point. |
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2017 |
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2018 |
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2019 <p> |
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2020 If an error happens outside any protected environment, |
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2021 Lua calls a <em>panic function</em> (see <a href="#lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a>) |
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2022 and then calls <code>abort</code>, |
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2023 thus exiting the host application. |
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2024 Your panic function can avoid this exit by |
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2025 never returning |
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2026 (e.g., doing a long jump to your own recovery point outside Lua). |
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2027 |
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2028 |
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2029 <p> |
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2030 The panic function runs as if it were a message handler (see <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>); |
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2031 in particular, the error message is at the top of the stack. |
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2032 However, there is no guarantee about stack space. |
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2033 To push anything on the stack, |
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2034 the panic function must first check the available space (see <a href="#4.2">§4.2</a>). |
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2035 |
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2036 |
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2037 <p> |
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2038 Most functions in the API can raise an error, |
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2039 for instance due to a memory allocation error. |
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2040 The documentation for each function indicates whether |
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2041 it can raise errors. |
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2042 |
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2043 |
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2044 <p> |
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2045 Inside a C function you can raise an error by calling <a href="#lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a>. |
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2046 |
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2047 |
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2048 |
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2049 |
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2050 |
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2051 <h2>4.7 – <a name="4.7">Handling Yields in C</a></h2> |
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2052 |
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2053 <p> |
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2054 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to yield a coroutine. |
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2055 Therefore, if a C function <code>foo</code> calls an API function |
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2056 and this API function yields |
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2057 (directly or indirectly by calling another function that yields), |
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2058 Lua cannot return to <code>foo</code> any more, |
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2059 because the <code>longjmp</code> removes its frame from the C stack. |
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2060 |
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2061 |
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2062 <p> |
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2063 To avoid this kind of problem, |
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2064 Lua raises an error whenever it tries to yield across an API call, |
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2065 except for three functions: |
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2066 <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, and <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. |
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2067 All those functions receive a <em>continuation function</em> |
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2068 (as a parameter named <code>k</code>) to continue execution after a yield. |
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2069 |
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2070 |
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2071 <p> |
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2072 We need to set some terminology to explain continuations. |
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2073 We have a C function called from Lua which we will call |
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2074 the <em>original function</em>. |
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2075 This original function then calls one of those three functions in the C API, |
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2076 which we will call the <em>callee function</em>, |
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2077 that then yields the current thread. |
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2078 (This can happen when the callee function is <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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2079 or when the callee function is either <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> |
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2080 and the function called by them yields.) |
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2081 |
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2082 |
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2083 <p> |
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2084 Suppose the running thread yields while executing the callee function. |
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2085 After the thread resumes, |
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2086 it eventually will finish running the callee function. |
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2087 However, |
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2088 the callee function cannot return to the original function, |
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2089 because its frame in the C stack was destroyed by the yield. |
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2090 Instead, Lua calls a <em>continuation function</em>, |
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2091 which was given as an argument to the callee function. |
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2092 As the name implies, |
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2093 the continuation function should continue the task |
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2094 of the original function. |
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2095 |
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2096 |
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2097 <p> |
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2098 As an illustration, consider the following function: |
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2099 |
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2100 <pre> |
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2101 int original_function (lua_State *L) { |
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2102 ... /* code 1 */ |
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2103 status = lua_pcall(L, n, m, h); /* calls Lua */ |
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2104 ... /* code 2 */ |
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2105 } |
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2106 </pre><p> |
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2107 Now we want to allow |
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2108 the Lua code being run by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> to yield. |
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2109 First, we can rewrite our function like here: |
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2110 |
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2111 <pre> |
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2112 int k (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext ctx) { |
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2113 ... /* code 2 */ |
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2114 } |
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2115 |
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2116 int original_function (lua_State *L) { |
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2117 ... /* code 1 */ |
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2118 return k(L, lua_pcall(L, n, m, h), ctx); |
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2119 } |
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2120 </pre><p> |
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2121 In the above code, |
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2122 the new function <code>k</code> is a |
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2123 <em>continuation function</em> (with type <a href="#lua_KFunction"><code>lua_KFunction</code></a>), |
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2124 which should do all the work that the original function |
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2125 was doing after calling <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. |
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2126 Now, we must inform Lua that it must call <code>k</code> if the Lua code |
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2127 being executed by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> gets interrupted in some way |
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2128 (errors or yielding), |
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2129 so we rewrite the code as here, |
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2130 replacing <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>: |
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2131 |
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2132 <pre> |
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2133 int original_function (lua_State *L) { |
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2134 ... /* code 1 */ |
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2135 return k(L, lua_pcallk(L, n, m, h, ctx2, k), ctx1); |
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2136 } |
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2137 </pre><p> |
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2138 Note the external, explicit call to the continuation: |
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2139 Lua will call the continuation only if needed, that is, |
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2140 in case of errors or resuming after a yield. |
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2141 If the called function returns normally without ever yielding, |
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2142 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> (and <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>) will also return normally. |
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2143 (Of course, instead of calling the continuation in that case, |
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2144 you can do the equivalent work directly inside the original function.) |
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2145 |
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2146 |
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2147 <p> |
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2148 Besides the Lua state, |
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2149 the continuation function has two other parameters: |
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2150 the final status of the call plus the context value (<code>ctx</code>) that |
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2151 was passed originally to <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. |
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2152 (Lua does not use this context value; |
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2153 it only passes this value from the original function to the |
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2154 continuation function.) |
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2155 For <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, |
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2156 the status is the same value that would be returned by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, |
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2157 except that it is <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> when being executed after a yield |
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2158 (instead of <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>). |
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2159 For <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> and <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, |
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2160 the status is always <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> when Lua calls the continuation. |
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2161 (For these two functions, |
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2162 Lua will not call the continuation in case of errors, |
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2163 because they do not handle errors.) |
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2164 Similarly, when using <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, |
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2165 you should call the continuation function |
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2166 with <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> as the status. |
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2167 (For <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, there is not much point in calling |
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2168 directly the continuation function, |
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2169 because <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> usually does not return.) |
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2170 |
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2171 |
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2172 <p> |
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2173 Lua treats the continuation function as if it were the original function. |
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2174 The continuation function receives the same Lua stack |
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2175 from the original function, |
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2176 in the same state it would be if the callee function had returned. |
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2177 (For instance, |
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2178 after a <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> the function and its arguments are |
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2179 removed from the stack and replaced by the results from the call.) |
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2180 It also has the same upvalues. |
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2181 Whatever it returns is handled by Lua as if it were the return |
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2182 of the original function. |
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2183 |
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2184 |
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2185 |
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2186 |
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2187 |
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2188 <h2>4.8 – <a name="4.8">Functions and Types</a></h2> |
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2189 |
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2190 <p> |
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2191 Here we list all functions and types from the C API in |
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2192 alphabetical order. |
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2193 Each function has an indicator like this: |
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2194 <span class="apii">[-o, +p, <em>x</em>]</span> |
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2195 |
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2196 |
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2197 <p> |
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2198 The first field, <code>o</code>, |
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2199 is how many elements the function pops from the stack. |
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2200 The second field, <code>p</code>, |
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2201 is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack. |
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2202 (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) |
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2203 A field in the form <code>x|y</code> means the function can push (or pop) |
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2204 <code>x</code> or <code>y</code> elements, |
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2205 depending on the situation; |
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2206 an interrogation mark '<code>?</code>' means that |
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2207 we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes |
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2208 by looking only at its arguments |
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2209 (e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack). |
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2210 The third field, <code>x</code>, |
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2211 tells whether the function may raise errors: |
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2212 '<code>-</code>' means the function never raises any error; |
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2213 '<code>e</code>' means the function may raise errors; |
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2214 '<code>v</code>' means the function may raise an error on purpose. |
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2215 |
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2216 |
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2217 |
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2218 <hr><h3><a name="lua_absindex"><code>lua_absindex</code></a></h3><p> |
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2219 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2220 <pre>int lua_absindex (lua_State *L, int idx);</pre> |
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2221 |
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2222 <p> |
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2223 Converts the acceptable index <code>idx</code> into an absolute index |
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2224 (that is, one that does not depend on the stack top). |
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2225 |
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2226 |
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2227 |
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2228 |
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2229 |
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2230 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a></h3> |
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2231 <pre>typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, |
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2232 void *ptr, |
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2233 size_t osize, |
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2234 size_t nsize);</pre> |
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2235 |
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2236 <p> |
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2237 The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states. |
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2238 The allocator function must provide a |
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2239 functionality similar to <code>realloc</code>, |
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2240 but not exactly the same. |
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2241 Its arguments are |
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2242 <code>ud</code>, an opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>; |
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2243 <code>ptr</code>, a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; |
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2244 <code>osize</code>, the original size of the block or some code about what |
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2245 is being allocated; |
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2246 and <code>nsize</code>, the new size of the block. |
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2247 |
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2248 |
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2249 <p> |
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2250 When <code>ptr</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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2251 <code>osize</code> is the size of the block pointed by <code>ptr</code>, |
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2252 that is, the size given when it was allocated or reallocated. |
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2253 |
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2254 |
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2255 <p> |
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2256 When <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code>, |
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2257 <code>osize</code> encodes the kind of object that Lua is allocating. |
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2258 <code>osize</code> is any of |
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2259 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, |
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2260 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, or <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a> when (and only when) |
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2261 Lua is creating a new object of that type. |
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2262 When <code>osize</code> is some other value, |
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2263 Lua is allocating memory for something else. |
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2264 |
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2265 |
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2266 <p> |
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2267 Lua assumes the following behavior from the allocator function: |
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2268 |
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2269 |
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2270 <p> |
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2271 When <code>nsize</code> is zero, |
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2272 the allocator must behave like <code>free</code> |
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2273 and return <code>NULL</code>. |
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2274 |
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2275 |
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2276 <p> |
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2277 When <code>nsize</code> is not zero, |
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2278 the allocator must behave like <code>realloc</code>. |
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2279 The allocator returns <code>NULL</code> |
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2280 if and only if it cannot fulfill the request. |
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2281 Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when |
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2282 <code>osize >= nsize</code>. |
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2283 |
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2284 |
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2285 <p> |
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2286 Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. |
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2287 It is used in the auxiliary library by <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a>. |
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2288 |
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2289 <pre> |
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2290 static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, |
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2291 size_t nsize) { |
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2292 (void)ud; (void)osize; /* not used */ |
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2293 if (nsize == 0) { |
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2294 free(ptr); |
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2295 return NULL; |
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2296 } |
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2297 else |
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2298 return realloc(ptr, nsize); |
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2299 } |
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2300 </pre><p> |
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2301 Note that Standard C ensures |
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2302 that <code>free(NULL)</code> has no effect and that |
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2303 <code>realloc(NULL,size)</code> is equivalent to <code>malloc(size)</code>. |
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2304 This code assumes that <code>realloc</code> does not fail when shrinking a block. |
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2305 (Although Standard C does not ensure this behavior, |
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2306 it seems to be a safe assumption.) |
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2307 |
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2308 |
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2309 |
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2310 |
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2311 |
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2312 <hr><h3><a name="lua_arith"><code>lua_arith</code></a></h3><p> |
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2313 <span class="apii">[-(2|1), +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2314 <pre>void lua_arith (lua_State *L, int op);</pre> |
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2315 |
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2316 <p> |
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2317 Performs an arithmetic or bitwise operation over the two values |
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2318 (or one, in the case of negations) |
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2319 at the top of the stack, |
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2320 with the value at the top being the second operand, |
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2321 pops these values, and pushes the result of the operation. |
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2322 The function follows the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator |
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2323 (that is, it may call metamethods). |
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2324 |
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2325 |
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2326 <p> |
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2327 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: |
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2328 |
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2329 <ul> |
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2330 |
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2331 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPADD"><code>LUA_OPADD</code></a>: </b> performs addition (<code>+</code>)</li> |
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2332 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSUB"><code>LUA_OPSUB</code></a>: </b> performs subtraction (<code>-</code>)</li> |
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2333 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMUL"><code>LUA_OPMUL</code></a>: </b> performs multiplication (<code>*</code>)</li> |
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2334 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPDIV"><code>LUA_OPDIV</code></a>: </b> performs float division (<code>/</code>)</li> |
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2335 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPIDIV"><code>LUA_OPIDIV</code></a>: </b> performs floor division (<code>//</code>)</li> |
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2336 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMOD"><code>LUA_OPMOD</code></a>: </b> performs modulo (<code>%</code>)</li> |
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2337 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPPOW"><code>LUA_OPPOW</code></a>: </b> performs exponentiation (<code>^</code>)</li> |
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2338 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPUNM"><code>LUA_OPUNM</code></a>: </b> performs mathematical negation (unary <code>-</code>)</li> |
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2339 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBNOT"><code>LUA_OPBNOT</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise negation (<code>~</code>)</li> |
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2340 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBAND"><code>LUA_OPBAND</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise and (<code>&</code>)</li> |
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2341 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBOR"><code>LUA_OPBOR</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise or (<code>|</code>)</li> |
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2342 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBXOR"><code>LUA_OPBXOR</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise exclusive or (<code>~</code>)</li> |
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2343 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSHL"><code>LUA_OPSHL</code></a>: </b> performs left shift (<code><<</code>)</li> |
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2344 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSHR"><code>LUA_OPSHR</code></a>: </b> performs right shift (<code>>></code>)</li> |
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2345 |
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2346 </ul> |
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2347 |
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2348 |
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2349 |
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2350 |
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2351 <hr><h3><a name="lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a></h3><p> |
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2352 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2353 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);</pre> |
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2354 |
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2355 <p> |
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2356 Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>). |
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2357 |
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2358 |
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2359 |
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2360 |
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2361 |
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2362 <hr><h3><a name="lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a></h3><p> |
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2363 <span class="apii">[-(nargs+1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2364 <pre>void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);</pre> |
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2365 |
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2366 <p> |
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2367 Calls a function. |
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2368 |
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2369 |
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2370 <p> |
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2371 To call a function you must use the following protocol: |
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2372 first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; |
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2373 then, the arguments to the function are pushed |
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2374 in direct order; |
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2375 that is, the first argument is pushed first. |
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2376 Finally you call <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>; |
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2377 <code>nargs</code> is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack. |
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2378 All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack |
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2379 when the function is called. |
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2380 The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns. |
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2381 The number of results is adjusted to <code>nresults</code>, |
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2382 unless <code>nresults</code> is <a name="pdf-LUA_MULTRET"><code>LUA_MULTRET</code></a>. |
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2383 In this case, all results from the function are pushed. |
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2384 Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. |
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2385 The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order |
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2386 (the first result is pushed first), |
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2387 so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack. |
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2388 |
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2389 |
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2390 <p> |
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2391 Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards |
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2392 (with a <code>longjmp</code>). |
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2393 |
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2394 |
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2395 <p> |
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2396 The following example shows how the host program can do the |
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2397 equivalent to this Lua code: |
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2398 |
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2399 <pre> |
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2400 a = f("how", t.x, 14) |
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2401 </pre><p> |
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2402 Here it is in C: |
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2403 |
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2404 <pre> |
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2405 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* function to be called */ |
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2406 lua_pushliteral(L, "how"); /* 1st argument */ |
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2407 lua_getglobal(L, "t"); /* table to be indexed */ |
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2408 lua_getfield(L, -1, "x"); /* push result of t.x (2nd arg) */ |
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2409 lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 't' from the stack */ |
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2410 lua_pushinteger(L, 14); /* 3rd argument */ |
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2411 lua_call(L, 3, 1); /* call 'f' with 3 arguments and 1 result */ |
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2412 lua_setglobal(L, "a"); /* set global 'a' */ |
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2413 </pre><p> |
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2414 Note that the code above is <em>balanced</em>: |
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2415 at its end, the stack is back to its original configuration. |
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2416 This is considered good programming practice. |
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2417 |
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2418 |
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2419 |
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2420 |
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2421 |
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2422 <hr><h3><a name="lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a></h3><p> |
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2423 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2424 <pre>void lua_callk (lua_State *L, |
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2425 int nargs, |
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2426 int nresults, |
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2427 lua_KContext ctx, |
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2428 lua_KFunction k);</pre> |
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2429 |
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2430 <p> |
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2431 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, |
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2432 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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2433 |
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2434 |
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2435 |
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2436 |
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2437 |
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2438 <hr><h3><a name="lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a></h3> |
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2439 <pre>typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2440 |
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2441 <p> |
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2442 Type for C functions. |
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2443 |
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2444 |
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2445 <p> |
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2446 In order to communicate properly with Lua, |
|
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2447 a C function must use the following protocol, |
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2448 which defines the way parameters and results are passed: |
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2449 a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack |
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2450 in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). |
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2451 So, when the function starts, |
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2452 <code>lua_gettop(L)</code> returns the number of arguments received by the function. |
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2453 The first argument (if any) is at index 1 |
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2454 and its last argument is at index <code>lua_gettop(L)</code>. |
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2455 To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, |
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2456 in direct order (the first result is pushed first), |
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2457 and returns the number of results. |
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2458 Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly |
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2459 discarded by Lua. |
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2460 Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return |
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2461 many results. |
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2462 |
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2463 |
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2464 <p> |
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2465 As an example, the following function receives a variable number |
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2466 of numerical arguments and returns their average and their sum: |
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2467 |
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2468 <pre> |
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2469 static int foo (lua_State *L) { |
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2470 int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ |
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2471 lua_Number sum = 0.0; |
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2472 int i; |
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2473 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { |
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2474 if (!lua_isnumber(L, i)) { |
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2475 lua_pushliteral(L, "incorrect argument"); |
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2476 lua_error(L); |
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2477 } |
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2478 sum += lua_tonumber(L, i); |
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2479 } |
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2480 lua_pushnumber(L, sum/n); /* first result */ |
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2481 lua_pushnumber(L, sum); /* second result */ |
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2482 return 2; /* number of results */ |
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2483 } |
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2484 </pre> |
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2485 |
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2486 |
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2487 |
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2488 |
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2489 <hr><h3><a name="lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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2490 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2491 <pre>int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
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2492 |
|
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2493 <p> |
|
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|
2494 Ensures that the stack has space for at least <code>n</code> extra slots. |
|
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2495 It returns false if it cannot fulfill the request, |
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|
2496 either because it would cause the stack |
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2497 to be larger than a fixed maximum size |
|
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|
2498 (typically at least several thousand elements) or |
|
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|
2499 because it cannot allocate memory for the extra space. |
|
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|
2500 This function never shrinks the stack; |
|
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2501 if the stack is already larger than the new size, |
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2502 it is left unchanged. |
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2503 |
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2504 |
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2505 |
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2506 |
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2507 |
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2508 <hr><h3><a name="lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a></h3><p> |
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2509 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2510 <pre>void lua_close (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2511 |
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2512 <p> |
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2513 Destroys all objects in the given Lua state |
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2514 (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) |
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2515 and frees all dynamic memory used by this state. |
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2516 On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, |
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2517 because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends. |
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2518 On the other hand, long-running programs that create multiple states, |
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2519 such as daemons or web servers, |
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2520 will probably need to close states as soon as they are not needed. |
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2521 |
|
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2522 |
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2523 |
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2524 |
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2525 |
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|
2526 <hr><h3><a name="lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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2527 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
2528 <pre>int lua_compare (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2, int op);</pre> |
|
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2529 |
|
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2530 <p> |
|
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|
2531 Compares two Lua values. |
|
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|
2532 Returns 1 if the value at index <code>index1</code> satisfies <code>op</code> |
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|
2533 when compared with the value at index <code>index2</code>, |
|
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|
2534 following the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator |
|
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|
2535 (that is, it may call metamethods). |
|
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|
2536 Otherwise returns 0. |
|
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2537 Also returns 0 if any of the indices is not valid. |
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2538 |
|
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2539 |
|
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|
2540 <p> |
|
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2541 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: |
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|
2542 |
|
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|
2543 <ul> |
|
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|
2544 |
|
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|
2545 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPEQ"><code>LUA_OPEQ</code></a>: </b> compares for equality (<code>==</code>)</li> |
|
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2546 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLT"><code>LUA_OPLT</code></a>: </b> compares for less than (<code><</code>)</li> |
|
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|
2547 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLE"><code>LUA_OPLE</code></a>: </b> compares for less or equal (<code><=</code>)</li> |
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2548 |
|
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|
2549 </ul> |
|
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|
2550 |
|
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|
2551 |
|
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|
2552 |
|
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|
2553 |
|
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|
2554 <hr><h3><a name="lua_concat"><code>lua_concat</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
2555 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
2556 <pre>void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
2557 |
|
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|
2558 <p> |
|
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|
2559 Concatenates the <code>n</code> values at the top of the stack, |
|
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|
2560 pops them, and leaves the result at the top. |
|
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|
2561 If <code>n</code> is 1, the result is the single value on the stack |
|
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|
2562 (that is, the function does nothing); |
|
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|
2563 if <code>n</code> is 0, the result is the empty string. |
|
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|
2564 Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua |
|
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|
2565 (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
|
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|
2566 |
|
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|
2567 |
|
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|
2568 |
|
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|
2569 |
|
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|
2570 |
|
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|
2571 <hr><h3><a name="lua_copy"><code>lua_copy</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
2572 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
2573 <pre>void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);</pre> |
|
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2574 |
|
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|
2575 <p> |
|
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|
2576 Copies the element at index <code>fromidx</code> |
|
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2577 into the valid index <code>toidx</code>, |
|
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|
2578 replacing the value at that position. |
|
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|
2579 Values at other positions are not affected. |
|
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|
2580 |
|
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|
2581 |
|
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|
2582 |
|
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|
2583 |
|
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|
2584 |
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|
2585 <hr><h3><a name="lua_createtable"><code>lua_createtable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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2586 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
2587 <pre>void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);</pre> |
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2588 |
|
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|
2589 <p> |
|
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|
2590 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. |
|
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|
2591 Parameter <code>narr</code> is a hint for how many elements the table |
|
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|
2592 will have as a sequence; |
|
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|
2593 parameter <code>nrec</code> is a hint for how many other elements |
|
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2594 the table will have. |
|
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2595 Lua may use these hints to preallocate memory for the new table. |
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2596 This pre-allocation is useful for performance when you know in advance |
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|
2597 how many elements the table will have. |
|
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|
2598 Otherwise you can use the function <a href="#lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a>. |
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2599 |
|
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2600 |
|
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2601 |
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2602 |
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2603 |
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2604 <hr><h3><a name="lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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2605 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2606 <pre>int lua_dump (lua_State *L, |
|
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2607 lua_Writer writer, |
|
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|
2608 void *data, |
|
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|
2609 int strip);</pre> |
|
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2610 |
|
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2611 <p> |
|
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|
2612 Dumps a function as a binary chunk. |
|
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2613 Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack |
|
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2614 and produces a binary chunk that, |
|
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2615 if loaded again, |
|
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2616 results in a function equivalent to the one dumped. |
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2617 As it produces parts of the chunk, |
|
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|
2618 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls function <code>writer</code> (see <a href="#lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a>) |
|
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2619 with the given <code>data</code> |
|
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2620 to write them. |
|
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|
2621 |
|
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2622 |
|
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2623 <p> |
|
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2624 If <code>strip</code> is true, |
|
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2625 the binary representation is created without debug information |
|
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2626 about the function. |
|
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2627 |
|
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2628 |
|
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2629 <p> |
|
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2630 The value returned is the error code returned by the last |
|
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2631 call to the writer; |
|
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2632 0 means no errors. |
|
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|
2633 |
|
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|
2634 |
|
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2635 <p> |
|
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|
2636 This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack. |
|
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2637 |
|
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2638 |
|
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|
2639 |
|
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|
2640 |
|
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|
2641 |
|
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|
2642 <hr><h3><a name="lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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2643 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
2644 <pre>int lua_error (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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2645 |
|
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|
2646 <p> |
|
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|
2647 Generates a Lua error, |
|
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2648 using the value at the top of the stack as the error object. |
|
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2649 This function does a long jump, |
|
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2650 and therefore never returns |
|
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|
2651 (see <a href="#luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a>). |
|
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|
2652 |
|
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|
2653 |
|
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|
2654 |
|
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|
2655 |
|
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|
2656 |
|
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|
2657 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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2658 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
2659 <pre>int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);</pre> |
|
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|
2660 |
|
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|
2661 <p> |
|
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|
2662 Controls the garbage collector. |
|
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|
2663 |
|
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|
2664 |
|
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|
2665 <p> |
|
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|
2666 This function performs several tasks, |
|
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|
2667 according to the value of the parameter <code>what</code>: |
|
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|
2668 |
|
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|
2669 <ul> |
|
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|
2670 |
|
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|
2671 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTOP</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2672 stops the garbage collector. |
|
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|
2673 </li> |
|
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|
2674 |
|
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|
2675 <li><b><code>LUA_GCRESTART</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2676 restarts the garbage collector. |
|
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|
2677 </li> |
|
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|
2678 |
|
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|
2679 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOLLECT</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2680 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. |
|
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|
2681 </li> |
|
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|
2682 |
|
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|
2683 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNT</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2684 returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua. |
|
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|
2685 </li> |
|
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|
2686 |
|
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|
2687 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNTB</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2688 returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of |
|
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|
2689 memory in use by Lua by 1024. |
|
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|
2690 </li> |
|
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|
2691 |
|
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|
2692 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTEP</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2693 performs an incremental step of garbage collection. |
|
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|
2694 </li> |
|
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|
2695 |
|
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|
2696 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETPAUSE</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2697 sets <code>data</code> as the new value |
|
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|
2698 for the <em>pause</em> of the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>) |
|
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|
2699 and returns the previous value of the pause. |
|
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|
2700 </li> |
|
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|
2701 |
|
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|
2702 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2703 sets <code>data</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of |
|
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|
2704 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>) |
|
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|
2705 and returns the previous value of the step multiplier. |
|
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|
2706 </li> |
|
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|
2707 |
|
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|
2708 <li><b><code>LUA_GCISRUNNING</code>: </b> |
|
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|
2709 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running |
|
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|
2710 (i.e., not stopped). |
|
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|
2711 </li> |
|
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|
2712 |
|
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|
2713 </ul> |
|
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|
2714 |
|
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|
2715 <p> |
|
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|
2716 For more details about these options, |
|
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|
2717 see <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a>. |
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|
2718 |
|
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|
2719 |
|
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|
2720 |
|
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|
2721 |
|
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|
2722 |
|
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|
2723 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getallocf"><code>lua_getallocf</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
2724 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
2725 <pre>lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud);</pre> |
|
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|
2726 |
|
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|
2727 <p> |
|
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|
2728 Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state. |
|
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|
2729 If <code>ud</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, Lua stores in <code>*ud</code> the |
|
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|
2730 opaque pointer given when the memory-allocator function was set. |
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|
2731 |
|
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|
2732 |
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|
2733 |
|
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|
2734 |
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|
2735 |
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|
2736 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getfield"><code>lua_getfield</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
2737 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
2738 <pre>int lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> |
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2739 |
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|
2740 <p> |
|
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|
2741 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
|
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|
2742 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. |
|
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|
2743 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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|
2744 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2745 |
|
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2746 |
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2747 <p> |
|
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|
2748 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
|
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|
2749 |
|
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|
2750 |
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|
2751 |
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|
2752 |
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|
2753 |
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|
2754 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getextraspace"><code>lua_getextraspace</code></a></h3><p> |
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2755 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2756 <pre>void *lua_getextraspace (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2757 |
|
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|
2758 <p> |
|
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|
2759 Returns a pointer to a raw memory area associated with the |
|
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|
2760 given Lua state. |
|
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|
2761 The application can use this area for any purpose; |
|
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|
2762 Lua does not use it for anything. |
|
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|
2763 |
|
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|
2764 |
|
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|
2765 <p> |
|
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|
2766 Each new thread has this area initialized with a copy |
|
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|
2767 of the area of the main thread. |
|
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|
2768 |
|
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|
2769 |
|
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|
2770 <p> |
|
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|
2771 By default, this area has the size of a pointer to void, |
|
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|
2772 but you can recompile Lua with a different size for this area. |
|
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|
2773 (See <code>LUA_EXTRASPACE</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
|
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|
2774 |
|
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diff
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|
2775 |
|
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changeset
|
2776 |
|
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|
2777 |
|
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|
2778 |
|
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|
2779 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getglobal"><code>lua_getglobal</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
2780 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
2781 <pre>int lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> |
|
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|
2782 |
|
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|
2783 <p> |
|
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|
2784 Pushes onto the stack the value of the global <code>name</code>. |
|
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|
2785 Returns the type of that value. |
|
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|
2786 |
|
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|
2787 |
|
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|
2788 |
|
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|
2789 |
|
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|
2790 |
|
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|
2791 <hr><h3><a name="lua_geti"><code>lua_geti</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
2792 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
2793 <pre>int lua_geti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer i);</pre> |
|
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|
2794 |
|
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|
2795 <p> |
|
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|
2796 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[i]</code>, |
|
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|
2797 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. |
|
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|
2798 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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|
2799 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
|
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|
2800 |
|
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|
2801 |
|
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|
2802 <p> |
|
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|
2803 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
|
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|
2804 |
|
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diff
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|
2805 |
|
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diff
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|
2806 |
|
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|
2807 |
|
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|
2808 |
|
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|
2809 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getmetatable"><code>lua_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
2810 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
|
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|
2811 <pre>int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
2812 |
|
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|
2813 <p> |
|
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|
2814 If the value at the given index has a metatable, |
|
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|
2815 the function pushes that metatable onto the stack and returns 1. |
|
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|
2816 Otherwise, |
|
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|
2817 the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack. |
|
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|
2818 |
|
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|
2819 |
|
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|
2820 |
|
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|
2821 |
|
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|
2822 |
|
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|
2823 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
2824 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
2825 <pre>int lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
2826 |
|
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|
2827 <p> |
|
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|
2828 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
|
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|
2829 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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|
2830 and <code>k</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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|
2831 |
|
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|
2832 |
|
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|
2833 <p> |
|
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|
2834 This function pops the key from the stack, |
|
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|
2835 pushing the resulting value in its place. |
|
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|
2836 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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|
2837 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
|
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|
2838 |
|
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|
2839 |
|
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|
2840 <p> |
|
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|
2841 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
|
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|
2842 |
|
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|
2843 |
|
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|
2844 |
|
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2845 |
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2846 |
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2847 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettop"><code>lua_gettop</code></a></h3><p> |
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2848 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2849 <pre>int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2850 |
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2851 <p> |
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2852 Returns the index of the top element in the stack. |
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2853 Because indices start at 1, |
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2854 this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack; |
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2855 in particular, 0 means an empty stack. |
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2856 |
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2857 |
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2858 |
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2859 |
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2860 |
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2861 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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2862 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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2863 <pre>int lua_getuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2864 |
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2865 <p> |
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2866 Pushes onto the stack the Lua value associated with the userdata |
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2867 at the given index. |
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2868 |
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2869 |
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2870 <p> |
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2871 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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2872 |
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2873 |
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2874 |
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2875 |
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2876 |
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2877 <hr><h3><a name="lua_insert"><code>lua_insert</code></a></h3><p> |
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2878 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> |
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2879 <pre>void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2880 |
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2881 <p> |
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2882 Moves the top element into the given valid index, |
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2883 shifting up the elements above this index to open space. |
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2884 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, |
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2885 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. |
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2886 |
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2887 |
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2888 |
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2889 |
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2890 |
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2891 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a></h3> |
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2892 <pre>typedef ... lua_Integer;</pre> |
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2893 |
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2894 <p> |
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2895 The type of integers in Lua. |
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2896 |
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2897 |
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2898 <p> |
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2899 By default this type is <code>long long</code>, |
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2900 (usually a 64-bit two-complement integer), |
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2901 but that can be changed to <code>long</code> or <code>int</code> |
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2902 (usually a 32-bit two-complement integer). |
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2903 (See <code>LUA_INT</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
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2904 |
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2905 |
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|
2906 <p> |
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2907 Lua also defines the constants |
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2908 <a name="pdf-LUA_MININTEGER"><code>LUA_MININTEGER</code></a> and <a name="pdf-LUA_MAXINTEGER"><code>LUA_MAXINTEGER</code></a>, |
|
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2909 with the minimum and the maximum values that fit in this type. |
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2910 |
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2911 |
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2912 |
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2913 |
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2914 |
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2915 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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2916 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2917 <pre>int lua_isboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2918 |
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2919 <p> |
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|
2920 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a boolean, |
|
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2921 and 0 otherwise. |
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2922 |
|
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|
2923 |
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|
2924 |
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2925 |
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2926 |
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2927 <hr><h3><a name="lua_iscfunction"><code>lua_iscfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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2928 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2929 <pre>int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2930 |
|
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2931 <p> |
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|
2932 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a C function, |
|
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2933 and 0 otherwise. |
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2934 |
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2935 |
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2936 |
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2937 |
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2938 |
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2939 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isfunction"><code>lua_isfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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2940 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2941 <pre>int lua_isfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2942 |
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2943 <p> |
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2944 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a function |
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2945 (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise. |
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2946 |
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2947 |
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2948 |
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2949 |
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2950 |
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2951 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isinteger"><code>lua_isinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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2952 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2953 <pre>int lua_isinteger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2954 |
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2955 <p> |
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2956 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is an integer |
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2957 (that is, the value is a number and is represented as an integer), |
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2958 and 0 otherwise. |
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2959 |
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2960 |
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2961 |
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2962 |
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2963 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2964 <hr><h3><a name="lua_islightuserdata"><code>lua_islightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2965 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2966 <pre>int lua_islightuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2967 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2968 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2969 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a light userdata, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2970 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2971 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2972 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2973 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2974 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2975 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2976 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnil"><code>lua_isnil</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2977 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2978 <pre>int lua_isnil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2979 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2980 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2981 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is <b>nil</b>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2982 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2983 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2984 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2985 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2986 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2987 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2988 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnone"><code>lua_isnone</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2989 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2990 <pre>int lua_isnone (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2991 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2992 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2993 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2994 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2995 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2996 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2997 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2998 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2999 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3000 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnoneornil"><code>lua_isnoneornil</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3001 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3002 <pre>int lua_isnoneornil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3003 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3004 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3005 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3006 or if the value at this index is <b>nil</b>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3007 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3008 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3009 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3010 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3011 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3012 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3013 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnumber"><code>lua_isnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3014 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3015 <pre>int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3016 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3017 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3018 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a number |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3019 or a string convertible to a number, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3020 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3021 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3022 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3023 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3024 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3025 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3026 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isstring"><code>lua_isstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3027 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3028 <pre>int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3029 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3030 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3031 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a string |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3032 or a number (which is always convertible to a string), |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3033 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3034 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3035 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3036 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3037 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3038 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3039 <hr><h3><a name="lua_istable"><code>lua_istable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3040 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3041 <pre>int lua_istable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3042 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3043 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3044 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a table, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3045 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3046 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3047 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3048 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3049 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3050 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3051 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isthread"><code>lua_isthread</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3052 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3053 <pre>int lua_isthread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3054 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3055 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3056 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a thread, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3057 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3058 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3059 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3060 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3061 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3062 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3063 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isuserdata"><code>lua_isuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3064 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3065 <pre>int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3066 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3067 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3068 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a userdata |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3069 (either full or light), and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3070 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3071 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3072 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3073 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3074 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3075 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isyieldable"><code>lua_isyieldable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3076 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3077 <pre>int lua_isyieldable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3078 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3079 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3080 Returns 1 if the given coroutine can yield, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3081 and 0 otherwise. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
3082 |
|
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diff
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|
3083 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3084 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3085 |
|
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|
3086 |
|
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|
3087 <hr><h3><a name="lua_KContext"><code>lua_KContext</code></a></h3> |
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3088 <pre>typedef ... lua_KContext;</pre> |
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3089 |
|
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3090 <p> |
|
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|
3091 The type for continuation-function contexts. |
|
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3092 It must be a numerical type. |
|
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3093 This type is defined as <code>intptr_t</code> |
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3094 when <code>intptr_t</code> is available, |
|
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|
3095 so that it can store pointers too. |
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3096 Otherwise, it is defined as <code>ptrdiff_t</code>. |
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3097 |
|
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|
3098 |
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|
3099 |
|
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|
3100 |
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3101 |
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3102 <hr><h3><a name="lua_KFunction"><code>lua_KFunction</code></a></h3> |
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3103 <pre>typedef int (*lua_KFunction) (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext ctx);</pre> |
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3104 |
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3105 <p> |
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|
3106 Type for continuation functions (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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3107 |
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3108 |
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|
3109 |
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3110 |
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3111 |
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3112 <hr><h3><a name="lua_len"><code>lua_len</code></a></h3><p> |
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3113 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3114 <pre>void lua_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3115 |
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3116 <p> |
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|
3117 Returns the length of the value at the given index. |
|
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3118 It is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>) and |
|
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|
3119 may trigger a metamethod for the "length" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
|
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3120 The result is pushed on the stack. |
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3121 |
|
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|
3122 |
|
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|
3123 |
|
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|
3124 |
|
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3125 |
|
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3126 <hr><h3><a name="lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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3127 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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3128 <pre>int lua_load (lua_State *L, |
|
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3129 lua_Reader reader, |
|
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3130 void *data, |
|
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3131 const char *chunkname, |
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3132 const char *mode);</pre> |
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3133 |
|
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3134 <p> |
|
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3135 Loads a Lua chunk without running it. |
|
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3136 If there are no errors, |
|
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|
3137 <code>lua_load</code> pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua |
|
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3138 function on top of the stack. |
|
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3139 Otherwise, it pushes an error message. |
|
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3140 |
|
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|
3141 |
|
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3142 <p> |
|
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3143 The return values of <code>lua_load</code> are: |
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3144 |
|
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|
3145 <ul> |
|
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3146 |
|
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|
3147 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>: </b> no errors;</li> |
|
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3148 |
|
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|
3149 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX"><code>LUA_ERRSYNTAX</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3150 syntax error during precompilation;</li> |
|
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|
3151 |
|
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|
3152 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3153 memory allocation error;</li> |
|
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|
3154 |
|
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|
3155 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3156 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. |
|
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3157 (This error has no relation with the chunk being loaded. |
|
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|
3158 It is generated by the garbage collector.) |
|
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|
3159 </li> |
|
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|
3160 |
|
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|
3161 </ul> |
|
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|
3162 |
|
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|
3163 <p> |
|
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|
3164 The <code>lua_load</code> function uses a user-supplied <code>reader</code> function |
|
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|
3165 to read the chunk (see <a href="#lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a>). |
|
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|
3166 The <code>data</code> argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function. |
|
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|
3167 |
|
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|
3168 |
|
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3169 <p> |
|
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|
3170 The <code>chunkname</code> argument gives a name to the chunk, |
|
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|
3171 which is used for error messages and in debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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3172 |
|
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3173 |
|
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3174 <p> |
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|
3175 <code>lua_load</code> automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary |
|
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3176 and loads it accordingly (see program <code>luac</code>). |
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3177 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, |
|
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3178 with the addition that |
|
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|
3179 a <code>NULL</code> value is equivalent to the string "<code>bt</code>". |
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3180 |
|
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|
3181 |
|
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3182 <p> |
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3183 <code>lua_load</code> uses the stack internally, |
|
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3184 so the reader function must always leave the stack |
|
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3185 unmodified when returning. |
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3186 |
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|
3187 |
|
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|
3188 <p> |
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|
3189 If the resulting function has upvalues, |
|
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3190 its first upvalue is set to the value of the global environment |
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3191 stored at index <code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code> in the registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
|
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3192 When loading main chunks, |
|
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3193 this upvalue will be the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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3194 Other upvalues are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
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3195 |
|
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|
3196 |
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|
3197 |
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3198 |
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3199 |
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3200 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a></h3><p> |
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3201 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3202 <pre>lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> |
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3203 |
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|
3204 <p> |
|
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|
3205 Creates a new thread running in a new, independent state. |
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3206 Returns <code>NULL</code> if it cannot create the thread or the state |
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3207 (due to lack of memory). |
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|
3208 The argument <code>f</code> is the allocator function; |
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3209 Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. |
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|
3210 The second argument, <code>ud</code>, is an opaque pointer that Lua |
|
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|
3211 passes to the allocator in every call. |
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3212 |
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3213 |
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3214 |
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3215 |
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3216 |
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3217 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3218 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3219 <pre>void lua_newtable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3220 |
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3221 <p> |
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|
3222 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. |
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3223 It is equivalent to <code>lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)</code>. |
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3224 |
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3225 |
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3226 |
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|
3227 |
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3228 |
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3229 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a></h3><p> |
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3230 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3231 <pre>lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3232 |
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|
3233 <p> |
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|
3234 Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack, |
|
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|
3235 and returns a pointer to a <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a> that represents this new thread. |
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|
3236 The new thread returned by this function shares with the original thread |
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|
3237 its global environment, |
|
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|
3238 but has an independent execution stack. |
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3239 |
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|
3240 |
|
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|
3241 <p> |
|
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|
3242 There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread. |
|
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|
3243 Threads are subject to garbage collection, |
|
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3244 like any Lua object. |
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3245 |
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|
3246 |
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|
3247 |
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|
3248 |
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|
3249 |
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|
3250 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newuserdata"><code>lua_newuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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3251 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3252 <pre>void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);</pre> |
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3253 |
|
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|
3254 <p> |
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|
3255 This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size, |
|
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|
3256 pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address, |
|
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3257 and returns this address. |
|
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|
3258 The host program can freely use this memory. |
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|
3259 |
|
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|
3260 |
|
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|
3261 |
|
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|
3262 |
|
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|
3263 |
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|
3264 <hr><h3><a name="lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3265 <span class="apii">[-1, +(2|0), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3266 <pre>int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3267 |
|
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|
3268 <p> |
|
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|
3269 Pops a key from the stack, |
|
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|
3270 and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index |
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|
3271 (the "next" pair after the given key). |
|
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|
3272 If there are no more elements in the table, |
|
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|
3273 then <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> returns 0 (and pushes nothing). |
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|
3274 |
|
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|
3275 |
|
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|
3276 <p> |
|
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|
3277 A typical traversal looks like this: |
|
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|
3278 |
|
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|
3279 <pre> |
|
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|
3280 /* table is in the stack at index 't' */ |
|
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|
3281 lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */ |
|
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|
3282 while (lua_next(L, t) != 0) { |
|
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|
3283 /* uses 'key' (at index -2) and 'value' (at index -1) */ |
|
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|
3284 printf("%s - %s\n", |
|
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|
3285 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -2)), |
|
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|
3286 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1))); |
|
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|
3287 /* removes 'value'; keeps 'key' for next iteration */ |
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3288 lua_pop(L, 1); |
|
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|
3289 } |
|
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|
3290 </pre> |
|
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|
3291 |
|
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|
3292 <p> |
|
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|
3293 While traversing a table, |
|
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|
3294 do not call <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> directly on a key, |
|
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|
3295 unless you know that the key is actually a string. |
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|
3296 Recall that <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> may change |
|
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|
3297 the value at the given index; |
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|
3298 this confuses the next call to <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>. |
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3299 |
|
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|
3300 |
|
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|
3301 <p> |
|
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|
3302 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying |
|
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3303 the table during its traversal. |
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3304 |
|
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3305 |
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|
3306 |
|
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|
3307 |
|
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3308 |
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|
3309 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a></h3> |
|
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3310 <pre>typedef double lua_Number;</pre> |
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3311 |
|
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|
3312 <p> |
|
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|
3313 The type of floats in Lua. |
|
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3314 |
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3315 |
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|
3316 <p> |
|
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|
3317 By default this type is double, |
|
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|
3318 but that can be changed to a single float. |
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|
3319 (See <code>LUA_REAL</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
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3320 |
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|
3321 |
|
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3322 |
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3323 |
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3324 |
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3325 <hr><h3><a name="lua_numbertointeger"><code>lua_numbertointeger</code></a></h3> |
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|
3326 <pre>int lua_numbertointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p);</pre> |
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3327 |
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3328 <p> |
|
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3329 Converts a Lua float to a Lua integer. |
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|
3330 This macro assumes that <code>n</code> has an integral value. |
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|
3331 If that value is within the range of Lua integers, |
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|
3332 it is converted to an integer and assigned to <code>*p</code>. |
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|
3333 The macro results in a boolean indicating whether the |
|
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3334 conversion was successful. |
|
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|
3335 (Note that this range test can be tricky to do |
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|
3336 correctly without this macro, |
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|
3337 due to roundings.) |
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3338 |
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3339 |
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3340 <p> |
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3341 This macro may evaluate its arguments more than once. |
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3342 |
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3343 |
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3344 |
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3345 |
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3346 |
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|
3347 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3348 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> |
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|
3349 <pre>int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int msgh);</pre> |
|
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3350 |
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|
3351 <p> |
|
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|
3352 Calls a function in protected mode. |
|
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|
3353 |
|
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3354 |
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|
3355 <p> |
|
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|
3356 Both <code>nargs</code> and <code>nresults</code> have the same meaning as |
|
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|
3357 in <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. |
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|
3358 If there are no errors during the call, |
|
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|
3359 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. |
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|
3360 However, if there is any error, |
|
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|
3361 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> catches it, |
|
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|
3362 pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), |
|
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|
3363 and returns an error code. |
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|
3364 Like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, |
|
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|
3365 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> always removes the function |
|
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|
3366 and its arguments from the stack. |
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|
3367 |
|
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|
3368 |
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|
3369 <p> |
|
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|
3370 If <code>msgh</code> is 0, |
|
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|
3371 then the error message returned on the stack |
|
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|
3372 is exactly the original error message. |
|
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|
3373 Otherwise, <code>msgh</code> is the stack index of a |
|
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|
3374 <em>message handler</em>. |
|
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|
3375 (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) |
|
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|
3376 In case of runtime errors, |
|
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|
3377 this function will be called with the error message |
|
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|
3378 and its return value will be the message |
|
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|
3379 returned on the stack by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. |
|
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|
3380 |
|
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|
3381 |
|
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|
3382 <p> |
|
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|
3383 Typically, the message handler is used to add more debug |
|
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|
3384 information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. |
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|
3385 Such information cannot be gathered after the return of <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
|
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|
3386 since by then the stack has unwound. |
|
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|
3387 |
|
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|
3388 |
|
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|
3389 <p> |
|
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|
3390 The <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> function returns one of the following constants |
|
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|
3391 (defined in <code>lua.h</code>): |
|
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|
3392 |
|
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diff
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|
3393 <ul> |
|
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|
3394 |
|
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|
3395 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> (0): </b> |
|
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|
3396 success.</li> |
|
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|
3397 |
|
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|
3398 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRRUN"><code>LUA_ERRRUN</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3399 a runtime error. |
|
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|
3400 </li> |
|
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|
3401 |
|
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|
3402 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3403 memory allocation error. |
|
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|
3404 For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler. |
|
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|
3405 </li> |
|
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|
3406 |
|
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|
3407 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRERR"><code>LUA_ERRERR</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3408 error while running the message handler. |
|
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|
3409 </li> |
|
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|
3410 |
|
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|
3411 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> |
|
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|
3412 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. |
|
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|
3413 (This error typically has no relation with the function being called.) |
|
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|
3414 </li> |
|
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|
3415 |
|
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|
3416 </ul> |
|
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|
3417 |
|
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|
3418 |
|
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|
3419 |
|
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|
3420 |
|
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|
3421 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3422 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> |
|
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|
3423 <pre>int lua_pcallk (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
3424 int nargs, |
|
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|
3425 int nresults, |
|
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|
3426 int msgh, |
|
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|
3427 lua_KContext ctx, |
|
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|
3428 lua_KFunction k);</pre> |
|
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|
3429 |
|
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|
3430 <p> |
|
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|
3431 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
|
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|
3432 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
|
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|
3433 |
|
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diff
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|
3434 |
|
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diff
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|
3435 |
|
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|
3436 |
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|
3437 |
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|
3438 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pop"><code>lua_pop</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3439 <span class="apii">[-n, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3440 <pre>void lua_pop (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
3441 |
|
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|
3442 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
3443 Pops <code>n</code> elements from the stack. |
|
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|
3444 |
|
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|
3445 |
|
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|
3446 |
|
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|
3447 |
|
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diff
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|
3448 |
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|
3449 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushboolean"><code>lua_pushboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3450 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
3451 <pre>void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b);</pre> |
|
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|
3452 |
|
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|
3453 <p> |
|
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|
3454 Pushes a boolean value with value <code>b</code> onto the stack. |
|
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|
3455 |
|
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|
3456 |
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diff
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|
3457 |
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diff
changeset
|
3458 |
|
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diff
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|
3459 |
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|
3460 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3461 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3462 <pre>void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
3463 |
|
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|
3464 <p> |
|
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|
3465 Pushes a new C closure onto the stack. |
|
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|
3466 |
|
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|
3467 |
|
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|
3468 <p> |
|
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|
3469 When a C function is created, |
|
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diff
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|
3470 it is possible to associate some values with it, |
|
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|
3471 thus creating a C closure (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>); |
|
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|
3472 these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called. |
|
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|
3473 To associate values with a C function, |
|
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|
3474 first these values must be pushed onto the stack |
|
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|
3475 (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). |
|
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|
3476 Then <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> |
|
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|
3477 is called to create and push the C function onto the stack, |
|
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|
3478 with the argument <code>n</code> telling how many values will be |
|
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|
3479 associated with the function. |
|
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|
3480 <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> also pops these values from the stack. |
|
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|
3481 |
|
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|
3482 |
|
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|
3483 <p> |
|
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|
3484 The maximum value for <code>n</code> is 255. |
|
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|
3485 |
|
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|
3486 |
|
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|
3487 <p> |
|
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|
3488 When <code>n</code> is zero, |
|
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|
3489 this function creates a <em>light C function</em>, |
|
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diff
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|
3490 which is just a pointer to the C function. |
|
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diff
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|
3491 In that case, it never raises a memory error. |
|
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|
3492 |
|
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diff
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|
3493 |
|
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diff
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|
3494 |
|
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diff
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|
3495 |
|
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diff
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|
3496 |
|
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|
3497 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3498 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
3499 <pre>void lua_pushcfunction (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f);</pre> |
|
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|
3500 |
|
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|
3501 <p> |
|
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|
3502 Pushes a C function onto the stack. |
|
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|
3503 This function receives a pointer to a C function |
|
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diff
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|
3504 and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type <code>function</code> that, |
|
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|
3505 when called, invokes the corresponding C function. |
|
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|
3506 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3507 |
|
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|
3508 <p> |
|
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|
3509 Any function to be registered in Lua must |
|
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|
3510 follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters |
|
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|
3511 and return its results (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
|
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|
3512 |
|
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diff
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|
3513 |
|
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|
3514 <p> |
|
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|
3515 <code>lua_pushcfunction</code> is defined as a macro: |
|
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|
3516 |
|
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|
3517 <pre> |
|
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|
3518 #define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L,f,0) |
|
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|
3519 </pre><p> |
|
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|
3520 Note that <code>f</code> is used twice. |
|
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|
3521 |
|
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diff
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|
3522 |
|
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|
3523 |
|
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|
3524 |
|
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|
3525 |
|
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|
3526 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3527 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3528 <pre>const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> |
|
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|
3529 |
|
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|
3530 <p> |
|
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|
3531 Pushes onto the stack a formatted string |
|
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|
3532 and returns a pointer to this string. |
|
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|
3533 It is similar to the ISO C function <code>sprintf</code>, |
|
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|
3534 but has some important differences: |
|
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|
3535 |
|
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|
3536 <ul> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3537 |
|
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|
3538 <li> |
|
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diff
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|
3539 You do not have to allocate space for the result: |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3540 the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation |
|
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|
3541 (and deallocation, through garbage collection). |
|
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|
3542 </li> |
|
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|
3543 |
|
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|
3544 <li> |
|
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|
3545 The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. |
|
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|
3546 There are no flags, widths, or precisions. |
|
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|
3547 The conversion specifiers can only be |
|
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|
3548 '<code>%%</code>' (inserts the character '<code>%</code>'), |
|
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|
3549 '<code>%s</code>' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), |
|
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|
3550 '<code>%f</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>), |
|
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|
3551 '<code>%L</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>), |
|
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|
3552 '<code>%p</code>' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), |
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|
3553 '<code>%d</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code>), |
|
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|
3554 '<code>%c</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code> as a one-byte character), and |
|
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|
3555 '<code>%U</code>' (inserts a <code>long int</code> as a UTF-8 byte sequence). |
|
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|
3556 </li> |
|
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3557 |
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|
3558 </ul> |
|
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|
3559 |
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|
3560 |
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|
3561 |
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3562 |
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|
3563 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushglobaltable"><code>lua_pushglobaltable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3564 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3565 <pre>void lua_pushglobaltable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3566 |
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|
3567 <p> |
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|
3568 Pushes the global environment onto the stack. |
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|
3569 |
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|
3570 |
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|
3571 |
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|
3572 |
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3573 |
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|
3574 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushinteger"><code>lua_pushinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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3575 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3576 <pre>void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
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3577 |
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|
3578 <p> |
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|
3579 Pushes an integer with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
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|
3580 |
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|
3581 |
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|
3582 |
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|
3583 |
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|
3584 |
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|
3585 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlightuserdata"><code>lua_pushlightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3586 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3587 <pre>void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p);</pre> |
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3588 |
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|
3589 <p> |
|
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|
3590 Pushes a light userdata onto the stack. |
|
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|
3591 |
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|
3592 |
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|
3593 <p> |
|
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|
3594 Userdata represent C values in Lua. |
|
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|
3595 A <em>light userdata</em> represents a pointer, a <code>void*</code>. |
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3596 It is a value (like a number): |
|
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|
3597 you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, |
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3598 and it is not collected (as it was never created). |
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|
3599 A light userdata is equal to "any" |
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|
3600 light userdata with the same C address. |
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|
3601 |
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3602 |
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3603 |
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3604 |
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3605 |
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|
3606 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushliteral"><code>lua_pushliteral</code></a></h3><p> |
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3607 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3608 <pre>const char *lua_pushliteral (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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3609 |
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|
3610 <p> |
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|
3611 This macro is equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a>, |
|
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|
3612 but can be used only when <code>s</code> is a literal string. |
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|
3613 It automatically provides the string length. |
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|
3614 |
|
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|
3615 |
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|
3616 |
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|
3617 |
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|
3618 |
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|
3619 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3620 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3621 <pre>const char *lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);</pre> |
|
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|
3622 |
|
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|
3623 <p> |
|
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|
3624 Pushes the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with size <code>len</code> |
|
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|
3625 onto the stack. |
|
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|
3626 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, |
|
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|
3627 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after |
|
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|
3628 the function returns. |
|
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|
3629 The string can contain any binary data, |
|
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|
3630 including embedded zeros. |
|
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|
3631 |
|
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|
3632 |
|
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|
3633 <p> |
|
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|
3634 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. |
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|
3635 |
|
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|
3636 |
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|
3637 |
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|
3638 |
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|
3639 |
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|
3640 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnil"><code>lua_pushnil</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3641 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3642 <pre>void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
3643 |
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|
3644 <p> |
|
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|
3645 Pushes a nil value onto the stack. |
|
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|
3646 |
|
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|
3647 |
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|
3648 |
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|
3649 |
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|
3650 |
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|
3651 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnumber"><code>lua_pushnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3652 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3653 <pre>void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);</pre> |
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|
3654 |
|
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|
3655 <p> |
|
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|
3656 Pushes a float with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
|
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|
3657 |
|
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3658 |
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3659 |
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3660 |
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3661 |
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|
3662 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushstring"><code>lua_pushstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3663 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3664 <pre>const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
|
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|
3665 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3666 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3667 Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3668 onto the stack. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
3669 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
3670 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after |
|
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|
3671 the function returns. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3672 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3673 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
3674 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3675 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3676 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3677 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
3678 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
3679 If <code>s</code> is <code>NULL</code>, pushes <b>nil</b> and returns <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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diff
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|
3680 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3681 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3682 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3683 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3684 |
|
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diff
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|
3685 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushthread"><code>lua_pushthread</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3686 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3687 <pre>int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
3688 |
|
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diff
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|
3689 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3690 Pushes the thread represented by <code>L</code> onto the stack. |
|
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parents:
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|
3691 Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state. |
|
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|
3692 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3693 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3694 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3695 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3696 |
|
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diff
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|
3697 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvalue"><code>lua_pushvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3698 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3699 <pre>void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3700 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
3701 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3702 Pushes a copy of the element at the given index |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3703 onto the stack. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3704 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3705 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3706 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3707 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3708 |
|
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|
3709 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvfstring"><code>lua_pushvfstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3710 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3711 <pre>const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
3712 const char *fmt, |
|
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|
3713 va_list argp);</pre> |
|
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parents:
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|
3714 |
|
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diff
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|
3715 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3716 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>, except that it receives a <code>va_list</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3717 instead of a variable number of arguments. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3718 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3719 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3720 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3721 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
3722 |
|
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|
3723 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawequal"><code>lua_rawequal</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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parents:
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|
3724 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3725 <pre>int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre> |
|
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|
3726 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
3727 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3728 Returns 1 if the two values in indices <code>index1</code> and |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3729 <code>index2</code> are primitively equal |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3730 (that is, without calling metamethods). |
|
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parents:
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|
3731 Otherwise returns 0. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3732 Also returns 0 if any of the indices are not valid. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3733 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3734 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3735 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3736 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3737 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
3738 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawget"><code>lua_rawget</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3739 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3740 <pre>int lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3741 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3742 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3743 Similar to <a href="#lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a>, but does a raw access |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3744 (i.e., without metamethods). |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3745 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3746 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3747 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3748 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3749 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3750 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgeti"><code>lua_rawgeti</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3751 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3752 <pre>int lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3753 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3754 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3755 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[n]</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3756 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3757 The access is raw; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3758 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3759 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3760 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3761 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3762 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3763 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3764 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3765 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3766 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3767 |
|
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diff
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|
3768 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgetp"><code>lua_rawgetp</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3769 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
3770 <pre>int lua_rawgetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3771 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
3772 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3773 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3774 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index and |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
3775 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
3776 The access is raw; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3777 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3778 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3779 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3780 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
3781 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3782 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3783 |
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|
3784 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3785 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3786 |
|
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diff
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|
3787 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3788 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3789 <pre>size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3790 |
|
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diff
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|
3791 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
3792 Returns the raw "length" of the value at the given index: |
|
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|
3793 for strings, this is the string length; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3794 for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('<code>#</code>') |
|
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|
3795 with no metamethods; |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3796 for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated |
|
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|
3797 for the userdata; |
|
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|
3798 for other values, it is 0. |
|
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|
3799 |
|
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|
3800 |
|
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|
3801 |
|
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changeset
|
3802 |
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diff
changeset
|
3803 |
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|
3804 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawset"><code>lua_rawset</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3805 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3806 <pre>void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3807 |
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|
3808 <p> |
|
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|
3809 Similar to <a href="#lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a>, but does a raw assignment |
|
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|
3810 (i.e., without metamethods). |
|
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|
3811 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3812 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3813 |
|
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diff
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|
3814 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
3815 |
|
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|
3816 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawseti"><code>lua_rawseti</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3817 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3818 <pre>void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer i);</pre> |
|
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|
3819 |
|
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diff
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|
3820 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
3821 Does the equivalent of <code>t[i] = v</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3822 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index |
|
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parents:
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|
3823 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
|
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diff
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|
3824 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3825 |
|
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diff
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|
3826 <p> |
|
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parents:
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|
3827 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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parents:
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|
3828 The assignment is raw; |
|
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diff
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|
3829 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
|
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|
3830 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3831 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3832 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3833 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3834 |
|
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|
3835 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawsetp"><code>lua_rawsetp</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3836 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3837 <pre>void lua_rawsetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> |
|
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|
3838 |
|
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diff
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|
3839 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
3840 Does the equivalent of <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
|
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diff
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|
3841 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index, |
|
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parents:
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|
3842 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata, |
|
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|
3843 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
|
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|
3844 |
|
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|
3845 |
|
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|
3846 <p> |
|
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|
3847 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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|
3848 The assignment is raw; |
|
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diff
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|
3849 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
|
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diff
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|
3850 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3851 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3852 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3853 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3854 |
|
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diff
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|
3855 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
3856 <pre>typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
3857 void *data, |
|
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|
3858 size_t *size);</pre> |
|
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diff
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|
3859 |
|
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diff
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|
3860 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
3861 The reader function used by <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
|
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|
3862 Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, |
|
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|
3863 <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> calls the reader, |
|
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|
3864 passing along its <code>data</code> parameter. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
3865 The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory |
|
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parents:
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|
3866 with a new piece of the chunk |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
3867 and set <code>size</code> to the block size. |
|
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parents:
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|
3868 The block must exist until the reader function is called again. |
|
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parents:
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|
3869 To signal the end of the chunk, |
|
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changeset
|
3870 the reader must return <code>NULL</code> or set <code>size</code> to zero. |
|
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changeset
|
3871 The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero. |
|
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changeset
|
3872 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3873 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3874 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3875 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3876 |
|
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|
3877 <hr><h3><a name="lua_register"><code>lua_register</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3878 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3879 <pre>void lua_register (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f);</pre> |
|
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|
3880 |
|
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|
3881 <p> |
|
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|
3882 Sets the C function <code>f</code> as the new value of global <code>name</code>. |
|
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|
3883 It is defined as a macro: |
|
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|
3884 |
|
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changeset
|
3885 <pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3886 #define lua_register(L,n,f) \ |
|
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|
3887 (lua_pushcfunction(L, f), lua_setglobal(L, n)) |
|
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|
3888 </pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3889 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3890 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3891 |
|
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changeset
|
3892 |
|
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|
3893 <hr><h3><a name="lua_remove"><code>lua_remove</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3894 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
|
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changeset
|
3895 <pre>void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3896 |
|
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|
3897 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
3898 Removes the element at the given valid index, |
|
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changeset
|
3899 shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. |
|
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|
3900 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, |
|
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|
3901 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. |
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|
3902 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
3903 |
|
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|
3904 |
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changeset
|
3905 |
|
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changeset
|
3906 |
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|
3907 <hr><h3><a name="lua_replace"><code>lua_replace</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3908 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3909 <pre>void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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3910 |
|
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|
3911 <p> |
|
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|
3912 Moves the top element into the given valid index |
|
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|
3913 without shifting any element |
|
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|
3914 (therefore replacing the value at the given index), |
|
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|
3915 and then pops the top element. |
|
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|
3916 |
|
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|
3917 |
|
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|
3918 |
|
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|
3919 |
|
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|
3920 |
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3921 <hr><h3><a name="lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a></h3><p> |
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3922 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
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|
3923 <pre>int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs);</pre> |
|
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3924 |
|
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|
3925 <p> |
|
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|
3926 Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread. |
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|
3927 |
|
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|
3928 |
|
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|
3929 <p> |
|
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|
3930 To start a coroutine, |
|
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|
3931 you push onto the thread stack the main function plus any arguments; |
|
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|
3932 then you call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, |
|
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|
3933 with <code>nargs</code> being the number of arguments. |
|
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|
3934 This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. |
|
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|
3935 When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, |
|
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|
3936 or all values returned by the body function. |
|
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|
3937 <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> returns |
|
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|
3938 <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the coroutine yields, |
|
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|
3939 <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> if the coroutine finishes its execution |
|
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|
3940 without errors, |
|
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|
3941 or an error code in case of errors (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). |
|
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|
3942 |
|
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|
3943 |
|
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|
3944 <p> |
|
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|
3945 In case of errors, |
|
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|
3946 the stack is not unwound, |
|
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|
3947 so you can use the debug API over it. |
|
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|
3948 The error message is on the top of the stack. |
|
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|
3949 |
|
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|
3950 |
|
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|
3951 <p> |
|
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|
3952 To resume a coroutine, |
|
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|
3953 you remove any results from the last <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, |
|
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|
3954 put on its stack only the values to |
|
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|
3955 be passed as results from <code>yield</code>, |
|
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|
3956 and then call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
|
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|
3957 |
|
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|
3958 |
|
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|
3959 <p> |
|
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|
3960 The parameter <code>from</code> represents the coroutine that is resuming <code>L</code>. |
|
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|
3961 If there is no such coroutine, |
|
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|
3962 this parameter can be <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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|
3963 |
|
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|
3964 |
|
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|
3965 |
|
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|
3966 |
|
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|
3967 |
|
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|
3968 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rotate"><code>lua_rotate</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3969 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3970 <pre>void lua_rotate (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
3971 |
|
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|
3972 <p> |
|
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|
3973 Rotates the stack elements from <code>idx</code> to the top <code>n</code> positions |
|
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|
3974 in the direction of the top, for a positive <code>n</code>, |
|
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|
3975 or <code>-n</code> positions in the direction of the bottom, |
|
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|
3976 for a negative <code>n</code>. |
|
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|
3977 The absolute value of <code>n</code> must not be greater than the size |
|
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|
3978 of the slice being rotated. |
|
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|
3979 |
|
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|
3980 |
|
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|
3981 |
|
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|
3982 |
|
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|
3983 |
|
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|
3984 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setallocf"><code>lua_setallocf</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3985 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3986 <pre>void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> |
|
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3987 |
|
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|
3988 <p> |
|
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|
3989 Changes the allocator function of a given state to <code>f</code> |
|
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|
3990 with user data <code>ud</code>. |
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3991 |
|
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|
3992 |
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|
3993 |
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|
3994 |
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|
3995 |
|
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|
3996 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setfield"><code>lua_setfield</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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3997 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3998 <pre>void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> |
|
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3999 |
|
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|
4000 <p> |
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|
4001 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
|
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4002 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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4003 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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4004 |
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4005 |
|
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4006 <p> |
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|
4007 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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4008 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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|
4009 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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4010 |
|
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|
4011 |
|
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|
4012 |
|
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|
4013 |
|
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|
4014 |
|
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|
4015 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setglobal"><code>lua_setglobal</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
4016 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4017 <pre>void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> |
|
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|
4018 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
4019 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
4020 Pops a value from the stack and |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
4021 sets it as the new value of global <code>name</code>. |
|
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|
4022 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4023 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
4024 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4025 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
4026 |
|
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|
4027 <hr><h3><a name="lua_seti"><code>lua_seti</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4028 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4029 <pre>void lua_seti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
|
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|
4030 |
|
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diff
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|
4031 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
4032 Does the equivalent to <code>t[n] = v</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
4033 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
|
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parents:
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|
4034 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
|
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|
4035 |
|
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changeset
|
4036 |
|
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|
4037 <p> |
|
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|
4038 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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parents:
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|
4039 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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parents:
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|
4040 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
|
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|
4041 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4042 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
4043 |
|
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changeset
|
4044 |
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changeset
|
4045 |
|
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|
4046 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setmetatable"><code>lua_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4047 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4048 <pre>void lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4049 |
|
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diff
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|
4050 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
4051 Pops a table from the stack and |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
4052 sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index. |
|
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|
4053 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4054 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4055 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4056 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
4057 |
|
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|
4058 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4059 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4060 <pre>void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4061 |
|
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|
4062 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
4063 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
|
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diff
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|
4064 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
4065 <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack, |
|
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diff
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|
4066 and <code>k</code> is the value just below the top. |
|
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|
4067 |
|
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diff
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|
4068 |
|
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|
4069 <p> |
|
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|
4070 This function pops both the key and the value from the stack. |
|
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|
4071 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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|
4072 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
|
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|
4073 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4074 |
|
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diff
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|
4075 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
4076 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
4077 |
|
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|
4078 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settop"><code>lua_settop</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4079 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
|
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|
4080 <pre>void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4081 |
|
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diff
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|
4082 <p> |
|
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|
4083 Accepts any index, or 0, |
|
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|
4084 and sets the stack top to this index. |
|
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|
4085 If the new top is larger than the old one, |
|
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|
4086 then the new elements are filled with <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
4087 If <code>index</code> is 0, then all stack elements are removed. |
|
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|
4088 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4089 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4090 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4091 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
4092 |
|
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|
4093 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4094 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4095 <pre>void lua_setuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4096 |
|
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|
4097 <p> |
|
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|
4098 Pops a value from the stack and sets it as |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4099 the new value associated to the userdata at the given index. |
|
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changeset
|
4100 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4101 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4102 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4103 |
|
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changeset
|
4104 |
|
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|
4105 <hr><h3><a name="lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
4106 <pre>typedef struct lua_State lua_State;</pre> |
|
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|
4107 |
|
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|
4108 <p> |
|
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|
4109 An opaque structure that points to a thread and indirectly |
|
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|
4110 (through the thread) to the whole state of a Lua interpreter. |
|
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|
4111 The Lua library is fully reentrant: |
|
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|
4112 it has no global variables. |
|
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|
4113 All information about a state is accessible through this structure. |
|
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|
4114 |
|
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|
4115 |
|
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|
4116 <p> |
|
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|
4117 A pointer to this structure must be passed as the first argument to |
|
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|
4118 every function in the library, except to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>, |
|
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|
4119 which creates a Lua state from scratch. |
|
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|
4120 |
|
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|
4121 |
|
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|
4122 |
|
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changeset
|
4123 |
|
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|
4124 |
|
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|
4125 <hr><h3><a name="lua_status"><code>lua_status</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4126 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4127 <pre>int lua_status (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
4128 |
|
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|
4129 <p> |
|
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|
4130 Returns the status of the thread <code>L</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
4131 |
|
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|
4132 |
|
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4133 <p> |
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4134 The status can be 0 (<a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>) for a normal thread, |
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4135 an error code if the thread finished the execution |
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4136 of a <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> with an error, |
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4137 or <a name="pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the thread is suspended. |
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4138 |
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4139 |
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4140 <p> |
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4141 You can only call functions in threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>. |
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4142 You can resume threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> |
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4143 (to start a new coroutine) or <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> |
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4144 (to resume a coroutine). |
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4145 |
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4146 |
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4147 |
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4148 |
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4149 |
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4150 <hr><h3><a name="lua_stringtonumber"><code>lua_stringtonumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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4151 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4152 <pre>size_t lua_stringtonumber (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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4153 |
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4154 <p> |
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4155 Converts the zero-terminated string <code>s</code> to a number, |
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4156 pushes that number into the stack, |
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4157 and returns the total size of the string, |
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4158 that is, its length plus one. |
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4159 The conversion can result in an integer or a float, |
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4160 according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>). |
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4161 The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign. |
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4162 If the string is not a valid numeral, |
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4163 returns 0 and pushes nothing. |
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4164 (Note that the result can be used as a boolean, |
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4165 true if the conversion succeeds.) |
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4166 |
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4167 |
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4168 |
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4169 |
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4170 |
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4171 <hr><h3><a name="lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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4172 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4173 <pre>int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4174 |
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4175 <p> |
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4176 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C boolean |
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4177 value (0 or 1). |
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4178 Like all tests in Lua, |
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4179 <a href="#lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a> returns true for any Lua value |
|
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4180 different from <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b>; |
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4181 otherwise it returns false. |
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4182 (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, |
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4183 use <a href="#lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a> to test the value's type.) |
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4184 |
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4185 |
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4186 |
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4187 |
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4188 |
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4189 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tocfunction"><code>lua_tocfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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4190 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4191 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4192 |
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4193 <p> |
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4194 Converts a value at the given index to a C function. |
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4195 That value must be a C function; |
|
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4196 otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4197 |
|
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|
4198 |
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|
4199 |
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|
4200 |
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|
4201 |
|
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|
4202 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a></h3><p> |
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4203 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4204 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4205 |
|
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|
4206 <p> |
|
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4207 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4208 |
|
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|
4209 |
|
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|
4210 |
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|
4211 |
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|
4212 |
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4213 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a></h3><p> |
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4214 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4215 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
|
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4216 |
|
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|
4217 <p> |
|
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4218 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
|
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4219 to the signed integral type <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
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4220 The Lua value must be an integer, |
|
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|
4221 or a number or string convertible to an integer (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>); |
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4222 otherwise, <code>lua_tointegerx</code> returns 0. |
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4223 |
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|
4224 |
|
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4225 <p> |
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4226 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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4227 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
|
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4228 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
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4229 |
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4230 |
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4231 |
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4232 |
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4233 |
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4234 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4235 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4236 <pre>const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int index, size_t *len);</pre> |
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4237 |
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4238 <p> |
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4239 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C string. |
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4240 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4241 it also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. |
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4242 The Lua value must be a string or a number; |
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4243 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4244 If the value is a number, |
|
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4245 then <code>lua_tolstring</code> also |
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4246 <em>changes the actual value in the stack to a string</em>. |
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|
4247 (This change confuses <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> |
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|
4248 when <code>lua_tolstring</code> is applied to keys during a table traversal.) |
|
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|
4249 |
|
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|
4250 |
|
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|
4251 <p> |
|
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|
4252 <code>lua_tolstring</code> returns a fully aligned pointer |
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|
4253 to a string inside the Lua state. |
|
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|
4254 This string always has a zero ('<code>\0</code>') |
|
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|
4255 after its last character (as in C), |
|
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|
4256 but can contain other zeros in its body. |
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|
4257 |
|
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|
4258 |
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|
4259 <p> |
|
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|
4260 Because Lua has garbage collection, |
|
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|
4261 there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by <code>lua_tolstring</code> |
|
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|
4262 will be valid after the corresponding Lua value is removed from the stack. |
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|
4263 |
|
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diff
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|
4264 |
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|
4265 |
|
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|
4266 |
|
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|
4267 |
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|
4268 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4269 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4270 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4271 |
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|
4272 <p> |
|
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|
4273 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4274 |
|
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changeset
|
4275 |
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changeset
|
4276 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4277 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4278 |
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|
4279 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4280 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4281 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
|
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|
4282 |
|
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|
4283 <p> |
|
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|
4284 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
|
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|
4285 to the C type <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a> (see <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>). |
|
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|
4286 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number |
|
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|
4287 (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>); |
|
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|
4288 otherwise, <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> returns 0. |
|
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|
4289 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4290 |
|
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|
4291 <p> |
|
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|
4292 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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|
4293 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
|
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|
4294 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
|
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|
4295 |
|
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|
4296 |
|
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|
4297 |
|
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|
4298 |
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|
4299 |
|
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|
4300 <hr><h3><a name="lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4301 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4302 <pre>const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4303 |
|
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|
4304 <p> |
|
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|
4305 Converts the value at the given index to a generic |
|
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|
4306 C pointer (<code>void*</code>). |
|
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|
4307 The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; |
|
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|
4308 otherwise, <code>lua_topointer</code> returns <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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|
4309 Different objects will give different pointers. |
|
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|
4310 There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value. |
|
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|
4311 |
|
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diff
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|
4312 |
|
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|
4313 <p> |
|
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|
4314 Typically this function is used only for debug information. |
|
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|
4315 |
|
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diff
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|
4316 |
|
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diff
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|
4317 |
|
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diff
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|
4318 |
|
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|
4319 |
|
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|
4320 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tostring"><code>lua_tostring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4321 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4322 <pre>const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4323 |
|
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|
4324 <p> |
|
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|
4325 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> with <code>len</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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|
4326 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4327 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4328 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4329 |
|
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|
4330 |
|
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|
4331 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tothread"><code>lua_tothread</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4332 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4333 <pre>lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4334 |
|
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|
4335 <p> |
|
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|
4336 Converts the value at the given index to a Lua thread |
|
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|
4337 (represented as <code>lua_State*</code>). |
|
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|
4338 This value must be a thread; |
|
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|
4339 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4340 |
|
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|
4341 |
|
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|
4342 |
|
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|
4343 |
|
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|
4344 |
|
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|
4345 <hr><h3><a name="lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4346 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4347 <pre>void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4348 |
|
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|
4349 <p> |
|
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|
4350 If the value at the given index is a full userdata, |
|
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|
4351 returns its block address. |
|
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|
4352 If the value is a light userdata, |
|
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|
4353 returns its pointer. |
|
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|
4354 Otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4355 |
|
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|
4356 |
|
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|
4357 |
|
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|
4358 |
|
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|
4359 |
|
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|
4360 <hr><h3><a name="lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4361 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4362 <pre>int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4363 |
|
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|
4364 <p> |
|
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|
4365 Returns the type of the value in the given valid index, |
|
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|
4366 or <code>LUA_TNONE</code> for a non-valid (but acceptable) index. |
|
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|
4367 The types returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> are coded by the following constants |
|
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|
4368 defined in <code>lua.h</code>: |
|
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|
4369 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNIL"><code>LUA_TNIL</code></a>, |
|
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|
4370 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNUMBER"><code>LUA_TNUMBER</code></a>, |
|
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|
4371 <a name="pdf-LUA_TBOOLEAN"><code>LUA_TBOOLEAN</code></a>, |
|
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|
4372 <a name="pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, |
|
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|
4373 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, |
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|
4374 <a name="pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, |
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4375 <a name="pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, |
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|
4376 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a>, |
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4377 and |
|
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|
4378 <a name="pdf-LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</code></a>. |
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|
4379 |
|
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|
4380 |
|
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|
4381 |
|
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4382 |
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4383 |
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|
4384 <hr><h3><a name="lua_typename"><code>lua_typename</code></a></h3><p> |
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4385 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4386 <pre>const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int tp);</pre> |
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4387 |
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4388 <p> |
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|
4389 Returns the name of the type encoded by the value <code>tp</code>, |
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|
4390 which must be one the values returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a>. |
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|
4391 |
|
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|
4392 |
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|
4393 |
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|
4394 |
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4395 |
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|
4396 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
4397 <pre>typedef ... lua_Unsigned;</pre> |
|
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|
4398 |
|
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|
4399 <p> |
|
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|
4400 The unsigned version of <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
|
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|
4401 |
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|
4402 |
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|
4403 |
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|
4404 |
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|
4405 |
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|
4406 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4407 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4408 <pre>int lua_upvalueindex (int i);</pre> |
|
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|
4409 |
|
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|
4410 <p> |
|
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|
4411 Returns the pseudo-index that represents the <code>i</code>-th upvalue of |
|
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|
4412 the running function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). |
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|
4413 |
|
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|
4414 |
|
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|
4415 |
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|
4416 |
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4417 |
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|
4418 <hr><h3><a name="lua_version"><code>lua_version</code></a></h3><p> |
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4419 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
4420 <pre>const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4421 |
|
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|
4422 <p> |
|
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|
4423 Returns the address of the version number stored in the Lua core. |
|
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|
4424 When called with a valid <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a>, |
|
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|
4425 returns the address of the version used to create that state. |
|
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|
4426 When called with <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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|
4427 returns the address of the version running the call. |
|
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|
4428 |
|
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|
4429 |
|
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|
4430 |
|
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|
4431 |
|
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|
4432 |
|
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|
4433 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
4434 <pre>typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
4435 const void* p, |
|
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|
4436 size_t sz, |
|
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|
4437 void* ud);</pre> |
|
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|
4438 |
|
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|
4439 <p> |
|
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|
4440 The type of the writer function used by <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. |
|
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|
4441 Every time it produces another piece of chunk, |
|
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|
4442 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls the writer, |
|
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|
4443 passing along the buffer to be written (<code>p</code>), |
|
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|
4444 its size (<code>sz</code>), |
|
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|
4445 and the <code>data</code> parameter supplied to <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. |
|
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|
4446 |
|
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|
4447 |
|
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|
4448 <p> |
|
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|
4449 The writer returns an error code: |
|
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|
4450 0 means no errors; |
|
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|
4451 any other value means an error and stops <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> from |
|
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|
4452 calling the writer again. |
|
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|
4453 |
|
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|
4454 |
|
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|
4455 |
|
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|
4456 |
|
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|
4457 |
|
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|
4458 <hr><h3><a name="lua_xmove"><code>lua_xmove</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4459 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
|
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|
4460 <pre>void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
4461 |
|
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|
4462 <p> |
|
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|
4463 Exchange values between different threads of the same state. |
|
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|
4464 |
|
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|
4465 |
|
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|
4466 <p> |
|
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|
4467 This function pops <code>n</code> values from the stack <code>from</code>, |
|
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|
4468 and pushes them onto the stack <code>to</code>. |
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|
4469 |
|
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|
4470 |
|
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|
4471 |
|
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|
4472 |
|
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|
4473 |
|
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|
4474 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4475 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4476 <pre>int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);</pre> |
|
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|
4477 |
|
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|
4478 <p> |
|
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4479 This function is equivalent to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
|
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|
4480 but it has no continuation (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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|
4481 Therefore, when the thread resumes, |
|
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|
4482 it continues the function that called |
|
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|
4483 the function calling <code>lua_yield</code>. |
|
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|
4484 |
|
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|
4485 |
|
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|
4486 |
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|
4487 |
|
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4488 |
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|
4489 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4490 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4491 <pre>int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
4492 int nresults, |
|
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|
4493 lua_KContext ctx, |
|
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|
4494 lua_KFunction k);</pre> |
|
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4495 |
|
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|
4496 <p> |
|
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|
4497 Yields a coroutine (thread). |
|
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4498 |
|
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|
4499 |
|
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4500 <p> |
|
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|
4501 When a C function calls <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
|
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4502 the running coroutine suspends its execution, |
|
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4503 and the call to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> that started this coroutine returns. |
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|
4504 The parameter <code>nresults</code> is the number of values from the stack |
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|
4505 that will be passed as results to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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4506 |
|
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|
4507 |
|
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|
4508 <p> |
|
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|
4509 When the coroutine is resumed again, |
|
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|
4510 Lua calls the given continuation function <code>k</code> to continue |
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|
4511 the execution of the C function that yielded (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
|
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4512 This continuation function receives the same stack |
|
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|
4513 from the previous function, |
|
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|
4514 with the <code>n</code> results removed and |
|
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|
4515 replaced by the arguments passed to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
|
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|
4516 Moreover, |
|
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|
4517 the continuation function receives the value <code>ctx</code> |
|
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|
4518 that was passed to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>. |
|
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4519 |
|
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4520 |
|
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|
4521 <p> |
|
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|
4522 Usually, this function does not return; |
|
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|
4523 when the coroutine eventually resumes, |
|
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|
4524 it continues executing the continuation function. |
|
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|
4525 However, there is one special case, |
|
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|
4526 which is when this function is called |
|
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|
4527 from inside a line hook (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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4528 In that case, <code>lua_yieldk</code> should be called with no continuation |
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|
4529 (probably in the form of <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>), |
|
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|
4530 and the hook should return immediately after the call. |
|
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|
4531 Lua will yield and, |
|
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|
4532 when the coroutine resumes again, |
|
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|
4533 it will continue the normal execution |
|
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|
4534 of the (Lua) function that triggered the hook. |
|
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|
4535 |
|
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|
4536 |
|
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|
4537 <p> |
|
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|
4538 This function can raise an error if it is called from a thread |
|
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|
4539 with a pending C call with no continuation function, |
|
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|
4540 or it is called from a thread that is not running inside a resume |
|
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|
4541 (e.g., the main thread). |
|
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|
4542 |
|
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|
4543 |
|
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|
4544 |
|
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|
4545 |
|
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|
4546 |
|
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|
4547 |
|
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|
4548 |
|
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|
4549 <h2>4.9 – <a name="4.9">The Debug Interface</a></h2> |
|
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|
4550 |
|
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|
4551 <p> |
|
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|
4552 Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. |
|
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|
4553 Instead, it offers a special interface |
|
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|
4554 by means of functions and <em>hooks</em>. |
|
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|
4555 This interface allows the construction of different |
|
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|
4556 kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools |
|
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|
4557 that need "inside information" from the interpreter. |
|
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|
4558 |
|
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|
4559 |
|
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|
4560 |
|
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|
4561 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
4562 <pre>typedef struct lua_Debug { |
|
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|
4563 int event; |
|
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|
4564 const char *name; /* (n) */ |
|
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|
4565 const char *namewhat; /* (n) */ |
|
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|
4566 const char *what; /* (S) */ |
|
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|
4567 const char *source; /* (S) */ |
|
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|
4568 int currentline; /* (l) */ |
|
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|
4569 int linedefined; /* (S) */ |
|
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|
4570 int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */ |
|
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|
4571 unsigned char nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */ |
|
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|
4572 unsigned char nparams; /* (u) number of parameters */ |
|
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|
4573 char isvararg; /* (u) */ |
|
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|
4574 char istailcall; /* (t) */ |
|
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|
4575 char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */ |
|
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|
4576 /* private part */ |
|
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|
4577 <em>other fields</em> |
|
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|
4578 } lua_Debug;</pre> |
|
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|
4579 |
|
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|
4580 <p> |
|
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|
4581 A structure used to carry different pieces of |
|
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|
4582 information about a function or an activation record. |
|
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|
4583 <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> fills only the private part |
|
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4584 of this structure, for later use. |
|
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|
4585 To fill the other fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> with useful information, |
|
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|
4586 call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. |
|
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|
4587 |
|
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|
4588 |
|
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|
4589 <p> |
|
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|
4590 The fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> have the following meaning: |
|
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|
4591 |
|
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|
4592 <ul> |
|
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changeset
|
4593 |
|
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|
4594 <li><b><code>source</code>: </b> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
4595 the name of the chunk that created the function. |
|
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|
4596 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>@</code>', |
|
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|
4597 it means that the function was defined in a file where |
|
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|
4598 the file name follows the '<code>@</code>'. |
|
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|
4599 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>=</code>', |
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|
4600 the remainder of its contents describe the source in a user-dependent manner. |
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|
4601 Otherwise, |
|
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|
4602 the function was defined in a string where |
|
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|
4603 <code>source</code> is that string. |
|
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|
4604 </li> |
|
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|
4605 |
|
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4606 <li><b><code>short_src</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4607 a "printable" version of <code>source</code>, to be used in error messages. |
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|
4608 </li> |
|
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|
4609 |
|
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4610 <li><b><code>linedefined</code>: </b> |
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4611 the line number where the definition of the function starts. |
|
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|
4612 </li> |
|
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4613 |
|
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4614 <li><b><code>lastlinedefined</code>: </b> |
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4615 the line number where the definition of the function ends. |
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|
4616 </li> |
|
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4617 |
|
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4618 <li><b><code>what</code>: </b> |
|
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4619 the string <code>"Lua"</code> if the function is a Lua function, |
|
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|
4620 <code>"C"</code> if it is a C function, |
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4621 <code>"main"</code> if it is the main part of a chunk. |
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|
4622 </li> |
|
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|
4623 |
|
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|
4624 <li><b><code>currentline</code>: </b> |
|
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4625 the current line where the given function is executing. |
|
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|
4626 When no line information is available, |
|
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|
4627 <code>currentline</code> is set to -1. |
|
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|
4628 </li> |
|
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|
4629 |
|
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|
4630 <li><b><code>name</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4631 a reasonable name for the given function. |
|
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|
4632 Because functions in Lua are first-class values, |
|
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|
4633 they do not have a fixed name: |
|
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|
4634 some functions can be the value of multiple global variables, |
|
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|
4635 while others can be stored only in a table field. |
|
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|
4636 The <code>lua_getinfo</code> function checks how the function was |
|
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|
4637 called to find a suitable name. |
|
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|
4638 If it cannot find a name, |
|
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|
4639 then <code>name</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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|
4640 </li> |
|
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|
4641 |
|
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|
4642 <li><b><code>namewhat</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4643 explains the <code>name</code> field. |
|
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|
4644 The value of <code>namewhat</code> can be |
|
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|
4645 <code>"global"</code>, <code>"local"</code>, <code>"method"</code>, |
|
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|
4646 <code>"field"</code>, <code>"upvalue"</code>, or <code>""</code> (the empty string), |
|
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|
4647 according to how the function was called. |
|
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|
4648 (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) |
|
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|
4649 </li> |
|
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|
4650 |
|
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|
4651 <li><b><code>istailcall</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4652 true if this function invocation was called by a tail call. |
|
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|
4653 In this case, the caller of this level is not in the stack. |
|
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|
4654 </li> |
|
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|
4655 |
|
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|
4656 <li><b><code>nups</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4657 the number of upvalues of the function. |
|
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|
4658 </li> |
|
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|
4659 |
|
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|
4660 <li><b><code>nparams</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4661 the number of fixed parameters of the function |
|
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|
4662 (always 0 for C functions). |
|
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|
4663 </li> |
|
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|
4664 |
|
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|
4665 <li><b><code>isvararg</code>: </b> |
|
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|
4666 true if the function is a vararg function |
|
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|
4667 (always true for C functions). |
|
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|
4668 </li> |
|
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|
4669 |
|
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|
4670 </ul> |
|
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|
4671 |
|
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|
4672 |
|
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|
4673 |
|
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|
4674 |
|
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|
4675 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethook"><code>lua_gethook</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4676 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4677 <pre>lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
4678 |
|
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|
4679 <p> |
|
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|
4680 Returns the current hook function. |
|
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|
4681 |
|
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|
4682 |
|
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|
4683 |
|
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|
4684 |
|
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|
4685 |
|
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|
4686 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookcount"><code>lua_gethookcount</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4687 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4688 <pre>int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
4689 |
|
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|
4690 <p> |
|
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|
4691 Returns the current hook count. |
|
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changeset
|
4692 |
|
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changeset
|
4693 |
|
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|
4694 |
|
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|
4695 |
|
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|
4696 |
|
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|
4697 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookmask"><code>lua_gethookmask</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4698 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4699 <pre>int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
4700 |
|
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|
4701 <p> |
|
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|
4702 Returns the current hook mask. |
|
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changeset
|
4703 |
|
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changeset
|
4704 |
|
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changeset
|
4705 |
|
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|
4706 |
|
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|
4707 |
|
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|
4708 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4709 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4710 <pre>int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
|
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|
4711 |
|
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|
4712 <p> |
|
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|
4713 Gets information about a specific function or function invocation. |
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4714 |
|
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4715 |
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|
4716 <p> |
|
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|
4717 To get information about a function invocation, |
|
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|
4718 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was |
|
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|
4719 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or |
|
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|
4720 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). |
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4721 |
|
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4722 |
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|
4723 <p> |
|
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|
4724 To get information about a function you push it onto the stack |
|
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|
4725 and start the <code>what</code> string with the character '<code>></code>'. |
|
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|
4726 (In that case, |
|
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|
4727 <code>lua_getinfo</code> pops the function from the top of the stack.) |
|
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|
4728 For instance, to know in which line a function <code>f</code> was defined, |
|
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|
4729 you can write the following code: |
|
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|
4730 |
|
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|
4731 <pre> |
|
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4732 lua_Debug ar; |
|
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|
4733 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* get global 'f' */ |
|
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|
4734 lua_getinfo(L, ">S", &ar); |
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4735 printf("%d\n", ar.linedefined); |
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|
4736 </pre> |
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4737 |
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4738 <p> |
|
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|
4739 Each character in the string <code>what</code> |
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|
4740 selects some fields of the structure <code>ar</code> to be filled or |
|
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4741 a value to be pushed on the stack: |
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4742 |
|
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|
4743 <ul> |
|
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4744 |
|
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4745 <li><b>'<code>n</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>name</code> and <code>namewhat</code>; |
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|
4746 </li> |
|
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|
4747 |
|
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|
4748 <li><b>'<code>S</code>': </b> |
|
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|
4749 fills in the fields <code>source</code>, <code>short_src</code>, |
|
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|
4750 <code>linedefined</code>, <code>lastlinedefined</code>, and <code>what</code>; |
|
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|
4751 </li> |
|
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|
4752 |
|
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|
4753 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>currentline</code>; |
|
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|
4754 </li> |
|
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|
4755 |
|
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|
4756 <li><b>'<code>t</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>istailcall</code>; |
|
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|
4757 </li> |
|
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|
4758 |
|
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|
4759 <li><b>'<code>u</code>': </b> fills in the fields |
|
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|
4760 <code>nups</code>, <code>nparams</code>, and <code>isvararg</code>; |
|
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|
4761 </li> |
|
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|
4762 |
|
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4763 <li><b>'<code>f</code>': </b> |
|
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|
4764 pushes onto the stack the function that is |
|
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|
4765 running at the given level; |
|
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|
4766 </li> |
|
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|
4767 |
|
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4768 <li><b>'<code>L</code>': </b> |
|
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|
4769 pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the |
|
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|
4770 numbers of the lines that are valid on the function. |
|
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|
4771 (A <em>valid line</em> is a line with some associated code, |
|
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|
4772 that is, a line where you can put a break point. |
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|
4773 Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.) |
|
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|
4774 |
|
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|
4775 |
|
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|
4776 <p> |
|
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|
4777 If this option is given together with option '<code>f</code>', |
|
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|
4778 its table is pushed after the function. |
|
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|
4779 </li> |
|
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|
4780 |
|
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|
4781 </ul> |
|
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|
4782 |
|
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|
4783 <p> |
|
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|
4784 This function returns 0 on error |
|
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|
4785 (for instance, an invalid option in <code>what</code>). |
|
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|
4786 |
|
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|
4787 |
|
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|
4788 |
|
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changeset
|
4789 |
|
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|
4790 |
|
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|
4791 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4792 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
|
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|
4793 <pre>const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
4794 |
|
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|
4795 <p> |
|
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|
4796 Gets information about a local variable of |
|
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|
4797 a given activation record or a given function. |
|
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|
4798 |
|
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|
4799 |
|
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|
4800 <p> |
|
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|
4801 In the first case, |
|
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|
4802 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was |
|
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|
4803 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or |
|
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|
4804 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). |
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4805 The index <code>n</code> selects which local variable to inspect; |
|
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|
4806 see <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for details about variable indices |
|
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|
4807 and names. |
|
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|
4808 |
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|
4809 |
|
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4810 <p> |
|
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|
4811 <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> pushes the variable's value onto the stack |
|
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4812 and returns its name. |
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4813 |
|
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|
4814 |
|
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|
4815 <p> |
|
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|
4816 In the second case, <code>ar</code> must be <code>NULL</code> and the function |
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4817 to be inspected must be at the top of the stack. |
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4818 In this case, only parameters of Lua functions are visible |
|
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4819 (as there is no information about what variables are active) |
|
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4820 and no values are pushed onto the stack. |
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4821 |
|
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|
4822 |
|
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4823 <p> |
|
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4824 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) |
|
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|
4825 when the index is greater than |
|
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|
4826 the number of active local variables. |
|
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4827 |
|
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|
4828 |
|
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|
4829 |
|
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|
4830 |
|
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|
4831 |
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4832 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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4833 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4834 <pre>int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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4835 |
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|
4836 <p> |
|
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|
4837 Gets information about the interpreter runtime stack. |
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|
4838 |
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4839 |
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|
4840 <p> |
|
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|
4841 This function fills parts of a <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> structure with |
|
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|
4842 an identification of the <em>activation record</em> |
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4843 of the function executing at a given level. |
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4844 Level 0 is the current running function, |
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4845 whereas level <em>n+1</em> is the function that has called level <em>n</em> |
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4846 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack). |
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4847 When there are no errors, <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> returns 1; |
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4848 when called with a level greater than the stack depth, |
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4849 it returns 0. |
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|
4850 |
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4851 |
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4852 |
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4853 |
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4854 |
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4855 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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4856 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
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|
4857 <pre>const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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4858 |
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4859 <p> |
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|
4860 Gets information about a closure's upvalue. |
|
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|
4861 (For Lua functions, |
|
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|
4862 upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, |
|
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|
4863 and that are consequently included in its closure.) |
|
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|
4864 <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> gets the index <code>n</code> of an upvalue, |
|
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|
4865 pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack, |
|
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|
4866 and returns its name. |
|
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|
4867 <code>funcindex</code> points to the closure in the stack. |
|
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|
4868 (Upvalues have no particular order, |
|
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|
4869 as they are active through the whole function. |
|
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|
4870 So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.) |
|
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|
4871 |
|
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|
4872 |
|
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|
4873 <p> |
|
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|
4874 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) |
|
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|
4875 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. |
|
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|
4876 For C functions, this function uses the empty string <code>""</code> |
|
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|
4877 as a name for all upvalues. |
|
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|
4878 |
|
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|
4879 |
|
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|
4880 |
|
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|
4881 |
|
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|
4882 |
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|
4883 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
4884 <pre>typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
|
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|
4885 |
|
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|
4886 <p> |
|
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|
4887 Type for debugging hook functions. |
|
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|
4888 |
|
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|
4889 |
|
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|
4890 <p> |
|
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|
4891 Whenever a hook is called, its <code>ar</code> argument has its field |
|
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|
4892 <code>event</code> set to the specific event that triggered the hook. |
|
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|
4893 Lua identifies these events with the following constants: |
|
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|
4894 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKRET"><code>LUA_HOOKRET</code></a>, |
|
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|
4895 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE"><code>LUA_HOOKLINE</code></a>, |
|
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|
4896 and <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT"><code>LUA_HOOKCOUNT</code></a>. |
|
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|
4897 Moreover, for line events, the field <code>currentline</code> is also set. |
|
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|
4898 To get the value of any other field in <code>ar</code>, |
|
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|
4899 the hook must call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. |
|
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|
4900 |
|
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|
4901 |
|
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|
4902 <p> |
|
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|
4903 For call events, <code>event</code> can be <code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code>, |
|
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|
4904 the normal value, or <code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code>, for a tail call; |
|
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|
4905 in this case, there will be no corresponding return event. |
|
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|
4906 |
|
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|
4907 |
|
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|
4908 <p> |
|
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|
4909 While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. |
|
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|
4910 Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, |
|
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|
4911 this execution occurs without any calls to hooks. |
|
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|
4912 |
|
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|
4913 |
|
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|
4914 <p> |
|
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|
4915 Hook functions cannot have continuations, |
|
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|
4916 that is, they cannot call <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
|
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|
4917 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, or <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> with a non-null <code>k</code>. |
|
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|
4918 |
|
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|
4919 |
|
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|
4920 <p> |
|
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|
4921 Hook functions can yield under the following conditions: |
|
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|
4922 Only count and line events can yield |
|
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|
4923 and they cannot yield any value; |
|
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|
4924 to yield a hook function must finish its execution |
|
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|
4925 calling <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a> with <code>nresults</code> equal to zero. |
|
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|
4926 |
|
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|
4927 |
|
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|
4928 |
|
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|
4929 |
|
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|
4930 |
|
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|
4931 <hr><h3><a name="lua_sethook"><code>lua_sethook</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4932 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4933 <pre>void lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);</pre> |
|
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|
4934 |
|
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|
4935 <p> |
|
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|
4936 Sets the debugging hook function. |
|
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|
4937 |
|
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|
4938 |
|
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|
4939 <p> |
|
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|
4940 Argument <code>f</code> is the hook function. |
|
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|
4941 <code>mask</code> specifies on which events the hook will be called: |
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4942 it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants |
|
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|
4943 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCALL"><code>LUA_MASKCALL</code></a>, |
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4944 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKRET"><code>LUA_MASKRET</code></a>, |
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4945 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKLINE"><code>LUA_MASKLINE</code></a>, |
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4946 and <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT"><code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code></a>. |
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4947 The <code>count</code> argument is only meaningful when the mask |
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4948 includes <code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code>. |
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4949 For each event, the hook is called as explained below: |
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4950 |
|
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4951 <ul> |
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4952 |
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4953 <li><b>The call hook: </b> is called when the interpreter calls a function. |
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4954 The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, |
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4955 before the function gets its arguments. |
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4956 </li> |
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4957 |
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4958 <li><b>The return hook: </b> is called when the interpreter returns from a function. |
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4959 The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. |
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4960 There is no standard way to access the values |
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4961 to be returned by the function. |
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4962 </li> |
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4963 |
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4964 <li><b>The line hook: </b> is called when the interpreter is about to |
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4965 start the execution of a new line of code, |
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4966 or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). |
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4967 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) |
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4968 </li> |
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4969 |
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4970 <li><b>The count hook: </b> is called after the interpreter executes every |
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4971 <code>count</code> instructions. |
|
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4972 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) |
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4973 </li> |
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4974 |
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|
4975 </ul> |
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4976 |
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4977 <p> |
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4978 A hook is disabled by setting <code>mask</code> to zero. |
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4979 |
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|
4980 |
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|
4981 |
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|
4982 |
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4983 |
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4984 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a></h3><p> |
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4985 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> |
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4986 <pre>const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> |
|
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4987 |
|
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|
4988 <p> |
|
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|
4989 Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. |
|
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|
4990 Parameters <code>ar</code> and <code>n</code> are as in <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> |
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4991 (see <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>). |
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4992 <a href="#lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a> assigns the value at the top of the stack |
|
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4993 to the variable and returns its name. |
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4994 It also pops the value from the stack. |
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4995 |
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|
4996 |
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4997 <p> |
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|
4998 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) |
|
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4999 when the index is greater than |
|
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|
5000 the number of active local variables. |
|
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|
5001 |
|
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|
5002 |
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|
5003 |
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|
5004 |
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|
5005 |
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|
5006 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setupvalue"><code>lua_setupvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5007 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> |
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|
5008 <pre>const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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5009 |
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|
5010 <p> |
|
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|
5011 Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. |
|
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|
5012 It assigns the value at the top of the stack |
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5013 to the upvalue and returns its name. |
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|
5014 It also pops the value from the stack. |
|
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|
5015 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> |
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5016 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>). |
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|
5017 |
|
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|
5018 |
|
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|
5019 <p> |
|
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|
5020 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) |
|
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|
5021 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. |
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|
5022 |
|
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|
5023 |
|
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|
5024 |
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|
5025 |
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5026 |
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5027 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueid"><code>lua_upvalueid</code></a></h3><p> |
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5028 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
5029 <pre>void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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5030 |
|
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5031 <p> |
|
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5032 Returns a unique identifier for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> |
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5033 from the closure at index <code>funcindex</code>. |
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|
5034 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> |
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5035 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>) |
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|
5036 (but <code>n</code> cannot be greater than the number of upvalues). |
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5037 |
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|
5038 |
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5039 <p> |
|
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|
5040 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different |
|
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5041 closures share upvalues. |
|
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5042 Lua closures that share an upvalue |
|
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5043 (that is, that access a same external local variable) |
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5044 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. |
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5045 |
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|
5046 |
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|
5047 |
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5048 |
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5049 |
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5050 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvaluejoin"><code>lua_upvaluejoin</code></a></h3><p> |
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5051 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
5052 <pre>void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int funcindex1, int n1, |
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5053 int funcindex2, int n2);</pre> |
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5054 |
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5055 <p> |
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|
5056 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex1</code> |
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5057 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex2</code>. |
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|
5058 |
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|
5059 |
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|
5060 |
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|
5061 |
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5062 |
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|
5063 |
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|
5064 |
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|
5065 <h1>5 – <a name="5">The Auxiliary Library</a></h1> |
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5066 |
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5067 <p> |
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5068 |
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|
5069 The <em>auxiliary library</em> provides several convenient functions |
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|
5070 to interface C with Lua. |
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|
5071 While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all |
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5072 interactions between C and Lua, |
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|
5073 the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some |
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5074 common tasks. |
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5075 |
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5076 |
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5077 <p> |
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5078 All functions and types from the auxiliary library |
|
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5079 are defined in header file <code>lauxlib.h</code> and |
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5080 have a prefix <code>luaL_</code>. |
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5081 |
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5082 |
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5083 <p> |
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5084 All functions in the auxiliary library are built on |
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5085 top of the basic API, |
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5086 and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with that API. |
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5087 Nevertheless, the use of the auxiliary library ensures |
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5088 more consistency to your code. |
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5089 |
|
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|
5090 |
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5091 <p> |
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|
5092 Several functions in the auxiliary library use internally some |
|
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|
5093 extra stack slots. |
|
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|
5094 When a function in the auxiliary library uses less than five slots, |
|
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5095 it does not check the stack size; |
|
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5096 it simply assumes that there are enough slots. |
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5097 |
|
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|
5098 |
|
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5099 <p> |
|
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|
5100 Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to |
|
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|
5101 check C function arguments. |
|
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|
5102 Because the error message is formatted for arguments |
|
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|
5103 (e.g., "<code>bad argument #1</code>"), |
|
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5104 you should not use these functions for other stack values. |
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|
5105 |
|
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|
5106 |
|
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|
5107 <p> |
|
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|
5108 Functions called <code>luaL_check*</code> |
|
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|
5109 always raise an error if the check is not satisfied. |
|
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|
5110 |
|
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|
5111 |
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|
5112 |
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|
5113 <h2>5.1 – <a name="5.1">Functions and Types</a></h2> |
|
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|
5114 |
|
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5115 <p> |
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|
5116 Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library |
|
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|
5117 in alphabetical order. |
|
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5118 |
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|
5119 |
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|
5120 |
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|
5121 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addchar"><code>luaL_addchar</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5122 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5123 <pre>void luaL_addchar (luaL_Buffer *B, char c);</pre> |
|
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5124 |
|
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|
5125 <p> |
|
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|
5126 Adds the byte <code>c</code> to the buffer <code>B</code> |
|
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|
5127 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
|
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|
5128 |
|
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|
5129 |
|
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|
5130 |
|
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|
5131 |
|
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|
5132 |
|
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|
5133 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addlstring"><code>luaL_addlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5134 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5135 <pre>void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);</pre> |
|
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|
5136 |
|
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|
5137 <p> |
|
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|
5138 Adds the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with length <code>l</code> to |
|
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|
5139 the buffer <code>B</code> |
|
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|
5140 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
|
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|
5141 The string can contain embedded zeros. |
|
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|
5142 |
|
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|
5143 |
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|
5144 |
|
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|
5145 |
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|
5146 |
|
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|
5147 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5148 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5149 <pre>void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);</pre> |
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5150 |
|
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5151 <p> |
|
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|
5152 Adds to the buffer <code>B</code> (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>) |
|
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5153 a string of length <code>n</code> previously copied to the |
|
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|
5154 buffer area (see <a href="#luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a>). |
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|
5155 |
|
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|
5156 |
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|
5157 |
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|
5158 |
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|
5159 |
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5160 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addstring"><code>luaL_addstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5161 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5162 <pre>void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);</pre> |
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5163 |
|
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5164 <p> |
|
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|
5165 Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> |
|
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5166 to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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|
5167 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5168 |
|
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|
5169 |
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|
5170 |
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|
5171 |
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|
5172 |
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|
5173 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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5174 <span class="apii">[-1, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5175 <pre>void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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5176 |
|
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|
5177 <p> |
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5178 Adds the value at the top of the stack |
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5179 to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5180 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5181 Pops the value. |
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5182 |
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5183 |
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5184 <p> |
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5185 This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) |
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5186 be called with an extra element on the stack, |
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5187 which is the value to be added to the buffer. |
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5188 |
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|
5189 |
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5190 |
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5191 |
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5192 |
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5193 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argcheck"><code>luaL_argcheck</code></a></h3><p> |
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5194 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5195 <pre>void luaL_argcheck (lua_State *L, |
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5196 int cond, |
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5197 int arg, |
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5198 const char *extramsg);</pre> |
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5199 |
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5200 <p> |
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5201 Checks whether <code>cond</code> is true. |
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5202 If it is not, raises an error with a standard message (see <a href="#luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a>). |
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5203 |
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5204 |
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5205 |
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5206 |
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5207 |
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5208 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a></h3><p> |
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5209 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5210 <pre>int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg);</pre> |
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5211 |
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5212 <p> |
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5213 Raises an error reporting a problem with argument <code>arg</code> |
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5214 of the C function that called it, |
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|
5215 using a standard message |
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|
5216 that includes <code>extramsg</code> as a comment: |
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5217 |
|
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5218 <pre> |
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|
5219 bad argument #<em>arg</em> to '<em>funcname</em>' (<em>extramsg</em>) |
|
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5220 </pre><p> |
|
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5221 This function never returns. |
|
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|
5222 |
|
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5223 |
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5224 |
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5225 |
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5226 |
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5227 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a></h3> |
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5228 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;</pre> |
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5229 |
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5230 <p> |
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5231 Type for a <em>string buffer</em>. |
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5232 |
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5233 |
|
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5234 <p> |
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5235 A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal. |
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5236 Its pattern of use is as follows: |
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5237 |
|
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5238 <ul> |
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5239 |
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5240 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> |
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5241 |
|
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5242 <li>Then initialize it with a call <code>luaL_buffinit(L, &b)</code>.</li> |
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5243 |
|
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5244 <li> |
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5245 Then add string pieces to the buffer calling any of |
|
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|
5246 the <code>luaL_add*</code> functions. |
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|
5247 </li> |
|
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5248 |
|
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5249 <li> |
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5250 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresult(&b)</code>. |
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5251 This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack. |
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|
5252 </li> |
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5253 |
|
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|
5254 </ul> |
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|
5255 |
|
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5256 <p> |
|
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|
5257 If you know beforehand the total size of the resulting string, |
|
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|
5258 you can use the buffer like this: |
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|
5259 |
|
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|
5260 <ul> |
|
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|
5261 |
|
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5262 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> |
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5263 |
|
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5264 <li>Then initialize it and preallocate a space of |
|
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5265 size <code>sz</code> with a call <code>luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, sz)</code>.</li> |
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5266 |
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5267 <li>Then copy the string into that space.</li> |
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5268 |
|
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5269 <li> |
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5270 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresultsize(&b, sz)</code>, |
|
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5271 where <code>sz</code> is the total size of the resulting string |
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5272 copied into that space. |
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|
5273 </li> |
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5274 |
|
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|
5275 </ul> |
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5276 |
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5277 <p> |
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|
5278 During its normal operation, |
|
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5279 a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. |
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5280 So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where |
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5281 the top of the stack is. |
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5282 You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations |
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5283 as long as that use is balanced; |
|
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|
5284 that is, |
|
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|
5285 when you call a buffer operation, |
|
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5286 the stack is at the same level |
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5287 it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. |
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5288 (The only exception to this rule is <a href="#luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a>.) |
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5289 After calling <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a> the stack is back to its |
|
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5290 level when the buffer was initialized, |
|
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|
5291 plus the final string on its top. |
|
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|
5292 |
|
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|
5293 |
|
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|
5294 |
|
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|
5295 |
|
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|
5296 |
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5297 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a></h3><p> |
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5298 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
5299 <pre>void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
|
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|
5300 |
|
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|
5301 <p> |
|
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|
5302 Initializes a buffer <code>B</code>. |
|
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|
5303 This function does not allocate any space; |
|
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|
5304 the buffer must be declared as a variable |
|
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|
5305 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
|
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|
5306 |
|
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|
5307 |
|
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|
5308 |
|
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|
5309 |
|
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|
5310 |
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5311 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinitsize"><code>luaL_buffinitsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5312 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5313 <pre>char *luaL_buffinitsize (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
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5314 |
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5315 <p> |
|
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|
5316 Equivalent to the sequence |
|
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|
5317 <a href="#luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a>. |
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|
5318 |
|
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|
5319 |
|
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|
5320 |
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|
5321 |
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|
5322 |
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|
5323 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_callmeta"><code>luaL_callmeta</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5324 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5325 <pre>int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> |
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|
5326 |
|
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|
5327 <p> |
|
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|
5328 Calls a metamethod. |
|
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|
5329 |
|
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|
5330 |
|
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|
5331 <p> |
|
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|
5332 If the object at index <code>obj</code> has a metatable and this |
|
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|
5333 metatable has a field <code>e</code>, |
|
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|
5334 this function calls this field passing the object as its only argument. |
|
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|
5335 In this case this function returns true and pushes onto the |
|
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|
5336 stack the value returned by the call. |
|
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|
5337 If there is no metatable or no metamethod, |
|
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|
5338 this function returns false (without pushing any value on the stack). |
|
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|
5339 |
|
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|
5340 |
|
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|
5341 |
|
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|
5342 |
|
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|
5343 |
|
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|
5344 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkany"><code>luaL_checkany</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5345 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5346 <pre>void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5347 |
|
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|
5348 <p> |
|
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|
5349 Checks whether the function has an argument |
|
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|
5350 of any type (including <b>nil</b>) at position <code>arg</code>. |
|
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|
5351 |
|
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|
5352 |
|
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|
5353 |
|
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|
5354 |
|
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|
5355 |
|
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|
5356 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkinteger"><code>luaL_checkinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5357 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5358 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5359 |
|
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|
5360 <p> |
|
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|
5361 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is an integer |
|
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|
5362 (or can be converted to an integer) |
|
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|
5363 and returns this integer cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
|
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|
5364 |
|
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|
5365 |
|
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|
5366 |
|
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|
5367 |
|
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|
5368 |
|
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|
5369 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklstring"><code>luaL_checklstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5370 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5371 <pre>const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int arg, size_t *l);</pre> |
|
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|
5372 |
|
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|
5373 <p> |
|
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|
5374 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string |
|
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|
5375 and returns this string; |
|
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|
5376 if <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code> fills <code>*l</code> |
|
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|
5377 with the string's length. |
|
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|
5378 |
|
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diff
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|
5379 |
|
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|
5380 <p> |
|
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|
5381 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, |
|
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|
5382 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. |
|
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|
5383 |
|
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changeset
|
5384 |
|
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|
5385 |
|
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|
5386 |
|
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|
5387 |
|
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|
5388 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checknumber"><code>luaL_checknumber</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5389 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5390 <pre>lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5391 |
|
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|
5392 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5393 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
|
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|
5394 and returns this number. |
|
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changeset
|
5395 |
|
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changeset
|
5396 |
|
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changeset
|
5397 |
|
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changeset
|
5398 |
|
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changeset
|
5399 |
|
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|
5400 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkoption"><code>luaL_checkoption</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5401 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5402 <pre>int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5403 int arg, |
|
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|
5404 const char *def, |
|
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|
5405 const char *const lst[]);</pre> |
|
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|
5406 |
|
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|
5407 <p> |
|
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|
5408 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string and |
|
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|
5409 searches for this string in the array <code>lst</code> |
|
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|
5410 (which must be NULL-terminated). |
|
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|
5411 Returns the index in the array where the string was found. |
|
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|
5412 Raises an error if the argument is not a string or |
|
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|
5413 if the string cannot be found. |
|
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|
5414 |
|
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|
5415 |
|
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diff
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|
5416 <p> |
|
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|
5417 If <code>def</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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|
5418 the function uses <code>def</code> as a default value when |
|
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|
5419 there is no argument <code>arg</code> or when this argument is <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
5420 |
|
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|
5421 |
|
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|
5422 <p> |
|
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|
5423 This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums. |
|
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|
5424 (The usual convention in Lua libraries is |
|
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|
5425 to use strings instead of numbers to select options.) |
|
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|
5426 |
|
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diff
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|
5427 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5428 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5429 |
|
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diff
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|
5430 |
|
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|
5431 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstack"><code>luaL_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5432 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5433 <pre>void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);</pre> |
|
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|
5434 |
|
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|
5435 <p> |
|
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|
5436 Grows the stack size to <code>top + sz</code> elements, |
|
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|
5437 raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. |
|
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|
5438 <code>msg</code> is an additional text to go into the error message |
|
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|
5439 (or <code>NULL</code> for no additional text). |
|
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|
5440 |
|
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|
5441 |
|
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|
5442 |
|
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changeset
|
5443 |
|
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changeset
|
5444 |
|
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|
5445 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstring"><code>luaL_checkstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5446 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5447 <pre>const char *luaL_checkstring (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5448 |
|
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|
5449 <p> |
|
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|
5450 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string |
|
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|
5451 and returns this string. |
|
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|
5452 |
|
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|
5453 |
|
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|
5454 <p> |
|
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|
5455 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, |
|
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|
5456 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. |
|
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|
5457 |
|
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|
5458 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5459 |
|
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changeset
|
5460 |
|
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diff
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|
5461 |
|
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|
5462 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checktype"><code>luaL_checktype</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5463 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5464 <pre>void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int arg, int t);</pre> |
|
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|
5465 |
|
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|
5466 <p> |
|
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|
5467 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> has type <code>t</code>. |
|
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|
5468 See <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> for the encoding of types for <code>t</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
5469 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5470 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5471 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5472 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5473 |
|
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|
5474 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5475 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5476 <pre>void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> |
|
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|
5477 |
|
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|
5478 <p> |
|
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|
5479 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a userdata |
|
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|
5480 of the type <code>tname</code> (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>) and |
|
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|
5481 returns the userdata address (see <a href="#lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a>). |
|
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|
5482 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5483 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5484 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5485 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5486 |
|
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|
5487 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkversion"><code>luaL_checkversion</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5488 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
5489 <pre>void luaL_checkversion (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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|
5490 |
|
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|
5491 <p> |
|
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|
5492 Checks whether the core running the call, |
|
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parents:
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|
5493 the core that created the Lua state, |
|
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|
5494 and the code making the call are all using the same version of Lua. |
|
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|
5495 Also checks whether the core running the call |
|
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|
5496 and the core that created the Lua state |
|
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|
5497 are using the same address space. |
|
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changeset
|
5498 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5499 |
|
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changeset
|
5500 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5501 |
|
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|
5502 |
|
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|
5503 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dofile"><code>luaL_dofile</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5504 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5505 <pre>int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> |
|
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|
5506 |
|
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|
5507 <p> |
|
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|
5508 Loads and runs the given file. |
|
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|
5509 It is defined as the following macro: |
|
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|
5510 |
|
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|
5511 <pre> |
|
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|
5512 (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) |
|
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|
5513 </pre><p> |
|
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|
5514 It returns false if there are no errors |
|
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|
5515 or true in case of errors. |
|
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changeset
|
5516 |
|
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|
5517 |
|
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changeset
|
5518 |
|
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changeset
|
5519 |
|
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|
5520 |
|
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|
5521 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dostring"><code>luaL_dostring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5522 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, –]</span> |
|
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|
5523 <pre>int luaL_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);</pre> |
|
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|
5524 |
|
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|
5525 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5526 Loads and runs the given string. |
|
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|
5527 It is defined as the following macro: |
|
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|
5528 |
|
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|
5529 <pre> |
|
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|
5530 (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) |
|
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|
5531 </pre><p> |
|
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|
5532 It returns false if there are no errors |
|
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|
5533 or true in case of errors. |
|
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|
5534 |
|
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|
5535 |
|
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|
5536 |
|
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|
5537 |
|
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diff
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|
5538 |
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|
5539 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5540 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5541 <pre>int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> |
|
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|
5542 |
|
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|
5543 <p> |
|
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|
5544 Raises an error. |
|
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|
5545 The error message format is given by <code>fmt</code> |
|
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|
5546 plus any extra arguments, |
|
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|
5547 following the same rules of <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>. |
|
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|
5548 It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and |
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|
5549 the line number where the error occurred, |
|
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|
5550 if this information is available. |
|
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|
5551 |
|
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|
5552 |
|
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|
5553 <p> |
|
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|
5554 This function never returns, |
|
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|
5555 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions |
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|
5556 as <code>return luaL_error(<em>args</em>)</code>. |
|
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|
5557 |
|
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|
5558 |
|
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|
5559 |
|
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changeset
|
5560 |
|
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|
5561 |
|
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|
5562 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_execresult"><code>luaL_execresult</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5563 <span class="apii">[-0, +3, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5564 <pre>int luaL_execresult (lua_State *L, int stat);</pre> |
|
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|
5565 |
|
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|
5566 <p> |
|
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|
5567 This function produces the return values for |
|
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|
5568 process-related functions in the standard library |
|
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|
5569 (<a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.close"><code>io.close</code></a>). |
|
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|
5570 |
|
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changeset
|
5571 |
|
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changeset
|
5572 |
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changeset
|
5573 |
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|
5574 |
|
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|
5575 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_fileresult"><code>luaL_fileresult</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5576 <span class="apii">[-0, +(1|3), <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5577 <pre>int luaL_fileresult (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname);</pre> |
|
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|
5578 |
|
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|
5579 <p> |
|
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|
5580 This function produces the return values for |
|
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|
5581 file-related functions in the standard library |
|
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|
5582 (<a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek</code></a>, etc.). |
|
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changeset
|
5583 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5584 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5585 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5586 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5587 |
|
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|
5588 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetafield"><code>luaL_getmetafield</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5589 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5590 <pre>int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> |
|
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|
5591 |
|
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|
5592 <p> |
|
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|
5593 Pushes onto the stack the field <code>e</code> from the metatable |
|
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|
5594 of the object at index <code>obj</code> and returns the type of pushed value. |
|
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|
5595 If the object does not have a metatable, |
|
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|
5596 or if the metatable does not have this field, |
|
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|
5597 pushes nothing and returns <code>LUA_TNIL</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
5598 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5599 |
|
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changeset
|
5600 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5601 |
|
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changeset
|
5602 |
|
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|
5603 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetatable"><code>luaL_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5604 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
5605 <pre>int luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
|
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|
5606 |
|
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|
5607 <p> |
|
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|
5608 Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> |
|
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|
5609 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
|
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|
5610 If there is no metatable associated with <code>tname</code>, |
|
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|
5611 returns false and pushes <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
5612 |
|
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changeset
|
5613 |
|
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changeset
|
5614 |
|
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changeset
|
5615 |
|
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|
5616 |
|
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|
5617 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getsubtable"><code>luaL_getsubtable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5618 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5619 <pre>int luaL_getsubtable (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname);</pre> |
|
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|
5620 |
|
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|
5621 <p> |
|
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|
5622 Ensures that the value <code>t[fname]</code>, |
|
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|
5623 where <code>t</code> is the value at index <code>idx</code>, |
|
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|
5624 is a table, |
|
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|
5625 and pushes that table onto the stack. |
|
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|
5626 Returns true if it finds a previous table there |
|
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|
5627 and false if it creates a new table. |
|
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changeset
|
5628 |
|
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changeset
|
5629 |
|
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changeset
|
5630 |
|
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changeset
|
5631 |
|
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changeset
|
5632 |
|
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|
5633 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_gsub"><code>luaL_gsub</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5634 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5635 <pre>const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5636 const char *s, |
|
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|
5637 const char *p, |
|
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|
5638 const char *r);</pre> |
|
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|
5639 |
|
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|
5640 <p> |
|
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|
5641 Creates a copy of string <code>s</code> by replacing |
|
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|
5642 any occurrence of the string <code>p</code> |
|
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|
5643 with the string <code>r</code>. |
|
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|
5644 Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it. |
|
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|
5645 |
|
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|
5646 |
|
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|
5647 |
|
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|
5648 |
|
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diff
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|
5649 |
|
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|
5650 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_len"><code>luaL_len</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5651 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5652 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
5653 |
|
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|
5654 <p> |
|
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|
5655 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index |
|
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|
5656 as a number; |
|
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|
5657 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
|
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|
5658 Raises an error if the result of the operation is not an integer. |
|
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|
5659 (This case only can happen through metamethods.) |
|
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|
5660 |
|
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|
5661 |
|
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|
5662 |
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|
5663 |
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|
5664 |
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|
5665 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbuffer"><code>luaL_loadbuffer</code></a></h3><p> |
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5666 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
5667 <pre>int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5668 const char *buff, |
|
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|
5669 size_t sz, |
|
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|
5670 const char *name);</pre> |
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|
5671 |
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|
5672 <p> |
|
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|
5673 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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|
5674 |
|
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|
5675 |
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|
5676 |
|
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|
5677 |
|
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|
5678 |
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|
5679 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5680 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
5681 <pre>int luaL_loadbufferx (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5682 const char *buff, |
|
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|
5683 size_t sz, |
|
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|
5684 const char *name, |
|
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|
5685 const char *mode);</pre> |
|
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|
5686 |
|
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|
5687 <p> |
|
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|
5688 Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. |
|
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|
5689 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the |
|
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|
5690 buffer pointed to by <code>buff</code> with size <code>sz</code>. |
|
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|
5691 |
|
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|
5692 |
|
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|
5693 <p> |
|
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|
5694 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
|
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|
5695 <code>name</code> is the chunk name, |
|
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|
5696 used for debug information and error messages. |
|
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|
5697 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
|
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|
5698 |
|
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|
5699 |
|
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|
5700 |
|
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|
5701 |
|
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|
5702 |
|
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|
5703 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfile"><code>luaL_loadfile</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5704 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5705 <pre>int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> |
|
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|
5706 |
|
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|
5707 <p> |
|
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|
5708 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
|
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|
5709 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5710 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5711 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5712 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5713 |
|
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|
5714 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5715 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5716 <pre>int luaL_loadfilex (lua_State *L, const char *filename, |
|
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|
5717 const char *mode);</pre> |
|
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|
5718 |
|
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|
5719 <p> |
|
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|
5720 Loads a file as a Lua chunk. |
|
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|
5721 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the file |
|
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|
5722 named <code>filename</code>. |
|
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|
5723 If <code>filename</code> is <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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|
5724 then it loads from the standard input. |
|
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|
5725 The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a <code>#</code>. |
|
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|
5726 |
|
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changeset
|
5727 |
|
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|
5728 <p> |
|
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|
5729 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
|
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|
5730 |
|
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|
5731 |
|
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|
5732 <p> |
|
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|
5733 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, |
|
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|
5734 but it has an extra error code <a name="pdf-LUA_ERRFILE"><code>LUA_ERRFILE</code></a> |
|
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|
5735 if it cannot open/read the file or the file has a wrong mode. |
|
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|
5736 |
|
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|
5737 |
|
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|
5738 <p> |
|
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|
5739 As <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; |
|
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|
5740 it does not run it. |
|
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changeset
|
5741 |
|
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changeset
|
5742 |
|
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changeset
|
5743 |
|
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changeset
|
5744 |
|
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changeset
|
5745 |
|
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|
5746 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadstring"><code>luaL_loadstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5747 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
5748 <pre>int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
5749 |
|
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changeset
|
5750 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5751 Loads a string as a Lua chunk. |
|
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|
5752 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in |
|
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|
5753 the zero-terminated string <code>s</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
5754 |
|
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changeset
|
5755 |
|
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changeset
|
5756 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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|
5757 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
|
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changeset
|
5758 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5759 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5760 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
5761 Also as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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changeset
|
5762 it does not run it. |
|
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diff
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|
5763 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5764 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5765 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5766 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5767 |
|
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|
5768 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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|
5769 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5770 <pre>void luaL_newlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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|
5771 |
|
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diff
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|
5772 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
5773 Creates a new table and registers there |
|
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diff
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|
5774 the functions in list <code>l</code>. |
|
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|
5775 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5776 |
|
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|
5777 <p> |
|
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|
5778 It is implemented as the following macro: |
|
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|
5779 |
|
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|
5780 <pre> |
|
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|
5781 (luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0)) |
|
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|
5782 </pre><p> |
|
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|
5783 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, |
|
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|
5784 not a pointer to it. |
|
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|
5785 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5786 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5787 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5788 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5789 |
|
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|
5790 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlibtable"><code>luaL_newlibtable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5791 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5792 <pre>void luaL_newlibtable (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> |
|
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|
5793 |
|
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diff
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|
5794 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5795 Creates a new table with a size optimized |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
5796 to store all entries in the array <code>l</code> |
|
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diff
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|
5797 (but does not actually store them). |
|
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|
5798 It is intended to be used in conjunction with <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> |
|
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|
5799 (see <a href="#luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a>). |
|
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|
5800 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5801 |
|
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diff
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|
5802 <p> |
|
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|
5803 It is implemented as a macro. |
|
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diff
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|
5804 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, |
|
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|
5805 not a pointer to it. |
|
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|
5806 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5807 |
|
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changeset
|
5808 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5809 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5810 |
|
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|
5811 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5812 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5813 <pre>int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
|
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|
5814 |
|
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|
5815 <p> |
|
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|
5816 If the registry already has the key <code>tname</code>, |
|
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|
5817 returns 0. |
|
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|
5818 Otherwise, |
|
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|
5819 creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, |
|
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|
5820 adds to this new table the pair <code>__name = tname</code>, |
|
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|
5821 adds to the registry the pair <code>[tname] = new table</code>, |
|
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|
5822 and returns 1. |
|
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changeset
|
5823 (The entry <code>__name</code> is used by some error-reporting functions.) |
|
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|
5824 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5825 |
|
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|
5826 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5827 In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated |
|
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|
5828 with <code>tname</code> in the registry. |
|
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changeset
|
5829 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5830 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5831 |
|
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changeset
|
5832 |
|
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changeset
|
5833 |
|
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|
5834 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5835 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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changeset
|
5836 <pre>lua_State *luaL_newstate (void);</pre> |
|
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|
5837 |
|
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diff
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|
5838 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5839 Creates a new Lua state. |
|
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changeset
|
5840 It calls <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> with an |
|
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changeset
|
5841 allocator based on the standard C <code>realloc</code> function |
|
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|
5842 and then sets a panic function (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>) that prints |
|
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|
5843 an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal |
|
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|
5844 errors. |
|
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changeset
|
5845 |
|
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|
5846 |
|
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|
5847 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5848 Returns the new state, |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5849 or <code>NULL</code> if there is a memory allocation error. |
|
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changeset
|
5850 |
|
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changeset
|
5851 |
|
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|
5852 |
|
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|
5853 |
|
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|
5854 |
|
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|
5855 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5856 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5857 <pre>void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
5858 |
|
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|
5859 <p> |
|
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|
5860 Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state. |
|
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changeset
|
5861 |
|
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changeset
|
5862 |
|
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changeset
|
5863 |
|
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changeset
|
5864 |
|
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changeset
|
5865 |
|
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|
5866 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optinteger"><code>luaL_optinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5867 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5868 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5869 int arg, |
|
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|
5870 lua_Integer d);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
5871 |
|
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changeset
|
5872 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
5873 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is an integer |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5874 (or convertible to an integer), |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5875 returns this integer. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5876 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5877 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5878 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5879 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5880 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5881 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5882 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5883 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
changeset
|
5884 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlstring"><code>luaL_optlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
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|
5885 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
5886 <pre>const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5887 int arg, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5888 const char *d, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
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|
5889 size_t *l);</pre> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5890 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5891 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5892 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5893 returns this string. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5894 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5895 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5896 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5897 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5898 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5899 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5900 If <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
5901 fills the position <code>*l</code> with the result's length. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5902 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5903 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5904 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5905 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5906 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5907 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optnumber"><code>luaL_optnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5908 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
5909 <pre>lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number d);</pre> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5910 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5911 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5912 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5913 returns this number. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5914 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5915 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5916 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5917 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5918 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5919 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5920 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5921 |
|
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diff
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|
5922 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optstring"><code>luaL_optstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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diff
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|
5923 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
5924 <pre>const char *luaL_optstring (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
5925 int arg, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5926 const char *d);</pre> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5927 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5928 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5929 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5930 returns this string. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5931 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5932 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5933 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5934 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5935 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5936 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5937 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5938 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5939 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5940 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5941 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5942 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5943 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5944 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5945 with the predefined size <a name="pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE"><code>LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</code></a>. |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5946 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5947 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5948 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5949 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5950 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5951 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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diff
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|
5952 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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diff
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|
5953 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
5954 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5955 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5956 Returns an address to a space of size <code>sz</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5957 where you can copy a string to be added to buffer <code>B</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5958 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5959 After copying the string into this space you must call |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5960 <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a> with the size of the string to actually add |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5961 it to the buffer. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5962 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5963 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5964 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5965 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5966 |
|
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changeset
|
5967 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
5968 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5969 <pre>void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5970 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5971 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5972 Finishes the use of buffer <code>B</code> leaving the final string on |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
5973 the top of the stack. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5974 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5975 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5976 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5977 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5978 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5979 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresultsize"><code>luaL_pushresultsize</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5980 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5981 <pre>void luaL_pushresultsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
5982 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5983 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5984 Equivalent to the sequence <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a>. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
5985 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5986 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5987 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5988 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5989 |
|
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diff
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|
5990 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a></h3><p> |
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5991 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5992 <pre>int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t);</pre> |
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5993 |
|
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5994 <p> |
|
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|
5995 Creates and returns a <em>reference</em>, |
|
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5996 in the table at index <code>t</code>, |
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|
5997 for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object). |
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5998 |
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5999 |
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6000 <p> |
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|
6001 A reference is a unique integer key. |
|
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6002 As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table <code>t</code>, |
|
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6003 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. |
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6004 You can retrieve an object referred by reference <code>r</code> |
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6005 by calling <code>lua_rawgeti(L, t, r)</code>. |
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6006 Function <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> frees a reference and its associated object. |
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6007 |
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6008 |
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6009 <p> |
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6010 If the object at the top of the stack is <b>nil</b>, |
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|
6011 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> returns the constant <a name="pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>. |
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6012 The constant <a name="pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> is guaranteed to be different |
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6013 from any reference returned by <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>. |
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6014 |
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6015 |
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6016 |
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|
6017 |
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6018 |
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6019 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a></h3> |
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|
6020 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Reg { |
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6021 const char *name; |
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6022 lua_CFunction func; |
|
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|
6023 } luaL_Reg;</pre> |
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6024 |
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6025 <p> |
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6026 Type for arrays of functions to be registered by |
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6027 <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a>. |
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|
6028 <code>name</code> is the function name and <code>func</code> is a pointer to |
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6029 the function. |
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6030 Any array of <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a> must end with a sentinel entry |
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|
6031 in which both <code>name</code> and <code>func</code> are <code>NULL</code>. |
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6032 |
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|
6033 |
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|
6034 |
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|
6035 |
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|
6036 |
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6037 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6038 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
6039 <pre>void luaL_requiref (lua_State *L, const char *modname, |
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6040 lua_CFunction openf, int glb);</pre> |
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|
6041 |
|
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|
6042 <p> |
|
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|
6043 If <code>modname</code> is not already present in <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a>, |
|
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|
6044 calls function <code>openf</code> with string <code>modname</code> as an argument |
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6045 and sets the call result in <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, |
|
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|
6046 as if that function has been called through <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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|
6047 |
|
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|
6048 |
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|
6049 <p> |
|
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6050 If <code>glb</code> is true, |
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|
6051 also stores the module into global <code>modname</code>. |
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|
6052 |
|
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|
6053 |
|
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|
6054 <p> |
|
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6055 Leaves a copy of the module on the stack. |
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|
6056 |
|
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|
6057 |
|
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|
6058 |
|
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|
6059 |
|
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|
6060 |
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|
6061 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
6062 <span class="apii">[-nup, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
6063 <pre>void luaL_setfuncs (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);</pre> |
|
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|
6064 |
|
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|
6065 <p> |
|
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|
6066 Registers all functions in the array <code>l</code> |
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|
6067 (see <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a>) into the table on the top of the stack |
|
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|
6068 (below optional upvalues, see next). |
|
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|
6069 |
|
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|
6070 |
|
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|
6071 <p> |
|
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|
6072 When <code>nup</code> is not zero, |
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|
6073 all functions are created sharing <code>nup</code> upvalues, |
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|
6074 which must be previously pushed on the stack |
|
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|
6075 on top of the library table. |
|
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|
6076 These values are popped from the stack after the registration. |
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|
6077 |
|
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changeset
|
6078 |
|
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|
6079 |
|
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|
6080 |
|
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|
6081 |
|
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|
6082 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setmetatable"><code>luaL_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6083 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
6084 <pre>void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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|
6085 |
|
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|
6086 <p> |
|
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|
6087 Sets the metatable of the object at the top of the stack |
|
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6088 as the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> |
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|
6089 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
|
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|
6090 |
|
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changeset
|
6091 |
|
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|
6092 |
|
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|
6093 |
|
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|
6094 |
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|
6095 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Stream"><code>luaL_Stream</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6096 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Stream { |
|
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|
6097 FILE *f; |
|
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|
6098 lua_CFunction closef; |
|
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|
6099 } luaL_Stream;</pre> |
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|
6100 |
|
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|
6101 <p> |
|
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|
6102 The standard representation for file handles, |
|
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6103 which is used by the standard I/O library. |
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|
6104 |
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6105 |
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6106 <p> |
|
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6107 A file handle is implemented as a full userdata, |
|
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6108 with a metatable called <code>LUA_FILEHANDLE</code> |
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|
6109 (where <code>LUA_FILEHANDLE</code> is a macro with the actual metatable's name). |
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6110 The metatable is created by the I/O library |
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6111 (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
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6112 |
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6113 |
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6114 <p> |
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6115 This userdata must start with the structure <code>luaL_Stream</code>; |
|
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6116 it can contain other data after this initial structure. |
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6117 Field <code>f</code> points to the corresponding C stream |
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6118 (or it can be <code>NULL</code> to indicate an incompletely created handle). |
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6119 Field <code>closef</code> points to a Lua function |
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6120 that will be called to close the stream |
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6121 when the handle is closed or collected; |
|
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6122 this function receives the file handle as its sole argument and |
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6123 must return either <b>true</b> (in case of success) |
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6124 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message (in case of error). |
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6125 Once Lua calls this field, |
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6126 the field value is changed to <code>NULL</code> |
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|
6127 to signal that the handle is closed. |
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6128 |
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6129 |
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6130 |
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6131 |
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6132 |
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6133 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_testudata"><code>luaL_testudata</code></a></h3><p> |
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6134 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6135 <pre>void *luaL_testudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6136 |
|
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6137 <p> |
|
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|
6138 This function works like <a href="#luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a>, |
|
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6139 except that, when the test fails, |
|
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6140 it returns <code>NULL</code> instead of raising an error. |
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|
6141 |
|
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|
6142 |
|
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|
6143 |
|
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|
6144 |
|
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|
6145 |
|
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|
6146 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_tolstring"><code>luaL_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6147 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
6148 <pre>const char *luaL_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);</pre> |
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|
6149 |
|
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|
6150 <p> |
|
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|
6151 Converts any Lua value at the given index to a C string |
|
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|
6152 in a reasonable format. |
|
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|
6153 The resulting string is pushed onto the stack and also |
|
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6154 returned by the function. |
|
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|
6155 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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|
6156 the function also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. |
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|
6157 |
|
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|
6158 |
|
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|
6159 <p> |
|
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|
6160 If the value has a metatable with a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, |
|
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|
6161 then <code>luaL_tolstring</code> calls the corresponding metamethod |
|
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|
6162 with the value as argument, |
|
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|
6163 and uses the result of the call as its result. |
|
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|
6164 |
|
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|
6165 |
|
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|
6166 |
|
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|
6167 |
|
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|
6168 |
|
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|
6169 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_traceback"><code>luaL_traceback</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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6170 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
6171 <pre>void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg, |
|
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|
6172 int level);</pre> |
|
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|
6173 |
|
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|
6174 <p> |
|
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|
6175 Creates and pushes a traceback of the stack <code>L1</code>. |
|
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|
6176 If <code>msg</code> is not <code>NULL</code> it is appended |
|
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|
6177 at the beginning of the traceback. |
|
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|
6178 The <code>level</code> parameter tells at which level |
|
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|
6179 to start the traceback. |
|
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|
6180 |
|
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|
6181 |
|
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|
6182 |
|
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|
6183 |
|
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|
6184 |
|
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6185 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_typename"><code>luaL_typename</code></a></h3><p> |
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6186 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6187 <pre>const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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6188 |
|
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|
6189 <p> |
|
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|
6190 Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. |
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|
6191 |
|
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|
6192 |
|
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|
6193 |
|
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|
6194 |
|
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6195 |
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6196 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6197 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6198 <pre>void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);</pre> |
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6199 |
|
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|
6200 <p> |
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6201 Releases reference <code>ref</code> from the table at index <code>t</code> |
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6202 (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>). |
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6203 The entry is removed from the table, |
|
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6204 so that the referred object can be collected. |
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6205 The reference <code>ref</code> is also freed to be used again. |
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6206 |
|
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6207 |
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6208 <p> |
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6209 If <code>ref</code> is <a href="#pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>, |
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6210 <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> does nothing. |
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|
6211 |
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|
6212 |
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|
6213 |
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changeset
|
6214 |
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|
6215 |
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6216 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a></h3><p> |
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6217 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6218 <pre>void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int lvl);</pre> |
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6219 |
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6220 <p> |
|
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6221 Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position |
|
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6222 of the control at level <code>lvl</code> in the call stack. |
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6223 Typically this string has the following format: |
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6224 |
|
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|
6225 <pre> |
|
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6226 <em>chunkname</em>:<em>currentline</em>: |
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6227 </pre><p> |
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6228 Level 0 is the running function, |
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6229 level 1 is the function that called the running function, |
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6230 etc. |
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|
6231 |
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6232 |
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6233 <p> |
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6234 This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. |
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6235 |
|
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6236 |
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|
6237 |
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|
6238 |
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|
6239 |
|
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6240 |
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6241 |
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|
6242 <h1>6 – <a name="6">Standard Libraries</a></h1> |
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6243 |
|
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6244 <p> |
|
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|
6245 The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions |
|
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6246 that are implemented directly through the C API. |
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6247 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language |
|
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6248 (e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>); |
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|
6249 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O); |
|
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6250 and others could be implemented in Lua itself, |
|
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|
6251 but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that |
|
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6252 deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>). |
|
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|
6253 |
|
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|
6254 |
|
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|
6255 <p> |
|
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|
6256 All libraries are implemented through the official C API |
|
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|
6257 and are provided as separate C modules. |
|
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|
6258 Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries: |
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|
6259 |
|
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|
6260 <ul> |
|
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|
6261 |
|
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|
6262 <li>basic library (<a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>);</li> |
|
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|
6263 |
|
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|
6264 <li>coroutine library (<a href="#6.2">§6.2</a>);</li> |
|
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|
6265 |
|
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|
6266 <li>package library (<a href="#6.3">§6.3</a>);</li> |
|
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|
6267 |
|
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|
6268 <li>string manipulation (<a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>);</li> |
|
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|
6269 |
|
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|
6270 <li>basic UTF-8 support (<a href="#6.5">§6.5</a>);</li> |
|
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|
6271 |
|
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|
6272 <li>table manipulation (<a href="#6.6">§6.6</a>);</li> |
|
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|
6273 |
|
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6274 <li>mathematical functions (<a href="#6.7">§6.7</a>) (sin, log, etc.);</li> |
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|
6275 |
|
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|
6276 <li>input and output (<a href="#6.8">§6.8</a>);</li> |
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|
6277 |
|
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|
6278 <li>operating system facilities (<a href="#6.9">§6.9</a>);</li> |
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|
6279 |
|
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|
6280 <li>debug facilities (<a href="#6.10">§6.10</a>).</li> |
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|
6281 |
|
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|
6282 </ul><p> |
|
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|
6283 Except for the basic and the package libraries, |
|
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|
6284 each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table |
|
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|
6285 or as methods of its objects. |
|
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|
6286 |
|
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|
6287 |
|
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|
6288 <p> |
|
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|
6289 To have access to these libraries, |
|
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|
6290 the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function, |
|
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|
6291 which opens all standard libraries. |
|
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|
6292 Alternatively, |
|
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|
6293 the host program can open them individually by using |
|
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|
6294 <a href="#luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a> to call |
|
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|
6295 <a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library), |
|
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|
6296 <a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library), |
|
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|
6297 <a name="pdf-luaopen_coroutine"><code>luaopen_coroutine</code></a> (for the coroutine library), |
|
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|
6298 <a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library), |
|
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|
6299 <a name="pdf-luaopen_utf8"><code>luaopen_utf8</code></a> (for the UTF8 library), |
|
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|
6300 <a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library), |
|
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|
6301 <a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library), |
|
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6302 <a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library), |
|
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6303 <a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the operating system library), |
|
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6304 and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library). |
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|
6305 These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>. |
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6306 |
|
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|
6307 |
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6308 |
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|
6309 <h2>6.1 – <a name="6.1">Basic Functions</a></h2> |
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6310 |
|
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|
6311 <p> |
|
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6312 The basic library provides core functions to Lua. |
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6313 If you do not include this library in your application, |
|
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6314 you should check carefully whether you need to provide |
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|
6315 implementations for some of its facilities. |
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6316 |
|
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|
6317 |
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6318 <p> |
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6319 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3> |
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6320 |
|
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|
6321 |
|
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6322 <p> |
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6323 Calls <a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> if |
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6324 the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>); |
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6325 otherwise, returns all its arguments. |
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6326 In case of error, |
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6327 <code>message</code> is the error object; |
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6328 when absent, it defaults to "<code>assertion failed!</code>" |
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6329 |
|
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|
6330 |
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|
6331 |
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6332 |
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6333 <p> |
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6334 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6335 |
|
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|
6336 |
|
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6337 <p> |
|
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|
6338 This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. |
|
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|
6339 It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>: |
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6340 |
|
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|
6341 <ul> |
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6342 |
|
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6343 <li><b>"<code>collect</code>": </b> |
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6344 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. |
|
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6345 This is the default option. |
|
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6346 </li> |
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6347 |
|
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6348 <li><b>"<code>stop</code>": </b> |
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6349 stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. |
|
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6350 The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, |
|
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6351 until a call to restart it. |
|
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|
6352 </li> |
|
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|
6353 |
|
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|
6354 <li><b>"<code>restart</code>": </b> |
|
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6355 restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector. |
|
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6356 </li> |
|
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|
6357 |
|
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6358 <li><b>"<code>count</code>": </b> |
|
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|
6359 returns the total memory in use by Lua in Kbytes. |
|
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6360 The value has a fractional part, |
|
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6361 so that it multiplied by 1024 |
|
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6362 gives the exact number of bytes in use by Lua |
|
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6363 (except for overflows). |
|
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|
6364 </li> |
|
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|
6365 |
|
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6366 <li><b>"<code>step</code>": </b> |
|
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|
6367 performs a garbage-collection step. |
|
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6368 The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code>. |
|
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6369 With a zero value, |
|
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|
6370 the collector will perform one basic (indivisible) step. |
|
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|
6371 For non-zero values, |
|
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6372 the collector will perform as if that amount of memory |
|
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6373 (in KBytes) had been allocated by Lua. |
|
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6374 Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle. |
|
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|
6375 </li> |
|
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|
6376 |
|
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|
6377 <li><b>"<code>setpause</code>": </b> |
|
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|
6378 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of |
|
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6379 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
|
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6380 Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>. |
|
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|
6381 </li> |
|
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|
6382 |
|
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|
6383 <li><b>"<code>setstepmul</code>": </b> |
|
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|
6384 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of |
|
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6385 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
|
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6386 Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>. |
|
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6387 </li> |
|
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|
6388 |
|
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6389 <li><b>"<code>isrunning</code>": </b> |
|
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6390 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running |
|
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6391 (i.e., not stopped). |
|
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6392 </li> |
|
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|
6393 |
|
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|
6394 </ul> |
|
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|
6395 |
|
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|
6396 |
|
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|
6397 |
|
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6398 <p> |
|
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6399 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile ([filename])</code></a></h3> |
|
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6400 Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk. |
|
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6401 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
6402 <code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>). |
|
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6403 Returns all values returned by the chunk. |
|
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|
6404 In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error |
|
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6405 to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode). |
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|
6406 |
|
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|
6407 |
|
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|
6408 |
|
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|
6409 |
|
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6410 <p> |
|
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6411 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3> |
|
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6412 Terminates the last protected function called |
|
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6413 and returns <code>message</code> as the error object. |
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|
6414 Function <code>error</code> never returns. |
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|
6415 |
|
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|
6416 |
|
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|
6417 <p> |
|
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6418 Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position |
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6419 at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string. |
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|
6420 The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position. |
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|
6421 With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the |
|
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6422 <code>error</code> function was called. |
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6423 Level 2 points the error to where the function |
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|
6424 that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on. |
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6425 Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information |
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6426 to the message. |
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|
6427 |
|
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|
6428 |
|
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changeset
|
6429 |
|
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|
6430 |
|
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6431 <p> |
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|
6432 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3> |
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|
6433 A global variable (not a function) that |
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|
6434 holds the global environment (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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|
6435 Lua itself does not use this variable; |
|
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6436 changing its value does not affect any environment, |
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|
6437 nor vice versa. |
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|
6438 |
|
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changeset
|
6439 |
|
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changeset
|
6440 |
|
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changeset
|
6441 |
|
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6442 <p> |
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|
6443 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6444 |
|
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changeset
|
6445 |
|
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|
6446 <p> |
|
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|
6447 If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
6448 Otherwise, |
|
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|
6449 if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, |
|
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6450 returns the associated value. |
|
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|
6451 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object. |
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6452 |
|
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|
6453 |
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|
6454 |
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|
6455 |
|
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|
6456 <p> |
|
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|
6457 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3> |
|
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6458 |
|
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|
6459 |
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|
6460 <p> |
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|
6461 Returns three values (an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0) |
|
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|
6462 so that the construction |
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|
6463 |
|
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|
6464 <pre> |
|
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|
6465 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end |
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|
6466 </pre><p> |
|
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|
6467 will iterate over the key–value pairs |
|
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6468 (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ..., |
|
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|
6469 up to the first nil value. |
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|
6470 |
|
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|
6471 |
|
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|
6472 |
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|
6473 |
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6474 <p> |
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|
6475 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (chunk [, chunkname [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> |
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6476 |
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|
6477 |
|
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|
6478 <p> |
|
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|
6479 Loads a chunk. |
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|
6480 |
|
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|
6481 |
|
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|
6482 <p> |
|
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|
6483 If <code>chunk</code> is a string, the chunk is this string. |
|
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|
6484 If <code>chunk</code> is a function, |
|
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|
6485 <code>load</code> calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces. |
|
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|
6486 Each call to <code>chunk</code> must return a string that concatenates |
|
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|
6487 with previous results. |
|
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|
6488 A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk. |
|
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|
6489 |
|
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|
6490 |
|
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|
6491 <p> |
|
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|
6492 If there are no syntactic errors, |
|
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|
6493 returns the compiled chunk as a function; |
|
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|
6494 otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message. |
|
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|
6495 |
|
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|
6496 |
|
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|
6497 <p> |
|
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|
6498 If the resulting function has upvalues, |
|
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|
6499 the first upvalue is set to the value of <code>env</code>, |
|
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|
6500 if that parameter is given, |
|
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|
6501 or to the value of the global environment. |
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|
6502 Other upvalues are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
6503 (When you load a main chunk, |
|
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|
6504 the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, |
|
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|
6505 the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
|
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|
6506 However, |
|
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|
6507 when you load a binary chunk created from a function (see <a href="#pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump</code></a>), |
|
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|
6508 the resulting function can have an arbitrary number of upvalues.) |
|
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|
6509 All upvalues are fresh, that is, |
|
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|
6510 they are not shared with any other function. |
|
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|
6511 |
|
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|
6512 |
|
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|
6513 <p> |
|
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|
6514 <code>chunkname</code> is used as the name of the chunk for error messages |
|
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|
6515 and debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
|
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|
6516 When absent, |
|
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|
6517 it defaults to <code>chunk</code>, if <code>chunk</code> is a string, |
|
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|
6518 or to "<code>=(load)</code>" otherwise. |
|
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|
6519 |
|
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|
6520 |
|
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|
6521 <p> |
|
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|
6522 The string <code>mode</code> controls whether the chunk can be text or binary |
|
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|
6523 (that is, a precompiled chunk). |
|
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|
6524 It may be the string "<code>b</code>" (only binary chunks), |
|
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|
6525 "<code>t</code>" (only text chunks), |
|
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|
6526 or "<code>bt</code>" (both binary and text). |
|
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|
6527 The default is "<code>bt</code>". |
|
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|
6528 |
|
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changeset
|
6529 |
|
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|
6530 <p> |
|
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|
6531 Lua does not check the consistency of binary chunks. |
|
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|
6532 Maliciously crafted binary chunks can crash |
|
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|
6533 the interpreter. |
|
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|
6534 |
|
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|
6535 |
|
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|
6536 |
|
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|
6537 |
|
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|
6538 <p> |
|
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|
6539 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6540 |
|
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|
6541 |
|
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|
6542 <p> |
|
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|
6543 Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, |
|
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|
6544 but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code> |
|
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|
6545 or from the standard input, |
|
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|
6546 if no file name is given. |
|
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|
6547 |
|
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|
6548 |
|
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|
6549 |
|
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|
6550 |
|
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|
6551 <p> |
|
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|
6552 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6553 |
|
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|
6554 |
|
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|
6555 <p> |
|
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|
6556 Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. |
|
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|
6557 Its first argument is a table and its second argument |
|
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|
6558 is an index in this table. |
|
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|
6559 <code>next</code> returns the next index of the table |
|
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|
6560 and its associated value. |
|
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|
6561 When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument, |
|
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|
6562 <code>next</code> returns an initial index |
|
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|
6563 and its associated value. |
|
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|
6564 When called with the last index, |
|
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|
6565 or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table, |
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|
6566 <code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
6567 If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
6568 In particular, |
|
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|
6569 you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty. |
|
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|
6570 |
|
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|
6571 |
|
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|
6572 <p> |
|
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|
6573 The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified, |
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|
6574 <em>even for numeric indices</em>. |
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|
6575 (To traverse a table in numeric order, |
|
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|
6576 use a numerical <b>for</b>.) |
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|
6577 |
|
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|
6578 |
|
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|
6579 <p> |
|
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|
6580 The behavior of <code>next</code> is undefined if, |
|
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|
6581 during the traversal, |
|
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|
6582 you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. |
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|
6583 You may however modify existing fields. |
|
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6584 In particular, you may clear existing fields. |
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|
6585 |
|
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|
6586 |
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|
6587 |
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|
6588 |
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6589 <p> |
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|
6590 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3> |
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6591 |
|
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|
6592 |
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6593 <p> |
|
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|
6594 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>, |
|
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|
6595 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three |
|
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|
6596 results from the call. |
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|
6597 |
|
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|
6598 |
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6599 <p> |
|
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|
6600 Otherwise, |
|
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|
6601 returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>, |
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|
6602 so that the construction |
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|
6603 |
|
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|
6604 <pre> |
|
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|
6605 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end |
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|
6606 </pre><p> |
|
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|
6607 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>. |
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|
6608 |
|
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|
6609 |
|
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|
6610 <p> |
|
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|
6611 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying |
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6612 the table during its traversal. |
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6613 |
|
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|
6614 |
|
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|
6615 |
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6616 |
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6617 <p> |
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6618 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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6619 |
|
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|
6620 |
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6621 <p> |
|
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6622 Calls function <code>f</code> with |
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6623 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>. |
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|
6624 This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated; |
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6625 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error |
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6626 and returns a status code. |
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|
6627 Its first result is the status code (a boolean), |
|
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|
6628 which is true if the call succeeds without errors. |
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|
6629 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call, |
|
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|
6630 after this first result. |
|
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|
6631 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. |
|
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|
6632 |
|
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|
6633 |
|
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|
6634 |
|
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|
6635 |
|
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|
6636 <p> |
|
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|
6637 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6638 Receives any number of arguments |
|
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|
6639 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>, |
|
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|
6640 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string. |
|
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|
6641 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output, |
|
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|
6642 but only as a quick way to show a value, |
|
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|
6643 for instance for debugging. |
|
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|
6644 For complete control over the output, |
|
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|
6645 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>. |
|
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|
6646 |
|
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|
6647 |
|
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|
6648 |
|
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|
6649 |
|
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|
6650 <p> |
|
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|
6651 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6652 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>, |
|
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|
6653 without invoking any metamethod. |
|
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|
6654 Returns a boolean. |
|
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|
6655 |
|
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|
6656 |
|
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|
6657 |
|
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|
6658 |
|
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|
6659 <p> |
|
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|
6660 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6661 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>, |
|
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|
6662 without invoking any metamethod. |
|
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|
6663 <code>table</code> must be a table; |
|
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|
6664 <code>index</code> may be any value. |
|
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|
6665 |
|
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|
6666 |
|
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|
6667 |
|
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changeset
|
6668 |
|
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|
6669 <p> |
|
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|
6670 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawlen"><code>rawlen (v)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6671 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>, |
|
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|
6672 which must be a table or a string, |
|
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|
6673 without invoking any metamethod. |
|
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|
6674 Returns an integer. |
|
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|
6675 |
|
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changeset
|
6676 |
|
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|
6677 |
|
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|
6678 |
|
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|
6679 <p> |
|
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|
6680 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6681 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>, |
|
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|
6682 without invoking any metamethod. |
|
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|
6683 <code>table</code> must be a table, |
|
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|
6684 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b> and NaN, |
|
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|
6685 and <code>value</code> any Lua value. |
|
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changeset
|
6686 |
|
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changeset
|
6687 |
|
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|
6688 <p> |
|
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|
6689 This function returns <code>table</code>. |
|
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|
6690 |
|
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|
6691 |
|
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|
6692 |
|
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|
6693 |
|
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6694 <p> |
|
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6695 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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6696 |
|
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|
6697 |
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6698 <p> |
|
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|
6699 If <code>index</code> is a number, |
|
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|
6700 returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>; |
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6701 a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument). |
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|
6702 Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>, |
|
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|
6703 and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received. |
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|
6704 |
|
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|
6705 |
|
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|
6706 |
|
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|
6707 |
|
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|
6708 <p> |
|
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|
6709 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6710 |
|
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|
6711 |
|
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|
6712 <p> |
|
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|
6713 Sets the metatable for the given table. |
|
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|
6714 (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.) |
|
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|
6715 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
6716 removes the metatable of the given table. |
|
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|
6717 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, |
|
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|
6718 raises an error. |
|
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|
6719 |
|
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|
6720 |
|
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|
6721 <p> |
|
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|
6722 This function returns <code>table</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
6723 |
|
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changeset
|
6724 |
|
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changeset
|
6725 |
|
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|
6726 |
|
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|
6727 <p> |
|
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|
6728 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6729 |
|
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|
6730 |
|
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|
6731 <p> |
|
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|
6732 When called with no <code>base</code>, |
|
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|
6733 <code>tonumber</code> tries to convert its argument to a number. |
|
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|
6734 If the argument is already a number or |
|
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|
6735 a string convertible to a number, |
|
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|
6736 then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number; |
|
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|
6737 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
6738 |
|
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|
6739 |
|
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|
6740 <p> |
|
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|
6741 The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats, |
|
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|
6742 according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>). |
|
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|
6743 (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) |
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|
6744 |
|
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|
6745 |
|
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|
6746 <p> |
|
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|
6747 When called with <code>base</code>, |
|
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|
6748 then <code>e</code> must be a string to be interpreted as |
|
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|
6749 an integer numeral in that base. |
|
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|
6750 The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. |
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|
6751 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case) |
|
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|
6752 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth, |
|
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|
6753 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35. |
|
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|
6754 If the string <code>e</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base, |
|
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|
6755 the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
6756 |
|
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|
6757 |
|
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|
6758 |
|
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|
6759 |
|
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|
6760 <p> |
|
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|
6761 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (v)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6762 Receives a value of any type and |
|
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|
6763 converts it to a string in a human-readable format. |
|
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|
6764 Floats always produce strings with some |
|
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|
6765 floating-point indication (either a decimal dot or an exponent). |
|
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|
6766 (For complete control of how numbers are converted, |
|
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|
6767 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.) |
|
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|
6768 |
|
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|
6769 |
|
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|
6770 <p> |
|
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|
6771 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, |
|
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|
6772 then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value |
|
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|
6773 with <code>v</code> as argument, |
|
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|
6774 and uses the result of the call as its result. |
|
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|
6775 |
|
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changeset
|
6776 |
|
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changeset
|
6777 |
|
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changeset
|
6778 |
|
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|
6779 <p> |
|
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|
6780 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6781 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. |
|
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|
6782 The possible results of this function are |
|
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|
6783 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>), |
|
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|
6784 "<code>number</code>", |
|
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changeset
|
6785 "<code>string</code>", |
|
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changeset
|
6786 "<code>boolean</code>", |
|
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|
6787 "<code>table</code>", |
|
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changeset
|
6788 "<code>function</code>", |
|
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|
6789 "<code>thread</code>", |
|
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|
6790 and "<code>userdata</code>". |
|
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changeset
|
6791 |
|
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changeset
|
6792 |
|
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changeset
|
6793 |
|
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changeset
|
6794 |
|
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changeset
|
6795 <p> |
|
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|
6796 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
6797 A global variable (not a function) that |
|
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|
6798 holds a string containing the current interpreter version. |
|
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|
6799 The current value of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.3</code>". |
|
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changeset
|
6800 |
|
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changeset
|
6801 |
|
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changeset
|
6802 |
|
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changeset
|
6803 |
|
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changeset
|
6804 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
6805 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
6806 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6807 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6808 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
6809 This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>, |
|
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diff
changeset
|
6810 except that it sets a new message handler <code>msgh</code>. |
|
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|
6811 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6812 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6813 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6814 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6815 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6816 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6817 |
|
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diff
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|
6818 <h2>6.2 – <a name="6.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2> |
|
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|
6819 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6820 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6821 The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6822 the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>. |
|
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|
6823 See <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a> for a general description of coroutines. |
|
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|
6824 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6825 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6826 <p> |
|
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|
6827 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6828 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6829 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6830 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6831 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6832 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6833 Returns this new coroutine, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6834 an object with type <code>"thread"</code>. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6835 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6836 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6837 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6838 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6839 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6840 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.isyieldable"><code>coroutine.isyieldable ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6841 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6842 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6843 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6844 Returns true when the running coroutine can yield. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6845 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6846 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6847 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6848 A running coroutine is yieldable if it is not the main thread and |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6849 it is not inside a non-yieldable C function. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6850 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6851 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6852 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6853 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6854 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6855 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
6856 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6857 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6858 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6859 Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6860 The first time you resume a coroutine, |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
6861 it starts running its body. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6862 The values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6863 as the arguments to the body function. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6864 If the coroutine has yielded, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6865 <code>resume</code> restarts it; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6866 the values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6867 as the results from the yield. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6868 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6869 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6870 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6871 If the coroutine runs without any errors, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6872 <code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6873 (when the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6874 (when the coroutine terminates). |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6875 If there is any error, |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6876 <code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6877 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6878 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6879 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6880 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6881 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6882 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6883 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6884 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6885 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6886 Returns the running coroutine plus a boolean, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6887 true when the running coroutine is the main one. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6888 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6889 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6890 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6891 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6892 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6893 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6894 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6895 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6896 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6897 Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string: |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6898 <code>"running"</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6899 if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>); |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6900 <code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6901 or if it has not started running yet; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6902 <code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6903 (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6904 and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6905 or if it has stopped with an error. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6906 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6907 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6908 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6909 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6910 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6911 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6912 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6913 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6914 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6915 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6916 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6917 Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6918 Any arguments passed to the function behave as the |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6919 extra arguments to <code>resume</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6920 Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6921 except the first boolean. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6922 In case of error, propagates the error. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6923 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6924 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6925 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6926 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6927 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6928 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
6929 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6930 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6931 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6932 Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6933 Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6934 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6935 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6936 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6937 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6938 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6939 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6940 |
|
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|
6941 <h2>6.3 – <a name="6.3">Modules</a></h2> |
|
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|
6942 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6943 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6944 The package library provides basic |
|
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diff
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|
6945 facilities for loading modules in Lua. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6946 It exports one function directly in the global environment: |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6947 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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parents:
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|
6948 Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>. |
|
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diff
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|
6949 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6950 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6951 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
6952 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3> |
|
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diff
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|
6953 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6954 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6955 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6956 Loads the given module. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6957 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
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|
6958 to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6959 If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6960 at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
|
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diff
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|
6961 Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6962 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6963 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6964 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6965 To find a loader, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
6966 <code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a> sequence. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
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|
6967 By changing this sequence, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6968 we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
6969 The following explanation is based on the default configuration |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6970 for <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6971 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6972 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6973 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6974 First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6975 If it has a value, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6976 this value (which must be a function) is the loader. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6977 Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6978 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6979 If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6980 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6981 If that also fails, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6982 it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>). |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6983 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6984 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6985 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6986 Once a loader is found, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6987 <code>require</code> calls the loader with two arguments: |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6988 <code>modname</code> and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6989 (If the loader came from a file, |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6990 this extra value is the file name.) |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6991 If the loader returns any non-nil value, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6992 <code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6993 If the loader does not return a non-nil value and |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6994 has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6995 then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6996 In any case, <code>require</code> returns the |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6997 final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6998 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6999 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7000 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7001 If there is any error loading or running the module, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7002 or if it cannot find any loader for the module, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7003 then <code>require</code> raises an error. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7004 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7005 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7006 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7007 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7008 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7009 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.config"><code>package.config</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7010 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7011 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7012 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7013 A string describing some compile-time configurations for packages. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7014 This string is a sequence of lines: |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7015 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7016 <ul> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7017 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7018 <li>The first line is the directory separator string. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7019 Default is '<code>\</code>' for Windows and '<code>/</code>' for all other systems.</li> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7020 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7021 <li>The second line is the character that separates templates in a path. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7022 Default is '<code>;</code>'.</li> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7023 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7024 <li>The third line is the string that marks the |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7025 substitution points in a template. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7026 Default is '<code>?</code>'.</li> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7027 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7028 <li>The fourth line is a string that, in a path in Windows, |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
7029 is replaced by the executable's directory. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7030 Default is '<code>!</code>'.</li> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7031 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7032 <li>The fifth line is a mark to ignore all text after it |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7033 when building the <code>luaopen_</code> function name. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7034 Default is '<code>-</code>'.</li> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7035 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7036 </ul> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7037 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7038 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7039 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7040 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7041 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7042 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7043 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7044 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7045 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7046 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7047 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7048 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7049 Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7050 it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7051 using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_3"><code>LUA_CPATH_5_3</code></a> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7052 or the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7053 or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7054 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7055 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7056 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7057 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7058 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7059 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7060 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7061 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7062 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7063 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7064 modules are already loaded. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7065 When you require a module <code>modname</code> and |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7066 <code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7067 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7068 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7069 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7070 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7071 This variable is only a reference to the real table; |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7072 assignments to this variable do not change the |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7073 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7074 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7075 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7076 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7077 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7078 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7079 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7080 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7081 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7082 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7083 Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7084 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7085 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7086 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7087 If <code>funcname</code> is "<code>*</code>", |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7088 then it only links with the library, |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7089 making the symbols exported by the library |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7090 available to other dynamically linked libraries. |
|
e01cddba3433
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7091 Otherwise, |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7092 it looks for a function <code>funcname</code> inside the library |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7093 and returns this function as a C function. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7094 So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a> prototype |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7095 (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7096 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7097 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7098 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7099 This is a low-level function. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7100 It completely bypasses the package and module system. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7101 Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7102 it does not perform any path searching and |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7103 does not automatically adds extensions. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7104 <code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library, |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7105 including if necessary a path and an extension. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7106 <code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7107 (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used). |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7108 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7109 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7110 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7111 This function is not supported by Standard C. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7112 As such, it is only available on some platforms |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7113 (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7114 plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard). |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7115 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7116 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7117 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7118 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7119 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7120 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7121 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7122 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7123 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7124 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7125 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7126 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7127 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7128 At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7129 the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH_5_3"><code>LUA_PATH_5_3</code></a> or |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7130 the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7131 with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7132 if those environment variables are not defined. |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7133 Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable |
|
e01cddba3433
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7134 is replaced by the default path. |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7135 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7136 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7137 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7138 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7139 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7140 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7141 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7142 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7143 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7144 A table to store loaders for specific modules |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7145 (see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>). |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7146 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7147 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7148 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7149 This variable is only a reference to the real table; |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7150 assignments to this variable do not change the |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7151 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7152 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7153 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7154 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7155 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7156 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7157 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7158 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7159 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7160 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7161 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7162 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7163 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7164 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7165 Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7166 When looking for a module, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7167 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7168 with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
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|
7169 sole parameter. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7170 The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>) |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7171 plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7172 or a string explaining why it did not find that module |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7173 (or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say). |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7174 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7175 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7176 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
7177 Lua initializes this table with four searcher functions. |
|
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diff
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|
7178 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7179 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7180 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7181 The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7182 <a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table. |
|
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|
7183 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7184 |
|
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diff
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|
7185 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7186 The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7187 using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7188 The search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
|
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diff
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|
7189 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7190 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7191 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7192 The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7193 using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7194 Again, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7195 the search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7196 For instance, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7197 if the C path is the string |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7198 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7199 <pre> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7200 "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7201 </pre><p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7202 the searcher for module <code>foo</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7203 will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>, |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7204 and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7205 Once it finds a C library, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7206 this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the |
|
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parents:
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|
7207 application with the library. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7208 Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7209 be used as the loader. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7210 The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>" |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7211 concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7212 is replaced by an underscore. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7213 Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7214 its suffix after (and including) the first hyphen is removed. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7215 For instance, if the module name is <code>a.b.c-v2.1</code>, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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diff
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|
7216 the function name will be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. |
|
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diff
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|
7217 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7218 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7219 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7220 The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7221 It searches the C path for a library for |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7222 the root name of the given module. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7223 For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7224 it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7225 If found, it looks into it for an open function for |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7226 the submodule; |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7227 in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
7228 With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
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|
7229 into one single library, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7230 with each submodule keeping its original open function. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7231 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7232 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7233 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7234 All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value |
|
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parents:
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|
7235 the file name where the module was found, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7236 as returned by <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7237 The first searcher returns no extra value. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7238 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7239 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7240 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7241 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7242 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7243 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath (name, path [, sep [, rep]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7244 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7245 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7246 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7247 Searches for the given <code>name</code> in the given <code>path</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
7248 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7249 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7250 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
7251 A path is a string containing a sequence of |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7252 <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons. |
|
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|
7253 For each template, |
|
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|
7254 the function replaces each interrogation mark (if any) |
|
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changeset
|
7255 in the template with a copy of <code>name</code> |
|
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parents:
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|
7256 wherein all occurrences of <code>sep</code> |
|
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parents:
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|
7257 (a dot, by default) |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
7258 were replaced by <code>rep</code> |
|
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changeset
|
7259 (the system's directory separator, by default), |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
7260 and then tries to open the resulting file name. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7261 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7262 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7263 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
7264 For instance, if the path is the string |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7265 |
|
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changeset
|
7266 <pre> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7267 "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua" |
|
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changeset
|
7268 </pre><p> |
|
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changeset
|
7269 the search for the name <code>foo.a</code> |
|
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changeset
|
7270 will try to open the files |
|
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changeset
|
7271 <code>./foo/a.lua</code>, <code>./foo/a.lc</code>, and |
|
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changeset
|
7272 <code>/usr/local/foo/a/init.lua</code>, in that order. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
7273 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7274 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
7275 <p> |
|
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7276 Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can |
|
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7277 open in read mode (after closing the file), |
|
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7278 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message if none succeeds. |
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7279 (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.) |
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|
7280 |
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|
7281 |
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|
7282 |
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|
7283 |
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|
7284 |
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|
7285 |
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7286 |
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|
7287 <h2>6.4 – <a name="6.4">String Manipulation</a></h2> |
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7288 |
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7289 <p> |
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|
7290 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, |
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7291 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. |
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7292 When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1 |
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7293 (not at 0, as in C). |
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7294 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, |
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7295 from the end of the string. |
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7296 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on. |
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7297 |
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7298 |
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7299 <p> |
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7300 The string library provides all its functions inside the table |
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7301 <a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>. |
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7302 It also sets a metatable for strings |
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7303 where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table. |
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7304 Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style. |
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7305 For instance, <code>string.byte(s,i)</code> |
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7306 can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>. |
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7307 |
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7308 |
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7309 <p> |
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7310 The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. |
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7311 |
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7312 |
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7313 <p> |
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7314 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
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7315 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>, |
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7316 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>. |
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7317 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1; |
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7318 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. |
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7319 These indices are corrected |
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7320 following the same rules of function <a href="#pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub</code></a>. |
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7321 |
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7322 |
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7323 <p> |
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7324 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. |
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7325 |
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7326 |
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7327 |
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7328 |
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7329 <p> |
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7330 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3> |
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7331 Receives zero or more integers. |
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7332 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, |
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7333 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal |
|
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7334 to its corresponding argument. |
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7335 |
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|
7336 |
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7337 <p> |
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7338 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. |
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7339 |
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|
7340 |
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|
7341 |
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7342 |
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7343 <p> |
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7344 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function [, strip])</code></a></h3> |
|
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7345 |
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|
7346 |
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7347 <p> |
|
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|
7348 Returns a string containing a binary representation |
|
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|
7349 (a <em>binary chunk</em>) |
|
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7350 of the given function, |
|
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|
7351 so that a later <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> on this string returns |
|
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7352 a copy of the function (but with new upvalues). |
|
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|
7353 If <code>strip</code> is a true value, |
|
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|
7354 the binary representation is created without debug information |
|
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7355 about the function |
|
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|
7356 (local variable names, lines, etc.). |
|
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|
7357 |
|
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|
7358 |
|
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|
7359 <p> |
|
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|
7360 Functions with upvalues have only their number of upvalues saved. |
|
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7361 When (re)loaded, |
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7362 those upvalues receive fresh instances containing <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
7363 (You can use the debug library to serialize |
|
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|
7364 and reload the upvalues of a function |
|
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|
7365 in a way adequate to your needs.) |
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|
7366 |
|
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|
7367 |
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|
7368 |
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|
7369 |
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7370 <p> |
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7371 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3> |
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7372 |
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|
7373 |
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7374 <p> |
|
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7375 Looks for the first match of |
|
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|
7376 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) in the string <code>s</code>. |
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7377 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code> |
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7378 where this occurrence starts and ends; |
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7379 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
7380 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies |
|
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|
7381 where to start the search; |
|
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|
7382 its default value is 1 and can be negative. |
|
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|
7383 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code> |
|
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|
7384 turns off the pattern matching facilities, |
|
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7385 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, |
|
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7386 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic. |
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7387 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well. |
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7388 |
|
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|
7389 |
|
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|
7390 <p> |
|
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|
7391 If the pattern has captures, |
|
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7392 then in a successful match |
|
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7393 the captured values are also returned, |
|
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|
7394 after the two indices. |
|
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|
7395 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7396 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7397 |
|
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changeset
|
7398 |
|
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|
7399 <p> |
|
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|
7400 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7401 |
|
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|
7402 |
|
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|
7403 <p> |
|
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|
7404 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments |
|
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|
7405 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). |
|
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|
7406 The format string follows the same rules as the ISO C function <code>sprintf</code>. |
|
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7407 The only differences are that the options/modifiers |
|
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|
7408 <code>*</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>n</code>, |
|
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|
7409 and <code>p</code> are not supported |
|
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7410 and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>. |
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|
7411 The <code>q</code> option formats a string between double quotes, |
|
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|
7412 using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that |
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|
7413 it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter. |
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|
7414 For instance, the call |
|
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|
7415 |
|
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|
7416 <pre> |
|
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|
7417 string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line') |
|
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|
7418 </pre><p> |
|
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|
7419 may produce the string: |
|
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|
7420 |
|
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|
7421 <pre> |
|
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|
7422 "a string with \"quotes\" and \ |
|
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|
7423 new line" |
|
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|
7424 </pre> |
|
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|
7425 |
|
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|
7426 <p> |
|
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|
7427 Options |
|
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|
7428 <code>A</code> and <code>a</code> (when available), |
|
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|
7429 <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>, |
|
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|
7430 <code>G</code>, and <code>g</code> all expect a number as argument. |
|
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|
7431 Options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, |
|
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|
7432 <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code> |
|
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|
7433 expect an integer. |
|
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|
7434 Option <code>q</code> expects a string; |
|
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|
7435 option <code>s</code> expects a string without embedded zeros. |
|
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|
7436 If the argument to option <code>s</code> is not a string, |
|
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|
7437 it is converted to one following the same rules of <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a>. |
|
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|
7438 |
|
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|
7439 |
|
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changeset
|
7440 |
|
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|
7441 |
|
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|
7442 <p> |
|
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|
7443 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7444 Returns an iterator function that, |
|
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|
7445 each time it is called, |
|
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|
7446 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) |
|
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|
7447 over the string <code>s</code>. |
|
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|
7448 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, |
|
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|
7449 then the whole match is produced in each call. |
|
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|
7450 |
|
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|
7451 |
|
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|
7452 <p> |
|
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|
7453 As an example, the following loop |
|
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|
7454 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>, |
|
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|
7455 printing one per line: |
|
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|
7456 |
|
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|
7457 <pre> |
|
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|
7458 s = "hello world from Lua" |
|
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|
7459 for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do |
|
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|
7460 print(w) |
|
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|
7461 end |
|
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|
7462 </pre><p> |
|
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|
7463 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the |
|
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|
7464 given string into a table: |
|
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|
7465 |
|
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|
7466 <pre> |
|
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|
7467 t = {} |
|
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|
7468 s = "from=world, to=Lua" |
|
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|
7469 for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do |
|
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|
7470 t[k] = v |
|
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|
7471 end |
|
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|
7472 </pre> |
|
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|
7473 |
|
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|
7474 <p> |
|
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|
7475 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not |
|
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|
7476 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. |
|
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|
7477 |
|
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|
7478 |
|
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|
7479 |
|
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|
7480 |
|
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|
7481 <p> |
|
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|
7482 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7483 Returns a copy of <code>s</code> |
|
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|
7484 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given) |
|
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|
7485 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) have been |
|
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|
7486 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>, |
|
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|
7487 which can be a string, a table, or a function. |
|
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|
7488 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value, |
|
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|
7489 the total number of matches that occurred. |
|
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|
7490 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>. |
|
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|
7491 |
|
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|
7492 |
|
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|
7493 <p> |
|
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|
7494 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement. |
|
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7495 The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character: |
|
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|
7496 any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>d</em></code>, |
|
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|
7497 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9, |
|
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|
7498 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring. |
|
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|
7499 The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match. |
|
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|
7500 The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>. |
|
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|
7501 |
|
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|
7502 |
|
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|
7503 <p> |
|
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|
7504 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match, |
|
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changeset
|
7505 using the first capture as the key. |
|
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|
7506 |
|
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|
7507 |
|
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|
7508 <p> |
|
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|
7509 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7510 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7511 in order. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7512 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7513 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7514 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7515 In any case, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7516 if the pattern specifies no captures, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7517 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7518 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7519 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7520 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7521 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7522 is a string or a number, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7523 then it is used as the replacement string; |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7524 otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7525 then there is no replacement |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7526 (that is, the original match is kept in the string). |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7527 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7528 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7529 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7530 Here are some examples: |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7531 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7532 <pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7533 x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1") |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7534 --> x="hello hello world world" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7535 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7536 x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1) |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7537 --> x="hello hello world" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7538 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7539 x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1") |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7540 --> x="world hello Lua from" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7541 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7542 x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv) |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7543 --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7544 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7545 x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s) |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7546 return load(s)() |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7547 end) |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7548 --> x="4+5 = 9" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7549 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7550 local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"} |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7551 x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7552 --> x="lua-5.3.tar.gz" |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7553 </pre> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7554 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7555 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7556 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7557 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7558 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7559 Receives a string and returns its length. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7560 The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7561 Embedded zeros are counted, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7562 so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7563 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7564 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7565 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7566 |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7567 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7568 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7569 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7570 uppercase letters changed to lowercase. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7571 All other characters are left unchanged. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7572 The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7573 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7574 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7575 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7576 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7577 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7578 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7579 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7580 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) in the string <code>s</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7581 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7582 the captures from the pattern; |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7583 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7584 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7585 then the whole match is returned. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7586 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7587 where to start the search; |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7588 its default value is 1 and can be negative. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7589 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7590 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7591 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7592 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7593 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7594 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack (fmt, v1, v2, ···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7595 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7596 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7597 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7598 Returns a binary string containing the values <code>v1</code>, <code>v2</code>, etc. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7599 packed (that is, serialized in binary form) |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7600 according to the format string <code>fmt</code> (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>). |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7601 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7602 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7603 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7604 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7605 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7606 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.packsize"><code>string.packsize (fmt)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7607 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7608 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7609 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7610 Returns the size of a string resulting from <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7611 with the given format. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7612 The format string cannot have the variable-length options |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7613 '<code>s</code>' or '<code>z</code>' (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>). |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7614 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7615 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7616 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7617 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7618 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7619 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7620 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7621 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7622 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7623 (that is, no separator). |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7624 Returns the empty string if <code>n</code> is not positive. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7625 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7626 |
|
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|
7627 |
|
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diff
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|
7628 |
|
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|
7629 <p> |
|
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|
7630 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3> |
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7631 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed. |
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7632 |
|
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|
7633 |
|
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diff
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|
7634 |
|
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|
7635 |
|
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7636 <p> |
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|
7637 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3> |
|
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7638 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that |
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7639 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>; |
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7640 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative. |
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7641 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 |
|
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7642 (which is the same as the string length). |
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7643 In particular, |
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7644 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code> |
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7645 with length <code>j</code>, |
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7646 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code> |
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7647 with length <code>i</code>. |
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7648 |
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|
7649 |
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7650 <p> |
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7651 If, after the translation of negative indices, |
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7652 <code>i</code> is less than 1, |
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7653 it is corrected to 1. |
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7654 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length, |
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7655 it is corrected to that length. |
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7656 If, after these corrections, |
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7657 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, |
|
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7658 the function returns the empty string. |
|
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|
7659 |
|
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diff
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|
7660 |
|
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diff
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|
7661 |
|
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|
7662 |
|
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|
7663 <p> |
|
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|
7664 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack (fmt, s [, pos])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7665 |
|
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|
7666 |
|
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|
7667 <p> |
|
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|
7668 Returns the values packed in string <code>s</code> (see <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>) |
|
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7669 according to the format string <code>fmt</code> (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>). |
|
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|
7670 An optional <code>pos</code> marks where |
|
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|
7671 to start reading in <code>s</code> (default is 1). |
|
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|
7672 After the read values, |
|
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|
7673 this function also returns the index of the first unread byte in <code>s</code>. |
|
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|
7674 |
|
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|
7675 |
|
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|
7676 |
|
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|
7677 |
|
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|
7678 <p> |
|
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|
7679 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3> |
|
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7680 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all |
|
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7681 lowercase letters changed to uppercase. |
|
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|
7682 All other characters are left unchanged. |
|
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|
7683 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. |
|
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|
7684 |
|
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|
7685 |
|
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|
7686 |
|
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|
7687 |
|
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|
7688 |
|
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|
7689 <h3>6.4.1 – <a name="6.4.1">Patterns</a></h3> |
|
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|
7690 |
|
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|
7691 <p> |
|
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|
7692 Patterns in Lua are described by regular strings, |
|
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|
7693 which are interpreted as patterns by the pattern-matching functions |
|
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|
7694 <a href="#pdf-string.find"><code>string.find</code></a>, |
|
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|
7695 <a href="#pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch</code></a>, |
|
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|
7696 <a href="#pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub</code></a>, |
|
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|
7697 and <a href="#pdf-string.match"><code>string.match</code></a>. |
|
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|
7698 This section describes the syntax and the meaning |
|
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|
7699 (that is, what they match) of these strings. |
|
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|
7700 |
|
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diff
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|
7701 |
|
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|
7702 |
|
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|
7703 <h4>Character Class:</h4><p> |
|
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|
7704 A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters. |
|
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|
7705 The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: |
|
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|
7706 |
|
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|
7707 <ul> |
|
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|
7708 |
|
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|
7709 <li><b><em>x</em>: </b> |
|
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|
7710 (where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em> |
|
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|
7711 <code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>) |
|
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|
7712 represents the character <em>x</em> itself. |
|
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|
7713 </li> |
|
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|
7714 |
|
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|
7715 <li><b><code>.</code>: </b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li> |
|
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|
7716 |
|
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|
7717 <li><b><code>%a</code>: </b> represents all letters.</li> |
|
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|
7718 |
|
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|
7719 <li><b><code>%c</code>: </b> represents all control characters.</li> |
|
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|
7720 |
|
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|
7721 <li><b><code>%d</code>: </b> represents all digits.</li> |
|
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|
7722 |
|
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|
7723 <li><b><code>%g</code>: </b> represents all printable characters except space.</li> |
|
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|
7724 |
|
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|
7725 <li><b><code>%l</code>: </b> represents all lowercase letters.</li> |
|
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|
7726 |
|
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|
7727 <li><b><code>%p</code>: </b> represents all punctuation characters.</li> |
|
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|
7728 |
|
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|
7729 <li><b><code>%s</code>: </b> represents all space characters.</li> |
|
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|
7730 |
|
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|
7731 <li><b><code>%u</code>: </b> represents all uppercase letters.</li> |
|
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|
7732 |
|
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|
7733 <li><b><code>%w</code>: </b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li> |
|
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|
7734 |
|
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|
7735 <li><b><code>%x</code>: </b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li> |
|
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|
7736 |
|
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|
7737 <li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>: </b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character) |
|
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|
7738 represents the character <em>x</em>. |
|
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|
7739 This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. |
|
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|
7740 Any non-alphanumeric character |
|
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changeset
|
7741 (including all punctuations, even the non-magical) |
|
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|
7742 can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>' |
|
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|
7743 when used to represent itself in a pattern. |
|
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|
7744 </li> |
|
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|
7745 |
|
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|
7746 <li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> |
|
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|
7747 represents the class which is the union of all |
|
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|
7748 characters in <em>set</em>. |
|
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|
7749 A range of characters can be specified by |
|
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|
7750 separating the end characters of the range, |
|
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|
7751 in ascending order, with a '<code>-</code>'. |
|
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|
7752 All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as |
|
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|
7753 components in <em>set</em>. |
|
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|
7754 All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves. |
|
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|
7755 For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>) |
|
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|
7756 represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, |
|
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|
7757 <code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits, |
|
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|
7758 and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus |
|
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|
7759 the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character. |
|
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|
7760 |
|
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|
7761 |
|
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|
7762 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
7763 The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. |
|
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|
7764 Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code> |
|
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|
7765 have no meaning. |
|
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|
7766 </li> |
|
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|
7767 |
|
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|
7768 <li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> |
|
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|
7769 represents the complement of <em>set</em>, |
|
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|
7770 where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above. |
|
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|
7771 </li> |
|
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|
7772 |
|
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|
7773 </ul><p> |
|
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|
7774 For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.), |
|
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|
7775 the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class. |
|
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|
7776 For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters. |
|
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|
7777 |
|
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|
7778 |
|
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|
7779 <p> |
|
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|
7780 The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups |
|
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|
7781 depend on the current locale. |
|
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|
7782 In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>. |
|
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|
7783 |
|
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|
7784 |
|
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|
7785 |
|
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|
7786 |
|
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|
7787 |
|
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|
7788 <h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p> |
|
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|
7789 A <em>pattern item</em> can be |
|
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|
7790 |
|
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diff
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|
7791 <ul> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7792 |
|
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|
7793 <li> |
|
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|
7794 a single character class, |
|
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|
7795 which matches any single character in the class; |
|
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|
7796 </li> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7797 |
|
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|
7798 <li> |
|
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|
7799 a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>', |
|
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|
7800 which matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
|
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|
7801 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; |
|
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|
7802 </li> |
|
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|
7803 |
|
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|
7804 <li> |
|
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|
7805 a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>', |
|
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|
7806 which matches one or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
|
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|
7807 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; |
|
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|
7808 </li> |
|
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changeset
|
7809 |
|
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|
7810 <li> |
|
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changeset
|
7811 a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>', |
|
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|
7812 which also matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
|
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|
7813 Unlike '<code>*</code>', |
|
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|
7814 these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; |
|
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changeset
|
7815 </li> |
|
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changeset
|
7816 |
|
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|
7817 <li> |
|
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changeset
|
7818 a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>', |
|
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changeset
|
7819 which matches zero or one occurrence of a character in the class. |
|
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changeset
|
7820 It always matches one occurrence if possible; |
|
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changeset
|
7821 </li> |
|
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changeset
|
7822 |
|
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|
7823 <li> |
|
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|
7824 <code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9; |
|
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|
7825 such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string |
|
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|
7826 (see below); |
|
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changeset
|
7827 </li> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7828 |
|
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|
7829 <li> |
|
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|
7830 <code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters; |
|
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changeset
|
7831 such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>, |
|
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|
7832 and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>. |
|
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|
7833 This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, |
|
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|
7834 counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>, |
|
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|
7835 the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0. |
|
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|
7836 For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with |
|
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|
7837 balanced parentheses. |
|
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changeset
|
7838 </li> |
|
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changeset
|
7839 |
|
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changeset
|
7840 <li> |
|
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|
7841 <code>%f[<em>set</em>]</code>, a <em>frontier pattern</em>; |
|
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|
7842 such item matches an empty string at any position such that |
|
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|
7843 the next character belongs to <em>set</em> |
|
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|
7844 and the previous character does not belong to <em>set</em>. |
|
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|
7845 The set <em>set</em> is interpreted as previously described. |
|
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|
7846 The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if |
|
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|
7847 they were the character '<code>\0</code>'. |
|
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changeset
|
7848 </li> |
|
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changeset
|
7849 |
|
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changeset
|
7850 </ul> |
|
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changeset
|
7851 |
|
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|
7852 |
|
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|
7853 |
|
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|
7854 |
|
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|
7855 <h4>Pattern:</h4><p> |
|
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|
7856 A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items. |
|
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|
7857 A caret '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the |
|
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|
7858 beginning of the subject string. |
|
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|
7859 A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the |
|
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7860 end of the subject string. |
|
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7861 At other positions, |
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7862 '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves. |
|
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7863 |
|
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|
7864 |
|
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|
7865 |
|
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|
7866 |
|
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7867 |
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7868 <h4>Captures:</h4><p> |
|
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7869 A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; |
|
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|
7870 they describe <em>captures</em>. |
|
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7871 When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string |
|
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|
7872 that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use. |
|
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7873 Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. |
|
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7874 For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a*(.)%w(%s*))"</code>, |
|
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7875 the part of the string matching <code>"a*(.)%w(%s*)"</code> is |
|
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7876 stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); |
|
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7877 the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2, |
|
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|
7878 and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3. |
|
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|
7879 |
|
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|
7880 |
|
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|
7881 <p> |
|
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7882 As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures |
|
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7883 the current string position (a number). |
|
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7884 For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the |
|
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|
7885 string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5. |
|
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|
7886 |
|
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|
7887 |
|
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|
7888 |
|
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|
7889 |
|
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|
7890 |
|
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|
7891 |
|
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|
7892 |
|
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|
7893 <h3>6.4.2 – <a name="6.4.2">Format Strings for Pack and Unpack</a></h3> |
|
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7894 |
|
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|
7895 <p> |
|
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|
7896 The first argument to <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>, |
|
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7897 <a href="#pdf-string.packsize"><code>string.packsize</code></a>, and <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a> |
|
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7898 is a format string, |
|
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7899 which describes the layout of the structure being created or read. |
|
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|
7900 |
|
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|
7901 |
|
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|
7902 <p> |
|
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|
7903 A format string is a sequence of conversion options. |
|
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|
7904 The conversion options are as follows: |
|
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|
7905 |
|
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|
7906 <ul> |
|
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|
7907 <li><b><code><</code>: </b>sets little endian</li> |
|
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|
7908 <li><b><code>></code>: </b>sets big endian</li> |
|
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|
7909 <li><b><code>=</code>: </b>sets native endian</li> |
|
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7910 <li><b><code>![<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>sets maximum alignment to <code>n</code> |
|
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|
7911 (default is native alignment)</li> |
|
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|
7912 <li><b><code>b</code>: </b>a signed byte (<code>char</code>)</li> |
|
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|
7913 <li><b><code>B</code>: </b>an unsigned byte (<code>char</code>)</li> |
|
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|
7914 <li><b><code>h</code>: </b>a signed <code>short</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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|
7915 <li><b><code>H</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>short</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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|
7916 <li><b><code>l</code>: </b>a signed <code>long</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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|
7917 <li><b><code>L</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>long</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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|
7918 <li><b><code>j</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Integer</code></li> |
|
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|
7919 <li><b><code>J</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Unsigned</code></li> |
|
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7920 <li><b><code>T</code>: </b>a <code>size_t</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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7921 <li><b><code>i[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>a signed <code>int</code> with <code>n</code> bytes |
|
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7922 (default is native size)</li> |
|
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|
7923 <li><b><code>I[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>int</code> with <code>n</code> bytes |
|
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7924 (default is native size)</li> |
|
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|
7925 <li><b><code>f</code>: </b>a <code>float</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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|
7926 <li><b><code>d</code>: </b>a <code>double</code> (native size)</li> |
|
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7927 <li><b><code>n</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Number</code></li> |
|
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7928 <li><b><code>c<em>n</em></code>: </b>a fixed-sized string with <code>n</code> bytes</li> |
|
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7929 <li><b><code>z</code>: </b>a zero-terminated string</li> |
|
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|
7930 <li><b><code>s[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>a string preceded by its length |
|
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|
7931 coded as an unsigned integer with <code>n</code> bytes |
|
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7932 (default is a <code>size_t</code>)</li> |
|
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|
7933 <li><b><code>x</code>: </b>one byte of padding</li> |
|
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|
7934 <li><b><code>X<em>op</em></code>: </b>an empty item that aligns |
|
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7935 according to option <code>op</code> |
|
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7936 (which is otherwise ignored)</li> |
|
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|
7937 <li><b>'<code> </code>': </b>(empty space) ignored</li> |
|
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7938 </ul><p> |
|
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|
7939 (A "<code>[<em>n</em>]</code>" means an optional integral numeral.) |
|
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7940 Except for padding, spaces, and configurations |
|
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|
7941 (options "<code>xX <=>!</code>"), |
|
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|
7942 each option corresponds to an argument (in <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>) |
|
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|
7943 or a result (in <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>). |
|
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7944 |
|
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|
7945 |
|
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|
7946 <p> |
|
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|
7947 For options "<code>!<em>n</em></code>", "<code>s<em>n</em></code>", "<code>i<em>n</em></code>", and "<code>I<em>n</em></code>", |
|
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7948 <code>n</code> can be any integer between 1 and 16. |
|
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|
7949 All integral options check overflows; |
|
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|
7950 <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> checks whether the given value fits in the given size; |
|
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|
7951 <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a> checks whether the read value fits in a Lua integer. |
|
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7952 |
|
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|
7953 |
|
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7954 <p> |
|
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7955 Any format string starts as if prefixed by "<code>!1=</code>", |
|
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7956 that is, |
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7957 with maximum alignment of 1 (no alignment) |
|
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7958 and native endianness. |
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7959 |
|
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7960 |
|
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7961 <p> |
|
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7962 Alignment works as follows: |
|
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7963 For each option, |
|
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7964 the format gets extra padding until the data starts |
|
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7965 at an offset that is a multiple of the minimum between the |
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7966 option size and the maximum alignment; |
|
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|
7967 this minimum must be a power of 2. |
|
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|
7968 Options "<code>c</code>" and "<code>z</code>" are not aligned; |
|
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|
7969 option "<code>s</code>" follows the alignment of its starting integer. |
|
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|
7970 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7971 |
|
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diff
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|
7972 <p> |
|
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|
7973 All padding is filled with zeros by <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> |
|
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|
7974 (and ignored by <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>). |
|
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|
7975 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7976 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7977 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7978 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7979 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7980 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
7981 |
|
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|
7982 <h2>6.5 – <a name="6.5">UTF-8 Support</a></h2> |
|
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|
7983 |
|
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|
7984 <p> |
|
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|
7985 This library provides basic support for UTF-8 encoding. |
|
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|
7986 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-utf8"><code>utf8</code></a>. |
|
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|
7987 This library does not provide any support for Unicode other |
|
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|
7988 than the handling of the encoding. |
|
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|
7989 Any operation that needs the meaning of a character, |
|
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|
7990 such as character classification, is outside its scope. |
|
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|
7991 |
|
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|
7992 |
|
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|
7993 <p> |
|
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|
7994 Unless stated otherwise, |
|
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|
7995 all functions that expect a byte position as a parameter |
|
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|
7996 assume that the given position is either the start of a byte sequence |
|
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7997 or one plus the length of the subject string. |
|
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|
7998 As in the string library, |
|
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|
7999 negative indices count from the end of the string. |
|
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|
8000 |
|
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|
8001 |
|
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|
8002 <p> |
|
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|
8003 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.char"><code>utf8.char (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8004 Receives zero or more integers, |
|
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|
8005 converts each one to its corresponding UTF-8 byte sequence |
|
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|
8006 and returns a string with the concatenation of all these sequences. |
|
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|
8007 |
|
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diff
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|
8008 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8009 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8010 |
|
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|
8011 <p> |
|
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|
8012 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.charpattern"><code>utf8.charpattern</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8013 The pattern (a string, not a function) "<code>[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xF4][\x80-\xBF]*</code>" |
|
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|
8014 (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>), |
|
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|
8015 which matches exactly one UTF-8 byte sequence, |
|
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|
8016 assuming that the subject is a valid UTF-8 string. |
|
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|
8017 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8018 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8019 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8020 |
|
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|
8021 <p> |
|
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|
8022 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.codes"><code>utf8.codes (s)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8023 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8024 |
|
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|
8025 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8026 Returns values so that the construction |
|
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|
8027 |
|
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changeset
|
8028 <pre> |
|
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|
8029 for p, c in utf8.codes(s) do <em>body</em> end |
|
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|
8030 </pre><p> |
|
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|
8031 will iterate over all characters in string <code>s</code>, |
|
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|
8032 with <code>p</code> being the position (in bytes) and <code>c</code> the code point |
|
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|
8033 of each character. |
|
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|
8034 It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence. |
|
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|
8035 |
|
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|
8036 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8037 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8038 |
|
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|
8039 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8040 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.codepoint"><code>utf8.codepoint (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8041 Returns the codepoints (as integers) from all characters in <code>s</code> |
|
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|
8042 that start between byte position <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> (both included). |
|
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|
8043 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 and for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. |
|
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|
8044 It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence. |
|
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|
8045 |
|
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changeset
|
8046 |
|
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changeset
|
8047 |
|
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changeset
|
8048 |
|
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|
8049 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8050 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.len"><code>utf8.len (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8051 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters in string <code>s</code> |
|
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|
8052 that start between positions <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> (both inclusive). |
|
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|
8053 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 and for <code>j</code> is -1. |
|
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|
8054 If it finds any invalid byte sequence, |
|
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|
8055 returns a false value plus the position of the first invalid byte. |
|
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changeset
|
8056 |
|
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changeset
|
8057 |
|
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changeset
|
8058 |
|
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changeset
|
8059 |
|
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|
8060 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8061 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.offset"><code>utf8.offset (s, n [, i])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8062 Returns the position (in bytes) where the encoding of the |
|
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|
8063 <code>n</code>-th character of <code>s</code> |
|
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8064 (counting from position <code>i</code>) starts. |
|
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|
8065 A negative <code>n</code> gets characters before position <code>i</code>. |
|
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|
8066 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 when <code>n</code> is non-negative |
|
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8067 and <code>#s + 1</code> otherwise, |
|
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|
8068 so that <code>utf8.offset(s, -n)</code> gets the offset of the |
|
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changeset
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8069 <code>n</code>-th character from the end of the string. |
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|
8070 If the specified character is neither in the subject |
|
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changeset
|
8071 nor right after its end, |
|
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|
8072 the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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changeset
|
8073 |
|
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changeset
|
8074 |
|
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changeset
|
8075 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8076 As a special case, |
|
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changeset
|
8077 when <code>n</code> is 0 the function returns the start of the encoding |
|
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changeset
|
8078 of the character that contains the <code>i</code>-th byte of <code>s</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
8079 |
|
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changeset
|
8080 |
|
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changeset
|
8081 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8082 This function assumes that <code>s</code> is a valid UTF-8 string. |
|
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changeset
|
8083 |
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8084 |
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|
8085 |
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|
8086 |
|
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|
8087 |
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|
8088 |
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|
8089 |
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8090 <h2>6.6 – <a name="6.6">Table Manipulation</a></h2> |
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8091 |
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8092 <p> |
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|
8093 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. |
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8094 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>. |
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8095 |
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|
8096 |
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8097 <p> |
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|
8098 Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table, |
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8099 the table must be a proper sequence |
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8100 or have a <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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8101 All functions ignore non-numeric keys |
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8102 in the tables given as arguments. |
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8103 |
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8104 |
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8105 <p> |
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8106 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3> |
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8107 |
|
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8108 |
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8109 <p> |
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8110 Given a list where all elements are strings or numbers, |
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8111 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>. |
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8112 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string, |
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8113 the default for <code>i</code> is 1, |
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8114 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. |
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8115 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string. |
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8116 |
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|
8117 |
|
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|
8118 |
|
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|
8119 |
|
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8120 <p> |
|
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|
8121 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (list, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8122 |
|
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|
8123 |
|
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8124 <p> |
|
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|
8125 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>, |
|
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8126 shifting up the elements |
|
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8127 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>. |
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8128 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list+1</code>, |
|
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8129 so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end |
|
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8130 of list <code>t</code>. |
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|
8131 |
|
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|
8132 |
|
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|
8133 |
|
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|
8134 |
|
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8135 <p> |
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|
8136 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.move"><code>table.move (a1, f, e, t [,a2])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8137 |
|
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|
8138 |
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8139 <p> |
|
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|
8140 Moves elements from table <code>a1</code> to table <code>a2</code>. |
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8141 This function performs the equivalent to the following |
|
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8142 multiple assignment: |
|
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|
8143 <code>a2[t],··· = a1[f],···,a1[e]</code>. |
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8144 The default for <code>a2</code> is <code>a1</code>. |
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8145 The destination range can overlap with the source range. |
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8146 Index <code>f</code> must be positive. |
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|
8147 |
|
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|
8148 |
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|
8149 |
|
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|
8150 |
|
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8151 <p> |
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|
8152 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.pack"><code>table.pack (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8153 |
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|
8154 |
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8155 <p> |
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|
8156 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc. |
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8157 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters. |
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8158 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence. |
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|
8159 |
|
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|
8160 |
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|
8161 |
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|
8162 |
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8163 <p> |
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|
8164 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (list [, pos])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8165 |
|
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|
8166 |
|
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8167 <p> |
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|
8168 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>, |
|
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|
8169 returning the value of the removed element. |
|
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|
8170 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>, |
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8171 it shifts down the elements |
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|
8172 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code> |
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8173 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>; |
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|
8174 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0, |
|
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8175 or <code>#list + 1</code>; |
|
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|
8176 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>. |
|
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|
8177 |
|
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|
8178 |
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|
8179 <p> |
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|
8180 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list</code>, |
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8181 so that a call <code>table.remove(l)</code> removes the last element |
|
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|
8182 of list <code>l</code>. |
|
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|
8183 |
|
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changeset
|
8184 |
|
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changeset
|
8185 |
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|
8186 |
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8187 <p> |
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|
8188 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8189 |
|
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changeset
|
8190 |
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|
8191 <p> |
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|
8192 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>, |
|
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|
8193 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>. |
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8194 If <code>comp</code> is given, |
|
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8195 then it must be a function that receives two list elements |
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8196 and returns true when the first element must come |
|
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|
8197 before the second in the final order |
|
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|
8198 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort). |
|
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|
8199 If <code>comp</code> is not given, |
|
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|
8200 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead. |
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|
8201 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
8202 |
|
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diff
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|
8203 <p> |
|
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|
8204 The sort algorithm is not stable; |
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|
8205 that is, elements considered equal by the given order |
|
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|
8206 may have their relative positions changed by the sort. |
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|
8207 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8208 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8209 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8210 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8211 <p> |
|
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|
8212 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8213 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8214 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8215 <p> |
|
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|
8216 Returns the elements from the given list. |
|
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|
8217 This function is equivalent to |
|
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|
8218 |
|
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|
8219 <pre> |
|
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|
8220 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j] |
|
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|
8221 </pre><p> |
|
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|
8222 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. |
|
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|
8223 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8224 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8225 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8226 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8227 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8228 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8229 |
|
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|
8230 <h2>6.7 – <a name="6.7">Mathematical Functions</a></h2> |
|
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|
8231 |
|
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|
8232 <p> |
|
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|
8233 This library provides basic mathematical functions. |
|
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|
8234 It provides all its functions and constants inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>. |
|
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|
8235 Functions with the annotation "<code>integer/float</code>" give |
|
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|
8236 integer results for integer arguments |
|
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|
8237 and float results for float (or mixed) arguments. |
|
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|
8238 Rounding functions |
|
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|
8239 (<a href="#pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor</code></a>, and <a href="#pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf</code></a>) |
|
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|
8240 return an integer when the result fits in the range of an integer, |
|
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|
8241 or a float otherwise. |
|
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changeset
|
8242 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8243 |
|
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|
8244 <p> |
|
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|
8245 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8246 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8247 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8248 <p> |
|
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|
8249 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>. (integer/float) |
|
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changeset
|
8250 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8251 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8252 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8253 |
|
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|
8254 <p> |
|
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|
8255 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8256 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8257 |
|
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|
8258 <p> |
|
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|
8259 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
|
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changeset
|
8260 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8261 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8262 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8263 |
|
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|
8264 <p> |
|
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|
8265 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8266 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8267 |
|
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|
8268 <p> |
|
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|
8269 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8270 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8271 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8272 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8273 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8274 <p> |
|
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|
8275 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (y [, x])</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8276 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8277 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8278 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8279 |
|
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|
8280 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians), |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8281 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8282 quadrant of the result. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8283 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.) |
|
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changeset
|
8284 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8285 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8286 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8287 The default value for <code>x</code> is 1, |
|
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|
8288 so that the call <code>math.atan(y)</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8289 returns the arc tangent of <code>y</code>. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8290 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8291 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8292 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8293 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8294 <p> |
|
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|
8295 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8296 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8297 |
|
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changeset
|
8298 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8299 Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to <code>x</code>. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8300 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8301 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8302 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8303 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8304 <p> |
|
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|
8305 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8306 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8307 |
|
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changeset
|
8308 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8309 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
|
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changeset
|
8310 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8311 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8312 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8313 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8314 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8315 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8316 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8317 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8318 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8319 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from radians to degrees. |
|
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changeset
|
8320 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8321 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8322 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8323 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8324 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8325 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8326 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8327 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8328 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8329 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8330 (where <code>e</code> is the base of natural logarithms). |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8331 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8332 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8333 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8334 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8335 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8336 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8337 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8338 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8339 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8340 Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>. |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8341 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8342 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8343 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8344 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8345 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8346 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8347 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8348 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8349 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8350 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8351 that rounds the quotient towards zero. (integer/float) |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8352 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8353 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8354 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8355 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8356 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8357 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8358 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8359 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8360 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8361 The float value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8362 a value larger than any other numerical value. |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8363 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8364 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8365 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8366 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8367 <p> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8368 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8369 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8370 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8371 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8372 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8373 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8374 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>). |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8375 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8376 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8377 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8378 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8379 <p> |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8380 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8381 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8382 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8383 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8384 Returns the argument with the maximum value, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8385 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>. (integer/float) |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8386 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8387 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8388 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8389 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8390 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8391 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.maxinteger"><code>math.maxinteger</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8392 An integer with the maximum value for an integer. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8393 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8394 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8395 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8396 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8397 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8398 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8399 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8400 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8401 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8402 Returns the argument with the minimum value, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8403 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>. (integer/float) |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8404 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8405 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8406 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8407 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8408 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8409 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.mininteger"><code>math.mininteger</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8410 An integer with the minimum value for an integer. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8411 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8412 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8413 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8414 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8415 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8416 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8417 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8418 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8419 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8420 Returns the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8421 Its second result is always a float. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8422 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8423 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8424 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8425 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8426 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8427 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8428 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8429 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8430 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8431 The value of <em>π</em>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8432 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8433 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8434 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8435 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8436 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8437 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8438 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8439 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8440 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8441 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from degrees to radians. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8442 |
|
e01cddba3433
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diff
changeset
|
8443 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8444 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8445 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8446 <p> |
|
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|
8447 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8448 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8449 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8450 <p> |
|
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|
8451 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
8452 returns a pseudo-random float with uniform distribution |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
8453 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>. |
|
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parents:
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|
8454 When called with two integers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>, |
|
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|
8455 <code>math.random</code> returns a pseudo-random integer |
|
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parents:
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|
8456 with uniform distribution in the range <em>[m, n]</em>. |
|
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parents:
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|
8457 (The value <em>m-n</em> cannot be negative and must fit in a Lua integer.) |
|
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|
8458 The call <code>math.random(n)</code> is equivalent to <code>math.random(1,n)</code>. |
|
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|
8459 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8460 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8461 <p> |
|
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|
8462 This function is an interface to the underling |
|
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|
8463 pseudo-random generator function provided by C. |
|
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parents:
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|
8464 No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties. |
|
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|
8465 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8466 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8467 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8468 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8469 <p> |
|
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|
8470 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8471 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8472 |
|
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|
8473 <p> |
|
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|
8474 Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed" |
|
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|
8475 for the pseudo-random generator: |
|
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parents:
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|
8476 equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8477 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8478 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8479 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8480 |
|
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diff
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|
8481 <p> |
|
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|
8482 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8483 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8484 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8485 <p> |
|
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|
8486 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
|
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|
8487 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8488 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8489 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8490 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8491 <p> |
|
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|
8492 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8493 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8494 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8495 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
8496 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>. |
|
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|
8497 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.) |
|
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|
8498 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8499 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8500 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8501 |
|
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|
8502 <p> |
|
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|
8503 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8504 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8505 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8506 <p> |
|
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|
8507 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
|
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changeset
|
8508 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8509 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8510 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8511 |
|
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changeset
|
8512 <p> |
|
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|
8513 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tointeger"><code>math.tointeger (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8514 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8515 |
|
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changeset
|
8516 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8517 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an integer, |
|
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parents:
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|
8518 returns that integer. |
|
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parents:
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|
8519 Otherwise, returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8520 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8521 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8522 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8523 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8524 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8525 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.type"><code>math.type (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8526 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8527 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8528 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8529 Returns "<code>integer</code>" if <code>x</code> is an integer, |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8530 "<code>float</code>" if it is a float, |
|
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parents:
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|
8531 or <b>nil</b> if <code>x</code> is not a number. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8532 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8533 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8534 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8535 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8536 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8537 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ult"><code>math.ult (m, n)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8538 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8539 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8540 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8541 Returns a boolean, |
|
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changeset
|
8542 true if integer <code>m</code> is below integer <code>n</code> when |
|
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|
8543 they are compared as unsigned integers. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8544 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8545 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8546 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8547 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8548 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8549 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8550 |
|
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changeset
|
8551 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2> |
|
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changeset
|
8552 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8553 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8554 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8555 The first one uses implicit file handles; |
|
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changeset
|
8556 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a |
|
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changeset
|
8557 default output file, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8558 and all input/output operations are over these default files. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8559 The second style uses explicit file handles. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8560 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8561 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8562 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8563 When using implicit file handles, |
|
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changeset
|
8564 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>. |
|
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|
8565 When using explicit file handles, |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8566 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file handle |
|
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|
8567 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle. |
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|
8568 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8569 |
|
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diff
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|
8570 <p> |
|
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|
8571 The table <code>io</code> also provides |
|
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|
8572 three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C: |
|
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|
8573 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>. |
|
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|
8574 The I/O library never closes these files. |
|
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|
8575 |
|
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|
8576 |
|
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diff
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|
8577 <p> |
|
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|
8578 Unless otherwise stated, |
|
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|
8579 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure |
|
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|
8580 (plus an error message as a second result and |
|
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|
8581 a system-dependent error code as a third result) |
|
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|
8582 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success. |
|
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|
8583 On non-POSIX systems, |
|
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|
8584 the computation of the error message and error code |
|
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|
8585 in case of errors |
|
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|
8586 may be not thread safe, |
|
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|
8587 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>. |
|
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|
8588 |
|
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|
8589 |
|
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|
8590 <p> |
|
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|
8591 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8592 |
|
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|
8593 |
|
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|
8594 <p> |
|
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|
8595 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>. |
|
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|
8596 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file. |
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|
8597 |
|
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|
8598 |
|
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|
8599 |
|
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|
8600 |
|
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|
8601 <p> |
|
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|
8602 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8603 |
|
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|
8604 |
|
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|
8605 <p> |
|
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|
8606 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>. |
|
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|
8607 |
|
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|
8608 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8609 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8610 |
|
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|
8611 <p> |
|
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|
8612 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8613 |
|
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parents:
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|
8614 |
|
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|
8615 <p> |
|
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|
8616 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), |
|
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|
8617 and sets its handle as the default input file. |
|
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|
8618 When called with a file handle, |
|
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|
8619 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. |
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|
8620 When called without parameters, |
|
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|
8621 it returns the current default input file. |
|
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|
8622 |
|
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|
8623 |
|
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|
8624 <p> |
|
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|
8625 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8626 instead of returning an error code. |
|
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|
8627 |
|
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|
8628 |
|
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changeset
|
8629 |
|
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|
8630 |
|
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|
8631 <p> |
|
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|
8632 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8633 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8634 |
|
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|
8635 <p> |
|
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|
8636 Opens the given file name in read mode |
|
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parents:
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|
8637 and returns an iterator function that |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8638 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8639 When the iterator function detects the end of file, |
|
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changeset
|
8640 it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. |
|
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changeset
|
8641 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8642 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8643 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8644 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent |
|
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|
8645 to <code>io.input():lines("*l")</code>; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8646 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8647 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. |
|
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|
8648 |
|
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changeset
|
8649 |
|
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changeset
|
8650 <p> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8651 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8652 instead of returning an error code. |
|
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changeset
|
8653 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8654 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8655 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8656 |
|
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changeset
|
8657 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8658 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8659 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8660 |
|
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changeset
|
8661 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8662 This function opens a file, |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8663 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
8664 It returns a new file handle, |
|
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changeset
|
8665 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message. |
|
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changeset
|
8666 |
|
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changeset
|
8667 |
|
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changeset
|
8668 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
8669 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following: |
|
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changeset
|
8670 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8671 <ul> |
|
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changeset
|
8672 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8673 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8674 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li> |
|
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|
8675 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8676 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8677 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved, |
|
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changeset
|
8678 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8679 </ul><p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8680 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8681 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8682 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8683 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8684 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8685 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8686 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8687 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8688 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8689 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8690 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8691 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8692 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8693 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8694 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8695 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8696 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8697 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8698 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8699 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8700 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8701 This function is system dependent and is not available |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8702 on all platforms. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8703 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8704 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8705 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8706 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8707 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8708 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default) |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8709 or to write data to this program |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8710 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>). |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8711 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8712 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8713 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8714 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8715 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8716 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8717 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8718 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8719 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8720 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8721 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8722 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8723 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8724 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8725 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8726 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8727 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8728 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8729 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8730 Returns a handle for a temporary file. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8731 This file is opened in update mode |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8732 and it is automatically removed when the program ends. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8733 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8734 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8735 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8736 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8737 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8738 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8739 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8740 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8741 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8742 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8743 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8744 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8745 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8746 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8747 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8748 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8749 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8750 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8751 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8752 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8753 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8754 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8755 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8756 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8757 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8758 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8759 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8760 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8761 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8762 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8763 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8764 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8765 Closes <code>file</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8766 Note that files are automatically closed when |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8767 their handles are garbage collected, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8768 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8769 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8770 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8771 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8772 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8773 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8774 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8775 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8776 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8777 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8778 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8779 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8780 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8781 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8782 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8783 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8784 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8785 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8786 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8787 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8788 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8789 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8790 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8791 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8792 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8793 <p> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8794 Returns an iterator function that, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8795 each time it is called, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8796 reads the file according to the given formats. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8797 When no format is given, |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8798 uses "<code>l</code>" as a default. |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8799 As an example, the construction |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8800 |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8801 <pre> |
|
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8802 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end |
|
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|
8803 </pre><p> |
|
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diff
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|
8804 will iterate over all characters of the file, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8805 starting at the current position. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8806 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file |
|
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changeset
|
8807 when the loop ends. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8808 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8809 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8810 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8811 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8812 instead of returning an error code. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8813 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8814 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8815 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8816 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8817 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
8818 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8819 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8820 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8821 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8822 Reads the file <code>file</code>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8823 according to the given formats, which specify what to read. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8824 For each format, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8825 the function returns a string or a number with the characters read, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8826 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8827 (In this latter case, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8828 the function does not read subsequent formats.) |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8829 When called without formats, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8830 it uses a default format that reads the next line |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8831 (see below). |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8832 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8833 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8834 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8835 The available formats are |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8836 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8837 <ul> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8838 |
|
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diff
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|
8839 <li><b>"<code>n</code>": </b> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8840 reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8841 following the lexical conventions of Lua. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8842 (The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.) |
|
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parents:
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|
8843 This format always reads the longest input sequence that |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8844 is a valid prefix for a number; |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8845 if that prefix does not form a valid number |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8846 (e.g., an empty string, "<code>0x</code>", or "<code>3.4e-</code>"), |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8847 it is discarded and the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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changeset
|
8848 </li> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8849 |
|
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diff
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|
8850 <li><b>"<code>i</code>": </b> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8851 reads an integral number and returns it as an integer. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8852 </li> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8853 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8854 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> |
|
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|
8855 reads the whole file, starting at the current position. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8856 On end of file, it returns the empty string. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8857 </li> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8858 |
|
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|
8859 <li><b>"<code>l</code>": </b> |
|
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|
8860 reads the next line skipping the end of line, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8861 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8862 This is the default format. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8863 </li> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8864 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8865 <li><b>"<code>L</code>": </b> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8866 reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present), |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8867 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8868 </li> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8869 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8870 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8871 reads a string with up to this number of bytes, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8872 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8873 If <code>number</code> is zero, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8874 it reads nothing and returns an empty string, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8875 or <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8876 </li> |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8877 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8878 </ul><p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8879 The formats "<code>l</code>" and "<code>L</code>" should be used only for text files. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8880 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8881 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8882 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8883 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8884 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8885 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8886 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8887 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8888 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8889 Sets and gets the file position, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8890 measured from the beginning of the file, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8891 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8892 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows: |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8893 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8894 <ul> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8895 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li> |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8896 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8897 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li> |
|
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changeset
|
8898 </ul><p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8899 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8900 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8901 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8902 plus a string describing the error. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8903 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8904 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8905 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8906 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>, |
|
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|
8907 and for <code>offset</code> is 0. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
8908 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8909 file position, without changing it; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8910 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8911 beginning of the file (and returns 0); |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8912 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8913 end of the file, and returns its size. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8914 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8915 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8916 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8917 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
8918 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8919 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3> |
|
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diff
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|
8920 |
|
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diff
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|
8921 |
|
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diff
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|
8922 <p> |
|
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|
8923 Sets the buffering mode for an output file. |
|
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|
8924 There are three available modes: |
|
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|
8925 |
|
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diff
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|
8926 <ul> |
|
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|
8927 |
|
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|
8928 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b> |
|
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|
8929 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. |
|
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|
8930 </li> |
|
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diff
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|
8931 |
|
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|
8932 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b> |
|
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|
8933 full buffering; output operation is performed only |
|
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|
8934 when the buffer is full or when |
|
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|
8935 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>). |
|
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|
8936 </li> |
|
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diff
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|
8937 |
|
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|
8938 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b> |
|
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|
8939 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output |
|
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|
8940 or there is any input from some special files |
|
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|
8941 (such as a terminal device). |
|
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|
8942 </li> |
|
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|
8943 |
|
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|
8944 </ul><p> |
|
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|
8945 For the last two cases, <code>size</code> |
|
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|
8946 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. |
|
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|
8947 The default is an appropriate size. |
|
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|
8948 |
|
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diff
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|
8949 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8950 |
|
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diff
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|
8951 |
|
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|
8952 <p> |
|
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|
8953 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8954 |
|
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|
8955 |
|
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|
8956 <p> |
|
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|
8957 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>. |
|
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|
8958 The arguments must be strings or numbers. |
|
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|
8959 |
|
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diff
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|
8960 |
|
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|
8961 <p> |
|
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|
8962 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>. |
|
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|
8963 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error. |
|
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|
8964 |
|
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diff
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|
8965 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8966 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8967 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8968 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8969 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8970 |
|
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|
8971 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2> |
|
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|
8972 |
|
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|
8973 <p> |
|
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|
8974 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>. |
|
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|
8975 |
|
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diff
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|
8976 |
|
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|
8977 <p> |
|
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|
8978 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8979 |
|
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diff
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|
8980 |
|
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|
8981 <p> |
|
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|
8982 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time |
|
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|
8983 used by the program. |
|
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|
8984 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8985 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8986 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8987 |
|
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|
8988 <p> |
|
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|
8989 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8990 |
|
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|
8991 |
|
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|
8992 <p> |
|
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|
8993 Returns a string or a table containing date and time, |
|
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|
8994 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>. |
|
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|
8995 |
|
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|
8996 |
|
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|
8997 <p> |
|
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|
8998 If the <code>time</code> argument is present, |
|
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|
8999 this is the time to be formatted |
|
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|
9000 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value). |
|
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|
9001 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time. |
|
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|
9002 |
|
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|
9003 |
|
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|
9004 <p> |
|
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|
9005 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>', |
|
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diff
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|
9006 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. |
|
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|
9007 After this optional character, |
|
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|
9008 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>", |
|
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|
9009 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields: |
|
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|
9010 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31), |
|
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|
9011 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61), |
|
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|
9012 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1), |
|
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|
9013 <code>yday</code> (day of the year), |
|
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|
9014 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean). |
|
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|
9015 This last field may be absent |
|
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|
9016 if the information is not available. |
|
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changeset
|
9017 |
|
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changeset
|
9018 |
|
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|
9019 <p> |
|
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|
9020 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>", |
|
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|
9021 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string, |
|
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|
9022 formatted according to the same rules as the ISO C function <code>strftime</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
9023 |
|
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changeset
|
9024 |
|
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|
9025 <p> |
|
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|
9026 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
9027 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on |
|
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|
9028 the host system and on the current locale |
|
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|
9029 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>). |
|
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changeset
|
9030 |
|
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changeset
|
9031 |
|
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|
9032 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9033 On non-POSIX systems, |
|
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changeset
|
9034 this function may be not thread safe |
|
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|
9035 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>. |
|
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|
9036 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
9037 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
9038 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9039 |
|
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diff
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|
9040 <p> |
|
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|
9041 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9042 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9043 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9044 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
9045 Returns the difference, in seconds, |
|
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diff
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|
9046 from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code> |
|
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|
9047 (where the times are values returned by <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a>). |
|
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|
9048 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, |
|
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|
9049 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>. |
|
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|
9050 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9051 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9052 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9053 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9054 <p> |
|
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|
9055 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9056 |
|
e01cddba3433
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9057 |
|
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diff
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|
9058 <p> |
|
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|
9059 This function is equivalent to the ISO C function <code>system</code>. |
|
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|
9060 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell. |
|
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|
9061 Its first result is <b>true</b> |
|
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|
9062 if the command terminated successfully, |
|
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|
9063 or <b>nil</b> otherwise. |
|
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|
9064 After this first result |
|
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|
9065 the function returns a string plus a number, |
|
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|
9066 as follows: |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9067 |
|
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diff
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|
9068 <ul> |
|
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diff
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|
9069 |
|
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|
9070 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b> |
|
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|
9071 the command terminated normally; |
|
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|
9072 the following number is the exit status of the command. |
|
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|
9073 </li> |
|
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diff
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|
9074 |
|
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|
9075 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b> |
|
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|
9076 the command was terminated by a signal; |
|
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|
9077 the following number is the signal that terminated the command. |
|
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|
9078 </li> |
|
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diff
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|
9079 |
|
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|
9080 </ul> |
|
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|
9081 |
|
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|
9082 <p> |
|
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|
9083 When called without a <code>command</code>, |
|
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|
9084 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available. |
|
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|
9085 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9086 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9087 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9088 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9089 <p> |
|
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|
9090 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9091 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9092 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
9093 <p> |
|
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|
9094 Calls the ISO C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program. |
|
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|
9095 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>, |
|
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|
9096 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>; |
|
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|
9097 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>, |
|
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|
9098 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>; |
|
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diff
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|
9099 if <code>code</code> is a number, |
|
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|
9100 the returned status is this number. |
|
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diff
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|
9101 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9102 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9103 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
9104 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9105 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true, |
|
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|
9106 closes the Lua state before exiting. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9107 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9108 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9109 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9110 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
9111 <p> |
|
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|
9112 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9113 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9114 |
|
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|
9115 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
9116 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>, |
|
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diff
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|
9117 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined. |
|
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changeset
|
9118 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9119 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9120 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9121 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
9122 <p> |
|
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|
9123 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9124 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9125 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
9126 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9127 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems) |
|
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|
9128 with the given name. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9129 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
9130 plus a string describing the error and the error code. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9131 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9132 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9133 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9134 |
|
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|
9135 <p> |
|
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|
9136 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9137 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9138 |
|
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changeset
|
9139 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9140 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
9141 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
|
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changeset
|
9142 plus a string describing the error and the error code. |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
9143 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9144 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9145 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9146 |
|
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changeset
|
9147 <p> |
|
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|
9148 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9149 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9150 |
|
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changeset
|
9151 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9152 Sets the current locale of the program. |
|
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|
9153 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale; |
|
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|
9154 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change: |
|
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changeset
|
9155 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>, |
|
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|
9156 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>; |
|
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changeset
|
9157 the default category is <code>"all"</code>. |
|
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|
9158 The function returns the name of the new locale, |
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|
9159 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored. |
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|
9160 |
|
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diff
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|
9161 |
|
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|
9162 <p> |
|
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|
9163 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string, |
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|
9164 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. |
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|
9165 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>", |
|
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9166 the current locale is set to the standard C locale. |
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|
9167 |
|
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|
9168 |
|
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|
9169 <p> |
|
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|
9170 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument, |
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9171 this function only returns the name of the current locale |
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9172 for the given category. |
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|
9173 |
|
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|
9174 |
|
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|
9175 <p> |
|
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|
9176 This function may be not thread safe |
|
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|
9177 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>. |
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|
9178 |
|
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|
9179 |
|
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diff
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|
9180 |
|
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|
9181 |
|
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|
9182 <p> |
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|
9183 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9184 |
|
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|
9185 |
|
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|
9186 <p> |
|
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|
9187 Returns the current time when called without arguments, |
|
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|
9188 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table. |
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|
9189 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>, |
|
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|
9190 and may have fields |
|
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|
9191 <code>hour</code> (default is 12), |
|
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|
9192 <code>min</code> (default is 0), |
|
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|
9193 <code>sec</code> (default is 0), |
|
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|
9194 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>). |
|
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|
9195 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function. |
|
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|
9196 |
|
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|
9197 |
|
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|
9198 <p> |
|
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|
9199 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. |
|
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|
9200 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, |
|
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|
9201 this number counts the number |
|
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|
9202 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch"). |
|
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|
9203 In other systems, the meaning is not specified, |
|
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|
9204 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to |
|
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|
9205 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>. |
|
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|
9206 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9207 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9208 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9209 |
|
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|
9210 <p> |
|
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|
9211 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9212 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9213 |
|
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diff
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|
9214 <p> |
|
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|
9215 Returns a string with a file name that can |
|
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|
9216 be used for a temporary file. |
|
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|
9217 The file must be explicitly opened before its use |
|
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diff
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|
9218 and explicitly removed when no longer needed. |
|
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|
9219 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9220 |
|
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|
9221 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9222 On POSIX systems, |
|
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|
9223 this function also creates a file with that name, |
|
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|
9224 to avoid security risks. |
|
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diff
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|
9225 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9226 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.) |
|
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|
9227 You still have to open the file to use it |
|
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|
9228 and to remove it (even if you do not use it). |
|
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|
9229 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9230 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9231 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9232 When possible, |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9233 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>, |
|
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|
9234 which automatically removes the file when the program ends. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9235 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9236 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9237 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9238 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9239 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9240 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9241 |
|
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|
9242 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2> |
|
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|
9243 |
|
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|
9244 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9245 This library provides |
|
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changeset
|
9246 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs. |
|
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|
9247 You should exert care when using this library. |
|
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|
9248 Several of its functions |
|
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|
9249 violate basic assumptions about Lua code |
|
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|
9250 (e.g., that variables local to a function |
|
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|
9251 cannot be accessed from outside; |
|
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|
9252 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code; |
|
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|
9253 that Lua programs do not crash) |
|
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|
9254 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code. |
|
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changeset
|
9255 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow. |
|
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|
9256 |
|
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changeset
|
9257 |
|
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|
9258 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9259 All functions in this library are provided |
|
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|
9260 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table. |
|
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|
9261 All functions that operate over a thread |
|
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|
9262 have an optional first argument which is the |
|
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|
9263 thread to operate over. |
|
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|
9264 The default is always the current thread. |
|
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|
9265 |
|
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changeset
|
9266 |
|
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|
9267 <p> |
|
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|
9268 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9269 |
|
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|
9270 |
|
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|
9271 <p> |
|
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|
9272 Enters an interactive mode with the user, |
|
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|
9273 running each string that the user enters. |
|
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|
9274 Using simple commands and other debug facilities, |
|
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|
9275 the user can inspect global and local variables, |
|
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|
9276 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. |
|
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diff
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|
9277 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function, |
|
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|
9278 so that the caller continues its execution. |
|
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|
9279 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9280 |
|
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diff
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|
9281 <p> |
|
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|
9282 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested |
|
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|
9283 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables. |
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|
9284 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9285 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9286 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9287 |
|
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|
9288 <p> |
|
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|
9289 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9290 |
|
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diff
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|
9291 |
|
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|
9292 <p> |
|
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|
9293 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: |
|
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|
9294 the current hook function, the current hook mask, |
|
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|
9295 and the current hook count |
|
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|
9296 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function). |
|
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|
9297 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9298 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9299 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
9300 |
|
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|
9301 <p> |
|
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|
9302 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9303 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9304 |
|
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|
9305 <p> |
|
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|
9306 Returns a table with information about a function. |
|
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|
9307 You can give the function directly |
|
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|
9308 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>, |
|
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diff
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|
9309 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack |
|
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|
9310 of the given thread: |
|
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diff
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|
9311 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself); |
|
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|
9312 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code> |
|
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parents:
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|
9313 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack); |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9314 and so on. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9315 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions, |
|
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diff
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|
9316 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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diff
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|
9317 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9318 |
|
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diff
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|
9319 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
9320 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9321 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in. |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9322 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available, |
|
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diff
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|
9323 except the table of valid lines. |
|
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diff
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|
9324 If present, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9325 the option '<code>f</code>' |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9326 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9327 If present, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9328 the option '<code>L</code>' |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9329 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9330 valid lines. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9331 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9332 |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9333 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9334 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9335 a table with a name for the current function, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9336 if a reasonable name can be found, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9337 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code> |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9338 returns a table with all available information |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9339 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function. |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9340 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9341 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9342 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9343 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9344 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9345 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9346 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9347 |
|
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diff
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|
9348 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9349 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9350 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9351 This function accesses not only explicit local variables, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9352 but also parameters, temporaries, etc. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9353 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9354 |
|
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diff
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|
9355 <p> |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9356 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, |
|
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diff
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|
9357 following the order that they are declared in the code, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9358 counting only the variables that are active |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9359 in the current scope of the function. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9360 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters; |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9361 -1 is the first vararg parameter. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9362 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index, |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9363 and raises an error when called with a level out of range. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9364 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.) |
|
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changeset
|
9365 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9366 |
|
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changeset
|
9367 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9368 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) |
|
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|
9369 represent variables with no known names |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9370 (internal variables such as loop control variables, |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9371 and variables from chunks saved without debug information). |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
9372 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9373 |
|
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changeset
|
9374 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9375 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function. |
|
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changeset
|
9376 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters. |
|
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changeset
|
9377 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9378 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9379 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9380 |
|
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changeset
|
9381 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9382 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9383 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9384 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9385 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9386 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code> |
|
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changeset
|
9387 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable. |
|
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changeset
|
9388 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9389 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9390 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9391 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9392 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9393 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9394 |
|
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|
9395 |
|
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|
9396 <p> |
|
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|
9397 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
|
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|
9398 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9399 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9400 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9401 |
|
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|
9402 <p> |
|
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|
9403 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9404 |
|
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diff
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|
9405 |
|
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|
9406 <p> |
|
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|
9407 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue |
|
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|
9408 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. |
|
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|
9409 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index. |
|
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|
9410 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
9411 |
|
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|
9412 <p> |
|
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|
9413 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) |
|
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|
9414 represent variables with no known names |
|
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|
9415 (variables from chunks saved without debug information). |
|
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|
9416 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9417 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9418 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9419 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9420 <p> |
|
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|
9421 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9422 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9423 |
|
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|
9424 <p> |
|
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|
9425 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>. |
|
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|
9426 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata, |
|
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|
9427 returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9428 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9429 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9430 |
|
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9431 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
9432 <p> |
|
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|
9433 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9434 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9435 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9436 <p> |
|
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|
9437 Sets the given function as a hook. |
|
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|
9438 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe |
|
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|
9439 when the hook will be called. |
|
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diff
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|
9440 The string mask may have any combination of the following characters, |
|
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diff
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|
9441 with the given meaning: |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9442 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9443 <ul> |
|
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diff
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|
9444 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li> |
|
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|
9445 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li> |
|
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|
9446 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li> |
|
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|
9447 </ul><p> |
|
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|
9448 Moreover, |
|
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parents:
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|
9449 with a <code>count</code> different from zero, |
|
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diff
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|
9450 the hook is called also after every <code>count</code> instructions. |
|
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changeset
|
9451 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9452 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9453 <p> |
|
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|
9454 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
9455 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook. |
|
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|
9456 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9457 |
|
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|
9458 <p> |
|
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|
9459 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string |
|
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|
9460 describing the event that has triggered its call: |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9461 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>), |
|
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|
9462 <code>"return"</code>, |
|
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diff
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|
9463 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9464 For line events, |
|
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parents:
diff
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|
9465 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9466 Inside a hook, |
|
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|
9467 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9468 the running function |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9469 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function, |
|
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9470 and level 1 is the hook function). |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9471 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9472 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9473 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9474 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9475 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9476 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9477 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9478 |
|
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changeset
|
9479 <p> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9480 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable |
|
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|
9481 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack. |
|
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changeset
|
9482 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local |
|
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changeset
|
9483 variable with the given index, |
|
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|
9484 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range. |
|
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|
9485 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.) |
|
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|
9486 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable. |
|
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changeset
|
9487 |
|
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changeset
|
9488 |
|
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changeset
|
9489 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9490 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about |
|
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changeset
|
9491 variable indices and names. |
|
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changeset
|
9492 |
|
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
9493 |
|
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changeset
|
9494 |
|
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changeset
|
9495 |
|
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changeset
|
9496 <p> |
|
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|
9497 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9498 |
|
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changeset
|
9499 |
|
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|
9500 <p> |
|
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|
9501 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code> |
|
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|
9502 (which can be <b>nil</b>). |
|
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|
9503 Returns <code>value</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
9504 |
|
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changeset
|
9505 |
|
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changeset
|
9506 |
|
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changeset
|
9507 |
|
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changeset
|
9508 <p> |
|
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|
9509 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9510 |
|
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changeset
|
9511 |
|
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changeset
|
9512 <p> |
|
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|
9513 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue |
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|
9514 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. |
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9515 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue |
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9516 with the given index. |
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|
9517 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. |
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|
9518 |
|
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|
9519 |
|
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|
9520 |
|
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|
9521 |
|
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|
9522 <p> |
|
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|
9523 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9524 |
|
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|
9525 |
|
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|
9526 <p> |
|
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|
9527 Sets the given <code>value</code> as |
|
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|
9528 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>. |
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9529 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata. |
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|
9530 |
|
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|
9531 |
|
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|
9532 <p> |
|
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|
9533 Returns <code>udata</code>. |
|
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|
9534 |
|
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|
9535 |
|
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|
9536 |
|
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|
9537 |
|
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|
9538 <p> |
|
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|
9539 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9540 |
|
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|
9541 |
|
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|
9542 <p> |
|
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|
9543 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
9544 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing. |
|
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|
9545 Otherwise, |
|
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|
9546 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. |
|
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|
9547 The optional <code>message</code> string is appended |
|
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|
9548 at the beginning of the traceback. |
|
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|
9549 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level |
|
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|
9550 to start the traceback |
|
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|
9551 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>). |
|
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|
9552 |
|
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|
9553 |
|
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|
9554 |
|
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|
9555 |
|
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|
9556 <p> |
|
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|
9557 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9558 |
|
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|
9559 |
|
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|
9560 <p> |
|
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|
9561 Returns a unique identifier (as a light userdata) |
|
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|
9562 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> |
|
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|
9563 from the given function. |
|
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|
9564 |
|
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|
9565 |
|
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|
9566 <p> |
|
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|
9567 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different |
|
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|
9568 closures share upvalues. |
|
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|
9569 Lua closures that share an upvalue |
|
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|
9570 (that is, that access a same external local variable) |
|
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|
9571 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. |
|
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|
9572 |
|
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|
9573 |
|
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|
9574 |
|
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|
9575 |
|
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|
9576 <p> |
|
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|
9577 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9578 |
|
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|
9579 |
|
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|
9580 <p> |
|
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|
9581 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code> |
|
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|
9582 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>. |
|
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|
9583 |
|
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|
9584 |
|
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|
9585 |
|
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|
9586 |
|
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|
9587 |
|
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|
9588 |
|
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|
9589 |
|
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|
9590 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1> |
|
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|
9591 |
|
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|
9592 <p> |
|
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|
9593 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language, |
|
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|
9594 to be embedded in a host C program, |
|
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|
9595 it is also frequently used as a standalone language. |
|
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|
9596 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language, |
|
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|
9597 called simply <code>lua</code>, |
|
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|
9598 is provided with the standard distribution. |
|
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|
9599 The standalone interpreter includes |
|
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|
9600 all standard libraries, including the debug library. |
|
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|
9601 Its usage is: |
|
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|
9602 |
|
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|
9603 <pre> |
|
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|
9604 lua [options] [script [args]] |
|
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|
9605 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9606 The options are: |
|
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|
9607 |
|
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|
9608 <ul> |
|
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|
9609 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li> |
|
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|
9610 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li> |
|
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9611 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li> |
|
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9612 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li> |
|
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9613 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li> |
|
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9614 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li> |
|
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9615 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li> |
|
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9616 </ul><p> |
|
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|
9617 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>. |
|
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|
9618 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
9619 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code> |
|
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|
9620 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal, |
|
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|
9621 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise. |
|
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changeset
|
9622 |
|
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changeset
|
9623 |
|
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|
9624 <p> |
|
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|
9625 When called without option <code>-E</code>, |
|
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|
9626 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_3"><code>LUA_INIT_5_3</code></a> |
|
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|
9627 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if the versioned name is not defined) |
|
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|
9628 before running any argument. |
|
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|
9629 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>, |
|
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|
9630 then <code>lua</code> executes the file. |
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|
9631 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself. |
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|
9632 |
|
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diff
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|
9633 |
|
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diff
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|
9634 <p> |
|
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|
9635 When called with option <code>-E</code>, |
|
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|
9636 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>, |
|
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|
9637 Lua also ignores |
|
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|
9638 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>, |
|
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|
9639 setting the values of |
|
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diff
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|
9640 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> |
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|
9641 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
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|
9642 |
|
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diff
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|
9643 |
|
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diff
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|
9644 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
9645 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>. |
|
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|
9646 For instance, an invocation like |
|
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|
9647 |
|
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|
9648 <pre> |
|
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|
9649 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua |
|
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|
9650 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9651 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>, |
|
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|
9652 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments. |
|
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|
9653 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.) |
|
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|
9654 |
|
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diff
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|
9655 |
|
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|
9656 <p> |
|
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|
9657 Before running any code, |
|
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|
9658 <code>lua</code> collects all command-line arguments |
|
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|
9659 in a global table called <code>arg</code>. |
|
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|
9660 The script name goes to index 0, |
|
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|
9661 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1, |
|
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|
9662 and so on. |
|
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|
9663 Any arguments before the script name |
|
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diff
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|
9664 (that is, the interpreter name plus its options) |
|
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|
9665 go to negative indices. |
|
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|
9666 For instance, in the call |
|
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|
9667 |
|
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|
9668 <pre> |
|
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|
9669 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2 |
|
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|
9670 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9671 the table is like this: |
|
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|
9672 |
|
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|
9673 <pre> |
|
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|
9674 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la", |
|
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|
9675 [0] = "b.lua", |
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|
9676 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" } |
|
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|
9677 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9678 If there is no script in the call, |
|
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parents:
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|
9679 the interpreter name goes to index 0, |
|
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|
9680 followed by the other arguments. |
|
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|
9681 For instance, the call |
|
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|
9682 |
|
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|
9683 <pre> |
|
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|
9684 $ lua -e "print(arg[1])" |
|
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|
9685 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9686 will print "<code>-e</code>". |
|
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|
9687 If there is a script, |
|
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|
9688 the script is called with parameters |
|
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|
9689 <code>arg[1]</code>, ···, <code>arg[#arg]</code>. |
|
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|
9690 (Like all chunks in Lua, |
|
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|
9691 the script is compiled as a vararg function.) |
|
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parents:
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|
9692 |
|
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|
9693 |
|
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|
9694 <p> |
|
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|
9695 In interactive mode, |
|
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|
9696 Lua repeatedly prompts and waits for a line. |
|
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|
9697 After reading a line, |
|
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|
9698 Lua first try to interpret the line as an expression. |
|
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|
9699 If it succeeds, it prints its value. |
|
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|
9700 Otherwise, it interprets the line as a statement. |
|
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parents:
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|
9701 If you write an incomplete statement, |
|
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changeset
|
9702 the interpreter waits for its completion |
|
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|
9703 by issuing a different prompt. |
|
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|
9704 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
9705 |
|
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changeset
|
9706 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9707 In case of unprotected errors in the script, |
|
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parents:
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|
9708 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream. |
|
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parents:
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|
9709 If the error object is not a string but |
|
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|
9710 has a metamethod <code>__tostring</code>, |
|
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|
9711 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message. |
|
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parents:
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|
9712 Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string |
|
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|
9713 and adds a stack traceback to it. |
|
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|
9714 |
|
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changeset
|
9715 |
|
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changeset
|
9716 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9717 When finishing normally, |
|
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|
9718 the interpreter closes its main Lua state |
|
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changeset
|
9719 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>). |
|
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changeset
|
9720 The script can avoid this step by |
|
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|
9721 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate. |
|
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|
9722 |
|
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changeset
|
9723 |
|
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changeset
|
9724 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9725 To allow the use of Lua as a |
|
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changeset
|
9726 script interpreter in Unix systems, |
|
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|
9727 the standalone interpreter skips |
|
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|
9728 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>. |
|
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|
9729 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs |
|
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|
9730 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form, |
|
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|
9731 as in |
|
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changeset
|
9732 |
|
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changeset
|
9733 <pre> |
|
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|
9734 #!/usr/local/bin/lua |
|
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|
9735 </pre><p> |
|
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changeset
|
9736 (Of course, |
|
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changeset
|
9737 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. |
|
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changeset
|
9738 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>, |
|
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|
9739 then |
|
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changeset
|
9740 |
|
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changeset
|
9741 <pre> |
|
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changeset
|
9742 #!/usr/bin/env lua |
|
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changeset
|
9743 </pre><p> |
|
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changeset
|
9744 is a more portable solution.) |
|
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changeset
|
9745 |
|
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changeset
|
9746 |
|
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changeset
|
9747 |
|
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changeset
|
9748 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1> |
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9749 |
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|
9750 <p> |
|
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|
9751 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program |
|
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|
9752 from Lua 5.2 to Lua 5.3. |
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|
9753 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with |
|
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|
9754 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>). |
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|
9755 However, |
|
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|
9756 all these compatibility options will be removed in the future. |
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|
9757 |
|
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|
9758 |
|
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|
9759 <p> |
|
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|
9760 Lua versions can always change the C API in ways that |
|
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|
9761 do not imply source-code changes in a program, |
|
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|
9762 such as the numeric values for constants |
|
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|
9763 or the implementation of functions as macros. |
|
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|
9764 Therefore, |
|
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|
9765 you should not assume that binaries are compatible between |
|
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|
9766 different Lua versions. |
|
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|
9767 Always recompile clients of the Lua API when |
|
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|
9768 using a new version. |
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|
9769 |
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|
9770 |
|
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|
9771 <p> |
|
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|
9772 Similarly, Lua versions can always change the internal representation |
|
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|
9773 of precompiled chunks; |
|
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|
9774 precompiled chunks are not compatible between different Lua versions. |
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|
9775 |
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|
9776 |
|
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|
9777 <p> |
|
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|
9778 The standard paths in the official distribution may |
|
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|
9779 change between versions. |
|
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|
9780 |
|
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|
9781 |
|
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|
9782 |
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|
9783 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2> |
|
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|
9784 <ul> |
|
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|
9785 |
|
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|
9786 <li> |
|
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|
9787 The main difference between Lua 5.2 and Lua 5.3 is the |
|
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|
9788 introduction of an integer subtype for numbers. |
|
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|
9789 Although this change should not affect "normal" computations, |
|
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|
9790 some computations |
|
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|
9791 (mainly those that involve some kind of overflow) |
|
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|
9792 can give different results. |
|
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|
9793 |
|
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|
9794 |
|
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|
9795 <p> |
|
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|
9796 You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float |
|
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|
9797 (in Lua 5.2 all numbers were float), |
|
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|
9798 in particular writing constants with an ending <code>.0</code> |
|
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|
9799 or using <code>x = x + 0.0</code> to convert a variable. |
|
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|
9800 (This recommendation is only for a quick fix |
|
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|
9801 for an occasional incompatibility; |
|
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|
9802 it is not a general guideline for good programming. |
|
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|
9803 For good programming, |
|
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|
9804 use floats where you need floats |
|
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|
9805 and integers where you need integers.) |
|
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|
9806 </li> |
|
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|
9807 |
|
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|
9808 <li> |
|
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|
9809 The conversion of a float to a string now adds a <code>.0</code> suffix |
|
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|
9810 to the result if it looks like an integer. |
|
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|
9811 (For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as <code>2.0</code>, |
|
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|
9812 not as <code>2</code>.) |
|
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|
9813 You should always use an explicit format |
|
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|
9814 when you need a specific format for numbers. |
|
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|
9815 |
|
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|
9816 |
|
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|
9817 <p> |
|
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|
9818 (Formally this is not an incompatibility, |
|
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|
9819 because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings, |
|
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|
9820 but some programs assumed a specific format.) |
|
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|
9821 </li> |
|
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|
9822 |
|
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|
9823 <li> |
|
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|
9824 The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed. |
|
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|
9825 (It was an experimental feature in Lua 5.2.) |
|
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|
9826 </li> |
|
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changeset
|
9827 |
|
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|
9828 </ul> |
|
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|
9829 |
|
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|
9830 |
|
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|
9831 |
|
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|
9832 |
|
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|
9833 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2> |
|
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|
9834 <ul> |
|
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|
9835 |
|
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|
9836 <li> |
|
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|
9837 The <code>bit32</code> library has been deprecated. |
|
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|
9838 It is easy to require a compatible external library or, |
|
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|
9839 better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations. |
|
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|
9840 (Keep in mind that <code>bit32</code> operates on 32-bit integers, |
|
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|
9841 while the bitwise operators in standard Lua operate on 64-bit integers.) |
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|
9842 </li> |
|
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|
9843 |
|
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|
9844 <li> |
|
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|
9845 The Table library now respects metamethods |
|
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|
9846 for setting and getting elements. |
|
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|
9847 </li> |
|
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|
9848 |
|
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|
9849 <li> |
|
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|
9850 The <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> iterator now respects metamethods and |
|
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|
9851 its <code>__ipairs</code> metamethod has been deprecated. |
|
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|
9852 </li> |
|
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|
9853 |
|
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|
9854 <li> |
|
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|
9855 Option names in <a href="#pdf-io.read"><code>io.read</code></a> do not have a starting '<code>*</code>' anymore. |
|
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|
9856 For compatibility, Lua will continue to ignore this character. |
|
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|
9857 </li> |
|
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|
9858 |
|
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|
9859 <li> |
|
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|
9860 The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library: |
|
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|
9861 <code>atan2</code>, <code>cosh</code>, <code>sinh</code>, <code>tanh</code>, <code>pow</code>, |
|
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|
9862 <code>frexp</code>, and <code>ldexp</code>. |
|
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|
9863 You can replace <code>math.pow(x,y)</code> with <code>x^y</code>; |
|
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|
9864 you can replace <code>math.atan2</code> with <code>math.atan</code>, |
|
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|
9865 which now accepts one or two parameters; |
|
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|
9866 you can replace <code>math.ldexp(x,exp)</code> with <code>x * 2.0^exp</code>. |
|
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|
9867 For the other operations, |
|
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|
9868 you can either use an external library or |
|
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|
9869 implement them in Lua. |
|
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|
9870 </li> |
|
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|
9871 |
|
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|
9872 <li> |
|
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|
9873 The searcher for C loaders used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> |
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|
9874 changed the way it handles versioned names. |
|
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|
9875 Now, the version should come after the module name |
|
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|
9876 (as is usual in most other tools). |
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|
9877 For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format |
|
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|
9878 if it cannot find an open function according to the new style. |
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|
9879 (Lua 5.2 already worked that way, |
|
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|
9880 but it did not document the change.) |
|
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|
9881 </li> |
|
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|
9882 |
|
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|
9883 </ul> |
|
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|
9884 |
|
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|
9885 |
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|
9886 |
|
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|
9887 |
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|
9888 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2> |
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|
9889 |
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|
9890 |
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|
9891 <ul> |
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|
9892 |
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|
9893 <li> |
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|
9894 Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed |
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|
9895 to get through <code>lua_getctx</code>, |
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|
9896 so <code>lua_getctx</code> has been removed. |
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|
9897 Adapt your code accordingly. |
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|
9898 </li> |
|
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|
9899 |
|
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|
9900 <li> |
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|
9901 Function <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>strip</code>. |
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|
9902 Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior. |
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|
9903 </li> |
|
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|
9904 |
|
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|
9905 <li> |
|
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|
9906 Functions to inject/project unsigned integers |
|
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|
9907 (<code>lua_pushunsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code>, |
|
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|
9908 <code>luaL_checkunsigned</code>, <code>luaL_optunsigned</code>) |
|
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|
9909 were deprecated. |
|
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|
9910 Use their signed equivalents with a type cast. |
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|
9911 </li> |
|
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|
9912 |
|
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|
9913 <li> |
|
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|
9914 Macros to project non-default integer types |
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|
9915 (<code>luaL_checkint</code>, <code>luaL_optint</code>, <code>luaL_checklong</code>, <code>luaL_optlong</code>) |
|
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|
9916 were deprecated. |
|
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|
9917 Use their equivalent over <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> with a type cast |
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|
9918 (or, when possible, use <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> in your code). |
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|
9919 </li> |
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|
9920 |
|
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|
9921 </ul> |
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|
9922 |
|
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|
9923 |
|
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|
9924 |
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9925 |
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|
9926 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1> |
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9927 |
|
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|
9928 <p> |
|
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|
9929 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. |
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|
9930 As usual in extended BNF, |
|
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|
9931 {A} means 0 or more As, |
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9932 and [A] means an optional A. |
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|
9933 (For operator precedences, see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>; |
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|
9934 for a description of the terminals |
|
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|
9935 Name, Numeral, |
|
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|
9936 and LiteralString, see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>.) |
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|
9937 |
|
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|
9938 |
|
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|
9939 |
|
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|
9940 |
|
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|
9941 <pre> |
|
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|
9942 |
|
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|
9943 chunk ::= block |
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9944 |
|
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|
9945 block ::= {stat} [retstat] |
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9946 |
|
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|
9947 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | |
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|
9948 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | |
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|
9949 functioncall | |
|
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|
9950 label | |
|
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|
9951 <b>break</b> | |
|
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|
9952 <b>goto</b> Name | |
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9953 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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|
9954 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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|
9955 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | |
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|
9956 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | |
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|
9957 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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|
9958 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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9959 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | |
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|
9960 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | |
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|
9961 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] |
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9962 |
|
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|
9963 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] |
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9964 |
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|
9965 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ |
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9966 |
|
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|
9967 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] |
|
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9968 |
|
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9969 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} |
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9970 |
|
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|
9971 var ::= Name | prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name |
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9972 |
|
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|
9973 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} |
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9974 |
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9975 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} |
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9976 |
|
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|
9977 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Numeral | LiteralString | ‘<b>...</b>’ | functiondef | |
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9978 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp |
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|
9979 |
|
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|
9980 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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|
9981 |
|
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9982 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args |
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9983 |
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9984 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | tableconstructor | LiteralString |
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9985 |
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9986 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody |
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9987 |
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9988 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> |
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9989 |
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9990 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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9991 |
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9992 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ |
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9993 |
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9994 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] |
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9995 |
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9996 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp |
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9997 |
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9998 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ |
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9999 |
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10000 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ | ‘<b>-</b>’ | ‘<b>*</b>’ | ‘<b>/</b>’ | ‘<b>//</b>’ | ‘<b>^</b>’ | ‘<b>%</b>’ | |
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10001 ‘<b>&</b>’ | ‘<b>~</b>’ | ‘<b>|</b>’ | ‘<b>>></b>’ | ‘<b><<</b>’ | ‘<b>..</b>’ | |
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10002 ‘<b><</b>’ | ‘<b><=</b>’ | ‘<b>></b>’ | ‘<b>>=</b>’ | ‘<b>==</b>’ | ‘<b>~=</b>’ | |
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10003 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b> |
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10004 |
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10005 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ | <b>not</b> | ‘<b>#</b>’ | ‘<b>~</b>’ |
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10006 |
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10007 </pre> |
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10008 |
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10009 <p> |
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10010 |
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10011 |
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10012 |
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10013 |
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10014 |
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10015 |
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10016 |
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10017 |
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10018 <HR> |
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10019 <SMALL CLASS="footer"> |
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10020 Last update: |
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10021 Fri Jan 16 00:58:20 BRST 2015 |
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10022 </SMALL> |
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10023 <!-- |
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10024 Last change: minor edit |
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10025 --> |
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10026 |
| 372 | 10027 </div> |
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10028 |
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10029 <% Html.simply_html_body_bottom() %> |
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10030 </body> |
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10031 </html> |
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10032 <% |
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10033 end |