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author | Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com> |
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date | Thu, 30 Apr 2015 21:30:32 -0600 |
parents | ba8b0aae6453 |
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1 local Io = require "luan:Io" |
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2 local Html = require "luan:Html" |
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3 local Http = require "luan:web/Http" |
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4 local Shared = require "site:/Shared" |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 function service() |
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8 Io.stdout = Http.response.text_writer() |
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9 %> |
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10 <html> |
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11 <head> |
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12 <% Html.simply_html_head() %> |
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13 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title> |
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14 </head> |
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15 <body> |
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16 |
372 | 17 <div container> |
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18 <% Shared.header() %> |
372 | 19 |
20 <h1>Luan Reference Manual</h1> | |
21 | |
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22 <p> |
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23 <small> |
372 | 24 Original copyright © 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. |
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25 Freely available under the terms of the |
372 | 26 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>. |
27 Modified for Luan. | |
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28 </small> |
372 | 29 </p> |
30 | |
31 <hr/> | |
32 | |
33 <h2>Contents</h2> | |
34 | |
35 <div margin-bottom="1em"><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></div> | |
36 | |
373 | 37 <div margin-bottom="1em"> |
38 <a href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a> | |
39 <ul> | |
40 <li><a href="#types">Values and Types</a></li> | |
41 <li><a href="#env">Environments</a></li> | |
42 <li><a href="#error">Error Handling</a></li> | |
43 <li><a href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></li> | |
380 | 44 <li><a href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></li> |
45 </ul> | |
46 </div> | |
47 | |
48 <div margin-bottom="1em"> | |
49 <a href="#lang">The Language</a> | |
50 <ul> | |
51 <li><a href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></li> | |
52 <li><a href="#vars">Variables</a></li> | |
389 | 53 <li> |
54 <a href="#stmts">Statements</a> | |
55 <ul> | |
56 <li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li> | |
395 | 57 <li><a href="#chunks">Chunks</a></li> |
58 <li><a href="#assignment">Assignment</a></li> | |
59 <li><a href="#control">Control Structures</a></li> | |
60 <li><a href="#for">For Statement</a></li> | |
61 <li><a href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></li> | |
62 <li><a href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></li> | |
63 </ul> | |
64 </li> | |
65 <li> | |
66 <a href="#expressions">Expressions</a> | |
67 <ul> | |
68 <li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></li> | |
396 | 69 <li><a href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></li> |
70 <li><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></li> | |
71 <li><a href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></li> | |
72 <li><a href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></li> | |
73 <li><a href="#length">The Length Operator</a></li> | |
74 <li><a href="#precedence">Precedence</a></li> | |
75 <li><a href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></li> | |
417 | 76 <li><a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></li> |
77 <li><a href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></li> | |
389 | 78 </ul> |
79 </li> | |
417 | 80 <li><a href="#visibility">>Visibility Rules</a></li> |
373 | 81 </ul> |
82 </div> | |
83 | |
372 | 84 <hr/> |
85 | |
373 | 86 |
372 | 87 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2> |
88 | |
89 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p> | |
90 | |
91 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p> | |
92 | |
93 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p> | |
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94 |
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95 |
373 | 96 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2> |
97 | |
98 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p> | |
99 | |
100 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="types">Values and Types</a></h3> | |
101 | |
102 <p> | |
103 Luan is a <i>dynamically typed language</i>. | |
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104 This means that |
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105 variables do not have types; only values do. |
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106 There are no type definitions in the language. |
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107 All values carry their own type. |
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108 |
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109 |
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110 <p> |
373 | 111 All values in Luan are <i>first-class values</i>. |
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112 This means that all values can be stored in variables, |
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113 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results. |
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114 |
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115 |
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116 <p> |
373 | 117 There are eight basic types in Luan: |
118 <i>nil</i>, <i>boolean</i>, <i>number</i>, | |
119 <i>string</i>, <i>binary</i>, <i>function</i>, <i>userdata</i>, | |
120 and <i>table</i>. | |
121 <i>Nil</i> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>, | |
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122 whose main property is to be different from any other value; |
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123 it usually represents the absence of a useful value. |
373 | 124 <i>Nil</i> is implemented as the Java value <i>null</i>. |
125 <i>Boolean</i> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>. | |
126 <i>Boolean</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>Boolean</i>. | |
127 <i>Number</i> represents both | |
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128 integer numbers and real (floating-point) numbers. |
373 | 129 <i>Number</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>Number</i>. Any Java subclass of <i>Number</i> is allowed and this is invisible to the Luan user. Operations on numbers follow the same rules of |
130 the underlying Java implementation. | |
131 | |
132 <i>String</i> is implemented as the Java class <i>String</i>. | |
133 <i>Binary</i> is implemented as the Java type <i>byte[]</i>. | |
134 | |
135 | |
136 <p> | |
137 Luan can call (and manipulate) functions written in Luan and | |
138 functions written in Java (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). | |
139 Both are represented by the type <i>function</i>. | |
140 | |
141 | |
142 <p> | |
143 The type <i>userdata</i> is provided to allow arbitrary Java objects to | |
144 be stored in Luan variables. | |
145 A userdata value is a Java object that isn't one of the standard Luan types. | |
146 Userdata has no predefined operations in Luan, | |
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147 except assignment and identity test. |
373 | 148 Userdata is useful then Java access is enabled in Luan |
149 | |
150 | |
151 | |
152 <p> | |
153 The type <i>table</i> implements associative arrays, | |
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154 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, |
373 | 155 but with any Luan value except <b>nil</b>. |
156 Tables can be <i>heterogeneous</i>; | |
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157 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>). |
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158 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table. |
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159 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has |
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160 an associated value <b>nil</b>. |
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161 |
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162 |
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163 <p> |
373 | 164 Tables are the sole data-structuring mechanism in Luan; |
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165 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences, |
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166 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc. |
373 | 167 To represent records, Luan uses the field name as an index. |
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168 The language supports this representation by |
373 | 169 providing <tt>a.name</tt> as syntactic sugar for <tt>a["name"]</tt>. |
170 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Luan | |
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171 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). |
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172 |
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173 |
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174 <p> |
373 | 175 We use the term <i>sequence</i> to denote a table where |
176 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to {1..<i>n</i>} | |
177 for some non-negative integer <i>n</i>, | |
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178 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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179 |
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180 |
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181 <p> |
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182 Like indices, |
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183 the values of table fields can be of any type. |
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184 In particular, |
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185 because functions are first-class values, |
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186 table fields can contain functions. |
373 | 187 Thus tables can also carry <i>methods</i> (see <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>). |
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188 |
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189 |
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190 <p> |
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191 The indexing of tables follows |
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192 the definition of raw equality in the language. |
373 | 193 The expressions <tt>a[i]</tt> and <tt>a[j]</tt> |
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194 denote the same table element |
373 | 195 if and only if <tt>i</tt> and <tt>j</tt> are raw equal |
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196 (that is, equal without metamethods). |
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197 In particular, floats with integral values |
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198 are equal to their respective integers |
373 | 199 (e.g., <tt>1.0 == 1</tt>). |
200 | |
201 | |
202 <p> | |
203 Luan values are <i>objects</i>: | |
204 variables do not actually <i>contain</i> values, | |
205 only <i>references</i> to them. | |
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206 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns |
373 | 207 always manipulate references to values; |
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208 these operations do not imply any kind of copy. |
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209 |
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210 |
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211 <p> |
373 | 212 The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><tt>Luan.type</tt></a> returns a string describing the type |
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213 of a given value (see <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>). |
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214 |
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215 |
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216 |
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217 |
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218 |
373 | 219 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="env">Environments</a></h3> |
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220 |
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221 <p> |
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222 As will be discussed in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a> and <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>, |
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223 any reference to a free name |
373 | 224 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <tt>var</tt> |
225 is syntactically translated to <tt>_ENV.var</tt>. | |
371
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226 Moreover, every chunk is compiled in the scope of |
373 | 227 an external local variable named <tt>_ENV</tt> (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), |
228 so <tt>_ENV</tt> itself is never a free name in a chunk. | |
229 | |
230 | |
231 <p> | |
232 Despite the existence of this external <tt>_ENV</tt> variable and | |
371
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233 the translation of free names, |
373 | 234 <tt>_ENV</tt> is a completely regular name. |
371
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235 In particular, |
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236 you can define new variables and parameters with that name. |
373 | 237 Each reference to a free name uses the <tt>_ENV</tt> that is |
371
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238 visible at that point in the program, |
373 | 239 following the usual visibility rules of Luan (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). |
240 | |
241 | |
242 <p> | |
243 Any table used as the value of <tt>_ENV</tt> is called an <i>environment</i>. | |
244 | |
245 | |
246 <p> | |
247 When Luan loads a chunk, | |
248 the default value for its <tt>_ENV</tt> is an empty table. | |
249 | |
250 <p> | |
251 Luan also provides all chunks with two other local values: <tt>require</tt> and <tt>java</tt>. These are functions used to load and access libraries and other modules. | |
252 | |
253 | |
254 | |
255 | |
256 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="error">Error Handling</a></h3> | |
257 | |
258 <p> | |
259 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the | |
260 <a href="#pdf-error"><tt>error</tt></a> function. | |
261 If you need to catch errors in Luan, | |
262 you can use <a href="#pdf-pcall"><tt>pcall</tt></a> or <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><tt>try</tt></a> | |
263 to call a given function in <i>protected mode</i>. | |
371
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264 |
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265 |
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266 <p> |
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267 Whenever there is an error, |
373 | 268 an <i>error object</i> (also called an <i>error message</i>) |
371
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269 is propagated with information about the error. |
373 | 270 Luan itself only generates errors whose error object is a string, |
371
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271 but programs may generate errors with |
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272 any value as the error object. |
373 | 273 It is up to the Luan program or its host to handle such error objects. |
274 | |
275 | |
276 | |
277 | |
278 | |
279 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3> | |
280 | |
281 <p> | |
282 Every table in Luan can have a <i>metatable</i>. | |
283 This <i>metatable</i> is an ordinary Luan table | |
371
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284 that defines the behavior of the original value |
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285 under certain special operations. |
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286 You can change several aspects of the behavior |
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287 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. |
373 | 288 For instance, when a table is the operand of an addition, |
289 Luan checks for a function in the field "<tt>__add</tt>" of the table's metatable. | |
371
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290 If it finds one, |
373 | 291 Luan calls this function to perform the addition. |
292 | |
293 | |
294 <p> | |
295 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <i>event</i> names; | |
296 the corresponding values are called <ii>metamethods</i>. | |
297 In the previous example, the event is <tt>"add"</tt> | |
371
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298 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition. |
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299 |
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300 |
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301 <p> |
373 | 302 You can query the metatable of any table |
303 using the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><tt>get_metatable</tt></a> function. | |
371
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304 |
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305 |
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306 <p> |
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307 You can replace the metatable of tables |
373 | 308 using the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><tt>set_metatable</tt></a> function. |
309 | |
310 | |
311 <p> | |
312 A metatable controls how a table behaves in | |
371
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313 arithmetic operations, bitwise operations, |
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314 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, calls, and indexing. |
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315 |
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316 |
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317 <p> |
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318 A detailed list of events controlled by metatables is given next. |
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319 Each operation is identified by its corresponding event name. |
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320 The key for each event is a string with its name prefixed by |
373 | 321 two underscores, '<tt>__</tt>'; |
371
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322 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the |
373 | 323 string "<tt>__add</tt>". |
371
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324 Note that queries for metamethods are always raw; |
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325 the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods. |
373 | 326 You can emulate how Luan queries a metamethod for an object <tt>obj</tt> |
371
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327 with the following code: |
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328 |
382 | 329 <p><tt><pre> |
373 | 330 raw_get(get_metatable(obj) or {}, "__" .. event_name) |
382 | 331 </pre></tt></p> |
373 | 332 |
333 <p> | |
334 Here are the events: | |
371
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335 |
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336 <ul> |
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337 |
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338 <li><b>"add": </b> |
373 | 339 the <tt>+</tt> operation. |
340 | |
341 If any operand for an addition is a table, | |
342 Luan will try to call a metamethod. | |
343 First, Luan will check the first operand (even if it is valid). | |
344 If that operand does not define a metamethod for the "<tt>__add</tt>" event, | |
345 then Luan will check the second operand. | |
346 If Luan can find a metamethod, | |
371
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347 it calls the metamethod with the two operands as arguments, |
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348 and the result of the call |
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349 (adjusted to one value) |
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350 is the result of the operation. |
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351 Otherwise, |
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352 it raises an error. |
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353 </li> |
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354 |
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355 <li><b>"sub": </b> |
373 | 356 the <tt>-</tt> operation. |
371
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357 |
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358 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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359 </li> |
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360 |
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361 <li><b>"mul": </b> |
373 | 362 the <tt>*</tt> operation. |
371
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363 |
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364 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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365 </li> |
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366 |
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367 <li><b>"div": </b> |
373 | 368 the <tt>/</tt> operation. |
371
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369 |
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370 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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371 </li> |
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372 |
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373 <li><b>"mod": </b> |
373 | 374 the <tt>%</tt> operation. |
371
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375 |
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376 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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377 </li> |
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378 |
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379 <li><b>"pow": </b> |
373 | 380 the <tt>^</tt> (exponentiation) operation. |
371
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381 |
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382 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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383 </li> |
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384 |
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385 <li><b>"unm": </b> |
373 | 386 the <tt>-</tt> (unary minus) operation. |
371
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387 |
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388 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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389 </li> |
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390 |
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391 <li><b>"concat": </b> |
373 | 392 the <tt>..</tt> (concatenation) operation. |
393 | |
394 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | |
371
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395 </li> |
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396 |
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397 <li><b>"len": </b> |
373 | 398 the <tt>#</tt> (length) operation. |
399 | |
371
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400 If there is a metamethod, |
373 | 401 Luan calls it with the object as argument, |
371
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402 and the result of the call |
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403 (always adjusted to one value) |
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404 is the result of the operation. |
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405 If there is no metamethod but the object is a table, |
373 | 406 then Luan uses the table length operation (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
407 Otherwise, Luan raises an error. | |
371
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408 </li> |
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409 |
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410 <li><b>"eq": </b> |
373 | 411 the <tt>==</tt> (equal) operation. |
371
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412 |
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413 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, |
373 | 414 except that Luan will try a metamethod only when the values |
415 being compared are both tables | |
371
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416 and they are not primitively equal. |
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417 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean. |
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418 </li> |
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419 |
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420 <li><b>"lt": </b> |
373 | 421 the <tt><</tt> (less than) operation. |
422 | |
423 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | |
371
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424 The result of the call is always converted to a boolean. |
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425 </li> |
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426 |
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427 <li><b>"le": </b> |
373 | 428 the <tt><=</tt> (less equal) operation. |
371
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429 |
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430 Unlike other operations, |
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431 The less-equal operation can use two different events. |
373 | 432 First, Luan looks for the "<tt>__le</tt>" metamethod in both operands, |
371
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433 like in the "lt" operation. |
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434 If it cannot find such a metamethod, |
373 | 435 then it will try the "<tt>__lt</tt>" event, |
436 assuming that <tt>a <= b</tt> is equivalent to <tt>not (b < a)</tt>. | |
371
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437 As with the other comparison operators, |
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438 the result is always a boolean. |
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439 </li> |
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440 |
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441 <li><b>"index": </b> |
373 | 442 The indexing access <tt>table[key]</tt>. |
443 | |
444 This event happens | |
445 when <tt>key</tt> is not present in <tt>table</tt>. | |
446 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>table</tt>. | |
371
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447 |
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448 |
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449 <p> |
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450 Despite the name, |
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451 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table. |
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452 If it is a function, |
373 | 453 it is called with <tt>table</tt> and <tt>key</tt> as arguments. |
371
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454 If it is a table, |
373 | 455 the final result is the result of indexing this table with <tt>key</tt>. |
371
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456 (This indexing is regular, not raw, |
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457 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.) |
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458 </li> |
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459 |
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460 <li><b>"newindex": </b> |
373 | 461 The indexing assignment <tt>table[key] = value</tt>. |
371
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462 |
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463 Like the index event, |
373 | 464 this event happens when |
465 when <tt>key</tt> is not present in <tt>table</tt>. | |
466 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>table</tt>. | |
371
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467 |
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468 |
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469 <p> |
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470 Like with indexing, |
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471 the metamethod for this event can be either a function or a table. |
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472 If it is a function, |
373 | 473 it is called with <tt>table</tt>, <tt>key</tt>, and <tt>value</tt> as arguments. |
371
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474 If it is a table, |
373 | 475 Luan does an indexing assignment to this table with the same key and value. |
371
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476 (This assignment is regular, not raw, |
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477 and therefore can trigger another metamethod.) |
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478 |
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479 |
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480 <p> |
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481 Whenever there is a "newindex" metamethod, |
373 | 482 Luan does not perform the primitive assignment. |
371
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483 (If necessary, |
373 | 484 the metamethod itself can call <a href="#pdf-rawset"><tt>raw_set</tt></a> |
371
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485 to do the assignment.) |
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486 </li> |
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487 |
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488 <li><b>"call": </b> |
373 | 489 The call operation <tt>func(args)</tt>. |
490 | |
491 This event happens when Luan tries to call a table. | |
492 The metamethod is looked up in <tt>func</tt>. | |
371
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493 If present, |
373 | 494 the metamethod is called with <tt>func</tt> as its first argument, |
495 followed by the arguments of the original call (<tt>args</tt>). | |
371
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496 </li> |
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497 |
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498 </ul> |
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499 |
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500 |
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501 |
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502 |
380 | 503 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3> |
504 | |
505 <p> | |
506 Luan uses Java's garbage collection. | |
507 | |
508 | |
509 | |
510 | |
511 | |
512 <h2 margin-top="1em"><a name="lang">The Language</a></h2> | |
513 | |
514 <p> | |
515 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan. | |
371
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516 In other words, |
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517 this section describes |
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518 which tokens are valid, |
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519 how they can be combined, |
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520 and what their combinations mean. |
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521 |
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522 |
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523 <p> |
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524 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation, |
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525 in which |
380 | 526 {<i>a</i>} means 0 or more <i>a</i>'s, and |
527 [<i>a</i>] means an optional <i>a</i>. | |
371
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528 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal, |
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529 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>, |
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530 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’. |
380 | 531 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a> |
371
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532 at the end of this manual. |
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533 |
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534 |
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535 |
380 | 536 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3> |
537 | |
538 <p> | |
539 Luan ignores spaces and comments | |
371
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540 between lexical elements (tokens), |
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541 except as delimiters between names and keywords. |
380 | 542 Luan generally considers the end of a line to be the end of a statement. This catches errors and encourages readability. The exception to this is in paranthesis ( <i>(...)</i>, <i>[...]</i>, and <i>{...}</i> ) where the end of line is treated as white space. |
543 | |
544 <p> | |
545 <i>Names</i> | |
546 (also called <i>identifiers</i>) | |
547 in Luan can be any string of letters, | |
371
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548 digits, and underscores, |
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549 not beginning with a digit. |
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550 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels. |
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551 |
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552 |
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553 <p> |
380 | 554 The following <i>keywords</i> are reserved |
371
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555 and cannot be used as names: |
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556 |
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557 |
389 | 558 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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559 and break do else elseif end |
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560 false for function goto if in |
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561 local nil not or repeat return |
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562 then true until while |
389 | 563 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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564 |
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565 <p> |
380 | 566 Luan is a case-sensitive language: |
567 <tt>and</tt> is a reserved word, but <tt>And</tt> and <tt>AND</tt> | |
371
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568 are two different, valid names. |
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569 |
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570 |
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571 <p> |
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572 The following strings denote other tokens: |
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573 |
389 | 574 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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575 + - * / % ^ # |
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576 & ~ | << >> // |
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577 == ~= <= >= < > = |
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578 ( ) { } [ ] :: |
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579 ; : , . .. ... |
389 | 580 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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581 |
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582 <p> |
380 | 583 <i>Literal strings</i> |
371
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584 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes, |
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585 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: |
380 | 586 '<tt>\a</tt>' (bell), |
587 '<tt>\b</tt>' (backspace), | |
588 '<tt>\f</tt>' (form feed), | |
589 '<tt>\n</tt>' (newline), | |
590 '<tt>\r</tt>' (carriage return), | |
591 '<tt>\t</tt>' (horizontal tab), | |
592 '<tt>\v</tt>' (vertical tab), | |
593 '<tt>\\</tt>' (backslash), | |
594 '<tt>\"</tt>' (quotation mark [double quote]), | |
595 and '<tt>\'</tt>' (apostrophe [single quote]). | |
371
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596 A backslash followed by a real newline |
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597 results in a newline in the string. |
380 | 598 The escape sequence '<tt>\z</tt>' skips the following span |
371
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599 of white-space characters, |
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600 including line breaks; |
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601 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string |
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602 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces |
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603 into the string contents. |
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604 |
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605 |
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606 <p> |
380 | 607 Luan can specify any character in a literal string by its numerical value. |
371
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608 This can be done |
380 | 609 with the escape sequence <tt>\x<i>XX</i></tt>, |
610 where <i>XX</i> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits, | |
611 or with the escape sequence <tt>\<i>ddd</i></tt>, | |
612 where <i>ddd</i> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits. | |
371
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613 (Note that if a decimal escape sequence is to be followed by a digit, |
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614 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.) |
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615 |
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616 |
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617 <p> |
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618 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format |
380 | 619 enclosed by <i>long brackets</i>. |
620 We define an <i>opening long bracket of level <i>n</i></i> as an opening | |
621 square bracket followed by <i>n</i> equal signs followed by another | |
371
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622 opening square bracket. |
380 | 623 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <tt>[[</tt>, |
624 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <tt>[=[</tt>, | |
371
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625 and so on. |
380 | 626 A <i>closing long bracket</i> is defined similarly; |
371
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627 for instance, |
380 | 628 a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <tt>]====]</tt>. |
629 A <i>long literal</i> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and | |
371
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630 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level. |
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631 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the same level. |
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632 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines, |
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633 do not interpret any escape sequences, |
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634 and ignore long brackets of any other level. |
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635 Any kind of end-of-line sequence |
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636 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline, |
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637 or newline followed by carriage return) |
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638 is converted to a simple newline. |
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639 |
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640 |
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641 <p> |
380 | 642 Any character in a literal string not |
371
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643 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. |
380 | 644 However, Luan opens files for parsing in text mode, |
371
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645 and the system file functions may have problems with |
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646 some control characters. |
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647 So, it is safer to represent |
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648 non-text data as a quoted literal with |
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649 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters. |
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650 |
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651 |
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652 <p> |
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653 For convenience, |
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654 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, |
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655 the newline is not included in the string. |
380 | 656 As an example |
371
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657 the five literal strings below denote the same string: |
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658 |
389 | 659 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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660 a = 'alo\n123"' |
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661 a = "alo\n123\"" |
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662 a = '\97lo\10\04923"' |
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663 a = [[alo |
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664 123"]] |
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665 a = [==[ |
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666 alo |
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667 123"]==] |
389 | 668 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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669 |
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670 <p> |
380 | 671 A <i>numerical constant</i> (or <i>numeral</i>) |
371
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672 can be written with an optional fractional part |
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673 and an optional decimal exponent, |
380 | 674 marked by a letter '<tt>e</tt>' or '<tt>E</tt>'. |
675 Luan also accepts hexadecimal constants, | |
676 which start with <tt>0x</tt> or <tt>0X</tt>. | |
371
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677 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part |
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678 plus an optional binary exponent, |
380 | 679 marked by a letter '<tt>p</tt>' or '<tt>P</tt>'. |
371
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680 A numeric constant with a fractional dot or an exponent |
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681 denotes a float; |
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682 otherwise it denotes an integer. |
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683 Examples of valid integer constants are |
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684 |
389 | 685 <p><tt><pre> |
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686 3 345 0xff 0xBEBADA |
389 | 687 </pre></tt></p> |
382 | 688 |
689 <p> | |
371
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690 Examples of valid float constants are |
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691 |
389 | 692 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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693 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 34e1 |
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694 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1 |
389 | 695 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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696 |
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697 <p> |
380 | 698 A <i>comment</i> starts with a double hyphen (<tt>--</tt>) |
371
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699 anywhere outside a string. |
380 | 700 If the text immediately after <tt>--</tt> is not an opening long bracket, |
701 the comment is a <i>short comment</i>, | |
371
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702 which runs until the end of the line. |
380 | 703 Otherwise, it is a <i>long comment</i>, |
371
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704 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket. |
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705 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily. |
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706 |
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707 |
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708 |
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709 |
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710 |
380 | 711 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="vars">Variables</a></h3> |
371
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712 |
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713 <p> |
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714 Variables are places that store values. |
380 | 715 There are three kinds of variables in Luan: |
371
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716 global variables, local variables, and table fields. |
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717 |
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718 |
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719 <p> |
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720 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable |
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721 (or a function's formal parameter, |
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722 which is a particular kind of local variable): |
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723 |
389 | 724 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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725 var ::= Name |
389 | 726 </pre></tt></p> |
382 | 727 |
728 <p> | |
371
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729 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>. |
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730 |
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731 |
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732 <p> |
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733 Any variable name is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared |
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734 as a local (see <a href="#3.3.7">§3.3.7</a>). |
380 | 735 Local variables are <i>lexically scoped</i>: |
371
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736 local variables can be freely accessed by functions |
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737 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). |
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738 |
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739 |
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740 <p> |
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741 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>. |
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742 |
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743 |
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744 <p> |
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745 Square brackets are used to index a table: |
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746 |
389 | 747 <p><tt><pre> |
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748 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ |
389 | 749 </pre></tt></p> |
382 | 750 |
751 <p> | |
371
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752 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables. |
380 | 753 An access to an indexed variable <tt>t[i]</tt> is equivalent to |
754 a call <tt>gettable_event(t,i)</tt>. | |
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755 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the |
380 | 756 <tt>gettable_event</tt> function. |
757 This function is not defined or callable in Luan. | |
371
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758 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) |
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759 |
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760 |
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761 <p> |
380 | 762 The syntax <tt>var.Name</tt> is just syntactic sugar for |
763 <tt>var["Name"]</tt>: | |
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764 |
389 | 765 <p><tt><pre> |
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766 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name |
389 | 767 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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768 |
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769 <p> |
380 | 770 An access to a global variable <tt>x</tt> |
771 is equivalent to <tt>_ENV.x</tt>. | |
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772 Due to the way that chunks are compiled, |
380 | 773 <tt>_ENV</tt> is never a global name (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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774 |
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775 |
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776 |
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777 |
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778 |
389 | 779 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="stmts">Statements</a></h3> |
780 | |
781 <p> | |
782 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements, | |
371
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783 similar to those in Pascal or C. |
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784 This set includes |
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785 assignments, control structures, function calls, |
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786 and variable declarations. |
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787 |
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788 |
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789 |
395 | 790 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="blocks">Blocks</a></h4> |
371
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791 |
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792 <p> |
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793 A block is a list of statements, |
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794 which are executed sequentially: |
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795 |
389 | 796 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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797 block ::= {stat} |
389 | 798 </pre></tt></p> |
799 | |
800 <p> | |
801 Luan has <i>empty statements</i> | |
371
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802 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons, |
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803 start a block with a semicolon |
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804 or write two semicolons in sequence: |
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805 |
389 | 806 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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807 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ |
389 | 808 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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809 |
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810 <p> |
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811 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement: |
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812 |
389 | 813 <p><tt><pre> |
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814 stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
389 | 815 </pre></tt></p> |
816 | |
817 <p> | |
371
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818 Explicit blocks are useful |
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819 to control the scope of variable declarations. |
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820 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to |
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821 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle |
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822 of another block (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). |
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823 |
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824 |
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825 |
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826 |
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827 |
395 | 828 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="chunks">Chunks</a></h4> |
829 | |
830 <p> | |
831 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <i>chunk</i>. | |
371
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832 Syntactically, |
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833 a chunk is simply a block: |
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834 |
395 | 835 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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836 chunk ::= block |
395 | 837 </pre></tt></p> |
838 | |
839 <p> | |
840 Luan handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function | |
371
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841 with a variable number of arguments |
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842 (see <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>). |
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843 As such, chunks can define local variables, |
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844 receive arguments, and return values. |
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845 |
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846 |
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847 <p> |
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848 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program. |
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849 To execute a chunk, |
395 | 850 Luan first <i>loads</i> it, |
851 compiling the chunk's code, | |
852 and then Luan executes the compiled code. | |
853 | |
854 | |
855 | |
856 | |
857 | |
858 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="assignment">Assignment</a></h4> | |
859 | |
860 <p> | |
861 Luan allows multiple assignments. | |
371
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862 Therefore, the syntax for assignment |
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863 defines a list of variables on the left side |
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864 and a list of expressions on the right side. |
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865 The elements in both lists are separated by commas: |
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866 |
395 | 867 <p><tt><pre> |
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868 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist |
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869 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} |
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870 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} |
395 | 871 </pre></tt></p> |
872 | |
873 <p> | |
371
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874 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>. |
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875 |
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876 |
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877 <p> |
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878 Before the assignment, |
395 | 879 the list of values is <i>adjusted</i> to the length of |
371
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880 the list of variables. |
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881 If there are more values than needed, |
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882 the excess values are thrown away. |
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883 If there are fewer values than needed, |
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884 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed. |
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885 If the list of expressions ends with a function call, |
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886 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values, |
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887 before the adjustment |
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888 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>). |
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889 |
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890 |
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891 <p> |
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892 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions |
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893 and only then the assignments are performed. |
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894 Thus the code |
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895 |
395 | 896 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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897 i = 3 |
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898 i, a[i] = i+1, 20 |
395 | 899 </pre></tt></p> |
900 | |
901 <p> | |
902 sets <tt>a[3]</tt> to 20, without affecting <tt>a[4]</tt> | |
903 because the <tt>i</tt> in <tt>a[i]</tt> is evaluated (to 3) | |
371
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904 before it is assigned 4. |
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905 Similarly, the line |
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906 |
395 | 907 <p><tt><pre> |
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908 x, y = y, x |
395 | 909 </pre></tt></p> |
910 | |
911 <p> | |
912 exchanges the values of <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt>, | |
371
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913 and |
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914 |
395 | 915 <p><tt><pre> |
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916 x, y, z = y, z, x |
395 | 917 </pre></tt></p> |
918 | |
919 <p> | |
920 cyclically permutes the values of <tt>x</tt>, <tt>y</tt>, and <tt>z</tt>. | |
371
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921 |
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922 |
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923 <p> |
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924 The meaning of assignments to global variables |
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925 and table fields can be changed via metatables. |
395 | 926 An assignment to an indexed variable <tt>t[i] = val</tt> is equivalent to |
927 <tt>settable_event(t,i,val)</tt>. | |
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928 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the |
395 | 929 <tt>settable_event</tt> function. |
930 This function is not defined or callable in Luan. | |
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931 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) |
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932 |
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933 |
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934 <p> |
395 | 935 An assignment to a global name <tt>x = val</tt> |
371
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936 is equivalent to the assignment |
395 | 937 <tt>_ENV.x = val</tt> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
938 | |
939 | |
940 | |
941 | |
942 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="control">Control Structures</a></h4> | |
943 | |
944 <p> | |
371
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945 The control structures |
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946 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and |
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947 familiar syntax: |
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948 |
395 | 949 <p><tt><pre> |
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950 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
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951 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp |
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952 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> |
395 | 953 </pre></tt></p> |
954 | |
955 <p> | |
956 Luan also has a <b>for</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.5">§3.3.5</a>). | |
371
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957 |
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958 |
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959 <p> |
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960 The condition expression of a |
395 | 961 control structure must be a boolean. |
962 Any other value type will produce an error. | |
963 This helps catch errors and makes code more readable. | |
371
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964 |
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965 |
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966 <p> |
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967 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop, |
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968 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword, |
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969 but only after the condition. |
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970 So, the condition can refer to local variables |
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971 declared inside the loop block. |
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972 |
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973 |
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974 <p> |
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975 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a |
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976 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop, |
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977 skipping to the next statement after the loop: |
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978 |
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979 |
395 | 980 <p><tt><pre> |
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981 stat ::= <b>break</b> |
395 | 982 </pre></tt></p> |
983 | |
984 <p> | |
371
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985 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop. |
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986 |
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987 |
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988 <p> |
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989 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values |
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990 from a function or a chunk |
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991 (which is an anonymous function). |
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992 |
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993 Functions can return more than one value, |
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994 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is |
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995 |
395 | 996 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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997 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] |
395 | 998 </pre></tt></p> |
999 | |
1000 | |
1001 | |
1002 | |
1003 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="for">For Statement</a></h4> | |
1004 | |
1005 <p> | |
1006 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions, | |
1007 called <i>iterators</i>. | |
1008 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value, | |
1009 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>. | |
1010 The <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax: | |
1011 | |
1012 <p><tt><pre> | |
1013 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
1014 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} | |
1015 </pre></tt></p> | |
1016 | |
1017 <p> | |
1018 A <b>for</b> statement like | |
1019 | |
1020 <p><tt><pre> | |
1021 for <i>var_1</i>, ···, <i>var_n</i> in <i>exp</i> do <i>block</i> end | |
1022 </pre></tt></p> | |
1023 | |
1024 <p> | |
371
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1025 is equivalent to the code: |
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1026 |
395 | 1027 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1028 do |
395 | 1029 local <i>f</i> = <i>exp</i> |
371
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1030 while true do |
395 | 1031 local <i>var_1</i>, ···, <i>var_n</i> = <i>f</i>() |
1032 if <i>var_1</i> == nil then break end | |
1033 <i>block</i> | |
371
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1034 end |
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1035 end |
395 | 1036 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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1037 |
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1038 <p> |
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1039 Note the following: |
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1040 |
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1041 <ul> |
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1042 |
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1043 <li> |
395 | 1044 <tt><i>exp</i></tt> is evaluated only once. |
1045 Its result is an <i>iterator</i> function. | |
371
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1046 </li> |
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1047 |
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1048 <li> |
395 | 1049 <tt><i>f</i></tt> is an invisible variable. |
1050 The name is here for explanatory purposes only. | |
371
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1051 </li> |
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1052 |
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1053 <li> |
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1054 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. |
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1055 </li> |
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1056 |
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1057 <li> |
395 | 1058 The loop variables <tt><i>var_i</i></tt> are local to the loop; |
371
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1059 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends. |
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1060 If you need these values, |
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1061 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop. |
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1062 </li> |
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1063 |
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1064 </ul> |
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1065 |
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1066 |
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1067 |
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1068 |
395 | 1069 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4> |
1070 | |
1071 <p> | |
371
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1072 To allow possible side-effects, |
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1073 function calls can be executed as statements: |
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1074 |
395 | 1075 <p><tt><pre> |
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1076 stat ::= functioncall |
395 | 1077 </pre></tt></p> |
1078 | |
1079 <p> | |
371
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1080 In this case, all returned values are thrown away. |
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1081 Function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>. |
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1082 |
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1083 |
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1084 |
395 | 1085 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4> |
1086 | |
1087 <p> | |
371
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1088 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block. |
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1089 The declaration can include an initial assignment: |
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1090 |
395 | 1091 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1092 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] |
395 | 1093 </pre></tt></p> |
1094 | |
1095 <p> | |
371
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1096 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics |
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1097 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>). |
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1098 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
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1099 |
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1100 |
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1101 <p> |
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1102 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), |
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1103 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block. |
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1104 |
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1105 |
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1106 <p> |
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1107 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>. |
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1108 |
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1109 |
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1110 |
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1111 |
395 | 1112 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="expressions">Expressions</a></h3> |
1113 | |
1114 <p> | |
1115 The basic expressions in Luan are the following: | |
1116 | |
1117 <p><tt><pre> | |
371
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1118 exp ::= prefixexp |
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1119 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> |
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1120 exp ::= Numeral |
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1121 exp ::= LiteralString |
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1122 exp ::= functiondef |
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1123 exp ::= tableconstructor |
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1124 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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1125 exp ::= exp binop exp |
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1126 exp ::= unop exp |
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1127 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ |
395 | 1128 </pre></tt></p> |
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1129 |
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1130 <p> |
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1131 Numerals and literal strings are explained in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>; |
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1132 variables are explained in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a>; |
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1133 function definitions are explained in <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>; |
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1134 function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>; |
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1135 table constructors are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>. |
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1136 Vararg expressions, |
395 | 1137 denoted by three dots ('<tt>...</tt>'), can only be used when |
371
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1138 directly inside a vararg function; |
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1139 they are explained in <a href="#3.4.11">§3.4.11</a>. |
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1140 |
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1141 |
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1142 <p> |
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1143 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), |
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1144 relational operators (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>), |
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1145 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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1146 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), |
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1147 the unary logical <b>not</b> (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>), |
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1148 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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1149 |
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1150 |
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1151 <p> |
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1152 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values. |
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1153 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#3.3.6">§3.3.6</a>), |
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1154 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements, |
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1155 thus discarding all returned values. |
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1156 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element |
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1157 of a list of expressions, |
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1158 then no adjustment is made |
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1159 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses). |
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1160 In all other contexts, |
395 | 1161 Luan adjusts the result list to one element, |
371
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1162 either discarding all values except the first one |
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1163 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values. |
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1164 |
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1165 |
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1166 <p> |
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1167 Here are some examples: |
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1168 |
395 | 1169 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1170 f() -- adjusted to 0 results |
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1171 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result |
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1172 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f() |
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1173 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil) |
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1174 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets |
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1175 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there |
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1176 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter) |
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1177 |
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1178 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results |
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1179 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results |
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1180 return f() -- returns all results from f() |
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1181 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters |
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1182 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f() |
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1183 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f() |
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1184 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters |
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1185 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result |
395 | 1186 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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1187 |
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1188 <p> |
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1189 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value. |
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1190 Thus, |
395 | 1191 <tt>(f(x,y,z))</tt> is always a single value, |
1192 even if <tt>f</tt> returns several values. | |
1193 (The value of <tt>(f(x,y,z))</tt> is the first value returned by <tt>f</tt> | |
1194 or <b>nil</b> if <tt>f</tt> does not return any values.) | |
1195 | |
1196 | |
1197 | |
1198 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4> | |
1199 | |
1200 <p> | |
1201 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators: | |
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1202 |
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1203 <ul> |
395 | 1204 <li><b><tt>+</tt>: </b>addition</li> |
1205 <li><b><tt>-</tt>: </b>subtraction</li> | |
1206 <li><b><tt>*</tt>: </b>multiplication</li> | |
1207 <li><b><tt>/</tt>: </b>division</li> | |
1208 <li><b><tt>%</tt>: </b>modulo</li> | |
1209 <li><b><tt>^</tt>: </b>exponentiation</li> | |
1210 <li><b><tt>-</tt>: </b>unary minus</li> | |
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1211 </ul> |
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1212 |
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1213 <p> |
395 | 1214 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and unary minus are the same as these operators in Java. Exponentiation uses Java's <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow(double,%20double)">Math.pow</a> function. |
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1215 |
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1216 <p> |
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1217 Modulo is defined as the remainder of a division |
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1218 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division). |
395 | 1219 (The Java modulo operator is not used.) |
371
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1220 |
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1221 |
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1222 |
396 | 1223 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4> |
1224 | |
1225 <p> | |
1226 Luan provides some automatic conversions between some | |
371
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1227 types and representations at run time. |
396 | 1228 String concatenation converts all of its arguments to strings. |
1229 | |
1230 Luan also converts strings to numbers | |
371
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1231 whenever a number is expected. |
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1232 |
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1233 |
396 | 1234 |
1235 | |
1236 | |
1237 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="relational">Relational Operators</a></h4> | |
1238 | |
1239 <p> | |
1240 Luan supports the following relational operators: | |
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1241 |
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1242 <ul> |
396 | 1243 <li><b><tt>==</tt>: </b>equality</li> |
1244 <li><b><tt>~=</tt>: </b>inequality</li> | |
1245 <li><b><tt><</tt>: </b>less than</li> | |
1246 <li><b><tt>></tt>: </b>greater than</li> | |
1247 <li><b><tt><=</tt>: </b>less or equal</li> | |
1248 <li><b><tt>>=</tt>: </b>greater or equal</li> | |
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1249 </ul><p> |
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1250 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. |
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1251 |
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1252 |
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1253 <p> |
396 | 1254 Equality (<tt>==</tt>) first compares the type of its operands. |
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1255 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>. |
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1256 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared. |
396 | 1257 Strings, numbers, and binary values are compared in the obvious way (by value). |
1258 | |
1259 <p> | |
1260 Tables | |
371
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1261 are compared by reference: |
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1262 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object. |
396 | 1263 Every time you create a new table, |
1264 it is different from any previously existing table. | |
1265 Closures are also compared by reference. | |
1266 | |
1267 <p> | |
417 | 1268 You can change the way that Luan compares tables |
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1269 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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1270 |
396 | 1271 <p> |
1272 Userdata are Java objects. They are compared for equality with the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object)"><tt>equals</tt></a> method. | |
371
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1273 |
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1274 <p> |
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1275 Equality comparisons do not convert strings to numbers |
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1276 or vice versa. |
396 | 1277 Thus, <tt>"0"==0</tt> evaluates to <b>false</b>, |
1278 and <tt>t[0]</tt> and <tt>t["0"]</tt> denote different | |
371
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1279 entries in a table. |
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1280 |
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1281 |
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1282 <p> |
396 | 1283 The operator <tt>~=</tt> is exactly the negation of equality (<tt>==</tt>). |
371
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1284 |
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1285 |
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1286 <p> |
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1287 The order operators work as follows. |
396 | 1288 |
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1289 If both arguments are numbers, |
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1290 then they are compared following |
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1291 the usual rule for binary operations. |
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1292 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings, |
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1293 then their values are compared according to the current locale. |
396 | 1294 Otherwise, Luan tries to call the "lt" or the "le" |
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1295 metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
396 | 1296 A comparison <tt>a > b</tt> is translated to <tt>b < a</tt> |
1297 and <tt>a >= b</tt> is translated to <tt>b <= a</tt>. | |
1298 | |
1299 | |
1300 | |
1301 | |
1302 | |
1303 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4> | |
1304 | |
1305 <p> | |
1306 The logical operators in Luan are | |
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1307 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>. |
396 | 1308 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false |
1309 and anything else as true. | |
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1310 Like the control structures (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>), |
396 | 1311 the <b>not</b> operator requires a boolean value. |
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1312 |
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1313 <p> |
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1314 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. |
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1315 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument |
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1316 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>; |
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1317 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument. |
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1318 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument |
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1319 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>; |
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1320 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument. |
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1321 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-circuit evaluation; |
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1322 that is, |
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1323 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary. |
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1324 Here are some examples: |
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1325 |
396 | 1326 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1327 10 or 20 --> 10 |
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1328 10 or error() --> 10 |
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1329 nil or "a" --> "a" |
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1330 nil and 10 --> nil |
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1331 false and error() --> false |
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1332 false and nil --> false |
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1333 false or nil --> nil |
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1334 10 and 20 --> 20 |
396 | 1335 </pre></tt></p> |
1336 | |
1337 <p> | |
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1338 (In this manual, |
396 | 1339 <tt>--></tt> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) |
1340 | |
1341 | |
1342 | |
1343 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4> | |
1344 | |
1345 <p> | |
1346 The string concatenation operator in Luan is | |
1347 denoted by two dots ('<tt>..</tt>'). | |
1348 All operands are converted to strings. | |
1349 | |
1350 | |
1351 | |
1352 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="length">The Length Operator</a></h4> | |
1353 | |
1354 <p> | |
1355 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <tt>#</tt>. | |
1356 The length of a string is its number of characters. | |
1357 The length of a binary is its number of bytes. | |
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1358 |
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1359 |
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1360 <p> |
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1361 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for |
396 | 1362 any table through the <tt>__len</tt> metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
1363 | |
1364 | |
1365 <p> | |
1366 Unless a <tt>__len</tt> metamethod is given, | |
1367 the length of a table <tt>t</tt> is defined | |
1368 as the number of elements in <em>sequence</em>, | |
371
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1369 that is, |
396 | 1370 the size of the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> |
371
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1371 for some non-negative integer <em>n</em>. |
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1372 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length. |
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1373 Note that a table like |
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1374 |
396 | 1375 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1376 {10, 20, nil, 40} |
396 | 1377 </pre></tt></p> |
1378 | |
1379 <p> | |
1380 has a length of <tt>2</tt>, because that is the last key in sequence. | |
1381 | |
1382 | |
1383 | |
1384 | |
1385 | |
1386 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="precedence">Precedence</a></h4> | |
1387 | |
1388 <p> | |
1389 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below, | |
371
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1390 from lower to higher priority: |
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1391 |
396 | 1392 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1393 or |
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1394 and |
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1395 < > <= >= ~= == |
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1396 .. |
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1397 + - |
396 | 1398 * / % |
1399 unary operators (not # -) | |
371
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1400 ^ |
396 | 1401 </pre></tt></p> |
1402 | |
1403 <p> | |
371
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1404 As usual, |
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1405 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression. |
396 | 1406 The concatenation ('<tt>..</tt>') and exponentiation ('<tt>^</tt>') |
371
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1407 operators are right associative. |
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1408 All other binary operators are left associative. |
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1409 |
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1410 |
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1411 |
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1412 |
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1413 |
396 | 1414 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4> |
1415 | |
1416 <p> | |
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1417 Table constructors are expressions that create tables. |
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1418 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. |
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1419 A constructor can be used to create an empty table |
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1420 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields. |
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1421 The general syntax for constructors is |
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1422 |
396 | 1423 <p><tt><pre> |
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1424 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ |
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1425 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] |
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1426 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp |
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1427 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ |
396 | 1428 </pre></tt></p> |
1429 | |
1430 <p> | |
1431 Each field of the form <tt>[exp1] = exp2</tt> adds to the new table an entry | |
1432 with key <tt>exp1</tt> and value <tt>exp2</tt>. | |
1433 A field of the form <tt>name = exp</tt> is equivalent to | |
1434 <tt>["name"] = exp</tt>. | |
1435 Finally, fields of the form <tt>exp</tt> are equivalent to | |
1436 <tt>[i] = exp</tt>, where <tt>i</tt> are consecutive integers | |
371
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1437 starting with 1. |
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1438 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. |
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1439 For example, |
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1440 |
396 | 1441 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1442 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 } |
396 | 1443 </pre></tt></p> |
1444 | |
1445 <p> | |
371
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1446 is equivalent to |
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1447 |
396 | 1448 <p><tt><pre> |
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1449 do |
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1450 local t = {} |
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1451 t[f(1)] = g |
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1452 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp |
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1453 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp |
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1454 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1 |
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1455 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp |
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1456 t[30] = 23 |
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1457 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp |
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1458 a = t |
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1459 end |
396 | 1460 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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1461 |
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1462 <p> |
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1463 The order of the assignments in a constructor is undefined. |
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1464 (This order would be relevant only when there are repeated keys.) |
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1465 |
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1466 |
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1467 <p> |
396 | 1468 If the last field in the list has the form <tt>exp</tt> |
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1469 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression, |
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1470 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively |
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1471 (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). |
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1472 |
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1473 |
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1474 <p> |
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1475 The field list can have an optional trailing separator, |
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1476 as a convenience for machine-generated code. |
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1477 |
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1478 |
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1479 |
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1480 |
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1481 |
417 | 1482 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4> |
1483 | |
1484 <p> | |
1485 A function call in Luan has the following syntax: | |
1486 | |
1487 <p><tt><pre> | |
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1488 functioncall ::= prefixexp args |
417 | 1489 </pre></tt></p> |
1490 | |
1491 <p> | |
371
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1492 In a function call, |
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1493 first prefixexp and args are evaluated. |
417 | 1494 If the value of prefixexp has type <i>function</i>, |
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1495 then this function is called |
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1496 with the given arguments. |
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1497 Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called, |
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1498 having as first parameter the value of prefixexp, |
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1499 followed by the original call arguments |
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1500 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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1501 |
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1502 |
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1503 <p> |
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1504 Arguments have the following syntax: |
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1505 |
417 | 1506 <p><tt><pre> |
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1507 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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1508 args ::= tableconstructor |
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1509 args ::= LiteralString |
417 | 1510 </pre></tt></p> |
1511 | |
1512 <p> | |
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1513 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call. |
417 | 1514 A call of the form <tt>f{<i>fields</i>}</tt> is |
1515 syntactic sugar for <tt>f({<i>fields</i>})</tt>; | |
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1516 that is, the argument list is a single new table. |
417 | 1517 A call of the form <tt>f'<i>string</i>'</tt> |
1518 (or <tt>f"<i>string</i>"</tt> or <tt>f[[<i>string</i>]]</tt>) | |
1519 is syntactic sugar for <tt>f('<i>string</i>')</tt>; | |
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1520 that is, the argument list is a single literal string. |
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1521 |
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1522 |
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1523 <p> |
417 | 1524 A call of the form <tt>return <i>functioncall</i></tt> is called |
1525 a <i>tail call</i>. | |
1526 Luan implements <i>proper tail calls</i> | |
1527 (or <i>proper tail recursion</i>): | |
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1528 in a tail call, |
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1529 the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function. |
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1530 Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that |
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1531 a program can execute. |
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1532 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the |
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1533 calling function. |
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1534 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax, |
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1535 where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument; |
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1536 this syntax makes the calling function return exactly |
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1537 the returns of the called function. |
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1538 So, none of the following examples are tail calls: |
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1539 |
417 | 1540 <p><tt><pre> |
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1541 return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1 |
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1542 return 2 * f(x) |
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1543 return x, f(x) -- additional results |
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1544 f(x); return -- results discarded |
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1545 return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1 |
417 | 1546 </pre></tt></p> |
1547 | |
1548 | |
1549 | |
1550 | |
1551 <h4 margin-top="1em"><a name="fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4> | |
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1552 |
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1553 <p> |
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1554 The syntax for function definition is |
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1555 |
417 | 1556 <p><tt><pre> |
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1557 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody |
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1558 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> |
417 | 1559 </pre></tt></p> |
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1560 |
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1561 <p> |
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1562 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions: |
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1563 |
417 | 1564 <p><tt><pre> |
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1565 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody |
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1566 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody |
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1567 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] |
417 | 1568 </pre></tt></p> |
1569 | |
1570 <p> | |
371
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1571 The statement |
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1572 |
417 | 1573 <p><tt><pre> |
1574 function f () <i>body</i> end | |
1575 </pre></tt></p> | |
1576 | |
1577 <p> | |
371
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1578 translates to |
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1579 |
417 | 1580 <p><tt><pre> |
1581 f = function () <i>body</i> end | |
1582 </pre></tt></p> | |
1583 | |
1584 <p> | |
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1585 The statement |
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1586 |
417 | 1587 <p><tt><pre> |
1588 function t.a.b.c.f () <i>body</i> end | |
1589 </pre></tt></p> | |
1590 | |
1591 <p> | |
371
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1592 translates to |
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1593 |
417 | 1594 <p><tt><pre> |
1595 t.a.b.c.f = function () <i>body</i> end | |
1596 </pre></tt></p> | |
1597 | |
1598 <p> | |
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1599 The statement |
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1600 |
417 | 1601 <p><tt><pre> |
1602 local function f () <i>body</i> end | |
1603 </pre></tt></p> | |
1604 | |
1605 <p> | |
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1606 translates to |
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1607 |
417 | 1608 <p><tt><pre> |
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1609 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end |
417 | 1610 </pre></tt></p> |
1611 | |
1612 <p> | |
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1613 not to |
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1614 |
417 | 1615 <p><tt><pre> |
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1616 local f = function () <em>body</em> end |
417 | 1617 </pre></tt></p> |
1618 | |
1619 <p> | |
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1620 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function |
417 | 1621 contains references to <tt>f</tt>.) |
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1622 |
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1623 |
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1624 <p> |
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1625 A function definition is an executable expression, |
417 | 1626 whose value has type <i>function</i>. |
1627 When Luan precompiles a chunk, | |
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1628 all its function bodies are precompiled too. |
417 | 1629 Then, whenever Luan executes the function definition, |
1630 the function is <i>instantiated</i> (or <i>closed</i>). | |
1631 This function instance (or <i>closure</i>) | |
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1632 is the final value of the expression. |
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1633 |
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1634 |
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1635 <p> |
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1636 Parameters act as local variables that are |
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1637 initialized with the argument values: |
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1638 |
417 | 1639 <p><tt><pre> |
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1640 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ |
417 | 1641 </pre></tt></p> |
1642 | |
1643 <p> | |
371
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1644 When a function is called, |
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1645 the list of arguments is adjusted to |
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1646 the length of the list of parameters, |
417 | 1647 unless the function is a <i>vararg function</i>, |
1648 which is indicated by three dots ('<tt>...</tt>') | |
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1649 at the end of its parameter list. |
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1650 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list; |
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1651 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them |
417 | 1652 to the function through a <i>vararg expression</i>, |
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1653 which is also written as three dots. |
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1654 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments, |
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1655 similar to a function with multiple results. |
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1656 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression |
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1657 or in the middle of a list of expressions, |
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1658 then its return list is adjusted to one element. |
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1659 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions, |
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1660 then no adjustment is made |
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1661 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses). |
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1662 |
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1663 |
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1664 <p> |
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1665 As an example, consider the following definitions: |
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1666 |
417 | 1667 <p><tt><pre> |
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1668 function f(a, b) end |
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1669 function g(a, b, ...) end |
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1670 function r() return 1,2,3 end |
417 | 1671 </pre></tt></p> |
1672 | |
1673 <p> | |
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1674 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and |
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1675 to the vararg expression: |
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1676 |
417 | 1677 <p><tt><pre> |
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1678 CALL PARAMETERS |
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1679 |
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1680 f(3) a=3, b=nil |
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1681 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4 |
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1682 f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4 |
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1683 f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10 |
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1684 f(r()) a=1, b=2 |
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1685 |
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1686 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing) |
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1687 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing) |
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1688 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8 |
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1689 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3 |
417 | 1690 </pre></tt></p> |
371
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1691 |
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1692 <p> |
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1693 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). |
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1694 If control reaches the end of a function |
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1695 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement, |
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1696 then the function returns with no results. |
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1697 |
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1698 |
417 | 1699 |
1700 | |
1701 <h3 margin-top="1em"><a name="visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3> | |
1702 | |
1703 <p> | |
1704 Luan is a lexically scoped language. | |
371
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1705 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after |
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1706 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement |
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1707 of the innermost block that includes the declaration. |
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1708 Consider the following example: |
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1709 |
417 | 1710 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1711 x = 10 -- global variable |
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1712 do -- new block |
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1713 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10 |
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1714 print(x) --> 10 |
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1715 x = x+1 |
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1716 do -- another block |
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1717 local x = x+1 -- another 'x' |
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1718 print(x) --> 12 |
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1719 end |
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1720 print(x) --> 11 |
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1721 end |
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1722 print(x) --> 10 (the global one) |
417 | 1723 </pre></tt></p> |
1724 | |
1725 <p> | |
1726 Notice that, in a declaration like <tt>local x = x</tt>, | |
1727 the new <tt>x</tt> being declared is not in scope yet, | |
1728 and so the second <tt>x</tt> refers to the outside variable. | |
371
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1729 |
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1730 |
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1731 <p> |
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1732 Because of the lexical scoping rules, |
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1733 local variables can be freely accessed by functions |
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1734 defined inside their scope. |
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1735 A local variable used by an inner function is called |
417 | 1736 an <i>upvalue</i>, or <i>external local variable</i>, |
371
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1737 inside the inner function. |
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1738 |
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1739 |
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1740 <p> |
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1741 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement |
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1742 defines new local variables. |
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1743 Consider the following example: |
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1744 |
417 | 1745 <p><tt><pre> |
371
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1746 a = {} |
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1747 local x = 20 |
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1748 for i=1,10 do |
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1749 local y = 0 |
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1750 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end |
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1751 end |
417 | 1752 </pre></tt></p> |
1753 | |
1754 <p> | |
371
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1755 The loop creates ten closures |
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1756 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function). |
417 | 1757 Each of these closures uses a different <tt>y</tt> variable, |
1758 while all of them share the same <tt>x</tt>. | |
371
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1759 |
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1760 |
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1761 |
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1762 |
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1763 |
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1764 <h1>4 – <a name="4">The Application Program Interface</a></h1> |
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1765 |
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1766 <p> |
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1767 |
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1768 This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, |
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1769 the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate |
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1770 with Lua. |
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1771 All API functions and related types and constants |
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1772 are declared in the header file <a name="pdf-lua.h"><code>lua.h</code></a>. |
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1773 |
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1774 |
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1775 <p> |
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1776 Even when we use the term "function", |
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1777 any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. |
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1778 Except where stated otherwise, |
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1779 all such macros use each of their arguments exactly once |
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1780 (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), |
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1781 and so do not generate any hidden side-effects. |
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1782 |
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1783 |
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1784 <p> |
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1785 As in most C libraries, |
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1786 the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. |
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1787 However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua |
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1788 with the macro <a name="pdf-LUA_USE_APICHECK"><code>LUA_USE_APICHECK</code></a> defined. |
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1789 |
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1790 |
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1791 |
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1792 <h2>4.1 – <a name="4.1">The Stack</a></h2> |
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1793 |
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1794 <p> |
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1795 Lua uses a <em>virtual stack</em> to pass values to and from C. |
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1796 Each element in this stack represents a Lua value |
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1797 (<b>nil</b>, number, string, etc.). |
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1798 |
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1799 |
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1800 <p> |
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1801 Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack, |
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1802 which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of |
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1803 C functions that are still active. |
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1804 This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function |
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1805 and it is where the C function pushes its results |
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1806 to be returned to the caller (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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1807 |
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1808 |
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1809 <p> |
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1810 For convenience, |
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1811 most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. |
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1812 Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack |
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1813 by using an <em>index</em>: |
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1814 A positive index represents an absolute stack position |
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1815 (starting at 1); |
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1816 a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack. |
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1817 More specifically, if the stack has <em>n</em> elements, |
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1818 then index 1 represents the first element |
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1819 (that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first) |
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1820 and |
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1821 index <em>n</em> represents the last element; |
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1822 index -1 also represents the last element |
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1823 (that is, the element at the top) |
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1824 and index <em>-n</em> represents the first element. |
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1825 |
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1826 |
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1827 |
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1828 |
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1829 |
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1830 <h2>4.2 – <a name="4.2">Stack Size</a></h2> |
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1831 |
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1832 <p> |
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1833 When you interact with the Lua API, |
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1834 you are responsible for ensuring consistency. |
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1835 In particular, |
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1836 <em>you are responsible for controlling stack overflow</em>. |
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1837 You can use the function <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a> |
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1838 to ensure that the stack has enough space for pushing new elements. |
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1839 |
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1840 |
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1841 <p> |
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1842 Whenever Lua calls C, |
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1843 it ensures that the stack has space for |
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1844 at least <a name="pdf-LUA_MINSTACK"><code>LUA_MINSTACK</code></a> extra slots. |
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1845 <code>LUA_MINSTACK</code> is defined as 20, |
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1846 so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space |
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1847 unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack. |
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1848 |
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1849 |
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1850 <p> |
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1851 When you call a Lua function |
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1852 without a fixed number of results (see <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>), |
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1853 Lua ensures that the stack has enough space for all results, |
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1854 but it does not ensure any extra space. |
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1855 So, before pushing anything in the stack after such a call |
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1856 you should use <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>. |
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1857 |
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1858 |
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1859 |
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1860 |
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1861 |
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1862 <h2>4.3 – <a name="4.3">Valid and Acceptable Indices</a></h2> |
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1863 |
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1864 <p> |
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1865 Any function in the API that receives stack indices |
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1866 works only with <em>valid indices</em> or <em>acceptable indices</em>. |
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1867 |
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1868 |
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1869 <p> |
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1870 A <em>valid index</em> is an index that refers to a |
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1871 real position within the stack, that is, |
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1872 its position lies between 1 and the stack top |
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1873 (<code>1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top</code>). |
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1874 |
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1875 Usually, functions that can modify the value at an index |
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1876 require valid indices. |
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1877 |
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1878 |
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1879 <p> |
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1880 Unless otherwise noted, |
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1881 any function that accepts valid indices also accepts <em>pseudo-indices</em>, |
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1882 which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code |
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1883 but which are not in the stack. |
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1884 Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry |
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1885 and the upvalues of a C function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). |
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1886 |
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1887 |
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1888 <p> |
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1889 Functions that do not need a specific stack position, |
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1890 but only a value in the stack (e.g., query functions), |
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1891 can be called with acceptable indices. |
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1892 An <em>acceptable index</em> can be any valid index, |
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1893 including the pseudo-indices, |
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1894 but it also can be any positive index after the stack top |
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1895 within the space allocated for the stack, |
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1896 that is, indices up to the stack size. |
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1897 (Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.) |
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1898 Except when noted otherwise, |
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1899 functions in the API work with acceptable indices. |
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1900 |
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1901 |
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1902 <p> |
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1903 Acceptable indices serve to avoid extra tests |
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1904 against the stack top when querying the stack. |
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1905 For instance, a C function can query its third argument |
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1906 without the need to first check whether there is a third argument, |
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1907 that is, without the need to check whether 3 is a valid index. |
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1908 |
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1909 |
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1910 <p> |
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1911 For functions that can be called with acceptable indices, |
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1912 any non-valid index is treated as if it |
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1913 contains a value of a virtual type <a name="pdf-LUA_TNONE"><code>LUA_TNONE</code></a>, |
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1914 which behaves like a nil value. |
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1915 |
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1916 |
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1917 |
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1918 |
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1919 |
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1920 <h2>4.4 – <a name="4.4">C Closures</a></h2> |
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1921 |
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1922 <p> |
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1923 When a C function is created, |
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1924 it is possible to associate some values with it, |
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1925 thus creating a <em>C closure</em> |
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1926 (see <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>); |
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1927 these values are called <em>upvalues</em> and are |
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1928 accessible to the function whenever it is called. |
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1929 |
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1930 |
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1931 <p> |
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1932 Whenever a C function is called, |
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1933 its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices. |
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1934 These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro |
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1935 <a href="#lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a>. |
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1936 The first value associated with a function is at position |
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1937 <code>lua_upvalueindex(1)</code>, and so on. |
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1938 Any access to <code>lua_upvalueindex(<em>n</em>)</code>, |
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1939 where <em>n</em> is greater than the number of upvalues of the |
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1940 current function (but not greater than 256), |
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1941 produces an acceptable but invalid index. |
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1942 |
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1943 |
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1944 |
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1945 |
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1946 |
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1947 <h2>4.5 – <a name="4.5">Registry</a></h2> |
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1948 |
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1949 <p> |
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1950 Lua provides a <em>registry</em>, |
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1951 a predefined table that can be used by any C code to |
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1952 store whatever Lua values it needs to store. |
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1953 The registry table is always located at pseudo-index |
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1954 <a name="pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX"><code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code></a>, |
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1955 which is a valid index. |
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1956 Any C library can store data into this table, |
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1957 but it must take care to choose keys |
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1958 that are different from those used |
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1959 by other libraries, to avoid collisions. |
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1960 Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name, |
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1961 or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code, |
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1962 or any Lua object created by your code. |
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1963 As with variable names, |
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1964 string keys starting with an underscore followed by |
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1965 uppercase letters are reserved for Lua. |
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1966 |
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1967 |
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1968 <p> |
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1969 The integer keys in the registry are used |
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1970 by the reference mechanism (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>) |
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1971 and by some predefined values. |
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1972 Therefore, integer keys must not be used for other purposes. |
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1973 |
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1974 |
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1975 <p> |
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1976 When you create a new Lua state, |
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1977 its registry comes with some predefined values. |
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1978 These predefined values are indexed with integer keys |
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1979 defined as constants in <code>lua.h</code>. |
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1980 The following constants are defined: |
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1981 |
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1982 <ul> |
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1983 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD"><code>LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has |
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1984 the main thread of the state. |
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1985 (The main thread is the one created together with the state.) |
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1986 </li> |
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1987 |
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1988 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS"><code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has |
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1989 the global environment. |
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1990 </li> |
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1991 </ul> |
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1992 |
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1993 |
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1994 |
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1995 |
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1996 <h2>4.6 – <a name="4.6">Error Handling in C</a></h2> |
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1997 |
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1998 <p> |
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1999 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to handle errors. |
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2000 (Lua will use exceptions if you compile it as C++; |
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2001 search for <code>LUAI_THROW</code> in the source code for details.) |
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2002 When Lua faces any error |
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2003 (such as a memory allocation error, type errors, syntax errors, |
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2004 and runtime errors) |
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2005 it <em>raises</em> an error; |
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2006 that is, it does a long jump. |
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2007 A <em>protected environment</em> uses <code>setjmp</code> |
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2008 to set a recovery point; |
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2009 any error jumps to the most recent active recovery point. |
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2010 |
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2011 |
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2012 <p> |
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2013 If an error happens outside any protected environment, |
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2014 Lua calls a <em>panic function</em> (see <a href="#lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a>) |
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2015 and then calls <code>abort</code>, |
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2016 thus exiting the host application. |
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2017 Your panic function can avoid this exit by |
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2018 never returning |
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2019 (e.g., doing a long jump to your own recovery point outside Lua). |
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2020 |
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2021 |
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2022 <p> |
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2023 The panic function runs as if it were a message handler (see <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>); |
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2024 in particular, the error message is at the top of the stack. |
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2025 However, there is no guarantee about stack space. |
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2026 To push anything on the stack, |
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2027 the panic function must first check the available space (see <a href="#4.2">§4.2</a>). |
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2028 |
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2029 |
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2030 <p> |
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2031 Most functions in the API can raise an error, |
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2032 for instance due to a memory allocation error. |
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2033 The documentation for each function indicates whether |
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2034 it can raise errors. |
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2035 |
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2036 |
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2037 <p> |
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2038 Inside a C function you can raise an error by calling <a href="#lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a>. |
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2039 |
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2040 |
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2041 |
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2042 |
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2043 |
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2044 <h2>4.7 – <a name="4.7">Handling Yields in C</a></h2> |
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2045 |
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2046 <p> |
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2047 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to yield a coroutine. |
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2048 Therefore, if a C function <code>foo</code> calls an API function |
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2049 and this API function yields |
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2050 (directly or indirectly by calling another function that yields), |
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2051 Lua cannot return to <code>foo</code> any more, |
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2052 because the <code>longjmp</code> removes its frame from the C stack. |
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2053 |
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2054 |
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2055 <p> |
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2056 To avoid this kind of problem, |
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2057 Lua raises an error whenever it tries to yield across an API call, |
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2058 except for three functions: |
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2059 <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, and <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. |
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2060 All those functions receive a <em>continuation function</em> |
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2061 (as a parameter named <code>k</code>) to continue execution after a yield. |
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2062 |
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2063 |
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2064 <p> |
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2065 We need to set some terminology to explain continuations. |
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2066 We have a C function called from Lua which we will call |
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2067 the <em>original function</em>. |
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2068 This original function then calls one of those three functions in the C API, |
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2069 which we will call the <em>callee function</em>, |
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2070 that then yields the current thread. |
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2071 (This can happen when the callee function is <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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2072 or when the callee function is either <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> |
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2073 and the function called by them yields.) |
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2074 |
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2075 |
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2076 <p> |
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2077 Suppose the running thread yields while executing the callee function. |
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2078 After the thread resumes, |
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2079 it eventually will finish running the callee function. |
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2080 However, |
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2081 the callee function cannot return to the original function, |
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2082 because its frame in the C stack was destroyed by the yield. |
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2083 Instead, Lua calls a <em>continuation function</em>, |
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2084 which was given as an argument to the callee function. |
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2085 As the name implies, |
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2086 the continuation function should continue the task |
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2087 of the original function. |
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2088 |
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2089 |
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2090 <p> |
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2091 As an illustration, consider the following function: |
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2092 |
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2093 <pre> |
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2094 int original_function (lua_State *L) { |
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2095 ... /* code 1 */ |
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2096 status = lua_pcall(L, n, m, h); /* calls Lua */ |
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2097 ... /* code 2 */ |
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2098 } |
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2099 </pre><p> |
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2100 Now we want to allow |
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2101 the Lua code being run by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> to yield. |
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2102 First, we can rewrite our function like here: |
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2103 |
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2104 <pre> |
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2105 int k (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext ctx) { |
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2106 ... /* code 2 */ |
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2107 } |
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2108 |
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2109 int original_function (lua_State *L) { |
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2110 ... /* code 1 */ |
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2111 return k(L, lua_pcall(L, n, m, h), ctx); |
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2112 } |
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2113 </pre><p> |
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2114 In the above code, |
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2115 the new function <code>k</code> is a |
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2116 <em>continuation function</em> (with type <a href="#lua_KFunction"><code>lua_KFunction</code></a>), |
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2117 which should do all the work that the original function |
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2118 was doing after calling <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. |
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2119 Now, we must inform Lua that it must call <code>k</code> if the Lua code |
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2120 being executed by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> gets interrupted in some way |
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2121 (errors or yielding), |
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2122 so we rewrite the code as here, |
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2123 replacing <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>: |
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2124 |
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2125 <pre> |
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2126 int original_function (lua_State *L) { |
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2127 ... /* code 1 */ |
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2128 return k(L, lua_pcallk(L, n, m, h, ctx2, k), ctx1); |
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2129 } |
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2130 </pre><p> |
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2131 Note the external, explicit call to the continuation: |
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2132 Lua will call the continuation only if needed, that is, |
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2133 in case of errors or resuming after a yield. |
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2134 If the called function returns normally without ever yielding, |
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2135 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> (and <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>) will also return normally. |
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2136 (Of course, instead of calling the continuation in that case, |
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2137 you can do the equivalent work directly inside the original function.) |
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2138 |
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2139 |
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2140 <p> |
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2141 Besides the Lua state, |
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2142 the continuation function has two other parameters: |
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2143 the final status of the call plus the context value (<code>ctx</code>) that |
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2144 was passed originally to <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. |
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2145 (Lua does not use this context value; |
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2146 it only passes this value from the original function to the |
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2147 continuation function.) |
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2148 For <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, |
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2149 the status is the same value that would be returned by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, |
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2150 except that it is <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> when being executed after a yield |
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2151 (instead of <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>). |
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2152 For <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> and <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, |
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2153 the status is always <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> when Lua calls the continuation. |
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2154 (For these two functions, |
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2155 Lua will not call the continuation in case of errors, |
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2156 because they do not handle errors.) |
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2157 Similarly, when using <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, |
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2158 you should call the continuation function |
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2159 with <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> as the status. |
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2160 (For <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, there is not much point in calling |
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2161 directly the continuation function, |
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2162 because <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> usually does not return.) |
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2163 |
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2164 |
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2165 <p> |
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2166 Lua treats the continuation function as if it were the original function. |
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2167 The continuation function receives the same Lua stack |
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2168 from the original function, |
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2169 in the same state it would be if the callee function had returned. |
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2170 (For instance, |
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2171 after a <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> the function and its arguments are |
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2172 removed from the stack and replaced by the results from the call.) |
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2173 It also has the same upvalues. |
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2174 Whatever it returns is handled by Lua as if it were the return |
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2175 of the original function. |
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2176 |
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2177 |
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2178 |
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2179 |
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2180 |
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2181 <h2>4.8 – <a name="4.8">Functions and Types</a></h2> |
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2182 |
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2183 <p> |
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2184 Here we list all functions and types from the C API in |
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2185 alphabetical order. |
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2186 Each function has an indicator like this: |
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2187 <span class="apii">[-o, +p, <em>x</em>]</span> |
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2188 |
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2189 |
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2190 <p> |
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2191 The first field, <code>o</code>, |
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2192 is how many elements the function pops from the stack. |
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2193 The second field, <code>p</code>, |
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2194 is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack. |
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2195 (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) |
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2196 A field in the form <code>x|y</code> means the function can push (or pop) |
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2197 <code>x</code> or <code>y</code> elements, |
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2198 depending on the situation; |
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2199 an interrogation mark '<code>?</code>' means that |
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2200 we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes |
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2201 by looking only at its arguments |
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2202 (e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack). |
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2203 The third field, <code>x</code>, |
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2204 tells whether the function may raise errors: |
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2205 '<code>-</code>' means the function never raises any error; |
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2206 '<code>e</code>' means the function may raise errors; |
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2207 '<code>v</code>' means the function may raise an error on purpose. |
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2208 |
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2209 |
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2210 |
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2211 <hr><h3><a name="lua_absindex"><code>lua_absindex</code></a></h3><p> |
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2212 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2213 <pre>int lua_absindex (lua_State *L, int idx);</pre> |
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2214 |
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2215 <p> |
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2216 Converts the acceptable index <code>idx</code> into an absolute index |
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2217 (that is, one that does not depend on the stack top). |
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2218 |
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2219 |
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2220 |
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2221 |
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2222 |
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2223 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a></h3> |
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2224 <pre>typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, |
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2225 void *ptr, |
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2226 size_t osize, |
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2227 size_t nsize);</pre> |
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2228 |
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2229 <p> |
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2230 The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states. |
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2231 The allocator function must provide a |
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2232 functionality similar to <code>realloc</code>, |
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2233 but not exactly the same. |
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2234 Its arguments are |
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2235 <code>ud</code>, an opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>; |
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2236 <code>ptr</code>, a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; |
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2237 <code>osize</code>, the original size of the block or some code about what |
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2238 is being allocated; |
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2239 and <code>nsize</code>, the new size of the block. |
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2240 |
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2241 |
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2242 <p> |
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2243 When <code>ptr</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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2244 <code>osize</code> is the size of the block pointed by <code>ptr</code>, |
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2245 that is, the size given when it was allocated or reallocated. |
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2246 |
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2247 |
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2248 <p> |
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2249 When <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code>, |
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2250 <code>osize</code> encodes the kind of object that Lua is allocating. |
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2251 <code>osize</code> is any of |
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2252 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, |
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2253 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, or <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a> when (and only when) |
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2254 Lua is creating a new object of that type. |
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2255 When <code>osize</code> is some other value, |
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2256 Lua is allocating memory for something else. |
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2257 |
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2258 |
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2259 <p> |
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2260 Lua assumes the following behavior from the allocator function: |
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2261 |
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2262 |
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2263 <p> |
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2264 When <code>nsize</code> is zero, |
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2265 the allocator must behave like <code>free</code> |
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2266 and return <code>NULL</code>. |
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2267 |
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2268 |
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2269 <p> |
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2270 When <code>nsize</code> is not zero, |
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2271 the allocator must behave like <code>realloc</code>. |
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2272 The allocator returns <code>NULL</code> |
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2273 if and only if it cannot fulfill the request. |
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2274 Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when |
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2275 <code>osize >= nsize</code>. |
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2276 |
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2277 |
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2278 <p> |
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2279 Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. |
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2280 It is used in the auxiliary library by <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a>. |
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2281 |
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2282 <pre> |
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2283 static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, |
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2284 size_t nsize) { |
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2285 (void)ud; (void)osize; /* not used */ |
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2286 if (nsize == 0) { |
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2287 free(ptr); |
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2288 return NULL; |
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2289 } |
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2290 else |
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2291 return realloc(ptr, nsize); |
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2292 } |
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2293 </pre><p> |
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2294 Note that Standard C ensures |
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2295 that <code>free(NULL)</code> has no effect and that |
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2296 <code>realloc(NULL,size)</code> is equivalent to <code>malloc(size)</code>. |
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2297 This code assumes that <code>realloc</code> does not fail when shrinking a block. |
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2298 (Although Standard C does not ensure this behavior, |
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2299 it seems to be a safe assumption.) |
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2300 |
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2301 |
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2302 |
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2303 |
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2304 |
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2305 <hr><h3><a name="lua_arith"><code>lua_arith</code></a></h3><p> |
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2306 <span class="apii">[-(2|1), +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2307 <pre>void lua_arith (lua_State *L, int op);</pre> |
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2308 |
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2309 <p> |
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2310 Performs an arithmetic or bitwise operation over the two values |
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2311 (or one, in the case of negations) |
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2312 at the top of the stack, |
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2313 with the value at the top being the second operand, |
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2314 pops these values, and pushes the result of the operation. |
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2315 The function follows the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator |
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2316 (that is, it may call metamethods). |
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2317 |
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2318 |
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2319 <p> |
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2320 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: |
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2321 |
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2322 <ul> |
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2323 |
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2324 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPADD"><code>LUA_OPADD</code></a>: </b> performs addition (<code>+</code>)</li> |
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2325 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSUB"><code>LUA_OPSUB</code></a>: </b> performs subtraction (<code>-</code>)</li> |
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2326 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMUL"><code>LUA_OPMUL</code></a>: </b> performs multiplication (<code>*</code>)</li> |
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2327 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPDIV"><code>LUA_OPDIV</code></a>: </b> performs float division (<code>/</code>)</li> |
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2328 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPIDIV"><code>LUA_OPIDIV</code></a>: </b> performs floor division (<code>//</code>)</li> |
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2329 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMOD"><code>LUA_OPMOD</code></a>: </b> performs modulo (<code>%</code>)</li> |
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2330 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPPOW"><code>LUA_OPPOW</code></a>: </b> performs exponentiation (<code>^</code>)</li> |
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2331 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPUNM"><code>LUA_OPUNM</code></a>: </b> performs mathematical negation (unary <code>-</code>)</li> |
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2332 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBNOT"><code>LUA_OPBNOT</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise negation (<code>~</code>)</li> |
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2333 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBAND"><code>LUA_OPBAND</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise and (<code>&</code>)</li> |
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2334 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBOR"><code>LUA_OPBOR</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise or (<code>|</code>)</li> |
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2335 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPBXOR"><code>LUA_OPBXOR</code></a>: </b> performs bitwise exclusive or (<code>~</code>)</li> |
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2336 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSHL"><code>LUA_OPSHL</code></a>: </b> performs left shift (<code><<</code>)</li> |
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2337 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSHR"><code>LUA_OPSHR</code></a>: </b> performs right shift (<code>>></code>)</li> |
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2338 |
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2339 </ul> |
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2340 |
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2341 |
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2342 |
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2343 |
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2344 <hr><h3><a name="lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a></h3><p> |
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2345 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2346 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);</pre> |
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2347 |
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2348 <p> |
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2349 Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>). |
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2350 |
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2351 |
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2352 |
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2353 |
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2354 |
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2355 <hr><h3><a name="lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a></h3><p> |
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2356 <span class="apii">[-(nargs+1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2357 <pre>void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);</pre> |
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2358 |
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2359 <p> |
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2360 Calls a function. |
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2361 |
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2362 |
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2363 <p> |
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2364 To call a function you must use the following protocol: |
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2365 first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; |
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2366 then, the arguments to the function are pushed |
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2367 in direct order; |
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2368 that is, the first argument is pushed first. |
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2369 Finally you call <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>; |
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2370 <code>nargs</code> is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack. |
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2371 All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack |
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2372 when the function is called. |
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2373 The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns. |
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2374 The number of results is adjusted to <code>nresults</code>, |
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2375 unless <code>nresults</code> is <a name="pdf-LUA_MULTRET"><code>LUA_MULTRET</code></a>. |
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2376 In this case, all results from the function are pushed. |
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2377 Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. |
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2378 The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order |
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2379 (the first result is pushed first), |
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2380 so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack. |
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2381 |
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2382 |
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2383 <p> |
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2384 Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards |
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2385 (with a <code>longjmp</code>). |
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2386 |
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2387 |
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2388 <p> |
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2389 The following example shows how the host program can do the |
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2390 equivalent to this Lua code: |
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2391 |
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2392 <pre> |
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2393 a = f("how", t.x, 14) |
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2394 </pre><p> |
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2395 Here it is in C: |
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2396 |
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2397 <pre> |
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2398 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* function to be called */ |
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2399 lua_pushliteral(L, "how"); /* 1st argument */ |
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2400 lua_getglobal(L, "t"); /* table to be indexed */ |
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2401 lua_getfield(L, -1, "x"); /* push result of t.x (2nd arg) */ |
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2402 lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 't' from the stack */ |
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2403 lua_pushinteger(L, 14); /* 3rd argument */ |
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2404 lua_call(L, 3, 1); /* call 'f' with 3 arguments and 1 result */ |
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2405 lua_setglobal(L, "a"); /* set global 'a' */ |
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2406 </pre><p> |
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2407 Note that the code above is <em>balanced</em>: |
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2408 at its end, the stack is back to its original configuration. |
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2409 This is considered good programming practice. |
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2410 |
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2411 |
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2412 |
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2413 |
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2414 |
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2415 <hr><h3><a name="lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a></h3><p> |
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2416 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2417 <pre>void lua_callk (lua_State *L, |
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2418 int nargs, |
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2419 int nresults, |
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2420 lua_KContext ctx, |
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2421 lua_KFunction k);</pre> |
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2422 |
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2423 <p> |
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2424 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, |
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2425 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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2426 |
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2427 |
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2428 |
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2429 |
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2430 |
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2431 <hr><h3><a name="lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a></h3> |
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2432 <pre>typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2433 |
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2434 <p> |
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2435 Type for C functions. |
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2436 |
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2437 |
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2438 <p> |
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2439 In order to communicate properly with Lua, |
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2440 a C function must use the following protocol, |
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2441 which defines the way parameters and results are passed: |
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2442 a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack |
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2443 in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). |
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2444 So, when the function starts, |
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2445 <code>lua_gettop(L)</code> returns the number of arguments received by the function. |
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2446 The first argument (if any) is at index 1 |
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2447 and its last argument is at index <code>lua_gettop(L)</code>. |
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2448 To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, |
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2449 in direct order (the first result is pushed first), |
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2450 and returns the number of results. |
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2451 Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly |
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2452 discarded by Lua. |
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2453 Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return |
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2454 many results. |
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2455 |
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2456 |
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2457 <p> |
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2458 As an example, the following function receives a variable number |
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2459 of numerical arguments and returns their average and their sum: |
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2460 |
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2461 <pre> |
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2462 static int foo (lua_State *L) { |
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2463 int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ |
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2464 lua_Number sum = 0.0; |
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2465 int i; |
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2466 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { |
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2467 if (!lua_isnumber(L, i)) { |
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2468 lua_pushliteral(L, "incorrect argument"); |
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2469 lua_error(L); |
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2470 } |
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2471 sum += lua_tonumber(L, i); |
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2472 } |
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2473 lua_pushnumber(L, sum/n); /* first result */ |
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2474 lua_pushnumber(L, sum); /* second result */ |
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2475 return 2; /* number of results */ |
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2476 } |
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2477 </pre> |
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2478 |
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2479 |
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2480 |
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2481 |
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2482 <hr><h3><a name="lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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2483 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2484 <pre>int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
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2485 |
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2486 <p> |
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2487 Ensures that the stack has space for at least <code>n</code> extra slots. |
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2488 It returns false if it cannot fulfill the request, |
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2489 either because it would cause the stack |
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2490 to be larger than a fixed maximum size |
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2491 (typically at least several thousand elements) or |
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|
2492 because it cannot allocate memory for the extra space. |
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2493 This function never shrinks the stack; |
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2494 if the stack is already larger than the new size, |
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2495 it is left unchanged. |
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2496 |
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|
2497 |
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|
2498 |
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2499 |
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2500 |
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2501 <hr><h3><a name="lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a></h3><p> |
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2502 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2503 <pre>void lua_close (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2504 |
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2505 <p> |
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2506 Destroys all objects in the given Lua state |
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2507 (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) |
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2508 and frees all dynamic memory used by this state. |
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2509 On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, |
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2510 because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends. |
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2511 On the other hand, long-running programs that create multiple states, |
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2512 such as daemons or web servers, |
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2513 will probably need to close states as soon as they are not needed. |
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2514 |
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|
2515 |
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2516 |
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2517 |
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2518 |
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2519 <hr><h3><a name="lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a></h3><p> |
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2520 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2521 <pre>int lua_compare (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2, int op);</pre> |
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2522 |
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2523 <p> |
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2524 Compares two Lua values. |
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2525 Returns 1 if the value at index <code>index1</code> satisfies <code>op</code> |
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2526 when compared with the value at index <code>index2</code>, |
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2527 following the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator |
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2528 (that is, it may call metamethods). |
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2529 Otherwise returns 0. |
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2530 Also returns 0 if any of the indices is not valid. |
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2531 |
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2532 |
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2533 <p> |
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2534 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: |
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2535 |
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2536 <ul> |
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2537 |
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2538 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPEQ"><code>LUA_OPEQ</code></a>: </b> compares for equality (<code>==</code>)</li> |
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2539 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLT"><code>LUA_OPLT</code></a>: </b> compares for less than (<code><</code>)</li> |
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2540 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLE"><code>LUA_OPLE</code></a>: </b> compares for less or equal (<code><=</code>)</li> |
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2541 |
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2542 </ul> |
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2543 |
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2544 |
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2545 |
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2546 |
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2547 <hr><h3><a name="lua_concat"><code>lua_concat</code></a></h3><p> |
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2548 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2549 <pre>void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
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2550 |
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2551 <p> |
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2552 Concatenates the <code>n</code> values at the top of the stack, |
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2553 pops them, and leaves the result at the top. |
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2554 If <code>n</code> is 1, the result is the single value on the stack |
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2555 (that is, the function does nothing); |
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2556 if <code>n</code> is 0, the result is the empty string. |
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2557 Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua |
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2558 (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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2559 |
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|
2560 |
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|
2561 |
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|
2562 |
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2563 |
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2564 <hr><h3><a name="lua_copy"><code>lua_copy</code></a></h3><p> |
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2565 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2566 <pre>void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);</pre> |
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2567 |
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2568 <p> |
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2569 Copies the element at index <code>fromidx</code> |
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2570 into the valid index <code>toidx</code>, |
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2571 replacing the value at that position. |
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2572 Values at other positions are not affected. |
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2573 |
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2574 |
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2575 |
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2576 |
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2577 |
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2578 <hr><h3><a name="lua_createtable"><code>lua_createtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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2579 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2580 <pre>void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);</pre> |
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2581 |
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2582 <p> |
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2583 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. |
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2584 Parameter <code>narr</code> is a hint for how many elements the table |
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2585 will have as a sequence; |
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2586 parameter <code>nrec</code> is a hint for how many other elements |
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2587 the table will have. |
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2588 Lua may use these hints to preallocate memory for the new table. |
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2589 This pre-allocation is useful for performance when you know in advance |
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2590 how many elements the table will have. |
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2591 Otherwise you can use the function <a href="#lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a>. |
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|
2592 |
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|
2593 |
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|
2594 |
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|
2595 |
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|
2596 |
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2597 <hr><h3><a name="lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a></h3><p> |
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2598 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2599 <pre>int lua_dump (lua_State *L, |
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2600 lua_Writer writer, |
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2601 void *data, |
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|
2602 int strip);</pre> |
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|
2603 |
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2604 <p> |
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2605 Dumps a function as a binary chunk. |
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2606 Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack |
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2607 and produces a binary chunk that, |
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2608 if loaded again, |
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2609 results in a function equivalent to the one dumped. |
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2610 As it produces parts of the chunk, |
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2611 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls function <code>writer</code> (see <a href="#lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a>) |
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2612 with the given <code>data</code> |
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2613 to write them. |
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|
2614 |
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|
2615 |
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2616 <p> |
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2617 If <code>strip</code> is true, |
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2618 the binary representation is created without debug information |
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2619 about the function. |
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|
2620 |
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|
2621 |
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|
2622 <p> |
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2623 The value returned is the error code returned by the last |
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2624 call to the writer; |
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|
2625 0 means no errors. |
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|
2626 |
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|
2627 |
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|
2628 <p> |
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2629 This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack. |
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|
2630 |
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|
2631 |
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|
2632 |
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|
2633 |
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|
2634 |
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|
2635 <hr><h3><a name="lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a></h3><p> |
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2636 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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2637 <pre>int lua_error (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
2638 |
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|
2639 <p> |
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|
2640 Generates a Lua error, |
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2641 using the value at the top of the stack as the error object. |
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2642 This function does a long jump, |
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|
2643 and therefore never returns |
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2644 (see <a href="#luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a>). |
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|
2645 |
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|
2646 |
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|
2647 |
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|
2648 |
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|
2649 |
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2650 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a></h3><p> |
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2651 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
2652 <pre>int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);</pre> |
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|
2653 |
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|
2654 <p> |
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|
2655 Controls the garbage collector. |
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|
2656 |
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|
2657 |
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|
2658 <p> |
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|
2659 This function performs several tasks, |
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|
2660 according to the value of the parameter <code>what</code>: |
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|
2661 |
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|
2662 <ul> |
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|
2663 |
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|
2664 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTOP</code>: </b> |
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2665 stops the garbage collector. |
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|
2666 </li> |
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|
2667 |
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2668 <li><b><code>LUA_GCRESTART</code>: </b> |
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2669 restarts the garbage collector. |
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2670 </li> |
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2671 |
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2672 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOLLECT</code>: </b> |
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2673 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. |
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2674 </li> |
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2675 |
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2676 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNT</code>: </b> |
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2677 returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua. |
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2678 </li> |
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2679 |
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2680 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNTB</code>: </b> |
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2681 returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of |
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2682 memory in use by Lua by 1024. |
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2683 </li> |
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2684 |
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2685 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTEP</code>: </b> |
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2686 performs an incremental step of garbage collection. |
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2687 </li> |
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2688 |
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2689 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETPAUSE</code>: </b> |
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2690 sets <code>data</code> as the new value |
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2691 for the <em>pause</em> of the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>) |
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2692 and returns the previous value of the pause. |
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2693 </li> |
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2694 |
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2695 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL</code>: </b> |
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2696 sets <code>data</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of |
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2697 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>) |
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2698 and returns the previous value of the step multiplier. |
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2699 </li> |
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2700 |
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2701 <li><b><code>LUA_GCISRUNNING</code>: </b> |
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2702 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running |
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2703 (i.e., not stopped). |
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2704 </li> |
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2705 |
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2706 </ul> |
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2707 |
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2708 <p> |
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2709 For more details about these options, |
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2710 see <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a>. |
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2711 |
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2712 |
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2713 |
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2714 |
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2715 |
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2716 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getallocf"><code>lua_getallocf</code></a></h3><p> |
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2717 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2718 <pre>lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud);</pre> |
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2719 |
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2720 <p> |
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2721 Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state. |
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2722 If <code>ud</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, Lua stores in <code>*ud</code> the |
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2723 opaque pointer given when the memory-allocator function was set. |
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2724 |
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2725 |
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2726 |
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2727 |
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2728 |
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2729 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getfield"><code>lua_getfield</code></a></h3><p> |
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2730 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2731 <pre>int lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> |
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2732 |
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2733 <p> |
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2734 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
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2735 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. |
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2736 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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2737 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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|
2738 |
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2739 |
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2740 <p> |
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2741 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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|
2742 |
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|
2743 |
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2744 |
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|
2745 |
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|
2746 |
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2747 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getextraspace"><code>lua_getextraspace</code></a></h3><p> |
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2748 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2749 <pre>void *lua_getextraspace (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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2750 |
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2751 <p> |
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2752 Returns a pointer to a raw memory area associated with the |
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|
2753 given Lua state. |
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|
2754 The application can use this area for any purpose; |
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2755 Lua does not use it for anything. |
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|
2756 |
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|
2757 |
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2758 <p> |
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2759 Each new thread has this area initialized with a copy |
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2760 of the area of the main thread. |
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|
2761 |
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|
2762 |
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2763 <p> |
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2764 By default, this area has the size of a pointer to void, |
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2765 but you can recompile Lua with a different size for this area. |
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2766 (See <code>LUA_EXTRASPACE</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
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2767 |
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|
2768 |
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|
2769 |
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|
2770 |
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2771 |
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2772 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getglobal"><code>lua_getglobal</code></a></h3><p> |
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2773 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2774 <pre>int lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> |
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2775 |
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2776 <p> |
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2777 Pushes onto the stack the value of the global <code>name</code>. |
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2778 Returns the type of that value. |
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|
2779 |
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|
2780 |
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|
2781 |
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|
2782 |
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2783 |
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2784 <hr><h3><a name="lua_geti"><code>lua_geti</code></a></h3><p> |
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2785 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2786 <pre>int lua_geti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer i);</pre> |
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2787 |
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2788 <p> |
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2789 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[i]</code>, |
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2790 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. |
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2791 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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2792 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2793 |
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2794 |
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2795 <p> |
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2796 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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2797 |
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2798 |
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2799 |
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2800 |
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2801 |
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2802 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getmetatable"><code>lua_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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2803 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
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2804 <pre>int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2805 |
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2806 <p> |
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2807 If the value at the given index has a metatable, |
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2808 the function pushes that metatable onto the stack and returns 1. |
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2809 Otherwise, |
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2810 the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack. |
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2811 |
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2812 |
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2813 |
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2814 |
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2815 |
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2816 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a></h3><p> |
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2817 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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2818 <pre>int lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2819 |
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2820 <p> |
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2821 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
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2822 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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2823 and <code>k</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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2824 |
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|
2825 |
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2826 <p> |
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2827 This function pops the key from the stack, |
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2828 pushing the resulting value in its place. |
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2829 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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|
2830 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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|
2831 |
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|
2832 |
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|
2833 <p> |
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2834 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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|
2835 |
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|
2836 |
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|
2837 |
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|
2838 |
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|
2839 |
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2840 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettop"><code>lua_gettop</code></a></h3><p> |
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2841 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
2842 <pre>int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
2843 |
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|
2844 <p> |
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2845 Returns the index of the top element in the stack. |
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|
2846 Because indices start at 1, |
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2847 this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack; |
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2848 in particular, 0 means an empty stack. |
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|
2849 |
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|
2850 |
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|
2851 |
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|
2852 |
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|
2853 |
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|
2854 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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2855 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
2856 <pre>int lua_getuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
2857 |
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|
2858 <p> |
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2859 Pushes onto the stack the Lua value associated with the userdata |
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|
2860 at the given index. |
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|
2861 |
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|
2862 |
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|
2863 <p> |
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2864 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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|
2865 |
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|
2866 |
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|
2867 |
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|
2868 |
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|
2869 |
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|
2870 <hr><h3><a name="lua_insert"><code>lua_insert</code></a></h3><p> |
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2871 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> |
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|
2872 <pre>void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
2873 |
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|
2874 <p> |
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|
2875 Moves the top element into the given valid index, |
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|
2876 shifting up the elements above this index to open space. |
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|
2877 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, |
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|
2878 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. |
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|
2879 |
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|
2880 |
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|
2881 |
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|
2882 |
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|
2883 |
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2884 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a></h3> |
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2885 <pre>typedef ... lua_Integer;</pre> |
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|
2886 |
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|
2887 <p> |
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2888 The type of integers in Lua. |
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|
2889 |
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|
2890 |
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|
2891 <p> |
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2892 By default this type is <code>long long</code>, |
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2893 (usually a 64-bit two-complement integer), |
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2894 but that can be changed to <code>long</code> or <code>int</code> |
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2895 (usually a 32-bit two-complement integer). |
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2896 (See <code>LUA_INT</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
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2897 |
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|
2898 |
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2899 <p> |
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2900 Lua also defines the constants |
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2901 <a name="pdf-LUA_MININTEGER"><code>LUA_MININTEGER</code></a> and <a name="pdf-LUA_MAXINTEGER"><code>LUA_MAXINTEGER</code></a>, |
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2902 with the minimum and the maximum values that fit in this type. |
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2903 |
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2904 |
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2905 |
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2906 |
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2907 |
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2908 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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2909 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2910 <pre>int lua_isboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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2911 |
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2912 <p> |
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2913 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a boolean, |
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2914 and 0 otherwise. |
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|
2915 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2916 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2917 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2918 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2919 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
2920 <hr><h3><a name="lua_iscfunction"><code>lua_iscfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2921 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2922 <pre>int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2923 |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2924 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2925 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a C function, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2926 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2927 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2928 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2929 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2930 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2931 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
2932 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isfunction"><code>lua_isfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
2933 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2934 <pre>int lua_isfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2935 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2936 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
2937 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a function |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2938 (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise. |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2939 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2940 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2941 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2942 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2943 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
2944 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isinteger"><code>lua_isinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2945 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2946 <pre>int lua_isinteger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2947 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2948 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2949 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is an integer |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2950 (that is, the value is a number and is represented as an integer), |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2951 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2952 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2953 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2954 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2955 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2956 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2957 <hr><h3><a name="lua_islightuserdata"><code>lua_islightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2958 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2959 <pre>int lua_islightuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2960 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2961 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2962 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a light userdata, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2963 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2964 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2965 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2966 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2967 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2968 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2969 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnil"><code>lua_isnil</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2970 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2971 <pre>int lua_isnil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2972 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2973 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2974 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is <b>nil</b>, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2975 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2976 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2977 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2978 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2979 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2980 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2981 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnone"><code>lua_isnone</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2982 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2983 <pre>int lua_isnone (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2984 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2985 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2986 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2987 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2988 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2989 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2990 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2991 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2992 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2993 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnoneornil"><code>lua_isnoneornil</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2994 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2995 <pre>int lua_isnoneornil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2996 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2997 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2998 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
2999 or if the value at this index is <b>nil</b>, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3000 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3001 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3002 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3003 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3004 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3005 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3006 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnumber"><code>lua_isnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3007 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3008 <pre>int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3009 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3010 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3011 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a number |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3012 or a string convertible to a number, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3013 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3014 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3015 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3016 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3017 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3018 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3019 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isstring"><code>lua_isstring</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3020 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3021 <pre>int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3022 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3023 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3024 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a string |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3025 or a number (which is always convertible to a string), |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3026 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3027 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3028 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3029 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3030 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3031 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3032 <hr><h3><a name="lua_istable"><code>lua_istable</code></a></h3><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3033 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3034 <pre>int lua_istable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3035 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3036 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3037 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a table, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3038 and 0 otherwise. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3039 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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|
3040 |
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diff
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|
3041 |
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diff
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|
3042 |
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diff
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|
3043 |
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3044 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isthread"><code>lua_isthread</code></a></h3><p> |
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3045 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3046 <pre>int lua_isthread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3047 |
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|
3048 <p> |
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3049 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a thread, |
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|
3050 and 0 otherwise. |
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diff
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|
3051 |
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diff
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|
3052 |
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diff
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|
3053 |
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diff
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|
3054 |
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diff
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|
3055 |
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|
3056 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isuserdata"><code>lua_isuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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3057 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3058 <pre>int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3059 |
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|
3060 <p> |
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3061 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a userdata |
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|
3062 (either full or light), and 0 otherwise. |
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|
3063 |
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diff
changeset
|
3064 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3065 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3066 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
3067 |
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|
3068 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isyieldable"><code>lua_isyieldable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3069 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3070 <pre>int lua_isyieldable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
3071 |
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|
3072 <p> |
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|
3073 Returns 1 if the given coroutine can yield, |
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3074 and 0 otherwise. |
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diff
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|
3075 |
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diff
changeset
|
3076 |
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diff
changeset
|
3077 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
3078 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
3079 |
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|
3080 <hr><h3><a name="lua_KContext"><code>lua_KContext</code></a></h3> |
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|
3081 <pre>typedef ... lua_KContext;</pre> |
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|
3082 |
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|
3083 <p> |
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|
3084 The type for continuation-function contexts. |
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|
3085 It must be a numerical type. |
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|
3086 This type is defined as <code>intptr_t</code> |
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3087 when <code>intptr_t</code> is available, |
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|
3088 so that it can store pointers too. |
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|
3089 Otherwise, it is defined as <code>ptrdiff_t</code>. |
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|
3090 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3091 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3092 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
3093 |
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diff
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|
3094 |
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|
3095 <hr><h3><a name="lua_KFunction"><code>lua_KFunction</code></a></h3> |
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|
3096 <pre>typedef int (*lua_KFunction) (lua_State *L, int status, lua_KContext ctx);</pre> |
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|
3097 |
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|
3098 <p> |
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|
3099 Type for continuation functions (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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|
3100 |
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diff
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|
3101 |
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diff
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|
3102 |
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diff
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|
3103 |
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diff
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|
3104 |
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|
3105 <hr><h3><a name="lua_len"><code>lua_len</code></a></h3><p> |
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3106 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3107 <pre>void lua_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3108 |
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|
3109 <p> |
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|
3110 Returns the length of the value at the given index. |
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|
3111 It is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>) and |
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|
3112 may trigger a metamethod for the "length" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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|
3113 The result is pushed on the stack. |
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|
3114 |
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diff
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|
3115 |
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diff
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|
3116 |
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diff
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|
3117 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
3118 |
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|
3119 <hr><h3><a name="lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a></h3><p> |
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3120 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3121 <pre>int lua_load (lua_State *L, |
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|
3122 lua_Reader reader, |
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diff
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|
3123 void *data, |
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|
3124 const char *chunkname, |
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|
3125 const char *mode);</pre> |
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|
3126 |
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|
3127 <p> |
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|
3128 Loads a Lua chunk without running it. |
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|
3129 If there are no errors, |
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|
3130 <code>lua_load</code> pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua |
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|
3131 function on top of the stack. |
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|
3132 Otherwise, it pushes an error message. |
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|
3133 |
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|
3134 |
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|
3135 <p> |
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|
3136 The return values of <code>lua_load</code> are: |
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|
3137 |
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|
3138 <ul> |
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diff
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|
3139 |
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|
3140 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>: </b> no errors;</li> |
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|
3141 |
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|
3142 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX"><code>LUA_ERRSYNTAX</code></a>: </b> |
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|
3143 syntax error during precompilation;</li> |
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|
3144 |
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|
3145 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> |
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|
3146 memory allocation error;</li> |
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|
3147 |
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|
3148 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> |
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|
3149 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. |
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3150 (This error has no relation with the chunk being loaded. |
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|
3151 It is generated by the garbage collector.) |
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|
3152 </li> |
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|
3153 |
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diff
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|
3154 </ul> |
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|
3155 |
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|
3156 <p> |
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|
3157 The <code>lua_load</code> function uses a user-supplied <code>reader</code> function |
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|
3158 to read the chunk (see <a href="#lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a>). |
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3159 The <code>data</code> argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function. |
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|
3160 |
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|
3161 |
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|
3162 <p> |
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3163 The <code>chunkname</code> argument gives a name to the chunk, |
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3164 which is used for error messages and in debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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3165 |
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3166 |
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3167 <p> |
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3168 <code>lua_load</code> automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary |
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3169 and loads it accordingly (see program <code>luac</code>). |
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3170 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, |
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3171 with the addition that |
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3172 a <code>NULL</code> value is equivalent to the string "<code>bt</code>". |
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3173 |
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3174 |
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3175 <p> |
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3176 <code>lua_load</code> uses the stack internally, |
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3177 so the reader function must always leave the stack |
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3178 unmodified when returning. |
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|
3179 |
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|
3180 |
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3181 <p> |
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3182 If the resulting function has upvalues, |
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3183 its first upvalue is set to the value of the global environment |
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3184 stored at index <code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code> in the registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
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3185 When loading main chunks, |
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3186 this upvalue will be the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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3187 Other upvalues are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
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3188 |
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3189 |
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3190 |
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|
3191 |
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3192 |
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3193 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a></h3><p> |
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3194 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3195 <pre>lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> |
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3196 |
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3197 <p> |
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3198 Creates a new thread running in a new, independent state. |
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3199 Returns <code>NULL</code> if it cannot create the thread or the state |
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3200 (due to lack of memory). |
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3201 The argument <code>f</code> is the allocator function; |
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3202 Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. |
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3203 The second argument, <code>ud</code>, is an opaque pointer that Lua |
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3204 passes to the allocator in every call. |
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|
3205 |
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|
3206 |
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|
3207 |
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|
3208 |
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3209 |
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3210 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3211 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3212 <pre>void lua_newtable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3213 |
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3214 <p> |
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|
3215 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. |
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3216 It is equivalent to <code>lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)</code>. |
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|
3217 |
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|
3218 |
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|
3219 |
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|
3220 |
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3221 |
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3222 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a></h3><p> |
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3223 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3224 <pre>lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3225 |
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|
3226 <p> |
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3227 Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack, |
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3228 and returns a pointer to a <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a> that represents this new thread. |
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3229 The new thread returned by this function shares with the original thread |
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3230 its global environment, |
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3231 but has an independent execution stack. |
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|
3232 |
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|
3233 |
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|
3234 <p> |
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3235 There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread. |
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3236 Threads are subject to garbage collection, |
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3237 like any Lua object. |
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|
3238 |
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|
3239 |
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|
3240 |
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|
3241 |
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|
3242 |
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|
3243 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newuserdata"><code>lua_newuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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3244 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3245 <pre>void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);</pre> |
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3246 |
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3247 <p> |
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3248 This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size, |
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3249 pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address, |
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3250 and returns this address. |
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|
3251 The host program can freely use this memory. |
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|
3252 |
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|
3253 |
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|
3254 |
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|
3255 |
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|
3256 |
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3257 <hr><h3><a name="lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a></h3><p> |
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3258 <span class="apii">[-1, +(2|0), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3259 <pre>int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3260 |
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3261 <p> |
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3262 Pops a key from the stack, |
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3263 and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index |
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3264 (the "next" pair after the given key). |
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3265 If there are no more elements in the table, |
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3266 then <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> returns 0 (and pushes nothing). |
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3267 |
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3268 |
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3269 <p> |
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3270 A typical traversal looks like this: |
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3271 |
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3272 <pre> |
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3273 /* table is in the stack at index 't' */ |
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3274 lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */ |
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3275 while (lua_next(L, t) != 0) { |
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3276 /* uses 'key' (at index -2) and 'value' (at index -1) */ |
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3277 printf("%s - %s\n", |
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3278 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -2)), |
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3279 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1))); |
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3280 /* removes 'value'; keeps 'key' for next iteration */ |
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3281 lua_pop(L, 1); |
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3282 } |
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3283 </pre> |
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3284 |
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3285 <p> |
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3286 While traversing a table, |
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3287 do not call <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> directly on a key, |
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3288 unless you know that the key is actually a string. |
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3289 Recall that <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> may change |
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3290 the value at the given index; |
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3291 this confuses the next call to <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>. |
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3292 |
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3293 |
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3294 <p> |
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3295 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying |
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3296 the table during its traversal. |
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3297 |
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|
3298 |
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|
3299 |
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3300 |
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3301 |
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3302 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a></h3> |
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3303 <pre>typedef double lua_Number;</pre> |
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3304 |
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3305 <p> |
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3306 The type of floats in Lua. |
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3307 |
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3308 |
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3309 <p> |
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3310 By default this type is double, |
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3311 but that can be changed to a single float. |
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3312 (See <code>LUA_REAL</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
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3313 |
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3314 |
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3315 |
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3316 |
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3317 |
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3318 <hr><h3><a name="lua_numbertointeger"><code>lua_numbertointeger</code></a></h3> |
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3319 <pre>int lua_numbertointeger (lua_Number n, lua_Integer *p);</pre> |
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3320 |
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3321 <p> |
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3322 Converts a Lua float to a Lua integer. |
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3323 This macro assumes that <code>n</code> has an integral value. |
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3324 If that value is within the range of Lua integers, |
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3325 it is converted to an integer and assigned to <code>*p</code>. |
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3326 The macro results in a boolean indicating whether the |
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3327 conversion was successful. |
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3328 (Note that this range test can be tricky to do |
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3329 correctly without this macro, |
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|
3330 due to roundings.) |
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|
3331 |
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|
3332 |
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|
3333 <p> |
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3334 This macro may evaluate its arguments more than once. |
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|
3335 |
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|
3336 |
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|
3337 |
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|
3338 |
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|
3339 |
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|
3340 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a></h3><p> |
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3341 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> |
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3342 <pre>int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int msgh);</pre> |
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3343 |
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|
3344 <p> |
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|
3345 Calls a function in protected mode. |
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|
3346 |
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|
3347 |
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|
3348 <p> |
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|
3349 Both <code>nargs</code> and <code>nresults</code> have the same meaning as |
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3350 in <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. |
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|
3351 If there are no errors during the call, |
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|
3352 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. |
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3353 However, if there is any error, |
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3354 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> catches it, |
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3355 pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), |
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3356 and returns an error code. |
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|
3357 Like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, |
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3358 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> always removes the function |
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3359 and its arguments from the stack. |
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|
3360 |
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|
3361 |
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|
3362 <p> |
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|
3363 If <code>msgh</code> is 0, |
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3364 then the error message returned on the stack |
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|
3365 is exactly the original error message. |
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|
3366 Otherwise, <code>msgh</code> is the stack index of a |
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|
3367 <em>message handler</em>. |
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|
3368 (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) |
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3369 In case of runtime errors, |
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3370 this function will be called with the error message |
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3371 and its return value will be the message |
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|
3372 returned on the stack by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. |
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|
3373 |
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|
3374 |
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3375 <p> |
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3376 Typically, the message handler is used to add more debug |
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3377 information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. |
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3378 Such information cannot be gathered after the return of <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
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3379 since by then the stack has unwound. |
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|
3380 |
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|
3381 |
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3382 <p> |
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|
3383 The <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> function returns one of the following constants |
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3384 (defined in <code>lua.h</code>): |
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|
3385 |
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|
3386 <ul> |
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|
3387 |
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|
3388 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> (0): </b> |
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3389 success.</li> |
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|
3390 |
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|
3391 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRRUN"><code>LUA_ERRRUN</code></a>: </b> |
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3392 a runtime error. |
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|
3393 </li> |
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|
3394 |
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3395 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> |
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3396 memory allocation error. |
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3397 For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler. |
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3398 </li> |
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3399 |
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3400 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRERR"><code>LUA_ERRERR</code></a>: </b> |
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|
3401 error while running the message handler. |
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3402 </li> |
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3403 |
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3404 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> |
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3405 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. |
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3406 (This error typically has no relation with the function being called.) |
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|
3407 </li> |
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|
3408 |
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|
3409 </ul> |
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|
3410 |
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|
3411 |
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|
3412 |
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|
3413 |
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3414 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a></h3><p> |
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3415 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> |
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3416 <pre>int lua_pcallk (lua_State *L, |
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3417 int nargs, |
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3418 int nresults, |
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3419 int msgh, |
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3420 lua_KContext ctx, |
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|
3421 lua_KFunction k);</pre> |
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3422 |
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|
3423 <p> |
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3424 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
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|
3425 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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|
3426 |
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|
3427 |
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|
3428 |
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|
3429 |
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|
3430 |
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3431 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pop"><code>lua_pop</code></a></h3><p> |
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3432 <span class="apii">[-n, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3433 <pre>void lua_pop (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
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|
3434 |
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|
3435 <p> |
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|
3436 Pops <code>n</code> elements from the stack. |
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|
3437 |
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|
3438 |
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|
3439 |
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|
3440 |
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|
3441 |
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|
3442 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushboolean"><code>lua_pushboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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3443 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3444 <pre>void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b);</pre> |
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|
3445 |
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|
3446 <p> |
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|
3447 Pushes a boolean value with value <code>b</code> onto the stack. |
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|
3448 |
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diff
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|
3449 |
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diff
changeset
|
3450 |
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diff
changeset
|
3451 |
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diff
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|
3452 |
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|
3453 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3454 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3455 <pre>void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);</pre> |
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|
3456 |
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|
3457 <p> |
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|
3458 Pushes a new C closure onto the stack. |
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|
3459 |
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diff
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|
3460 |
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|
3461 <p> |
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|
3462 When a C function is created, |
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|
3463 it is possible to associate some values with it, |
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|
3464 thus creating a C closure (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>); |
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|
3465 these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called. |
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|
3466 To associate values with a C function, |
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|
3467 first these values must be pushed onto the stack |
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|
3468 (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). |
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|
3469 Then <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> |
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|
3470 is called to create and push the C function onto the stack, |
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|
3471 with the argument <code>n</code> telling how many values will be |
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|
3472 associated with the function. |
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|
3473 <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> also pops these values from the stack. |
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|
3474 |
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|
3475 |
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|
3476 <p> |
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|
3477 The maximum value for <code>n</code> is 255. |
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|
3478 |
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diff
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|
3479 |
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|
3480 <p> |
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|
3481 When <code>n</code> is zero, |
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|
3482 this function creates a <em>light C function</em>, |
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|
3483 which is just a pointer to the C function. |
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|
3484 In that case, it never raises a memory error. |
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|
3485 |
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changeset
|
3486 |
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diff
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|
3487 |
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diff
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|
3488 |
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diff
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|
3489 |
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|
3490 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3491 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3492 <pre>void lua_pushcfunction (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f);</pre> |
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|
3493 |
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|
3494 <p> |
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|
3495 Pushes a C function onto the stack. |
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changeset
|
3496 This function receives a pointer to a C function |
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|
3497 and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type <code>function</code> that, |
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|
3498 when called, invokes the corresponding C function. |
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|
3499 |
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|
3500 |
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|
3501 <p> |
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|
3502 Any function to be registered in Lua must |
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|
3503 follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters |
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|
3504 and return its results (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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|
3505 |
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|
3506 |
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|
3507 <p> |
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|
3508 <code>lua_pushcfunction</code> is defined as a macro: |
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|
3509 |
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|
3510 <pre> |
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|
3511 #define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L,f,0) |
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|
3512 </pre><p> |
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|
3513 Note that <code>f</code> is used twice. |
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|
3514 |
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|
3515 |
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|
3516 |
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|
3517 |
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|
3518 |
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|
3519 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3520 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3521 <pre>const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> |
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3522 |
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|
3523 <p> |
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|
3524 Pushes onto the stack a formatted string |
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|
3525 and returns a pointer to this string. |
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|
3526 It is similar to the ISO C function <code>sprintf</code>, |
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|
3527 but has some important differences: |
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|
3528 |
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|
3529 <ul> |
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diff
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|
3530 |
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|
3531 <li> |
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|
3532 You do not have to allocate space for the result: |
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|
3533 the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation |
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|
3534 (and deallocation, through garbage collection). |
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3535 </li> |
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3536 |
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3537 <li> |
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3538 The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. |
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3539 There are no flags, widths, or precisions. |
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3540 The conversion specifiers can only be |
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|
3541 '<code>%%</code>' (inserts the character '<code>%</code>'), |
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|
3542 '<code>%s</code>' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), |
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|
3543 '<code>%f</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>), |
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|
3544 '<code>%L</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>), |
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3545 '<code>%p</code>' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), |
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3546 '<code>%d</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code>), |
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3547 '<code>%c</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code> as a one-byte character), and |
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3548 '<code>%U</code>' (inserts a <code>long int</code> as a UTF-8 byte sequence). |
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3549 </li> |
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3550 |
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3551 </ul> |
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3552 |
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3553 |
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3554 |
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3555 |
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3556 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushglobaltable"><code>lua_pushglobaltable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3557 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3558 <pre>void lua_pushglobaltable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3559 |
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|
3560 <p> |
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|
3561 Pushes the global environment onto the stack. |
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|
3562 |
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|
3563 |
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|
3564 |
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3565 |
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|
3566 |
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|
3567 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushinteger"><code>lua_pushinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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3568 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3569 <pre>void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
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|
3570 |
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|
3571 <p> |
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|
3572 Pushes an integer with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
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|
3573 |
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|
3574 |
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|
3575 |
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|
3576 |
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|
3577 |
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|
3578 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlightuserdata"><code>lua_pushlightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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3579 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3580 <pre>void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p);</pre> |
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|
3581 |
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|
3582 <p> |
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|
3583 Pushes a light userdata onto the stack. |
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|
3584 |
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|
3585 |
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|
3586 <p> |
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|
3587 Userdata represent C values in Lua. |
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3588 A <em>light userdata</em> represents a pointer, a <code>void*</code>. |
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3589 It is a value (like a number): |
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3590 you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, |
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3591 and it is not collected (as it was never created). |
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|
3592 A light userdata is equal to "any" |
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3593 light userdata with the same C address. |
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|
3594 |
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|
3595 |
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|
3596 |
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|
3597 |
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|
3598 |
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|
3599 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushliteral"><code>lua_pushliteral</code></a></h3><p> |
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3600 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3601 <pre>const char *lua_pushliteral (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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3602 |
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|
3603 <p> |
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|
3604 This macro is equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a>, |
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3605 but can be used only when <code>s</code> is a literal string. |
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|
3606 It automatically provides the string length. |
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|
3607 |
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|
3608 |
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|
3609 |
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|
3610 |
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|
3611 |
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3612 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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3613 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3614 <pre>const char *lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);</pre> |
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3615 |
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|
3616 <p> |
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|
3617 Pushes the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with size <code>len</code> |
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3618 onto the stack. |
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3619 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, |
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3620 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after |
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3621 the function returns. |
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3622 The string can contain any binary data, |
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3623 including embedded zeros. |
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|
3624 |
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|
3625 |
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3626 <p> |
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3627 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. |
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|
3628 |
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|
3629 |
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3630 |
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3631 |
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3632 |
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3633 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnil"><code>lua_pushnil</code></a></h3><p> |
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3634 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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3635 <pre>void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3636 |
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3637 <p> |
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|
3638 Pushes a nil value onto the stack. |
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|
3639 |
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|
3640 |
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3641 |
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3642 |
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3643 |
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3644 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnumber"><code>lua_pushnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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3645 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3646 <pre>void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);</pre> |
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3647 |
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3648 <p> |
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|
3649 Pushes a float with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
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|
3650 |
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diff
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|
3651 |
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diff
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|
3652 |
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|
3653 |
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diff
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|
3654 |
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|
3655 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushstring"><code>lua_pushstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3656 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3657 <pre>const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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|
3658 |
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|
3659 <p> |
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|
3660 Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> |
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3661 onto the stack. |
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|
3662 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, |
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3663 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after |
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3664 the function returns. |
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3665 |
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3666 |
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3667 <p> |
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|
3668 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. |
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|
3669 |
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3670 |
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3671 <p> |
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3672 If <code>s</code> is <code>NULL</code>, pushes <b>nil</b> and returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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3673 |
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3674 |
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3675 |
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3676 |
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3677 |
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3678 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushthread"><code>lua_pushthread</code></a></h3><p> |
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3679 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3680 <pre>int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
3681 |
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3682 <p> |
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3683 Pushes the thread represented by <code>L</code> onto the stack. |
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3684 Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state. |
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|
3685 |
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|
3686 |
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|
3687 |
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diff
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|
3688 |
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diff
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|
3689 |
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|
3690 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvalue"><code>lua_pushvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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3691 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3692 <pre>void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3693 |
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|
3694 <p> |
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|
3695 Pushes a copy of the element at the given index |
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|
3696 onto the stack. |
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|
3697 |
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|
3698 |
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diff
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|
3699 |
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|
3700 |
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diff
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|
3701 |
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|
3702 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvfstring"><code>lua_pushvfstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3703 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3704 <pre>const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, |
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3705 const char *fmt, |
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3706 va_list argp);</pre> |
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|
3707 |
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|
3708 <p> |
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|
3709 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>, except that it receives a <code>va_list</code> |
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3710 instead of a variable number of arguments. |
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|
3711 |
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|
3712 |
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3713 |
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3714 |
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|
3715 |
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|
3716 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawequal"><code>lua_rawequal</code></a></h3><p> |
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3717 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3718 <pre>int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre> |
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|
3719 |
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3720 <p> |
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|
3721 Returns 1 if the two values in indices <code>index1</code> and |
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3722 <code>index2</code> are primitively equal |
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3723 (that is, without calling metamethods). |
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3724 Otherwise returns 0. |
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|
3725 Also returns 0 if any of the indices are not valid. |
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|
3726 |
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|
3727 |
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|
3728 |
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diff
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|
3729 |
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diff
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|
3730 |
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|
3731 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawget"><code>lua_rawget</code></a></h3><p> |
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3732 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3733 <pre>int lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3734 |
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|
3735 <p> |
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|
3736 Similar to <a href="#lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a>, but does a raw access |
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|
3737 (i.e., without metamethods). |
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|
3738 |
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diff
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|
3739 |
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|
3740 |
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|
3741 |
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|
3742 |
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|
3743 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgeti"><code>lua_rawgeti</code></a></h3><p> |
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3744 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3745 <pre>int lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
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|
3746 |
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|
3747 <p> |
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|
3748 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[n]</code>, |
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3749 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index. |
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|
3750 The access is raw; |
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|
3751 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
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|
3752 |
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|
3753 |
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|
3754 <p> |
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|
3755 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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|
3756 |
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|
3757 |
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|
3758 |
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|
3759 |
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|
3760 |
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|
3761 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgetp"><code>lua_rawgetp</code></a></h3><p> |
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3762 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3763 <pre>int lua_rawgetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> |
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|
3764 |
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|
3765 <p> |
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|
3766 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
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3767 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index and |
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|
3768 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata. |
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3769 The access is raw; |
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|
3770 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
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|
3771 |
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|
3772 |
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3773 <p> |
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|
3774 Returns the type of the pushed value. |
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|
3775 |
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|
3776 |
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diff
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|
3777 |
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|
3778 |
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diff
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|
3779 |
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3780 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a></h3><p> |
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3781 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3782 <pre>size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3783 |
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|
3784 <p> |
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3785 Returns the raw "length" of the value at the given index: |
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|
3786 for strings, this is the string length; |
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|
3787 for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('<code>#</code>') |
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3788 with no metamethods; |
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3789 for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated |
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3790 for the userdata; |
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3791 for other values, it is 0. |
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|
3792 |
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|
3793 |
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|
3794 |
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|
3795 |
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|
3796 |
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|
3797 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawset"><code>lua_rawset</code></a></h3><p> |
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3798 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3799 <pre>void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3800 |
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3801 <p> |
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|
3802 Similar to <a href="#lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a>, but does a raw assignment |
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3803 (i.e., without metamethods). |
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|
3804 |
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|
3805 |
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|
3806 |
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|
3807 |
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|
3808 |
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|
3809 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawseti"><code>lua_rawseti</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3810 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3811 <pre>void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer i);</pre> |
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|
3812 |
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|
3813 <p> |
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|
3814 Does the equivalent of <code>t[i] = v</code>, |
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3815 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index |
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3816 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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|
3817 |
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|
3818 |
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|
3819 <p> |
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|
3820 This function pops the value from the stack. |
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3821 The assignment is raw; |
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3822 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
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|
3823 |
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|
3824 |
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|
3825 |
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|
3826 |
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diff
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|
3827 |
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|
3828 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawsetp"><code>lua_rawsetp</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3829 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3830 <pre>void lua_rawsetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> |
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|
3831 |
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|
3832 <p> |
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|
3833 Does the equivalent of <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
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|
3834 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index, |
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|
3835 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata, |
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3836 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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|
3837 |
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|
3838 |
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|
3839 <p> |
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|
3840 This function pops the value from the stack. |
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|
3841 The assignment is raw; |
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|
3842 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
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|
3843 |
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|
3844 |
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diff
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|
3845 |
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diff
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|
3846 |
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diff
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|
3847 |
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|
3848 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a></h3> |
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|
3849 <pre>typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, |
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|
3850 void *data, |
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|
3851 size_t *size);</pre> |
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|
3852 |
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|
3853 <p> |
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|
3854 The reader function used by <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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|
3855 Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, |
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|
3856 <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> calls the reader, |
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|
3857 passing along its <code>data</code> parameter. |
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|
3858 The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory |
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|
3859 with a new piece of the chunk |
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|
3860 and set <code>size</code> to the block size. |
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|
3861 The block must exist until the reader function is called again. |
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|
3862 To signal the end of the chunk, |
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|
3863 the reader must return <code>NULL</code> or set <code>size</code> to zero. |
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|
3864 The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero. |
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|
3865 |
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|
3866 |
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|
3867 |
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|
3868 |
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|
3869 |
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|
3870 <hr><h3><a name="lua_register"><code>lua_register</code></a></h3><p> |
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3871 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
3872 <pre>void lua_register (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f);</pre> |
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|
3873 |
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|
3874 <p> |
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|
3875 Sets the C function <code>f</code> as the new value of global <code>name</code>. |
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|
3876 It is defined as a macro: |
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|
3877 |
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|
3878 <pre> |
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|
3879 #define lua_register(L,n,f) \ |
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|
3880 (lua_pushcfunction(L, f), lua_setglobal(L, n)) |
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|
3881 </pre> |
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|
3882 |
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|
3883 |
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|
3884 |
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|
3885 |
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|
3886 <hr><h3><a name="lua_remove"><code>lua_remove</code></a></h3><p> |
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3887 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3888 <pre>void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3889 |
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|
3890 <p> |
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|
3891 Removes the element at the given valid index, |
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|
3892 shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. |
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|
3893 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, |
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|
3894 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. |
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3895 |
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3896 |
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3897 |
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3898 |
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3899 |
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3900 <hr><h3><a name="lua_replace"><code>lua_replace</code></a></h3><p> |
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3901 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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3902 <pre>void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3903 |
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3904 <p> |
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3905 Moves the top element into the given valid index |
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3906 without shifting any element |
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3907 (therefore replacing the value at the given index), |
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3908 and then pops the top element. |
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3909 |
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3910 |
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3911 |
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3912 |
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3913 |
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3914 <hr><h3><a name="lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a></h3><p> |
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3915 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
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3916 <pre>int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs);</pre> |
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3917 |
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3918 <p> |
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3919 Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread. |
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3920 |
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3921 |
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3922 <p> |
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3923 To start a coroutine, |
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3924 you push onto the thread stack the main function plus any arguments; |
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3925 then you call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, |
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3926 with <code>nargs</code> being the number of arguments. |
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3927 This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. |
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3928 When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, |
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3929 or all values returned by the body function. |
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3930 <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> returns |
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3931 <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the coroutine yields, |
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3932 <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> if the coroutine finishes its execution |
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3933 without errors, |
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3934 or an error code in case of errors (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). |
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3935 |
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|
3936 |
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3937 <p> |
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3938 In case of errors, |
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3939 the stack is not unwound, |
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3940 so you can use the debug API over it. |
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3941 The error message is on the top of the stack. |
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3942 |
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3943 |
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3944 <p> |
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3945 To resume a coroutine, |
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3946 you remove any results from the last <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, |
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3947 put on its stack only the values to |
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3948 be passed as results from <code>yield</code>, |
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3949 and then call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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|
3950 |
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|
3951 |
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|
3952 <p> |
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3953 The parameter <code>from</code> represents the coroutine that is resuming <code>L</code>. |
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3954 If there is no such coroutine, |
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3955 this parameter can be <code>NULL</code>. |
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3956 |
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3957 |
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3958 |
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3959 |
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3960 |
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3961 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rotate"><code>lua_rotate</code></a></h3><p> |
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3962 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3963 <pre>void lua_rotate (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);</pre> |
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3964 |
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3965 <p> |
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3966 Rotates the stack elements from <code>idx</code> to the top <code>n</code> positions |
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3967 in the direction of the top, for a positive <code>n</code>, |
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3968 or <code>-n</code> positions in the direction of the bottom, |
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3969 for a negative <code>n</code>. |
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3970 The absolute value of <code>n</code> must not be greater than the size |
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3971 of the slice being rotated. |
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|
3972 |
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|
3973 |
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|
3974 |
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|
3975 |
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|
3976 |
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3977 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setallocf"><code>lua_setallocf</code></a></h3><p> |
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3978 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3979 <pre>void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> |
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3980 |
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|
3981 <p> |
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3982 Changes the allocator function of a given state to <code>f</code> |
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3983 with user data <code>ud</code>. |
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3984 |
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|
3985 |
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3986 |
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3987 |
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3988 |
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3989 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setfield"><code>lua_setfield</code></a></h3><p> |
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3990 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3991 <pre>void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> |
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3992 |
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3993 <p> |
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3994 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
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3995 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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3996 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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3997 |
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3998 |
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3999 <p> |
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4000 This function pops the value from the stack. |
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4001 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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4002 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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4003 |
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4004 |
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4005 |
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4006 |
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4007 |
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4008 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setglobal"><code>lua_setglobal</code></a></h3><p> |
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4009 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4010 <pre>void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> |
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4011 |
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4012 <p> |
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4013 Pops a value from the stack and |
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4014 sets it as the new value of global <code>name</code>. |
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4015 |
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|
4016 |
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diff
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|
4017 |
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diff
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4018 |
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diff
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|
4019 |
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4020 <hr><h3><a name="lua_seti"><code>lua_seti</code></a></h3><p> |
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4021 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4022 <pre>void lua_seti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
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4023 |
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4024 <p> |
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|
4025 Does the equivalent to <code>t[n] = v</code>, |
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parents:
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|
4026 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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|
4027 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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|
4028 |
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diff
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|
4029 |
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|
4030 <p> |
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|
4031 This function pops the value from the stack. |
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|
4032 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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|
4033 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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4034 |
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4035 |
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4036 |
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4037 |
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4038 |
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4039 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setmetatable"><code>lua_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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4040 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4041 <pre>void lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4042 |
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4043 <p> |
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4044 Pops a table from the stack and |
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|
4045 sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index. |
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|
4046 |
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|
4047 |
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|
4048 |
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|
4049 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
4050 |
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|
4051 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4052 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
4053 <pre>void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4054 |
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|
4055 <p> |
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|
4056 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
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parents:
diff
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|
4057 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index, |
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|
4058 <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack, |
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|
4059 and <code>k</code> is the value just below the top. |
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|
4060 |
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diff
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|
4061 |
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|
4062 <p> |
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|
4063 This function pops both the key and the value from the stack. |
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|
4064 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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diff
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|
4065 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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|
4066 |
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diff
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|
4067 |
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diff
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|
4068 |
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diff
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|
4069 |
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|
4070 |
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|
4071 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settop"><code>lua_settop</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4072 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
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|
4073 <pre>void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4074 |
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|
4075 <p> |
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|
4076 Accepts any index, or 0, |
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|
4077 and sets the stack top to this index. |
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|
4078 If the new top is larger than the old one, |
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|
4079 then the new elements are filled with <b>nil</b>. |
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|
4080 If <code>index</code> is 0, then all stack elements are removed. |
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|
4081 |
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|
4082 |
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|
4083 |
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|
4084 |
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|
4085 |
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|
4086 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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4087 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4088 <pre>void lua_setuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4089 |
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|
4090 <p> |
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|
4091 Pops a value from the stack and sets it as |
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|
4092 the new value associated to the userdata at the given index. |
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|
4093 |
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diff
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|
4094 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
4095 |
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diff
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|
4096 |
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diff
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|
4097 |
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|
4098 <hr><h3><a name="lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a></h3> |
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|
4099 <pre>typedef struct lua_State lua_State;</pre> |
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|
4100 |
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|
4101 <p> |
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|
4102 An opaque structure that points to a thread and indirectly |
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|
4103 (through the thread) to the whole state of a Lua interpreter. |
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|
4104 The Lua library is fully reentrant: |
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|
4105 it has no global variables. |
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|
4106 All information about a state is accessible through this structure. |
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|
4107 |
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|
4108 |
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|
4109 <p> |
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|
4110 A pointer to this structure must be passed as the first argument to |
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|
4111 every function in the library, except to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>, |
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4112 which creates a Lua state from scratch. |
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|
4113 |
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|
4114 |
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|
4115 |
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|
4116 |
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|
4117 |
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4118 <hr><h3><a name="lua_status"><code>lua_status</code></a></h3><p> |
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4119 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4120 <pre>int lua_status (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4121 |
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|
4122 <p> |
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4123 Returns the status of the thread <code>L</code>. |
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|
4124 |
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|
4125 |
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|
4126 <p> |
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|
4127 The status can be 0 (<a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>) for a normal thread, |
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4128 an error code if the thread finished the execution |
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|
4129 of a <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> with an error, |
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|
4130 or <a name="pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the thread is suspended. |
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4131 |
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4132 |
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|
4133 <p> |
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|
4134 You can only call functions in threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>. |
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|
4135 You can resume threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> |
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4136 (to start a new coroutine) or <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> |
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4137 (to resume a coroutine). |
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4138 |
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4139 |
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4140 |
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4141 |
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4142 |
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4143 <hr><h3><a name="lua_stringtonumber"><code>lua_stringtonumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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4144 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4145 <pre>size_t lua_stringtonumber (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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4146 |
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4147 <p> |
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4148 Converts the zero-terminated string <code>s</code> to a number, |
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4149 pushes that number into the stack, |
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4150 and returns the total size of the string, |
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4151 that is, its length plus one. |
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4152 The conversion can result in an integer or a float, |
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4153 according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>). |
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4154 The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign. |
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4155 If the string is not a valid numeral, |
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4156 returns 0 and pushes nothing. |
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4157 (Note that the result can be used as a boolean, |
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4158 true if the conversion succeeds.) |
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4159 |
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4160 |
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4161 |
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4162 |
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4163 |
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4164 <hr><h3><a name="lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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4165 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4166 <pre>int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4167 |
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4168 <p> |
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4169 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C boolean |
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4170 value (0 or 1). |
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4171 Like all tests in Lua, |
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4172 <a href="#lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a> returns true for any Lua value |
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4173 different from <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b>; |
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4174 otherwise it returns false. |
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4175 (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, |
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4176 use <a href="#lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a> to test the value's type.) |
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4177 |
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4178 |
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4179 |
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4180 |
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4181 |
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4182 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tocfunction"><code>lua_tocfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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4183 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4184 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4185 |
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4186 <p> |
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4187 Converts a value at the given index to a C function. |
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4188 That value must be a C function; |
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4189 otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4190 |
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4191 |
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4192 |
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4193 |
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4194 |
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4195 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a></h3><p> |
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4196 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4197 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4198 |
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4199 <p> |
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4200 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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4201 |
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4202 |
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4203 |
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4204 |
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4205 |
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4206 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a></h3><p> |
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4207 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4208 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
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4209 |
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4210 <p> |
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4211 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
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4212 to the signed integral type <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
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4213 The Lua value must be an integer, |
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4214 or a number or string convertible to an integer (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>); |
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4215 otherwise, <code>lua_tointegerx</code> returns 0. |
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4216 |
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|
4217 |
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4218 <p> |
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4219 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4220 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
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4221 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
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|
4222 |
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|
4223 |
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4224 |
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4225 |
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4226 |
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4227 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4228 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4229 <pre>const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int index, size_t *len);</pre> |
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4230 |
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4231 <p> |
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4232 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C string. |
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4233 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4234 it also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. |
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4235 The Lua value must be a string or a number; |
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4236 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4237 If the value is a number, |
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4238 then <code>lua_tolstring</code> also |
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4239 <em>changes the actual value in the stack to a string</em>. |
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4240 (This change confuses <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> |
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4241 when <code>lua_tolstring</code> is applied to keys during a table traversal.) |
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4242 |
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4243 |
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4244 <p> |
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4245 <code>lua_tolstring</code> returns a fully aligned pointer |
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4246 to a string inside the Lua state. |
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4247 This string always has a zero ('<code>\0</code>') |
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4248 after its last character (as in C), |
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4249 but can contain other zeros in its body. |
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4250 |
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4251 |
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4252 <p> |
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4253 Because Lua has garbage collection, |
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4254 there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by <code>lua_tolstring</code> |
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4255 will be valid after the corresponding Lua value is removed from the stack. |
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4256 |
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4257 |
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4258 |
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4259 |
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4260 |
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4261 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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4262 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4263 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4264 |
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4265 <p> |
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4266 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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4267 |
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|
4268 |
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diff
changeset
|
4269 |
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changeset
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4270 |
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changeset
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4271 |
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4272 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a></h3><p> |
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4273 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4274 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
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4275 |
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4276 <p> |
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4277 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
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4278 to the C type <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a> (see <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>). |
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4279 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number |
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4280 (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>); |
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4281 otherwise, <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> returns 0. |
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4282 |
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4283 |
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4284 <p> |
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4285 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4286 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
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4287 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
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4288 |
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4289 |
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4290 |
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4291 |
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4292 |
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4293 <hr><h3><a name="lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a></h3><p> |
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4294 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4295 <pre>const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4296 |
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|
4297 <p> |
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4298 Converts the value at the given index to a generic |
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|
4299 C pointer (<code>void*</code>). |
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4300 The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; |
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|
4301 otherwise, <code>lua_topointer</code> returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4302 Different objects will give different pointers. |
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4303 There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value. |
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4304 |
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|
4305 |
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|
4306 <p> |
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4307 Typically this function is used only for debug information. |
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|
4308 |
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diff
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|
4309 |
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|
4310 |
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|
4311 |
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|
4312 |
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4313 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tostring"><code>lua_tostring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4314 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4315 <pre>const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4316 |
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4317 <p> |
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4318 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> with <code>len</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4319 |
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|
4320 |
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diff
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|
4321 |
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|
4322 |
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|
4323 |
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4324 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tothread"><code>lua_tothread</code></a></h3><p> |
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4325 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4326 <pre>lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4327 |
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|
4328 <p> |
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4329 Converts the value at the given index to a Lua thread |
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|
4330 (represented as <code>lua_State*</code>). |
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4331 This value must be a thread; |
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|
4332 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4333 |
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|
4334 |
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|
4335 |
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|
4336 |
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|
4337 |
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|
4338 <hr><h3><a name="lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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4339 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4340 <pre>void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4341 |
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|
4342 <p> |
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|
4343 If the value at the given index is a full userdata, |
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|
4344 returns its block address. |
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|
4345 If the value is a light userdata, |
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|
4346 returns its pointer. |
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|
4347 Otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4348 |
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|
4349 |
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|
4350 |
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|
4351 |
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|
4352 |
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|
4353 <hr><h3><a name="lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a></h3><p> |
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4354 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4355 <pre>int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4356 |
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|
4357 <p> |
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4358 Returns the type of the value in the given valid index, |
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|
4359 or <code>LUA_TNONE</code> for a non-valid (but acceptable) index. |
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|
4360 The types returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> are coded by the following constants |
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|
4361 defined in <code>lua.h</code>: |
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4362 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNIL"><code>LUA_TNIL</code></a>, |
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4363 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNUMBER"><code>LUA_TNUMBER</code></a>, |
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4364 <a name="pdf-LUA_TBOOLEAN"><code>LUA_TBOOLEAN</code></a>, |
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4365 <a name="pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, |
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4366 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, |
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4367 <a name="pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, |
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4368 <a name="pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, |
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4369 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a>, |
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4370 and |
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|
4371 <a name="pdf-LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</code></a>. |
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4372 |
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|
4373 |
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|
4374 |
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|
4375 |
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|
4376 |
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4377 <hr><h3><a name="lua_typename"><code>lua_typename</code></a></h3><p> |
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4378 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4379 <pre>const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int tp);</pre> |
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4380 |
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4381 <p> |
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4382 Returns the name of the type encoded by the value <code>tp</code>, |
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4383 which must be one the values returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a>. |
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4384 |
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4385 |
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4386 |
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4387 |
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4388 |
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4389 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a></h3> |
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4390 <pre>typedef ... lua_Unsigned;</pre> |
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4391 |
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4392 <p> |
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4393 The unsigned version of <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
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4394 |
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4395 |
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4396 |
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4397 |
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4398 |
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4399 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a></h3><p> |
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4400 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4401 <pre>int lua_upvalueindex (int i);</pre> |
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4402 |
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4403 <p> |
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4404 Returns the pseudo-index that represents the <code>i</code>-th upvalue of |
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4405 the running function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). |
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4406 |
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4407 |
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4408 |
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4409 |
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4410 |
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4411 <hr><h3><a name="lua_version"><code>lua_version</code></a></h3><p> |
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4412 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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4413 <pre>const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4414 |
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4415 <p> |
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4416 Returns the address of the version number stored in the Lua core. |
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4417 When called with a valid <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a>, |
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4418 returns the address of the version used to create that state. |
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4419 When called with <code>NULL</code>, |
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4420 returns the address of the version running the call. |
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4421 |
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4422 |
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4423 |
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4424 |
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4425 |
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4426 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a></h3> |
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4427 <pre>typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, |
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4428 const void* p, |
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4429 size_t sz, |
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|
4430 void* ud);</pre> |
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4431 |
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4432 <p> |
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4433 The type of the writer function used by <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. |
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4434 Every time it produces another piece of chunk, |
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4435 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls the writer, |
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4436 passing along the buffer to be written (<code>p</code>), |
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4437 its size (<code>sz</code>), |
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4438 and the <code>data</code> parameter supplied to <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. |
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4439 |
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|
4440 |
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4441 <p> |
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4442 The writer returns an error code: |
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4443 0 means no errors; |
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4444 any other value means an error and stops <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> from |
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|
4445 calling the writer again. |
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|
4446 |
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|
4447 |
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|
4448 |
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|
4449 |
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|
4450 |
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|
4451 <hr><h3><a name="lua_xmove"><code>lua_xmove</code></a></h3><p> |
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4452 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
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|
4453 <pre>void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);</pre> |
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|
4454 |
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4455 <p> |
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4456 Exchange values between different threads of the same state. |
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|
4457 |
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|
4458 |
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|
4459 <p> |
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|
4460 This function pops <code>n</code> values from the stack <code>from</code>, |
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|
4461 and pushes them onto the stack <code>to</code>. |
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|
4462 |
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|
4463 |
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|
4464 |
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|
4465 |
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|
4466 |
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4467 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a></h3><p> |
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4468 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
4469 <pre>int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);</pre> |
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|
4470 |
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|
4471 <p> |
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|
4472 This function is equivalent to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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4473 but it has no continuation (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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|
4474 Therefore, when the thread resumes, |
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|
4475 it continues the function that called |
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|
4476 the function calling <code>lua_yield</code>. |
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|
4477 |
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|
4478 |
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|
4479 |
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|
4480 |
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|
4481 |
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|
4482 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a></h3><p> |
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4483 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4484 <pre>int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L, |
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4485 int nresults, |
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4486 lua_KContext ctx, |
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|
4487 lua_KFunction k);</pre> |
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4488 |
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|
4489 <p> |
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4490 Yields a coroutine (thread). |
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|
4491 |
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|
4492 |
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4493 <p> |
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|
4494 When a C function calls <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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4495 the running coroutine suspends its execution, |
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4496 and the call to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> that started this coroutine returns. |
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4497 The parameter <code>nresults</code> is the number of values from the stack |
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4498 that will be passed as results to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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4499 |
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4500 |
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4501 <p> |
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4502 When the coroutine is resumed again, |
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4503 Lua calls the given continuation function <code>k</code> to continue |
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4504 the execution of the C function that yielded (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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4505 This continuation function receives the same stack |
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4506 from the previous function, |
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4507 with the <code>n</code> results removed and |
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4508 replaced by the arguments passed to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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4509 Moreover, |
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4510 the continuation function receives the value <code>ctx</code> |
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4511 that was passed to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>. |
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4512 |
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4513 |
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4514 <p> |
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4515 Usually, this function does not return; |
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4516 when the coroutine eventually resumes, |
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4517 it continues executing the continuation function. |
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4518 However, there is one special case, |
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4519 which is when this function is called |
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4520 from inside a line hook (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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4521 In that case, <code>lua_yieldk</code> should be called with no continuation |
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4522 (probably in the form of <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>), |
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4523 and the hook should return immediately after the call. |
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4524 Lua will yield and, |
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4525 when the coroutine resumes again, |
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4526 it will continue the normal execution |
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4527 of the (Lua) function that triggered the hook. |
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4528 |
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4529 |
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4530 <p> |
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4531 This function can raise an error if it is called from a thread |
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4532 with a pending C call with no continuation function, |
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4533 or it is called from a thread that is not running inside a resume |
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4534 (e.g., the main thread). |
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4535 |
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|
4536 |
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4537 |
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|
4538 |
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4539 |
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|
4540 |
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|
4541 |
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4542 <h2>4.9 – <a name="4.9">The Debug Interface</a></h2> |
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4543 |
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|
4544 <p> |
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|
4545 Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. |
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4546 Instead, it offers a special interface |
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4547 by means of functions and <em>hooks</em>. |
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4548 This interface allows the construction of different |
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|
4549 kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools |
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4550 that need "inside information" from the interpreter. |
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4551 |
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|
4552 |
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|
4553 |
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4554 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a></h3> |
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4555 <pre>typedef struct lua_Debug { |
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4556 int event; |
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4557 const char *name; /* (n) */ |
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4558 const char *namewhat; /* (n) */ |
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4559 const char *what; /* (S) */ |
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4560 const char *source; /* (S) */ |
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4561 int currentline; /* (l) */ |
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4562 int linedefined; /* (S) */ |
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4563 int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */ |
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4564 unsigned char nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */ |
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4565 unsigned char nparams; /* (u) number of parameters */ |
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4566 char isvararg; /* (u) */ |
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4567 char istailcall; /* (t) */ |
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4568 char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */ |
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4569 /* private part */ |
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4570 <em>other fields</em> |
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4571 } lua_Debug;</pre> |
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4572 |
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|
4573 <p> |
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4574 A structure used to carry different pieces of |
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4575 information about a function or an activation record. |
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4576 <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> fills only the private part |
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4577 of this structure, for later use. |
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4578 To fill the other fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> with useful information, |
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4579 call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. |
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|
4580 |
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|
4581 |
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|
4582 <p> |
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|
4583 The fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> have the following meaning: |
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|
4584 |
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|
4585 <ul> |
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|
4586 |
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4587 <li><b><code>source</code>: </b> |
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4588 the name of the chunk that created the function. |
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4589 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>@</code>', |
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4590 it means that the function was defined in a file where |
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4591 the file name follows the '<code>@</code>'. |
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4592 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>=</code>', |
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4593 the remainder of its contents describe the source in a user-dependent manner. |
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4594 Otherwise, |
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4595 the function was defined in a string where |
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4596 <code>source</code> is that string. |
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4597 </li> |
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4598 |
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4599 <li><b><code>short_src</code>: </b> |
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4600 a "printable" version of <code>source</code>, to be used in error messages. |
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4601 </li> |
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4602 |
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4603 <li><b><code>linedefined</code>: </b> |
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4604 the line number where the definition of the function starts. |
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4605 </li> |
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4606 |
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4607 <li><b><code>lastlinedefined</code>: </b> |
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4608 the line number where the definition of the function ends. |
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4609 </li> |
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4610 |
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4611 <li><b><code>what</code>: </b> |
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4612 the string <code>"Lua"</code> if the function is a Lua function, |
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4613 <code>"C"</code> if it is a C function, |
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4614 <code>"main"</code> if it is the main part of a chunk. |
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4615 </li> |
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4616 |
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4617 <li><b><code>currentline</code>: </b> |
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4618 the current line where the given function is executing. |
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4619 When no line information is available, |
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4620 <code>currentline</code> is set to -1. |
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4621 </li> |
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4622 |
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4623 <li><b><code>name</code>: </b> |
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4624 a reasonable name for the given function. |
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4625 Because functions in Lua are first-class values, |
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4626 they do not have a fixed name: |
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4627 some functions can be the value of multiple global variables, |
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4628 while others can be stored only in a table field. |
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4629 The <code>lua_getinfo</code> function checks how the function was |
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4630 called to find a suitable name. |
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4631 If it cannot find a name, |
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|
4632 then <code>name</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>. |
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4633 </li> |
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4634 |
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4635 <li><b><code>namewhat</code>: </b> |
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4636 explains the <code>name</code> field. |
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4637 The value of <code>namewhat</code> can be |
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4638 <code>"global"</code>, <code>"local"</code>, <code>"method"</code>, |
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4639 <code>"field"</code>, <code>"upvalue"</code>, or <code>""</code> (the empty string), |
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4640 according to how the function was called. |
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4641 (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) |
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4642 </li> |
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4643 |
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4644 <li><b><code>istailcall</code>: </b> |
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4645 true if this function invocation was called by a tail call. |
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4646 In this case, the caller of this level is not in the stack. |
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4647 </li> |
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4648 |
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4649 <li><b><code>nups</code>: </b> |
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4650 the number of upvalues of the function. |
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4651 </li> |
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4652 |
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4653 <li><b><code>nparams</code>: </b> |
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4654 the number of fixed parameters of the function |
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4655 (always 0 for C functions). |
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|
4656 </li> |
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|
4657 |
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4658 <li><b><code>isvararg</code>: </b> |
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4659 true if the function is a vararg function |
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4660 (always true for C functions). |
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|
4661 </li> |
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|
4662 |
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|
4663 </ul> |
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|
4664 |
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4665 |
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|
4666 |
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|
4667 |
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4668 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethook"><code>lua_gethook</code></a></h3><p> |
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4669 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4670 <pre>lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
4671 |
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|
4672 <p> |
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4673 Returns the current hook function. |
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|
4674 |
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|
4675 |
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|
4676 |
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|
4677 |
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|
4678 |
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|
4679 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookcount"><code>lua_gethookcount</code></a></h3><p> |
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4680 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4681 <pre>int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
4682 |
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|
4683 <p> |
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4684 Returns the current hook count. |
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|
4685 |
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|
4686 |
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|
4687 |
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|
4688 |
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|
4689 |
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4690 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookmask"><code>lua_gethookmask</code></a></h3><p> |
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4691 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4692 <pre>int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
4693 |
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|
4694 <p> |
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4695 Returns the current hook mask. |
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|
4696 |
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|
4697 |
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|
4698 |
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|
4699 |
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|
4700 |
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|
4701 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4702 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
4703 <pre>int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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|
4704 |
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|
4705 <p> |
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|
4706 Gets information about a specific function or function invocation. |
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|
4707 |
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|
4708 |
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|
4709 <p> |
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|
4710 To get information about a function invocation, |
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4711 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was |
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4712 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or |
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4713 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). |
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|
4714 |
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|
4715 |
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|
4716 <p> |
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4717 To get information about a function you push it onto the stack |
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4718 and start the <code>what</code> string with the character '<code>></code>'. |
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4719 (In that case, |
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4720 <code>lua_getinfo</code> pops the function from the top of the stack.) |
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4721 For instance, to know in which line a function <code>f</code> was defined, |
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|
4722 you can write the following code: |
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4723 |
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4724 <pre> |
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4725 lua_Debug ar; |
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4726 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* get global 'f' */ |
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4727 lua_getinfo(L, ">S", &ar); |
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4728 printf("%d\n", ar.linedefined); |
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4729 </pre> |
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4730 |
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4731 <p> |
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4732 Each character in the string <code>what</code> |
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4733 selects some fields of the structure <code>ar</code> to be filled or |
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4734 a value to be pushed on the stack: |
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4735 |
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4736 <ul> |
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4737 |
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4738 <li><b>'<code>n</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>name</code> and <code>namewhat</code>; |
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4739 </li> |
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4740 |
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4741 <li><b>'<code>S</code>': </b> |
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4742 fills in the fields <code>source</code>, <code>short_src</code>, |
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4743 <code>linedefined</code>, <code>lastlinedefined</code>, and <code>what</code>; |
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4744 </li> |
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4745 |
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4746 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>currentline</code>; |
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4747 </li> |
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4748 |
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4749 <li><b>'<code>t</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>istailcall</code>; |
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4750 </li> |
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4751 |
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4752 <li><b>'<code>u</code>': </b> fills in the fields |
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4753 <code>nups</code>, <code>nparams</code>, and <code>isvararg</code>; |
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4754 </li> |
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4755 |
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4756 <li><b>'<code>f</code>': </b> |
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4757 pushes onto the stack the function that is |
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4758 running at the given level; |
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4759 </li> |
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4760 |
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4761 <li><b>'<code>L</code>': </b> |
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4762 pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the |
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4763 numbers of the lines that are valid on the function. |
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4764 (A <em>valid line</em> is a line with some associated code, |
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4765 that is, a line where you can put a break point. |
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4766 Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.) |
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4767 |
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4768 |
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4769 <p> |
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4770 If this option is given together with option '<code>f</code>', |
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4771 its table is pushed after the function. |
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4772 </li> |
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4773 |
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4774 </ul> |
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4775 |
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4776 <p> |
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4777 This function returns 0 on error |
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4778 (for instance, an invalid option in <code>what</code>). |
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|
4779 |
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|
4780 |
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|
4781 |
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4782 |
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|
4783 |
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4784 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a></h3><p> |
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4785 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
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4786 <pre>const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> |
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4787 |
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4788 <p> |
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4789 Gets information about a local variable of |
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4790 a given activation record or a given function. |
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|
4791 |
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|
4792 |
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|
4793 <p> |
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4794 In the first case, |
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4795 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was |
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4796 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or |
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4797 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). |
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4798 The index <code>n</code> selects which local variable to inspect; |
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4799 see <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for details about variable indices |
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4800 and names. |
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|
4801 |
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|
4802 |
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|
4803 <p> |
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4804 <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> pushes the variable's value onto the stack |
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4805 and returns its name. |
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|
4806 |
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|
4807 |
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|
4808 <p> |
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4809 In the second case, <code>ar</code> must be <code>NULL</code> and the function |
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4810 to be inspected must be at the top of the stack. |
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4811 In this case, only parameters of Lua functions are visible |
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4812 (as there is no information about what variables are active) |
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4813 and no values are pushed onto the stack. |
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|
4814 |
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|
4815 |
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|
4816 <p> |
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4817 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) |
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4818 when the index is greater than |
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4819 the number of active local variables. |
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|
4820 |
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|
4821 |
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|
4822 |
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|
4823 |
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|
4824 |
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|
4825 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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4826 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4827 <pre>int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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|
4828 |
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|
4829 <p> |
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|
4830 Gets information about the interpreter runtime stack. |
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|
4831 |
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|
4832 |
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|
4833 <p> |
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|
4834 This function fills parts of a <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> structure with |
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4835 an identification of the <em>activation record</em> |
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4836 of the function executing at a given level. |
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4837 Level 0 is the current running function, |
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4838 whereas level <em>n+1</em> is the function that has called level <em>n</em> |
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4839 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack). |
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4840 When there are no errors, <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> returns 1; |
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4841 when called with a level greater than the stack depth, |
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4842 it returns 0. |
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|
4843 |
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|
4844 |
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|
4845 |
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|
4846 |
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|
4847 |
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|
4848 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4849 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
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|
4850 <pre>const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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4851 |
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|
4852 <p> |
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4853 Gets information about a closure's upvalue. |
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|
4854 (For Lua functions, |
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|
4855 upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, |
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|
4856 and that are consequently included in its closure.) |
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4857 <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> gets the index <code>n</code> of an upvalue, |
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4858 pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack, |
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4859 and returns its name. |
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|
4860 <code>funcindex</code> points to the closure in the stack. |
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4861 (Upvalues have no particular order, |
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4862 as they are active through the whole function. |
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|
4863 So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.) |
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|
4864 |
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4865 |
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4866 <p> |
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4867 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) |
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4868 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. |
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4869 For C functions, this function uses the empty string <code>""</code> |
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4870 as a name for all upvalues. |
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4871 |
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|
4872 |
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|
4873 |
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|
4874 |
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4875 |
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4876 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a></h3> |
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4877 <pre>typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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4878 |
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4879 <p> |
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4880 Type for debugging hook functions. |
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|
4881 |
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|
4882 |
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4883 <p> |
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4884 Whenever a hook is called, its <code>ar</code> argument has its field |
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4885 <code>event</code> set to the specific event that triggered the hook. |
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4886 Lua identifies these events with the following constants: |
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4887 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKRET"><code>LUA_HOOKRET</code></a>, |
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4888 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE"><code>LUA_HOOKLINE</code></a>, |
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4889 and <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT"><code>LUA_HOOKCOUNT</code></a>. |
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4890 Moreover, for line events, the field <code>currentline</code> is also set. |
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4891 To get the value of any other field in <code>ar</code>, |
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4892 the hook must call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. |
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4893 |
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|
4894 |
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|
4895 <p> |
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4896 For call events, <code>event</code> can be <code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code>, |
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4897 the normal value, or <code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code>, for a tail call; |
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4898 in this case, there will be no corresponding return event. |
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|
4899 |
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|
4900 |
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|
4901 <p> |
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|
4902 While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. |
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4903 Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, |
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4904 this execution occurs without any calls to hooks. |
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|
4905 |
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|
4906 |
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|
4907 <p> |
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|
4908 Hook functions cannot have continuations, |
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|
4909 that is, they cannot call <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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4910 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, or <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> with a non-null <code>k</code>. |
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|
4911 |
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|
4912 |
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|
4913 <p> |
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4914 Hook functions can yield under the following conditions: |
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4915 Only count and line events can yield |
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4916 and they cannot yield any value; |
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4917 to yield a hook function must finish its execution |
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4918 calling <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a> with <code>nresults</code> equal to zero. |
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|
4919 |
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|
4920 |
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|
4921 |
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|
4922 |
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|
4923 |
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4924 <hr><h3><a name="lua_sethook"><code>lua_sethook</code></a></h3><p> |
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4925 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4926 <pre>void lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);</pre> |
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4927 |
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|
4928 <p> |
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|
4929 Sets the debugging hook function. |
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|
4930 |
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|
4931 |
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|
4932 <p> |
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|
4933 Argument <code>f</code> is the hook function. |
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4934 <code>mask</code> specifies on which events the hook will be called: |
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|
4935 it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants |
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|
4936 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCALL"><code>LUA_MASKCALL</code></a>, |
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|
4937 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKRET"><code>LUA_MASKRET</code></a>, |
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4938 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKLINE"><code>LUA_MASKLINE</code></a>, |
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|
4939 and <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT"><code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code></a>. |
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4940 The <code>count</code> argument is only meaningful when the mask |
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4941 includes <code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code>. |
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4942 For each event, the hook is called as explained below: |
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|
4943 |
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|
4944 <ul> |
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|
4945 |
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|
4946 <li><b>The call hook: </b> is called when the interpreter calls a function. |
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4947 The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, |
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4948 before the function gets its arguments. |
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|
4949 </li> |
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|
4950 |
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|
4951 <li><b>The return hook: </b> is called when the interpreter returns from a function. |
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4952 The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. |
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4953 There is no standard way to access the values |
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4954 to be returned by the function. |
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|
4955 </li> |
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|
4956 |
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4957 <li><b>The line hook: </b> is called when the interpreter is about to |
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4958 start the execution of a new line of code, |
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4959 or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). |
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4960 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) |
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4961 </li> |
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|
4962 |
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4963 <li><b>The count hook: </b> is called after the interpreter executes every |
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4964 <code>count</code> instructions. |
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4965 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) |
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4966 </li> |
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|
4967 |
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|
4968 </ul> |
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4969 |
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4970 <p> |
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4971 A hook is disabled by setting <code>mask</code> to zero. |
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|
4972 |
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|
4973 |
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|
4974 |
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|
4975 |
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|
4976 |
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4977 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a></h3><p> |
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4978 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> |
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|
4979 <pre>const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> |
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4980 |
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4981 <p> |
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4982 Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. |
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|
4983 Parameters <code>ar</code> and <code>n</code> are as in <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> |
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4984 (see <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>). |
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4985 <a href="#lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a> assigns the value at the top of the stack |
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4986 to the variable and returns its name. |
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4987 It also pops the value from the stack. |
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4988 |
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4989 |
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4990 <p> |
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4991 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) |
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4992 when the index is greater than |
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4993 the number of active local variables. |
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4994 |
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4995 |
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4996 |
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4997 |
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4998 |
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4999 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setupvalue"><code>lua_setupvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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5000 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> |
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5001 <pre>const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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5002 |
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5003 <p> |
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5004 Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. |
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5005 It assigns the value at the top of the stack |
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5006 to the upvalue and returns its name. |
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5007 It also pops the value from the stack. |
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5008 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> |
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5009 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>). |
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5010 |
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5011 |
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5012 <p> |
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5013 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) |
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5014 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. |
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5015 |
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5016 |
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5017 |
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5018 |
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5019 |
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5020 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueid"><code>lua_upvalueid</code></a></h3><p> |
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5021 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5022 <pre>void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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5023 |
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5024 <p> |
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5025 Returns a unique identifier for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> |
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5026 from the closure at index <code>funcindex</code>. |
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5027 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> |
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5028 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>) |
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5029 (but <code>n</code> cannot be greater than the number of upvalues). |
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5030 |
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5031 |
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5032 <p> |
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5033 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different |
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5034 closures share upvalues. |
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5035 Lua closures that share an upvalue |
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5036 (that is, that access a same external local variable) |
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5037 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. |
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5038 |
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5039 |
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5040 |
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5041 |
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5042 |
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5043 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvaluejoin"><code>lua_upvaluejoin</code></a></h3><p> |
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5044 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5045 <pre>void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int funcindex1, int n1, |
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5046 int funcindex2, int n2);</pre> |
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5047 |
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5048 <p> |
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5049 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex1</code> |
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5050 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex2</code>. |
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5051 |
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|
5052 |
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|
5053 |
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|
5054 |
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5055 |
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|
5056 |
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5057 |
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5058 <h1>5 – <a name="5">The Auxiliary Library</a></h1> |
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5059 |
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|
5060 <p> |
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|
5061 |
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5062 The <em>auxiliary library</em> provides several convenient functions |
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5063 to interface C with Lua. |
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|
5064 While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all |
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|
5065 interactions between C and Lua, |
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5066 the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some |
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5067 common tasks. |
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|
5068 |
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|
5069 |
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5070 <p> |
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5071 All functions and types from the auxiliary library |
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5072 are defined in header file <code>lauxlib.h</code> and |
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5073 have a prefix <code>luaL_</code>. |
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5074 |
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|
5075 |
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5076 <p> |
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5077 All functions in the auxiliary library are built on |
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5078 top of the basic API, |
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|
5079 and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with that API. |
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5080 Nevertheless, the use of the auxiliary library ensures |
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5081 more consistency to your code. |
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|
5082 |
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5083 |
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5084 <p> |
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5085 Several functions in the auxiliary library use internally some |
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5086 extra stack slots. |
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5087 When a function in the auxiliary library uses less than five slots, |
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5088 it does not check the stack size; |
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5089 it simply assumes that there are enough slots. |
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5090 |
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5091 |
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5092 <p> |
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5093 Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to |
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5094 check C function arguments. |
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5095 Because the error message is formatted for arguments |
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5096 (e.g., "<code>bad argument #1</code>"), |
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5097 you should not use these functions for other stack values. |
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5098 |
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5099 |
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5100 <p> |
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5101 Functions called <code>luaL_check*</code> |
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5102 always raise an error if the check is not satisfied. |
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5103 |
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5104 |
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5105 |
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5106 <h2>5.1 – <a name="5.1">Functions and Types</a></h2> |
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5107 |
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5108 <p> |
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5109 Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library |
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5110 in alphabetical order. |
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5111 |
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5112 |
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5113 |
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5114 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addchar"><code>luaL_addchar</code></a></h3><p> |
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5115 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5116 <pre>void luaL_addchar (luaL_Buffer *B, char c);</pre> |
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5117 |
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5118 <p> |
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5119 Adds the byte <code>c</code> to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5120 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5121 |
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5122 |
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5123 |
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5124 |
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5125 |
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5126 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addlstring"><code>luaL_addlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5127 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5128 <pre>void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);</pre> |
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5129 |
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5130 <p> |
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5131 Adds the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with length <code>l</code> to |
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5132 the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5133 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5134 The string can contain embedded zeros. |
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5135 |
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5136 |
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5137 |
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5138 |
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5139 |
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5140 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5141 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5142 <pre>void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);</pre> |
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5143 |
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5144 <p> |
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5145 Adds to the buffer <code>B</code> (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>) |
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5146 a string of length <code>n</code> previously copied to the |
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5147 buffer area (see <a href="#luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a>). |
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5148 |
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5149 |
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5150 |
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5151 |
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5152 |
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5153 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addstring"><code>luaL_addstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5154 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5155 <pre>void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);</pre> |
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5156 |
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5157 <p> |
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5158 Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> |
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5159 to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5160 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5161 |
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5162 |
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5163 |
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5164 |
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5165 |
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5166 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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5167 <span class="apii">[-1, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5168 <pre>void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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5169 |
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5170 <p> |
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5171 Adds the value at the top of the stack |
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5172 to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5173 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5174 Pops the value. |
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5175 |
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5176 |
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5177 <p> |
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5178 This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) |
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5179 be called with an extra element on the stack, |
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5180 which is the value to be added to the buffer. |
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5181 |
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5182 |
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5183 |
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5184 |
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5185 |
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5186 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argcheck"><code>luaL_argcheck</code></a></h3><p> |
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5187 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5188 <pre>void luaL_argcheck (lua_State *L, |
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5189 int cond, |
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5190 int arg, |
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5191 const char *extramsg);</pre> |
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5192 |
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5193 <p> |
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5194 Checks whether <code>cond</code> is true. |
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5195 If it is not, raises an error with a standard message (see <a href="#luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a>). |
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5196 |
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5197 |
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5198 |
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5199 |
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5200 |
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5201 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a></h3><p> |
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5202 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5203 <pre>int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg);</pre> |
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5204 |
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5205 <p> |
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5206 Raises an error reporting a problem with argument <code>arg</code> |
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5207 of the C function that called it, |
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5208 using a standard message |
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5209 that includes <code>extramsg</code> as a comment: |
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5210 |
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5211 <pre> |
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5212 bad argument #<em>arg</em> to '<em>funcname</em>' (<em>extramsg</em>) |
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5213 </pre><p> |
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5214 This function never returns. |
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5215 |
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5216 |
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5217 |
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5218 |
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5219 |
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5220 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a></h3> |
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5221 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;</pre> |
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5222 |
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5223 <p> |
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5224 Type for a <em>string buffer</em>. |
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5225 |
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5226 |
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5227 <p> |
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5228 A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal. |
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5229 Its pattern of use is as follows: |
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5230 |
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5231 <ul> |
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5232 |
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5233 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> |
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5234 |
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5235 <li>Then initialize it with a call <code>luaL_buffinit(L, &b)</code>.</li> |
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5236 |
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5237 <li> |
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5238 Then add string pieces to the buffer calling any of |
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5239 the <code>luaL_add*</code> functions. |
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5240 </li> |
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5241 |
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5242 <li> |
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5243 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresult(&b)</code>. |
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5244 This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack. |
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5245 </li> |
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5246 |
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5247 </ul> |
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5248 |
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5249 <p> |
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5250 If you know beforehand the total size of the resulting string, |
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5251 you can use the buffer like this: |
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5252 |
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5253 <ul> |
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5254 |
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5255 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> |
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5256 |
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5257 <li>Then initialize it and preallocate a space of |
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5258 size <code>sz</code> with a call <code>luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, sz)</code>.</li> |
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5259 |
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5260 <li>Then copy the string into that space.</li> |
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5261 |
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5262 <li> |
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5263 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresultsize(&b, sz)</code>, |
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5264 where <code>sz</code> is the total size of the resulting string |
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5265 copied into that space. |
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5266 </li> |
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5267 |
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5268 </ul> |
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5269 |
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5270 <p> |
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5271 During its normal operation, |
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5272 a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. |
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5273 So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where |
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5274 the top of the stack is. |
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5275 You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations |
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5276 as long as that use is balanced; |
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5277 that is, |
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5278 when you call a buffer operation, |
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5279 the stack is at the same level |
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5280 it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. |
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5281 (The only exception to this rule is <a href="#luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a>.) |
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5282 After calling <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a> the stack is back to its |
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5283 level when the buffer was initialized, |
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5284 plus the final string on its top. |
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5285 |
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5286 |
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5287 |
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5288 |
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5289 |
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5290 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a></h3><p> |
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5291 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5292 <pre>void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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5293 |
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5294 <p> |
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5295 Initializes a buffer <code>B</code>. |
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5296 This function does not allocate any space; |
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5297 the buffer must be declared as a variable |
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5298 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5299 |
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5300 |
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5301 |
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5302 |
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5303 |
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5304 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinitsize"><code>luaL_buffinitsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5305 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5306 <pre>char *luaL_buffinitsize (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
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5307 |
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5308 <p> |
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5309 Equivalent to the sequence |
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|
5310 <a href="#luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a>. |
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5311 |
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5312 |
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5313 |
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5314 |
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5315 |
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5316 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_callmeta"><code>luaL_callmeta</code></a></h3><p> |
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5317 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5318 <pre>int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> |
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5319 |
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5320 <p> |
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5321 Calls a metamethod. |
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5322 |
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5323 |
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5324 <p> |
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5325 If the object at index <code>obj</code> has a metatable and this |
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5326 metatable has a field <code>e</code>, |
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5327 this function calls this field passing the object as its only argument. |
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5328 In this case this function returns true and pushes onto the |
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5329 stack the value returned by the call. |
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5330 If there is no metatable or no metamethod, |
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5331 this function returns false (without pushing any value on the stack). |
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5332 |
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5333 |
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5334 |
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5335 |
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5336 |
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5337 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkany"><code>luaL_checkany</code></a></h3><p> |
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5338 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5339 <pre>void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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5340 |
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5341 <p> |
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5342 Checks whether the function has an argument |
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5343 of any type (including <b>nil</b>) at position <code>arg</code>. |
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5344 |
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5345 |
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5346 |
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5347 |
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5348 |
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5349 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkinteger"><code>luaL_checkinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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5350 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5351 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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5352 |
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5353 <p> |
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5354 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is an integer |
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5355 (or can be converted to an integer) |
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5356 and returns this integer cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
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5357 |
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|
5358 |
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|
5359 |
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5360 |
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5361 |
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5362 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklstring"><code>luaL_checklstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5363 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5364 <pre>const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int arg, size_t *l);</pre> |
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5365 |
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5366 <p> |
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5367 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string |
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5368 and returns this string; |
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5369 if <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code> fills <code>*l</code> |
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5370 with the string's length. |
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5371 |
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5372 |
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5373 <p> |
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5374 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, |
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5375 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. |
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5376 |
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|
5377 |
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5378 |
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5379 |
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5380 |
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5381 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checknumber"><code>luaL_checknumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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5382 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5383 <pre>lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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|
5384 |
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5385 <p> |
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|
5386 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
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5387 and returns this number. |
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|
5388 |
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|
5389 |
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|
5390 |
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|
5391 |
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|
5392 |
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|
5393 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkoption"><code>luaL_checkoption</code></a></h3><p> |
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5394 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5395 <pre>int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, |
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5396 int arg, |
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|
5397 const char *def, |
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|
5398 const char *const lst[]);</pre> |
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|
5399 |
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|
5400 <p> |
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|
5401 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string and |
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5402 searches for this string in the array <code>lst</code> |
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|
5403 (which must be NULL-terminated). |
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5404 Returns the index in the array where the string was found. |
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5405 Raises an error if the argument is not a string or |
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|
5406 if the string cannot be found. |
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|
5407 |
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|
5408 |
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|
5409 <p> |
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|
5410 If <code>def</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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|
5411 the function uses <code>def</code> as a default value when |
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5412 there is no argument <code>arg</code> or when this argument is <b>nil</b>. |
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|
5413 |
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|
5414 |
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|
5415 <p> |
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5416 This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums. |
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5417 (The usual convention in Lua libraries is |
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5418 to use strings instead of numbers to select options.) |
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|
5419 |
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|
5420 |
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|
5421 |
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|
5422 |
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|
5423 |
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|
5424 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstack"><code>luaL_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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5425 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5426 <pre>void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);</pre> |
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|
5427 |
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|
5428 <p> |
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|
5429 Grows the stack size to <code>top + sz</code> elements, |
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|
5430 raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. |
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|
5431 <code>msg</code> is an additional text to go into the error message |
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|
5432 (or <code>NULL</code> for no additional text). |
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|
5433 |
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|
5434 |
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|
5435 |
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|
5436 |
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|
5437 |
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|
5438 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstring"><code>luaL_checkstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5439 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5440 <pre>const char *luaL_checkstring (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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|
5441 |
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|
5442 <p> |
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|
5443 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string |
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|
5444 and returns this string. |
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|
5445 |
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|
5446 |
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|
5447 <p> |
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|
5448 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, |
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|
5449 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. |
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|
5450 |
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|
5451 |
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|
5452 |
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|
5453 |
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|
5454 |
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|
5455 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checktype"><code>luaL_checktype</code></a></h3><p> |
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5456 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5457 <pre>void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int arg, int t);</pre> |
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5458 |
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|
5459 <p> |
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|
5460 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> has type <code>t</code>. |
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|
5461 See <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> for the encoding of types for <code>t</code>. |
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5462 |
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|
5463 |
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|
5464 |
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|
5465 |
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|
5466 |
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5467 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a></h3><p> |
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5468 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5469 <pre>void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> |
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|
5470 |
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|
5471 <p> |
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5472 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a userdata |
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5473 of the type <code>tname</code> (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>) and |
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5474 returns the userdata address (see <a href="#lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a>). |
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|
5475 |
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|
5476 |
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|
5477 |
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|
5478 |
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5479 |
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5480 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkversion"><code>luaL_checkversion</code></a></h3><p> |
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5481 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
5482 <pre>void luaL_checkversion (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
5483 |
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|
5484 <p> |
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5485 Checks whether the core running the call, |
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5486 the core that created the Lua state, |
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5487 and the code making the call are all using the same version of Lua. |
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5488 Also checks whether the core running the call |
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5489 and the core that created the Lua state |
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5490 are using the same address space. |
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5491 |
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5492 |
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5493 |
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5494 |
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5495 |
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5496 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dofile"><code>luaL_dofile</code></a></h3><p> |
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5497 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5498 <pre>int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> |
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5499 |
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5500 <p> |
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5501 Loads and runs the given file. |
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5502 It is defined as the following macro: |
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5503 |
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5504 <pre> |
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5505 (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) |
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5506 </pre><p> |
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5507 It returns false if there are no errors |
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5508 or true in case of errors. |
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|
5509 |
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|
5510 |
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|
5511 |
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|
5512 |
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|
5513 |
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5514 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dostring"><code>luaL_dostring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5515 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, –]</span> |
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|
5516 <pre>int luaL_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);</pre> |
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5517 |
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|
5518 <p> |
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|
5519 Loads and runs the given string. |
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|
5520 It is defined as the following macro: |
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|
5521 |
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|
5522 <pre> |
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|
5523 (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) |
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5524 </pre><p> |
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5525 It returns false if there are no errors |
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|
5526 or true in case of errors. |
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|
5527 |
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|
5528 |
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|
5529 |
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|
5530 |
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|
5531 |
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|
5532 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5533 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5534 <pre>int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> |
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|
5535 |
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|
5536 <p> |
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|
5537 Raises an error. |
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|
5538 The error message format is given by <code>fmt</code> |
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5539 plus any extra arguments, |
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|
5540 following the same rules of <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>. |
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|
5541 It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and |
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|
5542 the line number where the error occurred, |
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|
5543 if this information is available. |
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|
5544 |
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|
5545 |
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|
5546 <p> |
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|
5547 This function never returns, |
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|
5548 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions |
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|
5549 as <code>return luaL_error(<em>args</em>)</code>. |
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|
5550 |
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|
5551 |
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|
5552 |
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|
5553 |
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|
5554 |
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|
5555 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_execresult"><code>luaL_execresult</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5556 <span class="apii">[-0, +3, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5557 <pre>int luaL_execresult (lua_State *L, int stat);</pre> |
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|
5558 |
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|
5559 <p> |
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|
5560 This function produces the return values for |
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|
5561 process-related functions in the standard library |
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|
5562 (<a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.close"><code>io.close</code></a>). |
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|
5563 |
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|
5564 |
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|
5565 |
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|
5566 |
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|
5567 |
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|
5568 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_fileresult"><code>luaL_fileresult</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5569 <span class="apii">[-0, +(1|3), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5570 <pre>int luaL_fileresult (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname);</pre> |
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|
5571 |
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|
5572 <p> |
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|
5573 This function produces the return values for |
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|
5574 file-related functions in the standard library |
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|
5575 (<a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek</code></a>, etc.). |
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|
5576 |
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|
5577 |
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|
5578 |
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|
5579 |
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|
5580 |
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|
5581 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetafield"><code>luaL_getmetafield</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5582 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5583 <pre>int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> |
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|
5584 |
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|
5585 <p> |
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|
5586 Pushes onto the stack the field <code>e</code> from the metatable |
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|
5587 of the object at index <code>obj</code> and returns the type of pushed value. |
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|
5588 If the object does not have a metatable, |
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|
5589 or if the metatable does not have this field, |
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5590 pushes nothing and returns <code>LUA_TNIL</code>. |
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5591 |
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|
5592 |
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diff
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|
5593 |
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|
5594 |
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5595 |
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5596 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetatable"><code>luaL_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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5597 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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5598 <pre>int luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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5599 |
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5600 <p> |
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5601 Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> |
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5602 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
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5603 If there is no metatable associated with <code>tname</code>, |
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5604 returns false and pushes <b>nil</b>. |
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5605 |
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5606 |
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|
5607 |
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5608 |
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5609 |
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5610 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getsubtable"><code>luaL_getsubtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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5611 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5612 <pre>int luaL_getsubtable (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname);</pre> |
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5613 |
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5614 <p> |
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5615 Ensures that the value <code>t[fname]</code>, |
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5616 where <code>t</code> is the value at index <code>idx</code>, |
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5617 is a table, |
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5618 and pushes that table onto the stack. |
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5619 Returns true if it finds a previous table there |
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5620 and false if it creates a new table. |
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5621 |
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5622 |
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5623 |
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5624 |
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5625 |
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5626 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_gsub"><code>luaL_gsub</code></a></h3><p> |
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5627 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5628 <pre>const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, |
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5629 const char *s, |
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5630 const char *p, |
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|
5631 const char *r);</pre> |
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|
5632 |
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|
5633 <p> |
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5634 Creates a copy of string <code>s</code> by replacing |
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5635 any occurrence of the string <code>p</code> |
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5636 with the string <code>r</code>. |
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5637 Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it. |
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5638 |
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|
5639 |
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|
5640 |
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|
5641 |
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|
5642 |
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5643 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_len"><code>luaL_len</code></a></h3><p> |
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5644 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5645 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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5646 |
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|
5647 <p> |
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5648 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index |
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5649 as a number; |
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|
5650 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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5651 Raises an error if the result of the operation is not an integer. |
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|
5652 (This case only can happen through metamethods.) |
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5653 |
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|
5654 |
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|
5655 |
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|
5656 |
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|
5657 |
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5658 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbuffer"><code>luaL_loadbuffer</code></a></h3><p> |
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5659 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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5660 <pre>int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L, |
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|
5661 const char *buff, |
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|
5662 size_t sz, |
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|
5663 const char *name);</pre> |
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|
5664 |
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|
5665 <p> |
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5666 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
5667 |
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|
5668 |
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|
5669 |
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|
5670 |
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|
5671 |
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|
5672 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a></h3><p> |
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5673 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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5674 <pre>int luaL_loadbufferx (lua_State *L, |
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|
5675 const char *buff, |
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|
5676 size_t sz, |
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|
5677 const char *name, |
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|
5678 const char *mode);</pre> |
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|
5679 |
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|
5680 <p> |
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5681 Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. |
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|
5682 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the |
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5683 buffer pointed to by <code>buff</code> with size <code>sz</code>. |
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5684 |
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|
5685 |
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|
5686 <p> |
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5687 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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5688 <code>name</code> is the chunk name, |
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5689 used for debug information and error messages. |
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5690 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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|
5691 |
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|
5692 |
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|
5693 |
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|
5694 |
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5695 |
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5696 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfile"><code>luaL_loadfile</code></a></h3><p> |
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5697 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5698 <pre>int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> |
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5699 |
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5700 <p> |
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5701 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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5702 |
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|
5703 |
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|
5704 |
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5705 |
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5706 |
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5707 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a></h3><p> |
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5708 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5709 <pre>int luaL_loadfilex (lua_State *L, const char *filename, |
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5710 const char *mode);</pre> |
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|
5711 |
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|
5712 <p> |
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|
5713 Loads a file as a Lua chunk. |
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|
5714 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the file |
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|
5715 named <code>filename</code>. |
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|
5716 If <code>filename</code> is <code>NULL</code>, |
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|
5717 then it loads from the standard input. |
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|
5718 The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a <code>#</code>. |
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|
5719 |
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|
5720 |
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|
5721 <p> |
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|
5722 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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|
5723 |
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|
5724 |
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|
5725 <p> |
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|
5726 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, |
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|
5727 but it has an extra error code <a name="pdf-LUA_ERRFILE"><code>LUA_ERRFILE</code></a> |
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|
5728 if it cannot open/read the file or the file has a wrong mode. |
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|
5729 |
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diff
changeset
|
5730 |
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diff
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|
5731 <p> |
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|
5732 As <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; |
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|
5733 it does not run it. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5734 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5735 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5736 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5737 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5738 |
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|
5739 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadstring"><code>luaL_loadstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5740 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
5741 <pre>int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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|
5742 |
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diff
changeset
|
5743 <p> |
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diff
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|
5744 Loads a string as a Lua chunk. |
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|
5745 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in |
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|
5746 the zero-terminated string <code>s</code>. |
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|
5747 |
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diff
changeset
|
5748 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5749 <p> |
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|
5750 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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changeset
|
5751 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5752 |
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diff
changeset
|
5753 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
5754 Also as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; |
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|
5755 it does not run it. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5756 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5757 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5758 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5759 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5760 |
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|
5761 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5762 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5763 <pre>void luaL_newlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> |
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|
5764 |
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diff
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|
5765 <p> |
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|
5766 Creates a new table and registers there |
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|
5767 the functions in list <code>l</code>. |
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|
5768 |
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diff
changeset
|
5769 |
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|
5770 <p> |
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|
5771 It is implemented as the following macro: |
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|
5772 |
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|
5773 <pre> |
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|
5774 (luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0)) |
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|
5775 </pre><p> |
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|
5776 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, |
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|
5777 not a pointer to it. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5778 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5779 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5780 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5781 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5782 |
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|
5783 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlibtable"><code>luaL_newlibtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5784 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5785 <pre>void luaL_newlibtable (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> |
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|
5786 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5787 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5788 Creates a new table with a size optimized |
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diff
changeset
|
5789 to store all entries in the array <code>l</code> |
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|
5790 (but does not actually store them). |
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diff
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|
5791 It is intended to be used in conjunction with <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> |
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|
5792 (see <a href="#luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a>). |
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|
5793 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5794 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5795 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
5796 It is implemented as a macro. |
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diff
changeset
|
5797 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5798 not a pointer to it. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5799 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5800 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
5801 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5802 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
5803 |
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|
5804 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5805 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5806 <pre>int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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|
5807 |
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changeset
|
5808 <p> |
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|
5809 If the registry already has the key <code>tname</code>, |
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|
5810 returns 0. |
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diff
changeset
|
5811 Otherwise, |
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|
5812 creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, |
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changeset
|
5813 adds to this new table the pair <code>__name = tname</code>, |
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|
5814 adds to the registry the pair <code>[tname] = new table</code>, |
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|
5815 and returns 1. |
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changeset
|
5816 (The entry <code>__name</code> is used by some error-reporting functions.) |
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changeset
|
5817 |
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diff
changeset
|
5818 |
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changeset
|
5819 <p> |
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|
5820 In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated |
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|
5821 with <code>tname</code> in the registry. |
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changeset
|
5822 |
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diff
changeset
|
5823 |
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diff
changeset
|
5824 |
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changeset
|
5825 |
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changeset
|
5826 |
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|
5827 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5828 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
5829 <pre>lua_State *luaL_newstate (void);</pre> |
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changeset
|
5830 |
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diff
changeset
|
5831 <p> |
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changeset
|
5832 Creates a new Lua state. |
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5833 It calls <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> with an |
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5834 allocator based on the standard C <code>realloc</code> function |
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5835 and then sets a panic function (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>) that prints |
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5836 an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal |
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5837 errors. |
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|
5838 |
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|
5839 |
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5840 <p> |
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5841 Returns the new state, |
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5842 or <code>NULL</code> if there is a memory allocation error. |
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|
5843 |
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|
5844 |
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|
5845 |
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|
5846 |
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|
5847 |
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5848 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a></h3><p> |
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5849 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5850 <pre>void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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5851 |
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|
5852 <p> |
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5853 Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state. |
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|
5854 |
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|
5855 |
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|
5856 |
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|
5857 |
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|
5858 |
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5859 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optinteger"><code>luaL_optinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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5860 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5861 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, |
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5862 int arg, |
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|
5863 lua_Integer d);</pre> |
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|
5864 |
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|
5865 <p> |
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5866 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is an integer |
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5867 (or convertible to an integer), |
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|
5868 returns this integer. |
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5869 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
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|
5870 returns <code>d</code>. |
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5871 Otherwise, raises an error. |
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|
5872 |
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|
5873 |
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|
5874 |
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|
5875 |
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|
5876 |
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|
5877 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlstring"><code>luaL_optlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5878 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5879 <pre>const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, |
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|
5880 int arg, |
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|
5881 const char *d, |
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|
5882 size_t *l);</pre> |
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|
5883 |
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|
5884 <p> |
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|
5885 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, |
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|
5886 returns this string. |
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|
5887 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
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|
5888 returns <code>d</code>. |
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|
5889 Otherwise, raises an error. |
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|
5890 |
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|
5891 |
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|
5892 <p> |
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|
5893 If <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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|
5894 fills the position <code>*l</code> with the result's length. |
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|
5895 |
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|
5896 |
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|
5897 |
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|
5898 |
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diff
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|
5899 |
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|
5900 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optnumber"><code>luaL_optnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5901 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5902 <pre>lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number d);</pre> |
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|
5903 |
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|
5904 <p> |
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|
5905 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
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|
5906 returns this number. |
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|
5907 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
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|
5908 returns <code>d</code>. |
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|
5909 Otherwise, raises an error. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
5910 |
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|
5911 |
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|
5912 |
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|
5913 |
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|
5914 |
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|
5915 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optstring"><code>luaL_optstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5916 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
5917 <pre>const char *luaL_optstring (lua_State *L, |
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|
5918 int arg, |
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|
5919 const char *d);</pre> |
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|
5920 |
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|
5921 <p> |
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|
5922 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, |
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|
5923 returns this string. |
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|
5924 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
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|
5925 returns <code>d</code>. |
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|
5926 Otherwise, raises an error. |
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|
5927 |
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|
5928 |
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changeset
|
5929 |
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|
5930 |
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|
5931 |
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|
5932 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5933 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5934 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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|
5935 |
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|
5936 <p> |
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|
5937 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a> |
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|
5938 with the predefined size <a name="pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE"><code>LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</code></a>. |
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|
5939 |
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|
5940 |
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|
5941 |
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|
5942 |
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|
5943 |
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|
5944 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5945 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5946 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
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|
5947 |
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|
5948 <p> |
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|
5949 Returns an address to a space of size <code>sz</code> |
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5950 where you can copy a string to be added to buffer <code>B</code> |
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|
5951 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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|
5952 After copying the string into this space you must call |
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|
5953 <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a> with the size of the string to actually add |
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5954 it to the buffer. |
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5955 |
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5956 |
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5957 |
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5958 |
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5959 |
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5960 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a></h3><p> |
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5961 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5962 <pre>void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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5963 |
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5964 <p> |
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5965 Finishes the use of buffer <code>B</code> leaving the final string on |
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5966 the top of the stack. |
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5967 |
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5968 |
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|
5969 |
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5970 |
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5971 |
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5972 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresultsize"><code>luaL_pushresultsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5973 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5974 <pre>void luaL_pushresultsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
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5975 |
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5976 <p> |
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5977 Equivalent to the sequence <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a>. |
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5978 |
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5979 |
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5980 |
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5981 |
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5982 |
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5983 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a></h3><p> |
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5984 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5985 <pre>int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t);</pre> |
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5986 |
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5987 <p> |
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5988 Creates and returns a <em>reference</em>, |
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5989 in the table at index <code>t</code>, |
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5990 for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object). |
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5991 |
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|
5992 |
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5993 <p> |
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5994 A reference is a unique integer key. |
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5995 As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table <code>t</code>, |
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5996 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. |
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5997 You can retrieve an object referred by reference <code>r</code> |
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5998 by calling <code>lua_rawgeti(L, t, r)</code>. |
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5999 Function <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> frees a reference and its associated object. |
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6000 |
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|
6001 |
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6002 <p> |
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6003 If the object at the top of the stack is <b>nil</b>, |
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6004 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> returns the constant <a name="pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>. |
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6005 The constant <a name="pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> is guaranteed to be different |
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6006 from any reference returned by <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>. |
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6007 |
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6008 |
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6009 |
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6010 |
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6011 |
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6012 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a></h3> |
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6013 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Reg { |
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6014 const char *name; |
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6015 lua_CFunction func; |
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6016 } luaL_Reg;</pre> |
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6017 |
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6018 <p> |
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6019 Type for arrays of functions to be registered by |
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6020 <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a>. |
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6021 <code>name</code> is the function name and <code>func</code> is a pointer to |
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6022 the function. |
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6023 Any array of <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a> must end with a sentinel entry |
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6024 in which both <code>name</code> and <code>func</code> are <code>NULL</code>. |
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6025 |
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|
6026 |
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|
6027 |
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|
6028 |
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|
6029 |
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6030 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6031 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6032 <pre>void luaL_requiref (lua_State *L, const char *modname, |
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6033 lua_CFunction openf, int glb);</pre> |
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|
6034 |
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|
6035 <p> |
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|
6036 If <code>modname</code> is not already present in <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a>, |
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6037 calls function <code>openf</code> with string <code>modname</code> as an argument |
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6038 and sets the call result in <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, |
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|
6039 as if that function has been called through <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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|
6040 |
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|
6041 |
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6042 <p> |
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6043 If <code>glb</code> is true, |
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6044 also stores the module into global <code>modname</code>. |
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6045 |
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|
6046 |
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|
6047 <p> |
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6048 Leaves a copy of the module on the stack. |
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|
6049 |
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|
6050 |
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|
6051 |
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|
6052 |
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|
6053 |
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6054 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a></h3><p> |
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6055 <span class="apii">[-nup, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6056 <pre>void luaL_setfuncs (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);</pre> |
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6057 |
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6058 <p> |
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6059 Registers all functions in the array <code>l</code> |
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6060 (see <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a>) into the table on the top of the stack |
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6061 (below optional upvalues, see next). |
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6062 |
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|
6063 |
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6064 <p> |
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6065 When <code>nup</code> is not zero, |
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6066 all functions are created sharing <code>nup</code> upvalues, |
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6067 which must be previously pushed on the stack |
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6068 on top of the library table. |
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6069 These values are popped from the stack after the registration. |
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6070 |
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|
6071 |
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|
6072 |
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6073 |
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|
6074 |
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6075 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setmetatable"><code>luaL_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6076 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6077 <pre>void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6078 |
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6079 <p> |
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6080 Sets the metatable of the object at the top of the stack |
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6081 as the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> |
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6082 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
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6083 |
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6084 |
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|
6085 |
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|
6086 |
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6087 |
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6088 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Stream"><code>luaL_Stream</code></a></h3> |
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6089 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Stream { |
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6090 FILE *f; |
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6091 lua_CFunction closef; |
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6092 } luaL_Stream;</pre> |
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6093 |
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6094 <p> |
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6095 The standard representation for file handles, |
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6096 which is used by the standard I/O library. |
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6097 |
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6098 |
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6099 <p> |
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6100 A file handle is implemented as a full userdata, |
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6101 with a metatable called <code>LUA_FILEHANDLE</code> |
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6102 (where <code>LUA_FILEHANDLE</code> is a macro with the actual metatable's name). |
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6103 The metatable is created by the I/O library |
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6104 (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
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6105 |
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6106 |
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6107 <p> |
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6108 This userdata must start with the structure <code>luaL_Stream</code>; |
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6109 it can contain other data after this initial structure. |
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6110 Field <code>f</code> points to the corresponding C stream |
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6111 (or it can be <code>NULL</code> to indicate an incompletely created handle). |
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6112 Field <code>closef</code> points to a Lua function |
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6113 that will be called to close the stream |
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6114 when the handle is closed or collected; |
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6115 this function receives the file handle as its sole argument and |
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6116 must return either <b>true</b> (in case of success) |
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6117 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message (in case of error). |
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6118 Once Lua calls this field, |
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6119 the field value is changed to <code>NULL</code> |
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6120 to signal that the handle is closed. |
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6121 |
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6122 |
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6123 |
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|
6124 |
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6125 |
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6126 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_testudata"><code>luaL_testudata</code></a></h3><p> |
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6127 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6128 <pre>void *luaL_testudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6129 |
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6130 <p> |
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6131 This function works like <a href="#luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a>, |
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6132 except that, when the test fails, |
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6133 it returns <code>NULL</code> instead of raising an error. |
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6134 |
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6135 |
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6136 |
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6137 |
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6138 |
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6139 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_tolstring"><code>luaL_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6140 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6141 <pre>const char *luaL_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);</pre> |
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6142 |
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6143 <p> |
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6144 Converts any Lua value at the given index to a C string |
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6145 in a reasonable format. |
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6146 The resulting string is pushed onto the stack and also |
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6147 returned by the function. |
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6148 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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6149 the function also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. |
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6150 |
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|
6151 |
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|
6152 <p> |
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6153 If the value has a metatable with a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, |
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6154 then <code>luaL_tolstring</code> calls the corresponding metamethod |
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6155 with the value as argument, |
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6156 and uses the result of the call as its result. |
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|
6157 |
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|
6158 |
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|
6159 |
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|
6160 |
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|
6161 |
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6162 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_traceback"><code>luaL_traceback</code></a></h3><p> |
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6163 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6164 <pre>void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg, |
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6165 int level);</pre> |
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6166 |
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6167 <p> |
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6168 Creates and pushes a traceback of the stack <code>L1</code>. |
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6169 If <code>msg</code> is not <code>NULL</code> it is appended |
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6170 at the beginning of the traceback. |
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6171 The <code>level</code> parameter tells at which level |
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6172 to start the traceback. |
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|
6173 |
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|
6174 |
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|
6175 |
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6176 |
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6177 |
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6178 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_typename"><code>luaL_typename</code></a></h3><p> |
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6179 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6180 <pre>const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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6181 |
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6182 <p> |
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6183 Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. |
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6184 |
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|
6185 |
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6186 |
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6187 |
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6188 |
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6189 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6190 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6191 <pre>void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);</pre> |
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6192 |
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6193 <p> |
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6194 Releases reference <code>ref</code> from the table at index <code>t</code> |
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6195 (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>). |
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6196 The entry is removed from the table, |
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6197 so that the referred object can be collected. |
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6198 The reference <code>ref</code> is also freed to be used again. |
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6199 |
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6200 |
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6201 <p> |
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6202 If <code>ref</code> is <a href="#pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>, |
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6203 <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> does nothing. |
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6204 |
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6205 |
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6206 |
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6207 |
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6208 |
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6209 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a></h3><p> |
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6210 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6211 <pre>void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int lvl);</pre> |
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6212 |
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6213 <p> |
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6214 Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position |
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6215 of the control at level <code>lvl</code> in the call stack. |
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6216 Typically this string has the following format: |
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6217 |
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6218 <pre> |
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6219 <em>chunkname</em>:<em>currentline</em>: |
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6220 </pre><p> |
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6221 Level 0 is the running function, |
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6222 level 1 is the function that called the running function, |
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6223 etc. |
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6224 |
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6225 |
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6226 <p> |
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6227 This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. |
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6228 |
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6229 |
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6230 |
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6231 |
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6232 |
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6233 |
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6234 |
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6235 <h1>6 – <a name="6">Standard Libraries</a></h1> |
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6236 |
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6237 <p> |
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6238 The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions |
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6239 that are implemented directly through the C API. |
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6240 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language |
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6241 (e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>); |
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6242 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O); |
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6243 and others could be implemented in Lua itself, |
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6244 but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that |
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6245 deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>). |
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6246 |
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6247 |
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6248 <p> |
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6249 All libraries are implemented through the official C API |
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6250 and are provided as separate C modules. |
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6251 Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries: |
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6252 |
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6253 <ul> |
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6254 |
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6255 <li>basic library (<a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>);</li> |
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6256 |
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6257 <li>coroutine library (<a href="#6.2">§6.2</a>);</li> |
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6258 |
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6259 <li>package library (<a href="#6.3">§6.3</a>);</li> |
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6260 |
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6261 <li>string manipulation (<a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>);</li> |
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6262 |
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6263 <li>basic UTF-8 support (<a href="#6.5">§6.5</a>);</li> |
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6264 |
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6265 <li>table manipulation (<a href="#6.6">§6.6</a>);</li> |
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6266 |
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6267 <li>mathematical functions (<a href="#6.7">§6.7</a>) (sin, log, etc.);</li> |
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6268 |
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6269 <li>input and output (<a href="#6.8">§6.8</a>);</li> |
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6270 |
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6271 <li>operating system facilities (<a href="#6.9">§6.9</a>);</li> |
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6272 |
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6273 <li>debug facilities (<a href="#6.10">§6.10</a>).</li> |
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6274 |
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6275 </ul><p> |
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6276 Except for the basic and the package libraries, |
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6277 each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table |
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6278 or as methods of its objects. |
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6279 |
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6280 |
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6281 <p> |
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6282 To have access to these libraries, |
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6283 the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function, |
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6284 which opens all standard libraries. |
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6285 Alternatively, |
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6286 the host program can open them individually by using |
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6287 <a href="#luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a> to call |
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6288 <a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library), |
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6289 <a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library), |
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6290 <a name="pdf-luaopen_coroutine"><code>luaopen_coroutine</code></a> (for the coroutine library), |
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6291 <a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library), |
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6292 <a name="pdf-luaopen_utf8"><code>luaopen_utf8</code></a> (for the UTF8 library), |
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6293 <a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library), |
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6294 <a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library), |
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6295 <a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library), |
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6296 <a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the operating system library), |
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6297 and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library). |
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6298 These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>. |
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6299 |
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6300 |
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6301 |
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6302 <h2>6.1 – <a name="6.1">Basic Functions</a></h2> |
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6303 |
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6304 <p> |
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6305 The basic library provides core functions to Lua. |
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6306 If you do not include this library in your application, |
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6307 you should check carefully whether you need to provide |
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6308 implementations for some of its facilities. |
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6309 |
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6310 |
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6311 <p> |
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6312 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3> |
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|
6313 |
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6314 |
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6315 <p> |
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6316 Calls <a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> if |
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6317 the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>); |
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6318 otherwise, returns all its arguments. |
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6319 In case of error, |
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6320 <code>message</code> is the error object; |
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6321 when absent, it defaults to "<code>assertion failed!</code>" |
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6322 |
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|
6323 |
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|
6324 |
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6325 |
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6326 <p> |
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6327 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])</code></a></h3> |
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6328 |
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|
6329 |
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6330 <p> |
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6331 This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. |
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6332 It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>: |
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6333 |
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6334 <ul> |
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6335 |
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6336 <li><b>"<code>collect</code>": </b> |
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6337 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. |
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6338 This is the default option. |
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6339 </li> |
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6340 |
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6341 <li><b>"<code>stop</code>": </b> |
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6342 stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. |
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6343 The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, |
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6344 until a call to restart it. |
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6345 </li> |
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|
6346 |
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6347 <li><b>"<code>restart</code>": </b> |
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6348 restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector. |
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6349 </li> |
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|
6350 |
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6351 <li><b>"<code>count</code>": </b> |
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6352 returns the total memory in use by Lua in Kbytes. |
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6353 The value has a fractional part, |
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6354 so that it multiplied by 1024 |
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6355 gives the exact number of bytes in use by Lua |
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6356 (except for overflows). |
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6357 </li> |
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|
6358 |
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6359 <li><b>"<code>step</code>": </b> |
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6360 performs a garbage-collection step. |
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6361 The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code>. |
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6362 With a zero value, |
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6363 the collector will perform one basic (indivisible) step. |
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6364 For non-zero values, |
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6365 the collector will perform as if that amount of memory |
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6366 (in KBytes) had been allocated by Lua. |
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6367 Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle. |
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6368 </li> |
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|
6369 |
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6370 <li><b>"<code>setpause</code>": </b> |
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6371 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of |
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6372 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
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6373 Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>. |
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6374 </li> |
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|
6375 |
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6376 <li><b>"<code>setstepmul</code>": </b> |
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6377 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of |
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6378 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
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6379 Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>. |
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6380 </li> |
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|
6381 |
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6382 <li><b>"<code>isrunning</code>": </b> |
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6383 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running |
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6384 (i.e., not stopped). |
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6385 </li> |
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|
6386 |
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|
6387 </ul> |
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|
6388 |
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|
6389 |
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|
6390 |
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|
6391 <p> |
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6392 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile ([filename])</code></a></h3> |
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6393 Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk. |
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6394 When called without arguments, |
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6395 <code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>). |
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6396 Returns all values returned by the chunk. |
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6397 In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error |
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6398 to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode). |
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|
6399 |
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|
6400 |
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|
6401 |
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|
6402 |
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|
6403 <p> |
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6404 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3> |
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6405 Terminates the last protected function called |
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6406 and returns <code>message</code> as the error object. |
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6407 Function <code>error</code> never returns. |
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|
6408 |
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|
6409 |
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6410 <p> |
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6411 Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position |
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6412 at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string. |
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6413 The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position. |
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6414 With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the |
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6415 <code>error</code> function was called. |
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6416 Level 2 points the error to where the function |
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6417 that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on. |
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6418 Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information |
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6419 to the message. |
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|
6420 |
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|
6421 |
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|
6422 |
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6423 |
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6424 <p> |
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6425 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3> |
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6426 A global variable (not a function) that |
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6427 holds the global environment (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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6428 Lua itself does not use this variable; |
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6429 changing its value does not affect any environment, |
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6430 nor vice versa. |
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|
6431 |
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|
6432 |
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changeset
|
6433 |
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changeset
|
6434 |
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|
6435 <p> |
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|
6436 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3> |
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6437 |
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6438 |
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6439 <p> |
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6440 If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>. |
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6441 Otherwise, |
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6442 if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, |
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6443 returns the associated value. |
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6444 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object. |
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6445 |
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|
6446 |
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|
6447 |
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|
6448 |
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6449 <p> |
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6450 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3> |
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|
6451 |
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|
6452 |
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6453 <p> |
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6454 Returns three values (an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0) |
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6455 so that the construction |
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|
6456 |
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6457 <pre> |
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6458 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end |
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6459 </pre><p> |
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6460 will iterate over the key–value pairs |
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6461 (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ..., |
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6462 up to the first nil value. |
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6463 |
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|
6464 |
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|
6465 |
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6466 |
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6467 <p> |
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6468 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (chunk [, chunkname [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> |
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6469 |
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|
6470 |
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6471 <p> |
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6472 Loads a chunk. |
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|
6473 |
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|
6474 |
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6475 <p> |
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6476 If <code>chunk</code> is a string, the chunk is this string. |
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6477 If <code>chunk</code> is a function, |
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6478 <code>load</code> calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces. |
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6479 Each call to <code>chunk</code> must return a string that concatenates |
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6480 with previous results. |
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6481 A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk. |
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|
6482 |
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|
6483 |
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|
6484 <p> |
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6485 If there are no syntactic errors, |
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6486 returns the compiled chunk as a function; |
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6487 otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message. |
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|
6488 |
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|
6489 |
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|
6490 <p> |
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|
6491 If the resulting function has upvalues, |
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|
6492 the first upvalue is set to the value of <code>env</code>, |
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6493 if that parameter is given, |
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|
6494 or to the value of the global environment. |
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6495 Other upvalues are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
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6496 (When you load a main chunk, |
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|
6497 the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, |
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6498 the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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6499 However, |
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6500 when you load a binary chunk created from a function (see <a href="#pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump</code></a>), |
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6501 the resulting function can have an arbitrary number of upvalues.) |
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6502 All upvalues are fresh, that is, |
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|
6503 they are not shared with any other function. |
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|
6504 |
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|
6505 |
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|
6506 <p> |
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6507 <code>chunkname</code> is used as the name of the chunk for error messages |
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6508 and debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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|
6509 When absent, |
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|
6510 it defaults to <code>chunk</code>, if <code>chunk</code> is a string, |
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6511 or to "<code>=(load)</code>" otherwise. |
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|
6512 |
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|
6513 |
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|
6514 <p> |
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6515 The string <code>mode</code> controls whether the chunk can be text or binary |
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6516 (that is, a precompiled chunk). |
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6517 It may be the string "<code>b</code>" (only binary chunks), |
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6518 "<code>t</code>" (only text chunks), |
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6519 or "<code>bt</code>" (both binary and text). |
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6520 The default is "<code>bt</code>". |
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|
6521 |
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|
6522 |
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|
6523 <p> |
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|
6524 Lua does not check the consistency of binary chunks. |
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|
6525 Maliciously crafted binary chunks can crash |
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|
6526 the interpreter. |
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|
6527 |
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|
6528 |
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|
6529 |
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|
6530 |
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|
6531 <p> |
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|
6532 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
6533 |
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|
6534 |
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|
6535 <p> |
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|
6536 Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, |
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6537 but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code> |
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6538 or from the standard input, |
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6539 if no file name is given. |
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|
6540 |
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|
6541 |
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|
6542 |
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|
6543 |
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6544 <p> |
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6545 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3> |
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|
6546 |
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|
6547 |
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|
6548 <p> |
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|
6549 Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. |
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|
6550 Its first argument is a table and its second argument |
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6551 is an index in this table. |
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6552 <code>next</code> returns the next index of the table |
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|
6553 and its associated value. |
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6554 When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument, |
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6555 <code>next</code> returns an initial index |
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6556 and its associated value. |
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|
6557 When called with the last index, |
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6558 or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table, |
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6559 <code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>. |
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6560 If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>. |
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6561 In particular, |
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6562 you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty. |
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6563 |
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|
6564 |
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6565 <p> |
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6566 The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified, |
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6567 <em>even for numeric indices</em>. |
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6568 (To traverse a table in numeric order, |
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6569 use a numerical <b>for</b>.) |
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6570 |
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|
6571 |
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6572 <p> |
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6573 The behavior of <code>next</code> is undefined if, |
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6574 during the traversal, |
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6575 you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. |
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6576 You may however modify existing fields. |
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6577 In particular, you may clear existing fields. |
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|
6578 |
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|
6579 |
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|
6580 |
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6581 |
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6582 <p> |
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6583 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3> |
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6584 |
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|
6585 |
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6586 <p> |
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6587 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>, |
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6588 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three |
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6589 results from the call. |
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6590 |
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|
6591 |
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6592 <p> |
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6593 Otherwise, |
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6594 returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>, |
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6595 so that the construction |
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|
6596 |
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6597 <pre> |
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6598 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end |
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6599 </pre><p> |
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6600 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>. |
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|
6601 |
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|
6602 |
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|
6603 <p> |
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6604 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying |
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6605 the table during its traversal. |
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|
6606 |
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|
6607 |
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|
6608 |
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|
6609 |
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6610 <p> |
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6611 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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|
6612 |
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|
6613 |
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|
6614 <p> |
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6615 Calls function <code>f</code> with |
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6616 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>. |
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6617 This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated; |
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6618 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error |
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6619 and returns a status code. |
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6620 Its first result is the status code (a boolean), |
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6621 which is true if the call succeeds without errors. |
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6622 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call, |
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6623 after this first result. |
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6624 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. |
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|
6625 |
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changeset
|
6626 |
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changeset
|
6627 |
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|
6628 |
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|
6629 <p> |
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|
6630 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3> |
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6631 Receives any number of arguments |
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|
6632 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>, |
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|
6633 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string. |
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6634 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output, |
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|
6635 but only as a quick way to show a value, |
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|
6636 for instance for debugging. |
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|
6637 For complete control over the output, |
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|
6638 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>. |
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changeset
|
6639 |
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changeset
|
6640 |
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changeset
|
6641 |
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changeset
|
6642 |
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changeset
|
6643 <p> |
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|
6644 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3> |
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|
6645 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>, |
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|
6646 without invoking any metamethod. |
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|
6647 Returns a boolean. |
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|
6648 |
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changeset
|
6649 |
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changeset
|
6650 |
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changeset
|
6651 |
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|
6652 <p> |
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|
6653 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
6654 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>, |
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changeset
|
6655 without invoking any metamethod. |
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changeset
|
6656 <code>table</code> must be a table; |
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6657 <code>index</code> may be any value. |
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|
6658 |
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|
6659 |
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changeset
|
6660 |
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changeset
|
6661 |
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|
6662 <p> |
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|
6663 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawlen"><code>rawlen (v)</code></a></h3> |
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|
6664 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>, |
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|
6665 which must be a table or a string, |
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|
6666 without invoking any metamethod. |
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|
6667 Returns an integer. |
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|
6668 |
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changeset
|
6669 |
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changeset
|
6670 |
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changeset
|
6671 |
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changeset
|
6672 <p> |
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|
6673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3> |
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|
6674 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>, |
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changeset
|
6675 without invoking any metamethod. |
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changeset
|
6676 <code>table</code> must be a table, |
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changeset
|
6677 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b> and NaN, |
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6678 and <code>value</code> any Lua value. |
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changeset
|
6679 |
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changeset
|
6680 |
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changeset
|
6681 <p> |
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|
6682 This function returns <code>table</code>. |
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changeset
|
6683 |
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|
6684 |
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|
6685 |
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|
6686 |
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|
6687 <p> |
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6688 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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6689 |
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6690 |
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|
6691 <p> |
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6692 If <code>index</code> is a number, |
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6693 returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>; |
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6694 a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument). |
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6695 Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>, |
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6696 and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received. |
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6697 |
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6698 |
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6699 |
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|
6700 |
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6701 <p> |
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6702 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3> |
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6703 |
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|
6704 |
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6705 <p> |
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6706 Sets the metatable for the given table. |
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6707 (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.) |
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6708 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>, |
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6709 removes the metatable of the given table. |
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6710 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, |
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6711 raises an error. |
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|
6712 |
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|
6713 |
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6714 <p> |
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6715 This function returns <code>table</code>. |
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|
6716 |
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|
6717 |
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|
6718 |
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|
6719 |
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6720 <p> |
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6721 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3> |
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6722 |
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|
6723 |
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|
6724 <p> |
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|
6725 When called with no <code>base</code>, |
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|
6726 <code>tonumber</code> tries to convert its argument to a number. |
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|
6727 If the argument is already a number or |
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6728 a string convertible to a number, |
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|
6729 then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number; |
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|
6730 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
6731 |
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|
6732 |
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|
6733 <p> |
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|
6734 The conversion of strings can result in integers or floats, |
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6735 according to the lexical conventions of Lua (see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>). |
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6736 (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) |
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|
6737 |
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|
6738 |
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|
6739 <p> |
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|
6740 When called with <code>base</code>, |
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6741 then <code>e</code> must be a string to be interpreted as |
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|
6742 an integer numeral in that base. |
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|
6743 The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. |
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6744 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case) |
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6745 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth, |
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6746 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35. |
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|
6747 If the string <code>e</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base, |
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6748 the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
6749 |
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|
6750 |
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|
6751 |
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|
6752 |
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|
6753 <p> |
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|
6754 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (v)</code></a></h3> |
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6755 Receives a value of any type and |
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6756 converts it to a string in a human-readable format. |
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6757 Floats always produce strings with some |
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6758 floating-point indication (either a decimal dot or an exponent). |
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|
6759 (For complete control of how numbers are converted, |
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|
6760 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.) |
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|
6761 |
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|
6762 |
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|
6763 <p> |
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|
6764 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, |
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6765 then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value |
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|
6766 with <code>v</code> as argument, |
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|
6767 and uses the result of the call as its result. |
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|
6768 |
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|
6769 |
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changeset
|
6770 |
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|
6771 |
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|
6772 <p> |
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|
6773 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3> |
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6774 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. |
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6775 The possible results of this function are |
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|
6776 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>), |
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|
6777 "<code>number</code>", |
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|
6778 "<code>string</code>", |
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|
6779 "<code>boolean</code>", |
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6780 "<code>table</code>", |
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6781 "<code>function</code>", |
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6782 "<code>thread</code>", |
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|
6783 and "<code>userdata</code>". |
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|
6784 |
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changeset
|
6785 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
6786 |
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|
6787 |
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changeset
|
6788 <p> |
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|
6789 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3> |
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|
6790 A global variable (not a function) that |
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|
6791 holds a string containing the current interpreter version. |
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|
6792 The current value of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.3</code>". |
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|
6793 |
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changeset
|
6794 |
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changeset
|
6795 |
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changeset
|
6796 |
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|
6797 <p> |
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6798 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
6799 |
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changeset
|
6800 |
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changeset
|
6801 <p> |
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|
6802 This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>, |
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6803 except that it sets a new message handler <code>msgh</code>. |
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|
6804 |
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changeset
|
6805 |
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changeset
|
6806 |
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changeset
|
6807 |
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parents:
diff
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|
6808 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6809 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6810 |
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|
6811 <h2>6.2 – <a name="6.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2> |
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|
6812 |
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|
6813 <p> |
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|
6814 The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of |
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|
6815 the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>. |
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|
6816 See <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a> for a general description of coroutines. |
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|
6817 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
6818 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
6819 <p> |
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|
6820 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3> |
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|
6821 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6822 |
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diff
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|
6823 <p> |
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|
6824 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. |
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6825 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. |
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|
6826 Returns this new coroutine, |
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|
6827 an object with type <code>"thread"</code>. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
6828 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6829 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6830 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6831 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
6832 <p> |
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|
6833 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.isyieldable"><code>coroutine.isyieldable ()</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
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|
6834 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6835 |
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|
6836 <p> |
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|
6837 Returns true when the running coroutine can yield. |
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parents:
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|
6838 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6839 |
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parents:
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|
6840 <p> |
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|
6841 A running coroutine is yieldable if it is not the main thread and |
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parents:
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|
6842 it is not inside a non-yieldable C function. |
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parents:
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|
6843 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6844 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6845 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6846 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6847 <p> |
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diff
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|
6848 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
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|
6849 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6850 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6851 <p> |
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|
6852 Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>. |
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parents:
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|
6853 The first time you resume a coroutine, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
6854 it starts running its body. |
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parents:
diff
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6855 The values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
6856 as the arguments to the body function. |
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parents:
diff
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|
6857 If the coroutine has yielded, |
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parents:
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|
6858 <code>resume</code> restarts it; |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6859 the values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed |
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parents:
diff
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|
6860 as the results from the yield. |
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parents:
diff
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|
6861 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6862 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6863 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6864 If the coroutine runs without any errors, |
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parents:
diff
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|
6865 <code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6866 (when the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function |
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parents:
diff
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|
6867 (when the coroutine terminates). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6868 If there is any error, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6869 <code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6870 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6871 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6872 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6873 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6874 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6875 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6876 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6877 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6878 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
6879 Returns the running coroutine plus a boolean, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6880 true when the running coroutine is the main one. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6881 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6882 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6883 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6884 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6885 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6886 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6887 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6888 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6889 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6890 Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string: |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6891 <code>"running"</code>, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6892 if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>); |
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parents:
diff
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|
6893 <code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6894 or if it has not started running yet; |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6895 <code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6896 (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6897 and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6898 or if it has stopped with an error. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6899 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6900 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6901 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6902 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6903 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
6904 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6905 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6906 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6907 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6908 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6909 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6910 Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6911 Any arguments passed to the function behave as the |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6912 extra arguments to <code>resume</code>. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6913 Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6914 except the first boolean. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6915 In case of error, propagates the error. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6916 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6917 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6918 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6919 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6920 <p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6921 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6922 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6923 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6924 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6925 Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
6926 Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6927 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6928 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6929 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6930 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
6931 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
6932 |
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|
6933 |
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|
6934 <h2>6.3 – <a name="6.3">Modules</a></h2> |
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6935 |
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|
6936 <p> |
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|
6937 The package library provides basic |
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6938 facilities for loading modules in Lua. |
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6939 It exports one function directly in the global environment: |
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6940 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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6941 Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>. |
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6942 |
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|
6943 |
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|
6944 <p> |
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6945 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3> |
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6946 |
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|
6947 |
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|
6948 <p> |
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|
6949 Loads the given module. |
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6950 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table |
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6951 to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded. |
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6952 If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored |
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6953 at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
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6954 Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module. |
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|
6955 |
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|
6956 |
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diff
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|
6957 <p> |
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|
6958 To find a loader, |
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6959 <code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a> sequence. |
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6960 By changing this sequence, |
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6961 we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module. |
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6962 The following explanation is based on the default configuration |
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|
6963 for <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>. |
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|
6964 |
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|
6965 |
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|
6966 <p> |
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6967 First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>. |
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6968 If it has a value, |
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6969 this value (which must be a function) is the loader. |
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6970 Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the |
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|
6971 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. |
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6972 If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the |
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parents:
diff
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|
6973 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. |
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|
6974 If that also fails, |
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parents:
diff
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|
6975 it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>). |
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|
6976 |
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diff
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|
6977 |
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diff
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|
6978 <p> |
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|
6979 Once a loader is found, |
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|
6980 <code>require</code> calls the loader with two arguments: |
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|
6981 <code>modname</code> and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader. |
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|
6982 (If the loader came from a file, |
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|
6983 this extra value is the file name.) |
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|
6984 If the loader returns any non-nil value, |
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diff
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|
6985 <code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
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|
6986 If the loader does not return a non-nil value and |
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6987 has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, |
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|
6988 then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry. |
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|
6989 In any case, <code>require</code> returns the |
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diff
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|
6990 final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
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|
6991 |
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parents:
diff
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|
6992 |
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diff
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|
6993 <p> |
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|
6994 If there is any error loading or running the module, |
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|
6995 or if it cannot find any loader for the module, |
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|
6996 then <code>require</code> raises an error. |
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|
6997 |
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diff
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|
6998 |
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diff
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|
6999 |
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|
7000 |
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|
7001 <p> |
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|
7002 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.config"><code>package.config</code></a></h3> |
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|
7003 |
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|
7004 |
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|
7005 <p> |
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|
7006 A string describing some compile-time configurations for packages. |
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|
7007 This string is a sequence of lines: |
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|
7008 |
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|
7009 <ul> |
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|
7010 |
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|
7011 <li>The first line is the directory separator string. |
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|
7012 Default is '<code>\</code>' for Windows and '<code>/</code>' for all other systems.</li> |
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|
7013 |
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|
7014 <li>The second line is the character that separates templates in a path. |
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|
7015 Default is '<code>;</code>'.</li> |
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|
7016 |
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|
7017 <li>The third line is the string that marks the |
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parents:
diff
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|
7018 substitution points in a template. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7019 Default is '<code>?</code>'.</li> |
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|
7020 |
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diff
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|
7021 <li>The fourth line is a string that, in a path in Windows, |
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|
7022 is replaced by the executable's directory. |
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|
7023 Default is '<code>!</code>'.</li> |
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|
7024 |
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7025 <li>The fifth line is a mark to ignore all text after it |
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|
7026 when building the <code>luaopen_</code> function name. |
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|
7027 Default is '<code>-</code>'.</li> |
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|
7028 |
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diff
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|
7029 </ul> |
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|
7030 |
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|
7031 |
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|
7032 |
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|
7033 <p> |
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|
7034 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3> |
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|
7035 |
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|
7036 |
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|
7037 <p> |
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|
7038 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader. |
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|
7039 |
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|
7040 |
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|
7041 <p> |
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|
7042 Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way |
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|
7043 it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>, |
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|
7044 using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_3"><code>LUA_CPATH_5_3</code></a> |
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|
7045 or the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a> |
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|
7046 or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
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|
7047 |
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|
7048 |
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|
7049 |
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changeset
|
7050 |
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|
7051 <p> |
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|
7052 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7053 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7054 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7055 <p> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7056 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7057 modules are already loaded. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7058 When you require a module <code>modname</code> and |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7059 <code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7060 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7061 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7062 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7063 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7064 This variable is only a reference to the real table; |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7065 assignments to this variable do not change the |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7066 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7067 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7068 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7069 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7070 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7071 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7072 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7073 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7074 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7075 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7076 Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7077 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7078 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7079 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7080 If <code>funcname</code> is "<code>*</code>", |
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|
7081 then it only links with the library, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7082 making the symbols exported by the library |
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|
7083 available to other dynamically linked libraries. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7084 Otherwise, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7085 it looks for a function <code>funcname</code> inside the library |
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parents:
diff
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|
7086 and returns this function as a C function. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7087 So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a> prototype |
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parents:
diff
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|
7088 (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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parents:
diff
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|
7089 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7090 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7091 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
7092 This is a low-level function. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7093 It completely bypasses the package and module system. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7094 Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7095 it does not perform any path searching and |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7096 does not automatically adds extensions. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7097 <code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7098 including if necessary a path and an extension. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7099 <code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library |
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parents:
diff
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|
7100 (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7101 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7102 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7103 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7104 This function is not supported by Standard C. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7105 As such, it is only available on some platforms |
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parents:
diff
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|
7106 (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7107 plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard). |
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parents:
diff
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|
7108 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7109 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7110 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7111 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7112 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7113 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7114 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7115 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7116 <p> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7117 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7118 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7119 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7120 <p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7121 At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7122 the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH_5_3"><code>LUA_PATH_5_3</code></a> or |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7123 the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7124 with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7125 if those environment variables are not defined. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7126 Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7127 is replaced by the default path. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7128 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7129 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7130 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7131 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7132 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7133 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7134 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7135 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7136 <p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7137 A table to store loaders for specific modules |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7138 (see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7139 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7140 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7141 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7142 This variable is only a reference to the real table; |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7143 assignments to this variable do not change the |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7144 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7145 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7146 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7147 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7148 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7149 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7150 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7151 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7152 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7153 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7154 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7155 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7156 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7157 <p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7158 Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7159 When looking for a module, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7160 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7161 with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7162 sole parameter. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7163 The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>) |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7164 plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7165 or a string explaining why it did not find that module |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7166 (or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say). |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7167 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7168 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7169 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7170 Lua initializes this table with four searcher functions. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7171 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7172 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7173 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7174 The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7175 <a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table. |
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|
7176 |
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|
7177 |
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|
7178 <p> |
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|
7179 The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library, |
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|
7180 using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. |
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|
7181 The search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
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|
7182 |
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diff
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|
7183 |
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|
7184 <p> |
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|
7185 The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, |
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|
7186 using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. |
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|
7187 Again, |
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|
7188 the search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
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|
7189 For instance, |
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|
7190 if the C path is the string |
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diff
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|
7191 |
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diff
changeset
|
7192 <pre> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7193 "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so" |
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|
7194 </pre><p> |
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|
7195 the searcher for module <code>foo</code> |
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diff
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|
7196 will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>, |
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diff
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|
7197 and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order. |
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|
7198 Once it finds a C library, |
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|
7199 this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the |
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|
7200 application with the library. |
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|
7201 Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to |
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|
7202 be used as the loader. |
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|
7203 The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>" |
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|
7204 concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot |
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parents:
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|
7205 is replaced by an underscore. |
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parents:
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|
7206 Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen, |
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|
7207 its suffix after (and including) the first hyphen is removed. |
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parents:
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|
7208 For instance, if the module name is <code>a.b.c-v2.1</code>, |
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parents:
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|
7209 the function name will be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. |
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|
7210 |
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diff
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|
7211 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
7212 <p> |
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|
7213 The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>. |
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parents:
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|
7214 It searches the C path for a library for |
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|
7215 the root name of the given module. |
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changeset
|
7216 For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7217 it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>. |
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|
7218 If found, it looks into it for an open function for |
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7219 the submodule; |
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diff
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|
7220 in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. |
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|
7221 With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules |
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|
7222 into one single library, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7223 with each submodule keeping its original open function. |
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|
7224 |
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diff
changeset
|
7225 |
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|
7226 <p> |
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|
7227 All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value |
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|
7228 the file name where the module was found, |
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diff
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|
7229 as returned by <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
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|
7230 The first searcher returns no extra value. |
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|
7231 |
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diff
changeset
|
7232 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
7233 |
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diff
changeset
|
7234 |
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|
7235 <p> |
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|
7236 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath (name, path [, sep [, rep]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7237 |
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diff
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|
7238 |
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|
7239 <p> |
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|
7240 Searches for the given <code>name</code> in the given <code>path</code>. |
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|
7241 |
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diff
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|
7242 |
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|
7243 <p> |
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|
7244 A path is a string containing a sequence of |
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|
7245 <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons. |
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|
7246 For each template, |
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|
7247 the function replaces each interrogation mark (if any) |
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|
7248 in the template with a copy of <code>name</code> |
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|
7249 wherein all occurrences of <code>sep</code> |
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|
7250 (a dot, by default) |
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|
7251 were replaced by <code>rep</code> |
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|
7252 (the system's directory separator, by default), |
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|
7253 and then tries to open the resulting file name. |
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|
7254 |
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diff
changeset
|
7255 |
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|
7256 <p> |
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changeset
|
7257 For instance, if the path is the string |
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|
7258 |
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changeset
|
7259 <pre> |
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changeset
|
7260 "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua" |
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|
7261 </pre><p> |
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|
7262 the search for the name <code>foo.a</code> |
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|
7263 will try to open the files |
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|
7264 <code>./foo/a.lua</code>, <code>./foo/a.lc</code>, and |
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changeset
|
7265 <code>/usr/local/foo/a/init.lua</code>, in that order. |
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changeset
|
7266 |
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diff
changeset
|
7267 |
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|
7268 <p> |
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|
7269 Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can |
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|
7270 open in read mode (after closing the file), |
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|
7271 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message if none succeeds. |
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|
7272 (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.) |
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|
7273 |
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diff
changeset
|
7274 |
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diff
changeset
|
7275 |
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diff
changeset
|
7276 |
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diff
changeset
|
7277 |
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changeset
|
7278 |
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changeset
|
7279 |
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|
7280 <h2>6.4 – <a name="6.4">String Manipulation</a></h2> |
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|
7281 |
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|
7282 <p> |
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|
7283 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, |
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7284 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. |
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|
7285 When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1 |
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|
7286 (not at 0, as in C). |
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|
7287 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, |
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7288 from the end of the string. |
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|
7289 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on. |
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changeset
|
7290 |
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diff
changeset
|
7291 |
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changeset
|
7292 <p> |
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|
7293 The string library provides all its functions inside the table |
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changeset
|
7294 <a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>. |
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|
7295 It also sets a metatable for strings |
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|
7296 where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table. |
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7297 Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style. |
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7298 For instance, <code>string.byte(s,i)</code> |
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7299 can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>. |
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7300 |
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7301 |
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7302 <p> |
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7303 The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. |
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7304 |
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7305 |
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7306 <p> |
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7307 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
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7308 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>, |
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7309 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>. |
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7310 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1; |
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7311 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. |
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7312 These indices are corrected |
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7313 following the same rules of function <a href="#pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub</code></a>. |
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|
7314 |
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|
7315 |
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7316 <p> |
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7317 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. |
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|
7318 |
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|
7319 |
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|
7320 |
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|
7321 |
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7322 <p> |
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7323 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3> |
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7324 Receives zero or more integers. |
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7325 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, |
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7326 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal |
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7327 to its corresponding argument. |
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|
7328 |
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|
7329 |
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7330 <p> |
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7331 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. |
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|
7332 |
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|
7333 |
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|
7334 |
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|
7335 |
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7336 <p> |
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7337 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function [, strip])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7338 |
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|
7339 |
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7340 <p> |
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7341 Returns a string containing a binary representation |
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7342 (a <em>binary chunk</em>) |
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7343 of the given function, |
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7344 so that a later <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> on this string returns |
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7345 a copy of the function (but with new upvalues). |
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7346 If <code>strip</code> is a true value, |
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7347 the binary representation is created without debug information |
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7348 about the function |
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7349 (local variable names, lines, etc.). |
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|
7350 |
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|
7351 |
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|
7352 <p> |
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7353 Functions with upvalues have only their number of upvalues saved. |
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7354 When (re)loaded, |
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7355 those upvalues receive fresh instances containing <b>nil</b>. |
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|
7356 (You can use the debug library to serialize |
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7357 and reload the upvalues of a function |
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|
7358 in a way adequate to your needs.) |
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|
7359 |
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|
7360 |
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|
7361 |
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|
7362 |
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|
7363 <p> |
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7364 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7365 |
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|
7366 |
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|
7367 <p> |
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|
7368 Looks for the first match of |
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|
7369 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) in the string <code>s</code>. |
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|
7370 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code> |
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|
7371 where this occurrence starts and ends; |
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|
7372 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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7373 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies |
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|
7374 where to start the search; |
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|
7375 its default value is 1 and can be negative. |
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7376 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code> |
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|
7377 turns off the pattern matching facilities, |
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7378 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, |
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|
7379 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic. |
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|
7380 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well. |
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|
7381 |
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|
7382 |
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|
7383 <p> |
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|
7384 If the pattern has captures, |
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|
7385 then in a successful match |
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|
7386 the captured values are also returned, |
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|
7387 after the two indices. |
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|
7388 |
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|
7389 |
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|
7390 |
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|
7391 |
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|
7392 <p> |
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|
7393 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7394 |
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|
7395 |
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|
7396 <p> |
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|
7397 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments |
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7398 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). |
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7399 The format string follows the same rules as the ISO C function <code>sprintf</code>. |
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|
7400 The only differences are that the options/modifiers |
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|
7401 <code>*</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>n</code>, |
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|
7402 and <code>p</code> are not supported |
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7403 and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>. |
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7404 The <code>q</code> option formats a string between double quotes, |
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7405 using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that |
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7406 it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter. |
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7407 For instance, the call |
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|
7408 |
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|
7409 <pre> |
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|
7410 string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line') |
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|
7411 </pre><p> |
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|
7412 may produce the string: |
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|
7413 |
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|
7414 <pre> |
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|
7415 "a string with \"quotes\" and \ |
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7416 new line" |
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|
7417 </pre> |
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|
7418 |
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7419 <p> |
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|
7420 Options |
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7421 <code>A</code> and <code>a</code> (when available), |
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7422 <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>, |
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7423 <code>G</code>, and <code>g</code> all expect a number as argument. |
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7424 Options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, |
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7425 <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code> |
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7426 expect an integer. |
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7427 Option <code>q</code> expects a string; |
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7428 option <code>s</code> expects a string without embedded zeros. |
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|
7429 If the argument to option <code>s</code> is not a string, |
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|
7430 it is converted to one following the same rules of <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a>. |
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|
7431 |
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|
7432 |
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|
7433 |
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|
7434 |
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|
7435 <p> |
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7436 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7437 Returns an iterator function that, |
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7438 each time it is called, |
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7439 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) |
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7440 over the string <code>s</code>. |
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7441 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, |
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7442 then the whole match is produced in each call. |
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|
7443 |
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|
7444 |
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|
7445 <p> |
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|
7446 As an example, the following loop |
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7447 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>, |
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7448 printing one per line: |
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|
7449 |
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|
7450 <pre> |
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|
7451 s = "hello world from Lua" |
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7452 for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do |
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|
7453 print(w) |
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|
7454 end |
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|
7455 </pre><p> |
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|
7456 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the |
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7457 given string into a table: |
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|
7458 |
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|
7459 <pre> |
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|
7460 t = {} |
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|
7461 s = "from=world, to=Lua" |
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|
7462 for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do |
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|
7463 t[k] = v |
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|
7464 end |
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|
7465 </pre> |
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|
7466 |
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|
7467 <p> |
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|
7468 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not |
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|
7469 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. |
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|
7470 |
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|
7471 |
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|
7472 |
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|
7473 |
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|
7474 <p> |
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|
7475 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7476 Returns a copy of <code>s</code> |
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|
7477 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given) |
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|
7478 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) have been |
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7479 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>, |
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|
7480 which can be a string, a table, or a function. |
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7481 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value, |
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|
7482 the total number of matches that occurred. |
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|
7483 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>. |
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|
7484 |
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|
7485 |
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|
7486 <p> |
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|
7487 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement. |
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7488 The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character: |
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|
7489 any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>d</em></code>, |
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|
7490 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9, |
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|
7491 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring. |
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7492 The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match. |
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|
7493 The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>. |
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|
7494 |
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|
7495 |
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|
7496 <p> |
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|
7497 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match, |
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|
7498 using the first capture as the key. |
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|
7499 |
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|
7500 |
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|
7501 <p> |
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|
7502 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a |
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|
7503 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, |
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|
7504 in order. |
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|
7505 |
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|
7506 |
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|
7507 <p> |
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|
7508 In any case, |
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|
7509 if the pattern specifies no captures, |
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|
7510 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture. |
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|
7511 |
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|
7512 |
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|
7513 <p> |
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|
7514 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call |
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|
7515 is a string or a number, |
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|
7516 then it is used as the replacement string; |
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|
7517 otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>, |
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|
7518 then there is no replacement |
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|
7519 (that is, the original match is kept in the string). |
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|
7520 |
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|
7521 |
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|
7522 <p> |
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|
7523 Here are some examples: |
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|
7524 |
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|
7525 <pre> |
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|
7526 x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1") |
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|
7527 --> x="hello hello world world" |
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|
7528 |
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7529 x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1) |
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|
7530 --> x="hello hello world" |
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changeset
|
7531 |
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|
7532 x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1") |
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|
7533 --> x="world hello Lua from" |
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changeset
|
7534 |
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|
7535 x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv) |
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|
7536 --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto" |
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|
7537 |
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|
7538 x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s) |
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|
7539 return load(s)() |
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|
7540 end) |
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|
7541 --> x="4+5 = 9" |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7542 |
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diff
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|
7543 local t = {name="lua", version="5.3"} |
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parents:
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|
7544 x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) |
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parents:
diff
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|
7545 --> x="lua-5.3.tar.gz" |
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parents:
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|
7546 </pre> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7547 |
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diff
changeset
|
7548 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7549 |
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diff
changeset
|
7550 <p> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7551 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7552 Receives a string and returns its length. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7553 The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0. |
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diff
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|
7554 Embedded zeros are counted, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7555 so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7556 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7557 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7558 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7559 |
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diff
changeset
|
7560 <p> |
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|
7561 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7562 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all |
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|
7563 uppercase letters changed to lowercase. |
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|
7564 All other characters are left unchanged. |
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parents:
diff
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|
7565 The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale. |
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|
7566 |
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diff
changeset
|
7567 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7568 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7569 |
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parents:
diff
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|
7570 <p> |
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|
7571 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7572 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of |
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|
7573 <code>pattern</code> (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>) in the string <code>s</code>. |
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|
7574 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns |
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|
7575 the captures from the pattern; |
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|
7576 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
7577 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, |
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parents:
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|
7578 then the whole match is returned. |
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diff
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|
7579 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies |
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|
7580 where to start the search; |
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|
7581 its default value is 1 and can be negative. |
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diff
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|
7582 |
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diff
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|
7583 |
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diff
changeset
|
7584 |
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diff
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|
7585 |
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diff
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|
7586 <p> |
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|
7587 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack (fmt, v1, v2, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7588 |
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parents:
diff
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|
7589 |
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diff
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|
7590 <p> |
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|
7591 Returns a binary string containing the values <code>v1</code>, <code>v2</code>, etc. |
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parents:
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|
7592 packed (that is, serialized in binary form) |
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|
7593 according to the format string <code>fmt</code> (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>). |
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|
7594 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7595 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7596 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7597 |
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diff
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|
7598 <p> |
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diff
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|
7599 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.packsize"><code>string.packsize (fmt)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7600 |
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diff
changeset
|
7601 |
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diff
changeset
|
7602 <p> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7603 Returns the size of a string resulting from <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> |
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|
7604 with the given format. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7605 The format string cannot have the variable-length options |
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diff
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|
7606 '<code>s</code>' or '<code>z</code>' (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>). |
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diff
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|
7607 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7608 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7609 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7610 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
7611 <p> |
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diff
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|
7612 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
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|
7613 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of |
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diff
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|
7614 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>. |
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parents:
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|
7615 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string |
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parents:
diff
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|
7616 (that is, no separator). |
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parents:
diff
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|
7617 Returns the empty string if <code>n</code> is not positive. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7618 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7619 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7620 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7621 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7622 <p> |
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parents:
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|
7623 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
diff
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|
7624 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7625 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7626 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7627 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7628 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7629 <p> |
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parents:
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|
7630 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7631 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that |
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|
7632 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>; |
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|
7633 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7634 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7635 (which is the same as the string length). |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7636 In particular, |
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parents:
diff
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|
7637 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code> |
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parents:
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|
7638 with length <code>j</code>, |
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diff
changeset
|
7639 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code> |
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parents:
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changeset
|
7640 with length <code>i</code>. |
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diff
changeset
|
7641 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
7642 |
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diff
changeset
|
7643 <p> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7644 If, after the translation of negative indices, |
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diff
changeset
|
7645 <code>i</code> is less than 1, |
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parents:
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|
7646 it is corrected to 1. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7647 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length, |
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parents:
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|
7648 it is corrected to that length. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7649 If, after these corrections, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7650 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7651 the function returns the empty string. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7652 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7653 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7654 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7655 |
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diff
changeset
|
7656 <p> |
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changeset
|
7657 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack (fmt, s [, pos])</code></a></h3> |
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diff
changeset
|
7658 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
7659 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
7660 <p> |
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|
7661 Returns the values packed in string <code>s</code> (see <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>) |
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|
7662 according to the format string <code>fmt</code> (see <a href="#6.4.2">§6.4.2</a>). |
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7663 An optional <code>pos</code> marks where |
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7664 to start reading in <code>s</code> (default is 1). |
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7665 After the read values, |
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7666 this function also returns the index of the first unread byte in <code>s</code>. |
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7667 |
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7668 |
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7669 |
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7670 |
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7671 <p> |
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7672 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3> |
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7673 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all |
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7674 lowercase letters changed to uppercase. |
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7675 All other characters are left unchanged. |
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7676 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. |
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|
7677 |
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|
7678 |
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|
7679 |
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|
7680 |
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|
7681 |
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7682 <h3>6.4.1 – <a name="6.4.1">Patterns</a></h3> |
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7683 |
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7684 <p> |
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7685 Patterns in Lua are described by regular strings, |
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7686 which are interpreted as patterns by the pattern-matching functions |
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7687 <a href="#pdf-string.find"><code>string.find</code></a>, |
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7688 <a href="#pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch</code></a>, |
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7689 <a href="#pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub</code></a>, |
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7690 and <a href="#pdf-string.match"><code>string.match</code></a>. |
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7691 This section describes the syntax and the meaning |
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7692 (that is, what they match) of these strings. |
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7693 |
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|
7694 |
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|
7695 |
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7696 <h4>Character Class:</h4><p> |
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7697 A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters. |
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7698 The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: |
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|
7699 |
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|
7700 <ul> |
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|
7701 |
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7702 <li><b><em>x</em>: </b> |
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|
7703 (where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em> |
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7704 <code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>) |
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7705 represents the character <em>x</em> itself. |
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|
7706 </li> |
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|
7707 |
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7708 <li><b><code>.</code>: </b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li> |
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|
7709 |
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7710 <li><b><code>%a</code>: </b> represents all letters.</li> |
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|
7711 |
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7712 <li><b><code>%c</code>: </b> represents all control characters.</li> |
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|
7713 |
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7714 <li><b><code>%d</code>: </b> represents all digits.</li> |
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|
7715 |
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7716 <li><b><code>%g</code>: </b> represents all printable characters except space.</li> |
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|
7717 |
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7718 <li><b><code>%l</code>: </b> represents all lowercase letters.</li> |
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|
7719 |
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7720 <li><b><code>%p</code>: </b> represents all punctuation characters.</li> |
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|
7721 |
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|
7722 <li><b><code>%s</code>: </b> represents all space characters.</li> |
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|
7723 |
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7724 <li><b><code>%u</code>: </b> represents all uppercase letters.</li> |
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|
7725 |
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|
7726 <li><b><code>%w</code>: </b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li> |
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|
7727 |
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7728 <li><b><code>%x</code>: </b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li> |
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|
7729 |
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|
7730 <li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>: </b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character) |
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|
7731 represents the character <em>x</em>. |
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|
7732 This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. |
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|
7733 Any non-alphanumeric character |
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|
7734 (including all punctuations, even the non-magical) |
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|
7735 can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>' |
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|
7736 when used to represent itself in a pattern. |
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|
7737 </li> |
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|
7738 |
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|
7739 <li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> |
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|
7740 represents the class which is the union of all |
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|
7741 characters in <em>set</em>. |
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|
7742 A range of characters can be specified by |
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|
7743 separating the end characters of the range, |
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|
7744 in ascending order, with a '<code>-</code>'. |
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|
7745 All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as |
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|
7746 components in <em>set</em>. |
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|
7747 All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves. |
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|
7748 For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>) |
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|
7749 represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, |
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|
7750 <code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits, |
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|
7751 and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus |
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7752 the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character. |
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|
7753 |
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|
7754 |
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|
7755 <p> |
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|
7756 The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. |
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|
7757 Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code> |
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|
7758 have no meaning. |
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|
7759 </li> |
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|
7760 |
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|
7761 <li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> |
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7762 represents the complement of <em>set</em>, |
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7763 where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above. |
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|
7764 </li> |
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|
7765 |
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|
7766 </ul><p> |
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|
7767 For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.), |
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7768 the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class. |
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7769 For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters. |
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|
7770 |
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|
7771 |
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|
7772 <p> |
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|
7773 The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups |
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7774 depend on the current locale. |
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|
7775 In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>. |
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|
7776 |
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|
7777 |
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|
7778 |
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|
7779 |
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7780 |
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7781 <h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p> |
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|
7782 A <em>pattern item</em> can be |
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|
7783 |
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7784 <ul> |
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|
7785 |
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7786 <li> |
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7787 a single character class, |
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|
7788 which matches any single character in the class; |
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|
7789 </li> |
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|
7790 |
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|
7791 <li> |
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7792 a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>', |
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|
7793 which matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
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7794 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; |
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|
7795 </li> |
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|
7796 |
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7797 <li> |
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7798 a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>', |
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7799 which matches one or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
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7800 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; |
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7801 </li> |
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|
7802 |
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7803 <li> |
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7804 a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>', |
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7805 which also matches zero or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
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7806 Unlike '<code>*</code>', |
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7807 these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; |
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|
7808 </li> |
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|
7809 |
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|
7810 <li> |
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7811 a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>', |
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7812 which matches zero or one occurrence of a character in the class. |
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7813 It always matches one occurrence if possible; |
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7814 </li> |
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|
7815 |
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|
7816 <li> |
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7817 <code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9; |
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7818 such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string |
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7819 (see below); |
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|
7820 </li> |
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|
7821 |
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|
7822 <li> |
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7823 <code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters; |
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7824 such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>, |
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7825 and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>. |
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7826 This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, |
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7827 counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>, |
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7828 the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0. |
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7829 For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with |
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7830 balanced parentheses. |
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|
7831 </li> |
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|
7832 |
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|
7833 <li> |
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|
7834 <code>%f[<em>set</em>]</code>, a <em>frontier pattern</em>; |
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7835 such item matches an empty string at any position such that |
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7836 the next character belongs to <em>set</em> |
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7837 and the previous character does not belong to <em>set</em>. |
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7838 The set <em>set</em> is interpreted as previously described. |
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7839 The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if |
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|
7840 they were the character '<code>\0</code>'. |
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|
7841 </li> |
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|
7842 |
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|
7843 </ul> |
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|
7844 |
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|
7845 |
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|
7846 |
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|
7847 |
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|
7848 <h4>Pattern:</h4><p> |
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7849 A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items. |
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7850 A caret '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the |
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7851 beginning of the subject string. |
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|
7852 A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the |
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7853 end of the subject string. |
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|
7854 At other positions, |
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|
7855 '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves. |
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|
7856 |
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|
7857 |
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|
7858 |
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|
7859 |
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|
7860 |
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|
7861 <h4>Captures:</h4><p> |
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|
7862 A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; |
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|
7863 they describe <em>captures</em>. |
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|
7864 When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string |
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|
7865 that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use. |
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|
7866 Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. |
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|
7867 For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a*(.)%w(%s*))"</code>, |
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|
7868 the part of the string matching <code>"a*(.)%w(%s*)"</code> is |
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|
7869 stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); |
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|
7870 the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2, |
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|
7871 and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3. |
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|
7872 |
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|
7873 |
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|
7874 <p> |
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|
7875 As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures |
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|
7876 the current string position (a number). |
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|
7877 For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the |
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|
7878 string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5. |
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|
7879 |
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|
7880 |
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|
7881 |
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|
7882 |
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|
7883 |
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|
7884 |
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|
7885 |
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|
7886 <h3>6.4.2 – <a name="6.4.2">Format Strings for Pack and Unpack</a></h3> |
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|
7887 |
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|
7888 <p> |
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|
7889 The first argument to <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>, |
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|
7890 <a href="#pdf-string.packsize"><code>string.packsize</code></a>, and <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a> |
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|
7891 is a format string, |
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|
7892 which describes the layout of the structure being created or read. |
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|
7893 |
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|
7894 |
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|
7895 <p> |
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|
7896 A format string is a sequence of conversion options. |
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|
7897 The conversion options are as follows: |
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|
7898 |
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changeset
|
7899 <ul> |
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|
7900 <li><b><code><</code>: </b>sets little endian</li> |
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|
7901 <li><b><code>></code>: </b>sets big endian</li> |
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|
7902 <li><b><code>=</code>: </b>sets native endian</li> |
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|
7903 <li><b><code>![<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>sets maximum alignment to <code>n</code> |
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7904 (default is native alignment)</li> |
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7905 <li><b><code>b</code>: </b>a signed byte (<code>char</code>)</li> |
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7906 <li><b><code>B</code>: </b>an unsigned byte (<code>char</code>)</li> |
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7907 <li><b><code>h</code>: </b>a signed <code>short</code> (native size)</li> |
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7908 <li><b><code>H</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>short</code> (native size)</li> |
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7909 <li><b><code>l</code>: </b>a signed <code>long</code> (native size)</li> |
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7910 <li><b><code>L</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>long</code> (native size)</li> |
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7911 <li><b><code>j</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Integer</code></li> |
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7912 <li><b><code>J</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Unsigned</code></li> |
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7913 <li><b><code>T</code>: </b>a <code>size_t</code> (native size)</li> |
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7914 <li><b><code>i[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>a signed <code>int</code> with <code>n</code> bytes |
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7915 (default is native size)</li> |
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7916 <li><b><code>I[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>an unsigned <code>int</code> with <code>n</code> bytes |
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7917 (default is native size)</li> |
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7918 <li><b><code>f</code>: </b>a <code>float</code> (native size)</li> |
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7919 <li><b><code>d</code>: </b>a <code>double</code> (native size)</li> |
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7920 <li><b><code>n</code>: </b>a <code>lua_Number</code></li> |
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7921 <li><b><code>c<em>n</em></code>: </b>a fixed-sized string with <code>n</code> bytes</li> |
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7922 <li><b><code>z</code>: </b>a zero-terminated string</li> |
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7923 <li><b><code>s[<em>n</em>]</code>: </b>a string preceded by its length |
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7924 coded as an unsigned integer with <code>n</code> bytes |
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7925 (default is a <code>size_t</code>)</li> |
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7926 <li><b><code>x</code>: </b>one byte of padding</li> |
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7927 <li><b><code>X<em>op</em></code>: </b>an empty item that aligns |
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7928 according to option <code>op</code> |
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7929 (which is otherwise ignored)</li> |
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7930 <li><b>'<code> </code>': </b>(empty space) ignored</li> |
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7931 </ul><p> |
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7932 (A "<code>[<em>n</em>]</code>" means an optional integral numeral.) |
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7933 Except for padding, spaces, and configurations |
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7934 (options "<code>xX <=>!</code>"), |
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7935 each option corresponds to an argument (in <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a>) |
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7936 or a result (in <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>). |
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7937 |
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7938 |
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7939 <p> |
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7940 For options "<code>!<em>n</em></code>", "<code>s<em>n</em></code>", "<code>i<em>n</em></code>", and "<code>I<em>n</em></code>", |
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7941 <code>n</code> can be any integer between 1 and 16. |
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7942 All integral options check overflows; |
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|
7943 <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> checks whether the given value fits in the given size; |
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7944 <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a> checks whether the read value fits in a Lua integer. |
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7945 |
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7946 |
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7947 <p> |
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7948 Any format string starts as if prefixed by "<code>!1=</code>", |
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7949 that is, |
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7950 with maximum alignment of 1 (no alignment) |
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7951 and native endianness. |
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|
7952 |
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|
7953 |
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7954 <p> |
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7955 Alignment works as follows: |
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7956 For each option, |
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7957 the format gets extra padding until the data starts |
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7958 at an offset that is a multiple of the minimum between the |
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7959 option size and the maximum alignment; |
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7960 this minimum must be a power of 2. |
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7961 Options "<code>c</code>" and "<code>z</code>" are not aligned; |
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7962 option "<code>s</code>" follows the alignment of its starting integer. |
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7963 |
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7964 |
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7965 <p> |
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7966 All padding is filled with zeros by <a href="#pdf-string.pack"><code>string.pack</code></a> |
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7967 (and ignored by <a href="#pdf-string.unpack"><code>string.unpack</code></a>). |
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7968 |
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7969 |
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7970 |
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|
7971 |
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7972 |
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7973 |
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7974 |
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7975 <h2>6.5 – <a name="6.5">UTF-8 Support</a></h2> |
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7976 |
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7977 <p> |
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7978 This library provides basic support for UTF-8 encoding. |
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7979 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-utf8"><code>utf8</code></a>. |
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7980 This library does not provide any support for Unicode other |
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7981 than the handling of the encoding. |
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7982 Any operation that needs the meaning of a character, |
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7983 such as character classification, is outside its scope. |
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7984 |
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7985 |
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7986 <p> |
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7987 Unless stated otherwise, |
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7988 all functions that expect a byte position as a parameter |
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7989 assume that the given position is either the start of a byte sequence |
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7990 or one plus the length of the subject string. |
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7991 As in the string library, |
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7992 negative indices count from the end of the string. |
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7993 |
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7994 |
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7995 <p> |
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7996 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.char"><code>utf8.char (···)</code></a></h3> |
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7997 Receives zero or more integers, |
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7998 converts each one to its corresponding UTF-8 byte sequence |
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7999 and returns a string with the concatenation of all these sequences. |
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8000 |
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8001 |
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8002 |
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8003 |
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8004 <p> |
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8005 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.charpattern"><code>utf8.charpattern</code></a></h3> |
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8006 The pattern (a string, not a function) "<code>[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xF4][\x80-\xBF]*</code>" |
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8007 (see <a href="#6.4.1">§6.4.1</a>), |
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8008 which matches exactly one UTF-8 byte sequence, |
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8009 assuming that the subject is a valid UTF-8 string. |
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8010 |
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8011 |
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8012 |
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8013 |
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8014 <p> |
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8015 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.codes"><code>utf8.codes (s)</code></a></h3> |
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8016 |
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8017 |
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8018 <p> |
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|
8019 Returns values so that the construction |
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|
8020 |
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8021 <pre> |
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|
8022 for p, c in utf8.codes(s) do <em>body</em> end |
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8023 </pre><p> |
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8024 will iterate over all characters in string <code>s</code>, |
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8025 with <code>p</code> being the position (in bytes) and <code>c</code> the code point |
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8026 of each character. |
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8027 It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence. |
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|
8028 |
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diff
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|
8029 |
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|
8030 |
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|
8031 |
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8032 <p> |
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8033 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.codepoint"><code>utf8.codepoint (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
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8034 Returns the codepoints (as integers) from all characters in <code>s</code> |
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|
8035 that start between byte position <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> (both included). |
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8036 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 and for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. |
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8037 It raises an error if it meets any invalid byte sequence. |
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|
8038 |
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|
8039 |
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|
8040 |
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|
8041 |
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8042 <p> |
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8043 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.len"><code>utf8.len (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
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8044 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters in string <code>s</code> |
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8045 that start between positions <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> (both inclusive). |
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8046 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 and for <code>j</code> is -1. |
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8047 If it finds any invalid byte sequence, |
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8048 returns a false value plus the position of the first invalid byte. |
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|
8049 |
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|
8050 |
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|
8051 |
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|
8052 |
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8053 <p> |
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|
8054 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-utf8.offset"><code>utf8.offset (s, n [, i])</code></a></h3> |
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8055 Returns the position (in bytes) where the encoding of the |
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8056 <code>n</code>-th character of <code>s</code> |
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8057 (counting from position <code>i</code>) starts. |
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8058 A negative <code>n</code> gets characters before position <code>i</code>. |
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|
8059 The default for <code>i</code> is 1 when <code>n</code> is non-negative |
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8060 and <code>#s + 1</code> otherwise, |
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8061 so that <code>utf8.offset(s, -n)</code> gets the offset of the |
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8062 <code>n</code>-th character from the end of the string. |
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8063 If the specified character is neither in the subject |
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8064 nor right after its end, |
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|
8065 the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
8066 |
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|
8067 |
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8068 <p> |
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8069 As a special case, |
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8070 when <code>n</code> is 0 the function returns the start of the encoding |
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8071 of the character that contains the <code>i</code>-th byte of <code>s</code>. |
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|
8072 |
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|
8073 |
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8074 <p> |
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8075 This function assumes that <code>s</code> is a valid UTF-8 string. |
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|
8076 |
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diff
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|
8077 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8078 |
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diff
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|
8079 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8080 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8081 |
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|
8082 |
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8083 <h2>6.6 – <a name="6.6">Table Manipulation</a></h2> |
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|
8084 |
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8085 <p> |
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|
8086 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. |
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|
8087 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>. |
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|
8088 |
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diff
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|
8089 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8090 <p> |
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|
8091 Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table, |
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8092 the table must be a proper sequence |
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|
8093 or have a <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#3.4.7">§3.4.7</a>). |
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8094 All functions ignore non-numeric keys |
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|
8095 in the tables given as arguments. |
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|
8096 |
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|
8097 |
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|
8098 <p> |
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|
8099 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8100 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8101 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8102 <p> |
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|
8103 Given a list where all elements are strings or numbers, |
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|
8104 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>. |
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|
8105 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string, |
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|
8106 the default for <code>i</code> is 1, |
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|
8107 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. |
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|
8108 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string. |
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|
8109 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8110 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8111 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8112 |
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|
8113 <p> |
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|
8114 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (list, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8115 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8116 |
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|
8117 <p> |
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|
8118 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>, |
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|
8119 shifting up the elements |
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changeset
|
8120 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>. |
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|
8121 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list+1</code>, |
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|
8122 so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end |
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|
8123 of list <code>t</code>. |
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changeset
|
8124 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8125 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8126 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8127 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8128 <p> |
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changeset
|
8129 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.move"><code>table.move (a1, f, e, t [,a2])</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
8130 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8131 |
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changeset
|
8132 <p> |
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|
8133 Moves elements from table <code>a1</code> to table <code>a2</code>. |
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|
8134 This function performs the equivalent to the following |
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changeset
|
8135 multiple assignment: |
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changeset
|
8136 <code>a2[t],··· = a1[f],···,a1[e]</code>. |
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changeset
|
8137 The default for <code>a2</code> is <code>a1</code>. |
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|
8138 The destination range can overlap with the source range. |
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8139 Index <code>f</code> must be positive. |
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8140 |
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8141 |
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8142 |
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8143 |
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8144 <p> |
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8145 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.pack"><code>table.pack (···)</code></a></h3> |
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8146 |
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8147 |
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8148 <p> |
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8149 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc. |
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8150 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters. |
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8151 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence. |
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8152 |
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8153 |
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8154 |
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8155 |
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8156 <p> |
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8157 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (list [, pos])</code></a></h3> |
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8158 |
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8159 |
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8160 <p> |
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8161 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>, |
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8162 returning the value of the removed element. |
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8163 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>, |
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8164 it shifts down the elements |
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8165 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code> |
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8166 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>; |
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8167 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0, |
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8168 or <code>#list + 1</code>; |
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8169 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>. |
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8170 |
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8171 |
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8172 <p> |
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8173 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list</code>, |
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8174 so that a call <code>table.remove(l)</code> removes the last element |
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8175 of list <code>l</code>. |
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|
8176 |
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|
8177 |
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|
8178 |
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8179 |
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8180 <p> |
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8181 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h3> |
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8182 |
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|
8183 |
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8184 <p> |
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8185 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>, |
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8186 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>. |
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8187 If <code>comp</code> is given, |
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8188 then it must be a function that receives two list elements |
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8189 and returns true when the first element must come |
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8190 before the second in the final order |
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8191 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort). |
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8192 If <code>comp</code> is not given, |
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8193 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead. |
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8194 |
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|
8195 |
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8196 <p> |
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8197 The sort algorithm is not stable; |
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8198 that is, elements considered equal by the given order |
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8199 may have their relative positions changed by the sort. |
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|
8200 |
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|
8201 |
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|
8202 |
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|
8203 |
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|
8204 <p> |
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|
8205 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8206 |
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|
8207 |
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8208 <p> |
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8209 Returns the elements from the given list. |
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8210 This function is equivalent to |
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|
8211 |
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8212 <pre> |
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8213 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j] |
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8214 </pre><p> |
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|
8215 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. |
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|
8216 |
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|
8217 |
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|
8218 |
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|
8219 |
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|
8220 |
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|
8221 |
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|
8222 |
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|
8223 <h2>6.7 – <a name="6.7">Mathematical Functions</a></h2> |
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|
8224 |
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|
8225 <p> |
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|
8226 This library provides basic mathematical functions. |
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|
8227 It provides all its functions and constants inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>. |
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8228 Functions with the annotation "<code>integer/float</code>" give |
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|
8229 integer results for integer arguments |
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8230 and float results for float (or mixed) arguments. |
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|
8231 Rounding functions |
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|
8232 (<a href="#pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor</code></a>, and <a href="#pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf</code></a>) |
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8233 return an integer when the result fits in the range of an integer, |
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8234 or a float otherwise. |
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|
8235 |
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|
8236 |
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|
8237 <p> |
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8238 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8239 |
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|
8240 |
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|
8241 <p> |
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8242 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>. (integer/float) |
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|
8243 |
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|
8244 |
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|
8245 |
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|
8246 |
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8247 <p> |
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8248 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8249 |
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|
8250 |
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8251 <p> |
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8252 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
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|
8253 |
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|
8254 |
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|
8255 |
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|
8256 |
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|
8257 <p> |
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8258 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8259 |
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changeset
|
8260 |
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|
8261 <p> |
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|
8262 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
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diff
changeset
|
8263 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8264 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8265 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8266 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8267 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8268 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (y [, x])</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8269 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8270 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8271 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8272 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8273 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians), |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8274 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8275 quadrant of the result. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8276 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.) |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8277 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8278 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8279 <p> |
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parents:
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|
8280 The default value for <code>x</code> is 1, |
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parents:
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changeset
|
8281 so that the call <code>math.atan(y)</code> |
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parents:
diff
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|
8282 returns the arc tangent of <code>y</code>. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8283 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8284 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8285 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8286 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8287 <p> |
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|
8288 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8289 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8290 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8291 <p> |
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parents:
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|
8292 Returns the smallest integral value larger than or equal to <code>x</code>. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8293 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8294 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8295 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8296 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8297 <p> |
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|
8298 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8299 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8300 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8301 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8302 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8303 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8304 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8305 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8306 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8307 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8308 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8309 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8310 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8311 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8312 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from radians to degrees. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8313 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8314 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8315 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8316 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8317 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8318 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8319 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8320 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8321 <p> |
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parents:
diff
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|
8322 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8323 (where <code>e</code> is the base of natural logarithms). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8324 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8325 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8326 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8327 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8328 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8329 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8330 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8331 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8332 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8333 Returns the largest integral value smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>. |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8334 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8335 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8336 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8337 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8338 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8339 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8340 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8341 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8342 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8343 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8344 that rounds the quotient towards zero. (integer/float) |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8345 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8346 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8347 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8348 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8349 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8350 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8351 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8352 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8353 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8354 The float value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8355 a value larger than any other numerical value. |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8356 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8357 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8358 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8359 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8360 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8361 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8362 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8363 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8364 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8365 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8366 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8367 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>). |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8368 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8369 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8370 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8371 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8372 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8373 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8374 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8375 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8376 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8377 Returns the argument with the maximum value, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8378 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>. (integer/float) |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8379 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8380 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8381 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8382 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8383 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8384 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.maxinteger"><code>math.maxinteger</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8385 An integer with the maximum value for an integer. |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8386 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8387 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8388 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8389 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8390 <p> |
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|
8391 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8392 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8393 |
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diff
changeset
|
8394 <p> |
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|
8395 Returns the argument with the minimum value, |
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parents:
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|
8396 according to the Lua operator <code><</code>. (integer/float) |
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|
8397 |
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diff
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|
8398 |
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|
8399 |
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|
8400 |
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|
8401 <p> |
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|
8402 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.mininteger"><code>math.mininteger</code></a></h3> |
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|
8403 An integer with the minimum value for an integer. |
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|
8404 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8405 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8406 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8407 |
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|
8408 <p> |
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|
8409 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8410 |
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|
8411 |
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|
8412 <p> |
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|
8413 Returns the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>. |
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|
8414 Its second result is always a float. |
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|
8415 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8416 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8417 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8418 |
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|
8419 <p> |
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|
8420 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3> |
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|
8421 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8422 |
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|
8423 <p> |
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|
8424 The value of <em>π</em>. |
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|
8425 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8426 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8427 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8428 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8429 <p> |
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|
8430 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8431 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8432 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8433 <p> |
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|
8434 Converts the angle <code>x</code> from degrees to radians. |
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|
8435 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8436 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8437 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8438 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8439 <p> |
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|
8440 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8441 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8442 |
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|
8443 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8444 When called without arguments, |
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|
8445 returns a pseudo-random float with uniform distribution |
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parents:
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|
8446 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>. |
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parents:
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|
8447 When called with two integers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>, |
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8448 <code>math.random</code> returns a pseudo-random integer |
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parents:
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|
8449 with uniform distribution in the range <em>[m, n]</em>. |
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parents:
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|
8450 (The value <em>m-n</em> cannot be negative and must fit in a Lua integer.) |
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|
8451 The call <code>math.random(n)</code> is equivalent to <code>math.random(1,n)</code>. |
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|
8452 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8453 |
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|
8454 <p> |
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|
8455 This function is an interface to the underling |
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parents:
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|
8456 pseudo-random generator function provided by C. |
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parents:
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|
8457 No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties. |
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|
8458 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8459 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8460 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8461 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8462 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8463 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8464 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8465 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8466 <p> |
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|
8467 Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed" |
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parents:
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|
8468 for the pseudo-random generator: |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8469 equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8470 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8471 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8472 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8473 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8474 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8475 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8476 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8477 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8478 <p> |
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|
8479 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8480 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8481 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8482 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8483 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8484 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8485 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8486 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8487 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8488 <p> |
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parents:
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|
8489 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8490 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.) |
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parents:
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|
8491 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8492 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8493 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8494 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8495 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8496 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8497 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8498 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8499 <p> |
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parents:
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|
8500 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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|
8501 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8502 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8503 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8504 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8505 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8506 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tointeger"><code>math.tointeger (x)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8507 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8508 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8509 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8510 If the value <code>x</code> is convertible to an integer, |
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parents:
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|
8511 returns that integer. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8512 Otherwise, returns <b>nil</b>. |
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changeset
|
8513 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8514 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8515 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8516 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8517 <p> |
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|
8518 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.type"><code>math.type (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8519 |
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diff
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|
8520 |
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diff
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|
8521 <p> |
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|
8522 Returns "<code>integer</code>" if <code>x</code> is an integer, |
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8523 "<code>float</code>" if it is a float, |
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|
8524 or <b>nil</b> if <code>x</code> is not a number. |
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|
8525 |
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diff
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|
8526 |
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diff
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|
8527 |
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diff
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|
8528 |
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diff
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|
8529 <p> |
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parents:
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|
8530 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ult"><code>math.ult (m, n)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8531 |
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|
8532 |
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|
8533 <p> |
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|
8534 Returns a boolean, |
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|
8535 true if integer <code>m</code> is below integer <code>n</code> when |
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|
8536 they are compared as unsigned integers. |
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|
8537 |
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diff
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|
8538 |
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diff
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|
8539 |
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|
8540 |
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diff
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|
8541 |
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diff
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|
8542 |
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diff
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|
8543 |
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|
8544 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2> |
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|
8545 |
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|
8546 <p> |
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|
8547 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. |
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|
8548 The first one uses implicit file handles; |
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|
8549 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a |
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|
8550 default output file, |
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|
8551 and all input/output operations are over these default files. |
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|
8552 The second style uses explicit file handles. |
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|
8553 |
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|
8554 |
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diff
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8555 <p> |
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|
8556 When using implicit file handles, |
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|
8557 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>. |
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|
8558 When using explicit file handles, |
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parents:
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|
8559 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file handle |
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8560 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file handle. |
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|
8561 |
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|
8562 |
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|
8563 <p> |
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|
8564 The table <code>io</code> also provides |
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|
8565 three predefined file handles with their usual meanings from C: |
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|
8566 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>. |
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|
8567 The I/O library never closes these files. |
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|
8568 |
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|
8569 |
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diff
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|
8570 <p> |
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|
8571 Unless otherwise stated, |
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|
8572 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure |
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8573 (plus an error message as a second result and |
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|
8574 a system-dependent error code as a third result) |
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8575 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success. |
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|
8576 On non-POSIX systems, |
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|
8577 the computation of the error message and error code |
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|
8578 in case of errors |
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|
8579 may be not thread safe, |
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parents:
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|
8580 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>. |
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|
8581 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8582 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8583 <p> |
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|
8584 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8585 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8586 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8587 <p> |
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|
8588 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>. |
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parents:
diff
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|
8589 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file. |
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parents:
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|
8590 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8591 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8592 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8593 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8594 <p> |
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|
8595 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3> |
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|
8596 |
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|
8597 |
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|
8598 <p> |
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|
8599 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>. |
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parents:
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|
8600 |
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|
8601 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8602 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
8603 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8604 <p> |
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changeset
|
8605 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8606 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8607 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8608 <p> |
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changeset
|
8609 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), |
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parents:
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changeset
|
8610 and sets its handle as the default input file. |
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changeset
|
8611 When called with a file handle, |
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|
8612 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. |
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|
8613 When called without parameters, |
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changeset
|
8614 it returns the current default input file. |
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parents:
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|
8615 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8616 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8617 <p> |
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|
8618 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
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diff
changeset
|
8619 instead of returning an error code. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
8620 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
8621 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8622 |
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diff
changeset
|
8623 |
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|
8624 <p> |
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changeset
|
8625 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
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|
8626 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8627 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
8628 <p> |
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|
8629 Opens the given file name in read mode |
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diff
changeset
|
8630 and returns an iterator function that |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8631 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
8632 When the iterator function detects the end of file, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8633 it returns no values (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8634 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8635 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8636 <p> |
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diff
changeset
|
8637 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent |
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parents:
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changeset
|
8638 to <code>io.input():lines("*l")</code>; |
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diff
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|
8639 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8640 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8641 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8642 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8643 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8644 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8645 instead of returning an error code. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8646 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8647 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8648 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8649 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8650 <p> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8651 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8652 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8653 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8654 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8655 This function opens a file, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8656 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>. |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8657 It returns a new file handle, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8658 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8659 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8660 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8661 <p> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8662 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following: |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8663 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8664 <ul> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8665 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8666 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8667 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8668 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8669 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8670 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8671 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8672 </ul><p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8673 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8674 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8675 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8676 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8677 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8678 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8679 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8680 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8681 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8682 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8683 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8684 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8685 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8686 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8687 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8688 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8689 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8690 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8691 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8692 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8693 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8694 This function is system dependent and is not available |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8695 on all platforms. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8696 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8697 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8698 <p> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8699 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8700 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8701 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default) |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8702 or to write data to this program |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8703 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>). |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8704 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8705 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8706 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8707 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8708 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8709 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8710 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8711 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8712 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8713 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8714 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8715 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8716 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8717 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8718 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8719 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8720 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8721 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8722 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8723 Returns a handle for a temporary file. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8724 This file is opened in update mode |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8725 and it is automatically removed when the program ends. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8726 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8727 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8728 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8729 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8730 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8731 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8732 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8733 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8734 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8735 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8736 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8737 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8738 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8739 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8740 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8741 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8742 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8743 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8744 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8745 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8746 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8747 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8748 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8749 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8750 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8751 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8752 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8753 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8754 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8755 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8756 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8757 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8758 Closes <code>file</code>. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8759 Note that files are automatically closed when |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8760 their handles are garbage collected, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8761 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8762 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8763 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8764 <p> |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8765 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8766 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8767 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>. |
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changeset
|
8768 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8769 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8770 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8771 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
8772 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8773 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8774 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8775 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8776 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8777 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8778 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8779 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8780 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8781 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8782 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8783 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8784 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8785 |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8786 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8787 Returns an iterator function that, |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8788 each time it is called, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8789 reads the file according to the given formats. |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8790 When no format is given, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8791 uses "<code>l</code>" as a default. |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8792 As an example, the construction |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8793 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8794 <pre> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8795 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8796 </pre><p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8797 will iterate over all characters of the file, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8798 starting at the current position. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8799 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8800 when the loop ends. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8801 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8802 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8803 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8804 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8805 instead of returning an error code. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8806 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8807 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8808 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8809 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8810 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8811 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8812 |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8813 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8814 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8815 Reads the file <code>file</code>, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8816 according to the given formats, which specify what to read. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8817 For each format, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8818 the function returns a string or a number with the characters read, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8819 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
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changeset
|
8820 (In this latter case, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8821 the function does not read subsequent formats.) |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8822 When called without formats, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8823 it uses a default format that reads the next line |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8824 (see below). |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8825 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8826 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8827 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8828 The available formats are |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8829 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8830 <ul> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8831 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8832 <li><b>"<code>n</code>": </b> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8833 reads a numeral and returns it as a float or an integer, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8834 following the lexical conventions of Lua. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8835 (The numeral may have leading spaces and a sign.) |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8836 This format always reads the longest input sequence that |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8837 is a valid prefix for a number; |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8838 if that prefix does not form a valid number |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8839 (e.g., an empty string, "<code>0x</code>", or "<code>3.4e-</code>"), |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8840 it is discarded and the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8841 </li> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
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|
8842 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8843 <li><b>"<code>i</code>": </b> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8844 reads an integral number and returns it as an integer. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8845 </li> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8846 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8847 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8848 reads the whole file, starting at the current position. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8849 On end of file, it returns the empty string. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8850 </li> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8851 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8852 <li><b>"<code>l</code>": </b> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8853 reads the next line skipping the end of line, |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8854 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8855 This is the default format. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8856 </li> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8857 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8858 <li><b>"<code>L</code>": </b> |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8859 reads the next line keeping the end-of-line character (if present), |
e01cddba3433
add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8860 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8861 </li> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8862 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8863 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8864 reads a string with up to this number of bytes, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8865 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8866 If <code>number</code> is zero, |
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add manual.html as copy of Lua 5.3 Reference Manual
Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8867 it reads nothing and returns an empty string, |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8868 or <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8869 </li> |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8870 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8871 </ul><p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8872 The formats "<code>l</code>" and "<code>L</code>" should be used only for text files. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8873 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8874 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8875 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8876 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8877 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8878 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8879 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8880 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8881 <p> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8882 Sets and gets the file position, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8883 measured from the beginning of the file, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
8884 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8885 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows: |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8886 |
e01cddba3433
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8887 <ul> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8888 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8889 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8890 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li> |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
8891 </ul><p> |
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|
8892 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position, |
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|
8893 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. |
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diff
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|
8894 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
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8895 plus a string describing the error. |
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|
8896 |
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|
8897 |
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|
8898 <p> |
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|
8899 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>, |
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8900 and for <code>offset</code> is 0. |
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|
8901 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current |
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|
8902 file position, without changing it; |
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8903 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the |
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|
8904 beginning of the file (and returns 0); |
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|
8905 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the |
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|
8906 end of the file, and returns its size. |
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|
8907 |
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diff
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|
8908 |
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diff
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|
8909 |
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diff
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|
8910 |
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|
8911 <p> |
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|
8912 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8913 |
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|
8914 |
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|
8915 <p> |
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|
8916 Sets the buffering mode for an output file. |
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8917 There are three available modes: |
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|
8918 |
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|
8919 <ul> |
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|
8920 |
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|
8921 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b> |
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8922 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. |
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8923 </li> |
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|
8924 |
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|
8925 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b> |
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|
8926 full buffering; output operation is performed only |
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|
8927 when the buffer is full or when |
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|
8928 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>). |
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|
8929 </li> |
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|
8930 |
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|
8931 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b> |
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|
8932 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output |
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|
8933 or there is any input from some special files |
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|
8934 (such as a terminal device). |
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|
8935 </li> |
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|
8936 |
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|
8937 </ul><p> |
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|
8938 For the last two cases, <code>size</code> |
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|
8939 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. |
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|
8940 The default is an appropriate size. |
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|
8941 |
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|
8942 |
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|
8943 |
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|
8944 |
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|
8945 <p> |
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|
8946 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8947 |
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|
8948 |
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|
8949 <p> |
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|
8950 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>. |
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|
8951 The arguments must be strings or numbers. |
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|
8952 |
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|
8953 |
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|
8954 <p> |
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|
8955 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>. |
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|
8956 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error. |
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|
8957 |
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|
8958 |
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|
8959 |
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|
8960 |
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|
8961 |
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|
8962 |
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|
8963 |
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|
8964 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2> |
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|
8965 |
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|
8966 <p> |
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|
8967 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>. |
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|
8968 |
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diff
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|
8969 |
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|
8970 <p> |
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|
8971 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3> |
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|
8972 |
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diff
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|
8973 |
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|
8974 <p> |
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|
8975 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time |
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|
8976 used by the program. |
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diff
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|
8977 |
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diff
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|
8978 |
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diff
changeset
|
8979 |
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diff
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|
8980 |
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|
8981 <p> |
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|
8982 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8983 |
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changeset
|
8984 |
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|
8985 <p> |
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|
8986 Returns a string or a table containing date and time, |
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|
8987 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>. |
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|
8988 |
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|
8989 |
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|
8990 <p> |
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|
8991 If the <code>time</code> argument is present, |
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|
8992 this is the time to be formatted |
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|
8993 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value). |
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changeset
|
8994 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time. |
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|
8995 |
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|
8996 |
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|
8997 <p> |
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|
8998 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>', |
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|
8999 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. |
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changeset
|
9000 After this optional character, |
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|
9001 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>", |
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changeset
|
9002 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields: |
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|
9003 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31), |
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|
9004 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61), |
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|
9005 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1), |
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9006 <code>yday</code> (day of the year), |
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|
9007 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean). |
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9008 This last field may be absent |
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changeset
|
9009 if the information is not available. |
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changeset
|
9010 |
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|
9011 |
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|
9012 <p> |
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|
9013 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>", |
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9014 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string, |
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9015 formatted according to the same rules as the ISO C function <code>strftime</code>. |
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|
9016 |
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|
9017 |
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9018 <p> |
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9019 When called without arguments, |
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9020 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on |
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9021 the host system and on the current locale |
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|
9022 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>). |
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|
9023 |
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|
9024 |
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9025 <p> |
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|
9026 On non-POSIX systems, |
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9027 this function may be not thread safe |
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|
9028 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>. |
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|
9029 |
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diff
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|
9030 |
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diff
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|
9031 |
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|
9032 |
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|
9033 <p> |
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|
9034 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9035 |
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|
9036 |
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|
9037 <p> |
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|
9038 Returns the difference, in seconds, |
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|
9039 from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code> |
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|
9040 (where the times are values returned by <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a>). |
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|
9041 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, |
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9042 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>. |
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|
9043 |
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|
9044 |
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changeset
|
9045 |
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|
9046 |
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|
9047 <p> |
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|
9048 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9049 |
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diff
changeset
|
9050 |
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|
9051 <p> |
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|
9052 This function is equivalent to the ISO C function <code>system</code>. |
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|
9053 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell. |
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|
9054 Its first result is <b>true</b> |
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|
9055 if the command terminated successfully, |
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|
9056 or <b>nil</b> otherwise. |
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|
9057 After this first result |
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|
9058 the function returns a string plus a number, |
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|
9059 as follows: |
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diff
changeset
|
9060 |
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diff
changeset
|
9061 <ul> |
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diff
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|
9062 |
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|
9063 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b> |
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|
9064 the command terminated normally; |
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|
9065 the following number is the exit status of the command. |
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|
9066 </li> |
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|
9067 |
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|
9068 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b> |
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|
9069 the command was terminated by a signal; |
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|
9070 the following number is the signal that terminated the command. |
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|
9071 </li> |
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|
9072 |
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diff
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|
9073 </ul> |
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|
9074 |
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|
9075 <p> |
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|
9076 When called without a <code>command</code>, |
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|
9077 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available. |
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|
9078 |
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diff
changeset
|
9079 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9080 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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changeset
|
9081 |
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|
9082 <p> |
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|
9083 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9084 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9085 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
9086 <p> |
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|
9087 Calls the ISO C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program. |
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changeset
|
9088 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>, |
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|
9089 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>; |
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changeset
|
9090 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>, |
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|
9091 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>; |
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changeset
|
9092 if <code>code</code> is a number, |
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changeset
|
9093 the returned status is this number. |
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|
9094 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>. |
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|
9095 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9096 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9097 <p> |
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diff
changeset
|
9098 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true, |
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changeset
|
9099 closes the Lua state before exiting. |
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changeset
|
9100 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9101 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9102 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9103 |
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|
9104 <p> |
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|
9105 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9106 |
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|
9107 |
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|
9108 <p> |
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|
9109 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>, |
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|
9110 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined. |
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|
9111 |
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changeset
|
9112 |
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diff
changeset
|
9113 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9114 |
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|
9115 <p> |
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|
9116 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9117 |
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|
9118 |
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|
9119 <p> |
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|
9120 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems) |
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|
9121 with the given name. |
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|
9122 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
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|
9123 plus a string describing the error and the error code. |
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|
9124 |
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diff
changeset
|
9125 |
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diff
changeset
|
9126 |
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diff
changeset
|
9127 |
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changeset
|
9128 <p> |
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|
9129 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
9130 |
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diff
changeset
|
9131 |
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changeset
|
9132 <p> |
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changeset
|
9133 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>. |
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9134 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
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changeset
|
9135 plus a string describing the error and the error code. |
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changeset
|
9136 |
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diff
changeset
|
9137 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9138 |
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diff
changeset
|
9139 |
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changeset
|
9140 <p> |
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9141 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3> |
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9142 |
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9143 |
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9144 <p> |
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9145 Sets the current locale of the program. |
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9146 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale; |
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9147 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change: |
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9148 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>, |
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9149 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>; |
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9150 the default category is <code>"all"</code>. |
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9151 The function returns the name of the new locale, |
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9152 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored. |
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9153 |
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9154 |
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9155 <p> |
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9156 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string, |
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9157 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. |
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9158 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>", |
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9159 the current locale is set to the standard C locale. |
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|
9160 |
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|
9161 |
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9162 <p> |
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9163 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument, |
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9164 this function only returns the name of the current locale |
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9165 for the given category. |
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|
9166 |
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|
9167 |
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9168 <p> |
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9169 This function may be not thread safe |
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9170 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>. |
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|
9171 |
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|
9172 |
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|
9173 |
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|
9174 |
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9175 <p> |
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9176 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9177 |
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|
9178 |
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|
9179 <p> |
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9180 Returns the current time when called without arguments, |
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9181 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table. |
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9182 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>, |
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9183 and may have fields |
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9184 <code>hour</code> (default is 12), |
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9185 <code>min</code> (default is 0), |
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9186 <code>sec</code> (default is 0), |
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9187 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>). |
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|
9188 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function. |
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|
9189 |
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|
9190 |
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|
9191 <p> |
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9192 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. |
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|
9193 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, |
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|
9194 this number counts the number |
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9195 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch"). |
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9196 In other systems, the meaning is not specified, |
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|
9197 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to |
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|
9198 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>. |
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|
9199 |
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|
9200 |
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diff
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|
9201 |
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|
9202 |
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|
9203 <p> |
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|
9204 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3> |
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|
9205 |
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diff
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|
9206 |
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|
9207 <p> |
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|
9208 Returns a string with a file name that can |
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|
9209 be used for a temporary file. |
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|
9210 The file must be explicitly opened before its use |
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9211 and explicitly removed when no longer needed. |
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|
9212 |
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|
9213 |
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|
9214 <p> |
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|
9215 On POSIX systems, |
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|
9216 this function also creates a file with that name, |
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|
9217 to avoid security risks. |
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|
9218 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions |
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|
9219 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.) |
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|
9220 You still have to open the file to use it |
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|
9221 and to remove it (even if you do not use it). |
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|
9222 |
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|
9223 |
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|
9224 <p> |
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|
9225 When possible, |
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|
9226 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>, |
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|
9227 which automatically removes the file when the program ends. |
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|
9228 |
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diff
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|
9229 |
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|
9230 |
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diff
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|
9231 |
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|
9232 |
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|
9233 |
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|
9234 |
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|
9235 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2> |
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|
9236 |
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|
9237 <p> |
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|
9238 This library provides |
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|
9239 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs. |
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|
9240 You should exert care when using this library. |
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|
9241 Several of its functions |
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9242 violate basic assumptions about Lua code |
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9243 (e.g., that variables local to a function |
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|
9244 cannot be accessed from outside; |
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|
9245 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code; |
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|
9246 that Lua programs do not crash) |
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|
9247 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code. |
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|
9248 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow. |
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|
9249 |
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|
9250 |
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|
9251 <p> |
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|
9252 All functions in this library are provided |
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|
9253 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table. |
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|
9254 All functions that operate over a thread |
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|
9255 have an optional first argument which is the |
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|
9256 thread to operate over. |
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|
9257 The default is always the current thread. |
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|
9258 |
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changeset
|
9259 |
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changeset
|
9260 <p> |
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|
9261 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3> |
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|
9262 |
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changeset
|
9263 |
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|
9264 <p> |
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|
9265 Enters an interactive mode with the user, |
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|
9266 running each string that the user enters. |
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|
9267 Using simple commands and other debug facilities, |
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|
9268 the user can inspect global and local variables, |
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|
9269 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. |
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|
9270 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function, |
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|
9271 so that the caller continues its execution. |
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|
9272 |
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diff
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|
9273 |
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|
9274 <p> |
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|
9275 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested |
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9276 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables. |
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|
9277 |
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diff
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|
9278 |
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diff
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|
9279 |
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|
9280 |
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|
9281 <p> |
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|
9282 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9283 |
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|
9284 |
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|
9285 <p> |
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9286 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: |
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|
9287 the current hook function, the current hook mask, |
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|
9288 and the current hook count |
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|
9289 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function). |
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|
9290 |
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diff
changeset
|
9291 |
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diff
changeset
|
9292 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9293 |
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|
9294 <p> |
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|
9295 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9296 |
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diff
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|
9297 |
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|
9298 <p> |
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|
9299 Returns a table with information about a function. |
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|
9300 You can give the function directly |
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|
9301 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>, |
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|
9302 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack |
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|
9303 of the given thread: |
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|
9304 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself); |
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|
9305 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code> |
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|
9306 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack); |
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|
9307 and so on. |
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diff
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|
9308 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions, |
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|
9309 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
9310 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9311 |
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|
9312 <p> |
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|
9313 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>, |
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|
9314 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in. |
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|
9315 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available, |
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|
9316 except the table of valid lines. |
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|
9317 If present, |
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|
9318 the option '<code>f</code>' |
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|
9319 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself. |
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|
9320 If present, |
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diff
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|
9321 the option '<code>L</code>' |
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diff
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|
9322 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of |
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diff
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|
9323 valid lines. |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9324 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9325 |
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diff
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|
9326 <p> |
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|
9327 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns |
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|
9328 a table with a name for the current function, |
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diff
changeset
|
9329 if a reasonable name can be found, |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9330 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code> |
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|
9331 returns a table with all available information |
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diff
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|
9332 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function. |
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changeset
|
9333 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9334 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9335 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9336 |
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|
9337 <p> |
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|
9338 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
9339 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9340 |
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|
9341 <p> |
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|
9342 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable |
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|
9343 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack. |
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|
9344 This function accesses not only explicit local variables, |
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|
9345 but also parameters, temporaries, etc. |
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changeset
|
9346 |
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diff
changeset
|
9347 |
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diff
changeset
|
9348 <p> |
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|
9349 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, |
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|
9350 following the order that they are declared in the code, |
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changeset
|
9351 counting only the variables that are active |
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changeset
|
9352 in the current scope of the function. |
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diff
changeset
|
9353 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters; |
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parents:
diff
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|
9354 -1 is the first vararg parameter. |
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changeset
|
9355 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index, |
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|
9356 and raises an error when called with a level out of range. |
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|
9357 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.) |
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changeset
|
9358 |
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changeset
|
9359 |
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changeset
|
9360 <p> |
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|
9361 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) |
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|
9362 represent variables with no known names |
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changeset
|
9363 (internal variables such as loop control variables, |
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diff
changeset
|
9364 and variables from chunks saved without debug information). |
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changeset
|
9365 |
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changeset
|
9366 |
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changeset
|
9367 <p> |
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|
9368 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function. |
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|
9369 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters. |
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changeset
|
9370 |
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diff
changeset
|
9371 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9372 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9373 |
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changeset
|
9374 <p> |
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|
9375 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
9376 |
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diff
changeset
|
9377 |
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changeset
|
9378 <p> |
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|
9379 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code> |
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|
9380 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable. |
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changeset
|
9381 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9382 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9383 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9384 |
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changeset
|
9385 <p> |
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changeset
|
9386 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
9387 |
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|
9388 |
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9389 <p> |
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9390 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
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|
9391 |
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|
9392 |
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|
9393 |
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|
9394 |
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9395 <p> |
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9396 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3> |
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9397 |
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9398 |
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9399 <p> |
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9400 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue |
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9401 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. |
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9402 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index. |
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9403 |
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|
9404 |
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9405 <p> |
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9406 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) |
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9407 represent variables with no known names |
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9408 (variables from chunks saved without debug information). |
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|
9409 |
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|
9410 |
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|
9411 |
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|
9412 |
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9413 <p> |
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9414 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9415 |
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|
9416 |
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9417 <p> |
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9418 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>. |
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9419 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata, |
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9420 returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
9421 |
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diff
changeset
|
9422 |
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diff
changeset
|
9423 |
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diff
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|
9424 |
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|
9425 <p> |
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9426 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9427 |
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|
9428 |
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|
9429 <p> |
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9430 Sets the given function as a hook. |
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|
9431 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe |
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|
9432 when the hook will be called. |
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9433 The string mask may have any combination of the following characters, |
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9434 with the given meaning: |
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|
9435 |
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|
9436 <ul> |
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|
9437 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li> |
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9438 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li> |
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9439 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li> |
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9440 </ul><p> |
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|
9441 Moreover, |
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|
9442 with a <code>count</code> different from zero, |
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|
9443 the hook is called also after every <code>count</code> instructions. |
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|
9444 |
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|
9445 |
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|
9446 <p> |
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|
9447 When called without arguments, |
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|
9448 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook. |
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|
9449 |
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|
9450 |
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|
9451 <p> |
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|
9452 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string |
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|
9453 describing the event that has triggered its call: |
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|
9454 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>), |
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9455 <code>"return"</code>, |
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9456 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>. |
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9457 For line events, |
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9458 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. |
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9459 Inside a hook, |
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|
9460 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about |
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|
9461 the running function |
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|
9462 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function, |
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|
9463 and level 1 is the hook function). |
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|
9464 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9465 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
changeset
|
9466 |
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|
9467 |
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|
9468 <p> |
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|
9469 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9470 |
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|
9471 |
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|
9472 <p> |
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|
9473 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable |
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|
9474 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack. |
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|
9475 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local |
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|
9476 variable with the given index, |
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|
9477 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range. |
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|
9478 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.) |
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9479 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable. |
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|
9480 |
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|
9481 |
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|
9482 <p> |
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|
9483 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about |
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|
9484 variable indices and names. |
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|
9485 |
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|
9486 |
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|
9487 |
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|
9488 |
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|
9489 <p> |
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|
9490 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9491 |
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|
9492 |
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|
9493 <p> |
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|
9494 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code> |
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9495 (which can be <b>nil</b>). |
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|
9496 Returns <code>value</code>. |
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|
9497 |
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|
9498 |
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changeset
|
9499 |
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|
9500 |
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|
9501 <p> |
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|
9502 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9503 |
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changeset
|
9504 |
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|
9505 <p> |
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|
9506 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue |
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|
9507 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. |
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9508 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue |
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|
9509 with the given index. |
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|
9510 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. |
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|
9511 |
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diff
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|
9512 |
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diff
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|
9513 |
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|
9514 |
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|
9515 <p> |
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|
9516 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9517 |
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diff
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|
9518 |
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|
9519 <p> |
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9520 Sets the given <code>value</code> as |
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|
9521 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>. |
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9522 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata. |
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|
9523 |
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|
9524 |
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|
9525 <p> |
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|
9526 Returns <code>udata</code>. |
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|
9527 |
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diff
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|
9528 |
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|
9529 |
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|
9530 |
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|
9531 <p> |
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9532 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9533 |
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|
9534 |
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9535 <p> |
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|
9536 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>, |
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9537 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing. |
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9538 Otherwise, |
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|
9539 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. |
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9540 The optional <code>message</code> string is appended |
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9541 at the beginning of the traceback. |
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9542 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level |
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|
9543 to start the traceback |
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|
9544 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>). |
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|
9545 |
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|
9546 |
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|
9547 |
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|
9548 |
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|
9549 <p> |
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|
9550 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9551 |
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|
9552 |
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|
9553 <p> |
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|
9554 Returns a unique identifier (as a light userdata) |
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|
9555 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> |
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|
9556 from the given function. |
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|
9557 |
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|
9558 |
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|
9559 <p> |
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|
9560 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different |
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diff
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|
9561 closures share upvalues. |
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|
9562 Lua closures that share an upvalue |
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|
9563 (that is, that access a same external local variable) |
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|
9564 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. |
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|
9565 |
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|
9566 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9567 |
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|
9568 |
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|
9569 <p> |
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|
9570 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9571 |
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diff
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|
9572 |
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|
9573 <p> |
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|
9574 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code> |
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|
9575 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>. |
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|
9576 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9577 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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diff
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|
9578 |
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diff
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|
9579 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
9580 |
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|
9581 |
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Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
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|
9582 |
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|
9583 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1> |
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|
9584 |
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|
9585 <p> |
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|
9586 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language, |
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|
9587 to be embedded in a host C program, |
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|
9588 it is also frequently used as a standalone language. |
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|
9589 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language, |
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|
9590 called simply <code>lua</code>, |
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|
9591 is provided with the standard distribution. |
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|
9592 The standalone interpreter includes |
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|
9593 all standard libraries, including the debug library. |
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|
9594 Its usage is: |
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|
9595 |
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changeset
|
9596 <pre> |
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|
9597 lua [options] [script [args]] |
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|
9598 </pre><p> |
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|
9599 The options are: |
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|
9600 |
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|
9601 <ul> |
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|
9602 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li> |
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|
9603 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li> |
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|
9604 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li> |
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|
9605 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li> |
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|
9606 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li> |
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|
9607 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li> |
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9608 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li> |
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|
9609 </ul><p> |
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|
9610 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>. |
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|
9611 When called without arguments, |
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|
9612 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code> |
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|
9613 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal, |
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9614 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise. |
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|
9615 |
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changeset
|
9616 |
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changeset
|
9617 <p> |
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changeset
|
9618 When called without option <code>-E</code>, |
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|
9619 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_3"><code>LUA_INIT_5_3</code></a> |
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|
9620 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if the versioned name is not defined) |
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changeset
|
9621 before running any argument. |
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changeset
|
9622 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>, |
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parents:
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changeset
|
9623 then <code>lua</code> executes the file. |
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changeset
|
9624 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself. |
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|
9625 |
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changeset
|
9626 |
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diff
changeset
|
9627 <p> |
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changeset
|
9628 When called with option <code>-E</code>, |
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changeset
|
9629 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>, |
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changeset
|
9630 Lua also ignores |
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changeset
|
9631 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>, |
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changeset
|
9632 setting the values of |
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changeset
|
9633 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> |
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9634 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
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9635 |
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|
9636 |
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9637 <p> |
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9638 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>. |
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9639 For instance, an invocation like |
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|
9640 |
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|
9641 <pre> |
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9642 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua |
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9643 </pre><p> |
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9644 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>, |
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9645 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments. |
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9646 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.) |
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9647 |
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|
9648 |
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9649 <p> |
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9650 Before running any code, |
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9651 <code>lua</code> collects all command-line arguments |
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9652 in a global table called <code>arg</code>. |
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9653 The script name goes to index 0, |
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9654 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1, |
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9655 and so on. |
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9656 Any arguments before the script name |
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|
9657 (that is, the interpreter name plus its options) |
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9658 go to negative indices. |
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9659 For instance, in the call |
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|
9660 |
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9661 <pre> |
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9662 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2 |
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9663 </pre><p> |
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9664 the table is like this: |
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|
9665 |
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9666 <pre> |
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9667 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la", |
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9668 [0] = "b.lua", |
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9669 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" } |
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9670 </pre><p> |
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9671 If there is no script in the call, |
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9672 the interpreter name goes to index 0, |
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9673 followed by the other arguments. |
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|
9674 For instance, the call |
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|
9675 |
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|
9676 <pre> |
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|
9677 $ lua -e "print(arg[1])" |
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9678 </pre><p> |
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|
9679 will print "<code>-e</code>". |
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9680 If there is a script, |
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|
9681 the script is called with parameters |
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|
9682 <code>arg[1]</code>, ···, <code>arg[#arg]</code>. |
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9683 (Like all chunks in Lua, |
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9684 the script is compiled as a vararg function.) |
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|
9685 |
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|
9686 |
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|
9687 <p> |
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|
9688 In interactive mode, |
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9689 Lua repeatedly prompts and waits for a line. |
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9690 After reading a line, |
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9691 Lua first try to interpret the line as an expression. |
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9692 If it succeeds, it prints its value. |
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9693 Otherwise, it interprets the line as a statement. |
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9694 If you write an incomplete statement, |
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9695 the interpreter waits for its completion |
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|
9696 by issuing a different prompt. |
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|
9697 |
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|
9698 |
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|
9699 <p> |
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|
9700 In case of unprotected errors in the script, |
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9701 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream. |
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9702 If the error object is not a string but |
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9703 has a metamethod <code>__tostring</code>, |
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9704 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message. |
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9705 Otherwise, the interpreter converts the error object to a string |
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9706 and adds a stack traceback to it. |
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|
9707 |
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|
9708 |
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|
9709 <p> |
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|
9710 When finishing normally, |
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9711 the interpreter closes its main Lua state |
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|
9712 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>). |
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9713 The script can avoid this step by |
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|
9714 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate. |
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|
9715 |
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|
9716 |
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|
9717 <p> |
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|
9718 To allow the use of Lua as a |
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|
9719 script interpreter in Unix systems, |
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|
9720 the standalone interpreter skips |
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9721 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>. |
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|
9722 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs |
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|
9723 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form, |
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|
9724 as in |
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|
9725 |
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|
9726 <pre> |
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|
9727 #!/usr/local/bin/lua |
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|
9728 </pre><p> |
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|
9729 (Of course, |
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|
9730 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. |
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|
9731 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>, |
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9732 then |
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|
9733 |
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|
9734 <pre> |
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|
9735 #!/usr/bin/env lua |
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|
9736 </pre><p> |
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|
9737 is a more portable solution.) |
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|
9738 |
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|
9739 |
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|
9740 |
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|
9741 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1> |
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|
9742 |
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|
9743 <p> |
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|
9744 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program |
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|
9745 from Lua 5.2 to Lua 5.3. |
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|
9746 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with |
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|
9747 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>). |
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9748 However, |
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|
9749 all these compatibility options will be removed in the future. |
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|
9750 |
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|
9751 |
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|
9752 <p> |
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|
9753 Lua versions can always change the C API in ways that |
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|
9754 do not imply source-code changes in a program, |
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9755 such as the numeric values for constants |
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|
9756 or the implementation of functions as macros. |
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|
9757 Therefore, |
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|
9758 you should not assume that binaries are compatible between |
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|
9759 different Lua versions. |
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|
9760 Always recompile clients of the Lua API when |
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|
9761 using a new version. |
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|
9762 |
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|
9763 |
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|
9764 <p> |
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|
9765 Similarly, Lua versions can always change the internal representation |
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9766 of precompiled chunks; |
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|
9767 precompiled chunks are not compatible between different Lua versions. |
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|
9768 |
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|
9769 |
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|
9770 <p> |
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|
9771 The standard paths in the official distribution may |
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|
9772 change between versions. |
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|
9773 |
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|
9774 |
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|
9775 |
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|
9776 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2> |
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|
9777 <ul> |
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|
9778 |
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|
9779 <li> |
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9780 The main difference between Lua 5.2 and Lua 5.3 is the |
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9781 introduction of an integer subtype for numbers. |
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9782 Although this change should not affect "normal" computations, |
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9783 some computations |
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9784 (mainly those that involve some kind of overflow) |
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9785 can give different results. |
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|
9786 |
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|
9787 |
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|
9788 <p> |
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9789 You can fix these differences by forcing a number to be a float |
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9790 (in Lua 5.2 all numbers were float), |
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9791 in particular writing constants with an ending <code>.0</code> |
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9792 or using <code>x = x + 0.0</code> to convert a variable. |
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|
9793 (This recommendation is only for a quick fix |
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|
9794 for an occasional incompatibility; |
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9795 it is not a general guideline for good programming. |
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|
9796 For good programming, |
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|
9797 use floats where you need floats |
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|
9798 and integers where you need integers.) |
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|
9799 </li> |
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|
9800 |
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|
9801 <li> |
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|
9802 The conversion of a float to a string now adds a <code>.0</code> suffix |
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|
9803 to the result if it looks like an integer. |
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|
9804 (For instance, the float 2.0 will be printed as <code>2.0</code>, |
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|
9805 not as <code>2</code>.) |
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|
9806 You should always use an explicit format |
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|
9807 when you need a specific format for numbers. |
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|
9808 |
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|
9809 |
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|
9810 <p> |
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|
9811 (Formally this is not an incompatibility, |
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9812 because Lua does not specify how numbers are formatted as strings, |
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|
9813 but some programs assumed a specific format.) |
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|
9814 </li> |
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|
9815 |
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|
9816 <li> |
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|
9817 The generational mode for the garbage collector was removed. |
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|
9818 (It was an experimental feature in Lua 5.2.) |
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|
9819 </li> |
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|
9820 |
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|
9821 </ul> |
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|
9822 |
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|
9823 |
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|
9824 |
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|
9825 |
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|
9826 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2> |
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|
9827 <ul> |
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|
9828 |
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|
9829 <li> |
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|
9830 The <code>bit32</code> library has been deprecated. |
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|
9831 It is easy to require a compatible external library or, |
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|
9832 better yet, to replace its functions with appropriate bitwise operations. |
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|
9833 (Keep in mind that <code>bit32</code> operates on 32-bit integers, |
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|
9834 while the bitwise operators in standard Lua operate on 64-bit integers.) |
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|
9835 </li> |
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|
9836 |
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|
9837 <li> |
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|
9838 The Table library now respects metamethods |
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|
9839 for setting and getting elements. |
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|
9840 </li> |
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|
9841 |
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|
9842 <li> |
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|
9843 The <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> iterator now respects metamethods and |
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|
9844 its <code>__ipairs</code> metamethod has been deprecated. |
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|
9845 </li> |
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|
9846 |
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|
9847 <li> |
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|
9848 Option names in <a href="#pdf-io.read"><code>io.read</code></a> do not have a starting '<code>*</code>' anymore. |
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|
9849 For compatibility, Lua will continue to ignore this character. |
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|
9850 </li> |
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|
9851 |
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|
9852 <li> |
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|
9853 The following functions were deprecated in the mathematical library: |
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|
9854 <code>atan2</code>, <code>cosh</code>, <code>sinh</code>, <code>tanh</code>, <code>pow</code>, |
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|
9855 <code>frexp</code>, and <code>ldexp</code>. |
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|
9856 You can replace <code>math.pow(x,y)</code> with <code>x^y</code>; |
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|
9857 you can replace <code>math.atan2</code> with <code>math.atan</code>, |
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|
9858 which now accepts one or two parameters; |
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|
9859 you can replace <code>math.ldexp(x,exp)</code> with <code>x * 2.0^exp</code>. |
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|
9860 For the other operations, |
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|
9861 you can either use an external library or |
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|
9862 implement them in Lua. |
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|
9863 </li> |
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|
9864 |
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|
9865 <li> |
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|
9866 The searcher for C loaders used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> |
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|
9867 changed the way it handles versioned names. |
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|
9868 Now, the version should come after the module name |
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|
9869 (as is usual in most other tools). |
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|
9870 For compatibility, that searcher still tries the old format |
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|
9871 if it cannot find an open function according to the new style. |
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|
9872 (Lua 5.2 already worked that way, |
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|
9873 but it did not document the change.) |
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changeset
|
9874 </li> |
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changeset
|
9875 |
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changeset
|
9876 </ul> |
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changeset
|
9877 |
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changeset
|
9878 |
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changeset
|
9879 |
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changeset
|
9880 |
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|
9881 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2> |
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|
9882 |
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9883 |
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9884 <ul> |
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9885 |
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9886 <li> |
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9887 Continuation functions now receive as parameters what they needed |
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9888 to get through <code>lua_getctx</code>, |
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9889 so <code>lua_getctx</code> has been removed. |
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9890 Adapt your code accordingly. |
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9891 </li> |
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|
9892 |
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9893 <li> |
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9894 Function <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>strip</code>. |
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9895 Use 0 as the value of this parameter to get the old behavior. |
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9896 </li> |
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9897 |
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9898 <li> |
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9899 Functions to inject/project unsigned integers |
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9900 (<code>lua_pushunsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsigned</code>, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code>, |
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9901 <code>luaL_checkunsigned</code>, <code>luaL_optunsigned</code>) |
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9902 were deprecated. |
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9903 Use their signed equivalents with a type cast. |
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9904 </li> |
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9905 |
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9906 <li> |
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9907 Macros to project non-default integer types |
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9908 (<code>luaL_checkint</code>, <code>luaL_optint</code>, <code>luaL_checklong</code>, <code>luaL_optlong</code>) |
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9909 were deprecated. |
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9910 Use their equivalent over <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> with a type cast |
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9911 (or, when possible, use <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a> in your code). |
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9912 </li> |
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|
9913 |
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9914 </ul> |
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|
9915 |
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9916 |
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|
9917 |
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9918 |
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9919 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1> |
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9920 |
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9921 <p> |
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9922 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. |
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9923 As usual in extended BNF, |
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9924 {A} means 0 or more As, |
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9925 and [A] means an optional A. |
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9926 (For operator precedences, see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>; |
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9927 for a description of the terminals |
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9928 Name, Numeral, |
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9929 and LiteralString, see <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>.) |
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9930 |
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|
9931 |
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|
9932 |
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|
9933 |
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9934 <pre> |
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|
9935 |
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9936 chunk ::= block |
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9937 |
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9938 block ::= {stat} [retstat] |
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9939 |
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9940 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | |
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9941 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | |
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9942 functioncall | |
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9943 label | |
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9944 <b>break</b> | |
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|
9945 <b>goto</b> Name | |
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9946 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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9947 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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9948 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | |
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9949 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | |
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9950 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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9951 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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9952 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | |
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9953 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | |
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9954 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] |
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|
9955 |
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|
9956 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] |
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9957 |
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|
9958 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ |
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|
9959 |
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|
9960 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] |
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|
9961 |
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|
9962 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} |
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|
9963 |
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|
9964 var ::= Name | prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name |
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|
9965 |
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9966 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} |
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|
9967 |
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9968 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} |
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|
9969 |
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|
9970 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Numeral | LiteralString | ‘<b>...</b>’ | functiondef | |
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9971 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp |
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9972 |
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9973 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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9974 |
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9975 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args |
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9976 |
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9977 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | tableconstructor | LiteralString |
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9978 |
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9979 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody |
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9980 |
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9981 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> |
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9982 |
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9983 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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9984 |
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|
9985 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ |
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9986 |
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9987 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] |
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9988 |
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9989 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp |
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9990 |
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9991 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ |
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9992 |
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|
9993 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ | ‘<b>-</b>’ | ‘<b>*</b>’ | ‘<b>/</b>’ | ‘<b>//</b>’ | ‘<b>^</b>’ | ‘<b>%</b>’ | |
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9994 ‘<b>&</b>’ | ‘<b>~</b>’ | ‘<b>|</b>’ | ‘<b>>></b>’ | ‘<b><<</b>’ | ‘<b>..</b>’ | |
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9995 ‘<b><</b>’ | ‘<b><=</b>’ | ‘<b>></b>’ | ‘<b>>=</b>’ | ‘<b>==</b>’ | ‘<b>~=</b>’ | |
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9996 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b> |
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9997 |
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9998 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ | <b>not</b> | ‘<b>#</b>’ | ‘<b>~</b>’ |
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9999 |
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10000 </pre> |
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10001 |
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10002 <p> |
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10003 |
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10009 |
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10010 |
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10011 <HR> |
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10012 <SMALL CLASS="footer"> |
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10013 Last update: |
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10014 Fri Jan 16 00:58:20 BRST 2015 |
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10015 </SMALL> |
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10016 <!-- |
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10017 Last change: minor edit |
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10018 --> |
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10019 |
372 | 10020 </div> |
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10021 |
391
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10022 <% Html.simply_html_body_bottom() %> |
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10023 </body> |
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10024 </html> |
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10025 <% |
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10026 end |