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| author | fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> | 
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| date | Mon, 06 Oct 2014 22:03:16 +0000 | 
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| children | bcc3911285a2 | 
| rev | line source | 
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changeset | 1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> | 
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changeset | 2 <html> | 
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changeset | 3 | 
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changeset | 4 <head> | 
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changeset | 5 <title>Lua 5.2 Reference Manual</title> | 
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changeset | 6 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.lua.org/lua.css"> | 
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changeset | 7 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.lua.org/manual/manual.css"> | 
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changeset | 8 <META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> | 
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changeset | 9 </head> | 
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changeset | 10 | 
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changeset | 11 <body> | 
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changeset | 12 | 
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changeset | 13 <hr> | 
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changeset | 14 <h1> | 
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changeset | 15 <a href="../../home.html"><img src="../../images/logo.gif" alt="" border="0"></a> | 
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changeset | 16 Lua 5.2 Reference Manual | 
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changeset | 17 </h1> | 
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changeset | 18 | 
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changeset | 19 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes | 
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changeset | 20 <p> | 
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changeset | 21 <small> | 
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changeset | 22 Copyright © 2011–2013 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. | 
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changeset | 23 Freely available under the terms of the | 
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changeset | 24 <a href="../../license.html">Lua license</a>. | 
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changeset | 25 </small> | 
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changeset | 26 <hr> | 
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changeset | 27 <p> | 
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changeset | 28 | 
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changeset | 29 <a href="contents.html#contents">contents</A> | 
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changeset | 30 · | 
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changeset | 31 <a href="contents.html#index">index</A> | 
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changeset | 32 · | 
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changeset | 33 <a href="../">other versions</A> | 
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changeset | 34 | 
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changeset | 35 <!-- ====================================================================== --> | 
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changeset | 36 <p> | 
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changeset | 37 | 
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changeset | 38 <!-- $Id: manual.of,v 1.103 2013/03/14 18:51:56 roberto Exp $ --> | 
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changeset | 39 | 
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changeset | 40 | 
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changeset | 41 <H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2> | 
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changeset | 42 <UL style="padding: 0"> | 
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changeset | 43 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#1">1 – Introduction</A> | 
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changeset | 44 <P> | 
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changeset | 45 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 – Basic Concepts</A> | 
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changeset | 46 <UL> | 
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changeset | 47 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 – Values and Types</A> | 
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changeset | 48 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 – Environments and the Global Environment</A> | 
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changeset | 49 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 – Error Handling</A> | 
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changeset | 50 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 – Metatables and Metamethods</A> | 
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changeset | 51 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 – Garbage Collection</A> | 
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changeset | 52 <UL> | 
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changeset | 53 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A> | 
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changeset | 54 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 – Weak Tables</A> | 
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changeset | 55 </UL> | 
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changeset | 56 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 – Coroutines</A> | 
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changeset | 57 </UL> | 
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changeset | 58 <P> | 
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changeset | 59 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 – The Language</A> | 
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changeset | 60 <UL> | 
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changeset | 61 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 – Lexical Conventions</A> | 
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changeset | 62 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 – Variables</A> | 
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changeset | 63 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 – Statements</A> | 
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changeset | 64 <UL> | 
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changeset | 65 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.1">3.3.1 – Blocks</A> | 
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changeset | 66 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.2">3.3.2 – Chunks</A> | 
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changeset | 67 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.3">3.3.3 – Assignment</A> | 
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changeset | 68 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.4">3.3.4 – Control Structures</A> | 
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changeset | 69 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.5">3.3.5 – For Statement</A> | 
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changeset | 70 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.6">3.3.6 – Function Calls as Statements</A> | 
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changeset | 71 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.7">3.3.7 – Local Declarations</A> | 
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changeset | 72 </UL> | 
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changeset | 73 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 – Expressions</A> | 
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changeset | 74 <UL> | 
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changeset | 75 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.1">3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators</A> | 
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changeset | 76 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.2">3.4.2 – Coercion</A> | 
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changeset | 77 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.3">3.4.3 – Relational Operators</A> | 
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changeset | 78 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.4">3.4.4 – Logical Operators</A> | 
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changeset | 79 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.5">3.4.5 – Concatenation</A> | 
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changeset | 80 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.6">3.4.6 – The Length Operator</A> | 
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changeset | 81 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.7">3.4.7 – Precedence</A> | 
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changeset | 82 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.8">3.4.8 – Table Constructors</A> | 
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changeset | 83 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.9">3.4.9 – Function Calls</A> | 
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changeset | 84 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.10">3.4.10 – Function Definitions</A> | 
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changeset | 85 </UL> | 
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changeset | 86 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 – Visibility Rules</A> | 
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changeset | 87 </UL> | 
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changeset | 88 <P> | 
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changeset | 89 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 – The Application Program Interface</A> | 
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changeset | 90 <UL> | 
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changeset | 91 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 – The Stack</A> | 
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changeset | 92 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.2">4.2 – Stack Size</A> | 
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changeset | 93 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.3">4.3 – Valid and Acceptable Indices</A> | 
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changeset | 94 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.4">4.4 – C Closures</A> | 
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changeset | 95 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.5">4.5 – Registry</A> | 
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changeset | 96 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.6">4.6 – Error Handling in C</A> | 
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changeset | 97 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.7">4.7 – Handling Yields in C</A> | 
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changeset | 98 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.8">4.8 – Functions and Types</A> | 
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changeset | 99 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.9">4.9 – The Debug Interface</A> | 
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changeset | 100 </UL> | 
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changeset | 101 <P> | 
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changeset | 102 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 – The Auxiliary Library</A> | 
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changeset | 103 <UL> | 
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changeset | 104 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 – Functions and Types</A> | 
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changeset | 105 </UL> | 
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changeset | 106 <P> | 
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changeset | 107 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 – Standard Libraries</A> | 
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changeset | 108 <UL> | 
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changeset | 109 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.1">6.1 – Basic Functions</A> | 
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changeset | 110 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.2">6.2 – Coroutine Manipulation</A> | 
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changeset | 111 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.3">6.3 – Modules</A> | 
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changeset | 112 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4">6.4 – String Manipulation</A> | 
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changeset | 113 <UL> | 
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changeset | 114 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4.1">6.4.1 – Patterns</A> | 
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changeset | 115 </UL> | 
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changeset | 116 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.5">6.5 – Table Manipulation</A> | 
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changeset | 117 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.6">6.6 – Mathematical Functions</A> | 
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changeset | 118 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.7">6.7 – Bitwise Operations</A> | 
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changeset | 119 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.8">6.8 – Input and Output Facilities</A> | 
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changeset | 120 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.9">6.9 – Operating System Facilities</A> | 
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changeset | 121 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.10">6.10 – The Debug Library</A> | 
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changeset | 122 </UL> | 
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changeset | 123 <P> | 
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changeset | 124 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 – Lua Standalone</A> | 
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changeset | 125 <P> | 
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changeset | 126 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A> | 
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changeset | 127 <UL> | 
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changeset | 128 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.1">8.1 – Changes in the Language</A> | 
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changeset | 129 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.2">8.2 – Changes in the Libraries</A> | 
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changeset | 130 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.3">8.3 – Changes in the API</A> | 
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changeset | 131 </UL> | 
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changeset | 132 <P> | 
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changeset | 133 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#9">9 – The Complete Syntax of Lua</A> | 
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changeset | 134 </UL> | 
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changeset | 135 | 
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changeset | 136 | 
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changeset | 137 <h1>1 – <a name="1">Introduction</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 138 | 
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changeset | 139 <p> | 
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changeset | 140 Lua is an extension programming language designed to support | 
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changeset | 141 general procedural programming with data description | 
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changeset | 142 facilities. | 
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changeset | 143 It also offers good support for object-oriented programming, | 
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changeset | 144 functional programming, and data-driven programming. | 
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changeset | 145 Lua is intended to be used as a powerful, lightweight, | 
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changeset | 146 embeddable scripting language for any program that needs one. | 
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changeset | 147 Lua is implemented as a library, written in <em>clean C</em>, | 
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changeset | 148 the common subset of Standard C and C++. | 
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changeset | 149 | 
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changeset | 150 | 
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changeset | 151 <p> | 
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changeset | 152 Being an extension language, Lua has no notion of a "main" program: | 
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changeset | 153 it only works <em>embedded</em> in a host client, | 
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changeset | 154 called the <em>embedding program</em> or simply the <em>host</em>. | 
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changeset | 155 The host program can invoke functions to execute a piece of Lua code, | 
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changeset | 156 can write and read Lua variables, | 
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changeset | 157 and can register C functions to be called by Lua code. | 
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changeset | 158 Through the use of C functions, Lua can be augmented to cope with | 
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changeset | 159 a wide range of different domains, | 
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changeset | 160 thus creating customized programming languages sharing a syntactical framework. | 
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changeset | 161 The Lua distribution includes a sample host program called <code>lua</code>, | 
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changeset | 162 which uses the Lua library to offer a complete, standalone Lua interpreter, | 
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changeset | 163 for interactive or batch use. | 
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changeset | 164 | 
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changeset | 165 | 
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changeset | 166 <p> | 
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changeset | 167 Lua is free software, | 
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changeset | 168 and is provided as usual with no guarantees, | 
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changeset | 169 as stated in its license. | 
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changeset | 170 The implementation described in this manual is available | 
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changeset | 171 at Lua's official web site, <code>www.lua.org</code>. | 
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changeset | 172 | 
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changeset | 173 | 
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changeset | 174 <p> | 
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changeset | 175 Like any other reference manual, | 
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changeset | 176 this document is dry in places. | 
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changeset | 177 For a discussion of the decisions behind the design of Lua, | 
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changeset | 178 see the technical papers available at Lua's web site. | 
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changeset | 179 For a detailed introduction to programming in Lua, | 
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changeset | 180 see Roberto's book, <em>Programming in Lua</em>. | 
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changeset | 181 | 
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changeset | 182 | 
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changeset | 183 | 
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changeset | 184 <h1>2 – <a name="2">Basic Concepts</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 185 | 
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changeset | 186 <p> | 
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changeset | 187 This section describes the basic concepts of the language. | 
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changeset | 188 | 
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changeset | 189 | 
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changeset | 190 | 
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changeset | 191 <h2>2.1 – <a name="2.1">Values and Types</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 192 | 
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changeset | 193 <p> | 
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changeset | 194 Lua is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>. | 
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changeset | 195 This means that | 
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changeset | 196 variables do not have types; only values do. | 
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changeset | 197 There are no type definitions in the language. | 
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changeset | 198 All values carry their own type. | 
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changeset | 199 | 
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changeset | 200 | 
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changeset | 201 <p> | 
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changeset | 202 All values in Lua are <em>first-class values</em>. | 
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changeset | 203 This means that all values can be stored in variables, | 
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changeset | 204 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results. | 
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changeset | 205 | 
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changeset | 206 | 
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changeset | 207 <p> | 
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changeset | 208 There are eight basic types in Lua: | 
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changeset | 209 <em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>, | 
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changeset | 210 <em>string</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>userdata</em>, | 
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changeset | 211 <em>thread</em>, and <em>table</em>. | 
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changeset | 212 <em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 213 whose main property is to be different from any other value; | 
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changeset | 214 it usually represents the absence of a useful value. | 
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changeset | 215 <em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>. | 
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changeset | 216 Both <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> make a condition false; | 
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changeset | 217 any other value makes it true. | 
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changeset | 218 <em>Number</em> represents real (double-precision floating-point) numbers. | 
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changeset | 219 Operations on numbers follow the same rules of | 
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changeset | 220 the underlying C implementation, | 
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changeset | 221 which, in turn, usually follows the IEEE 754 standard. | 
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changeset | 222 (It is easy to build Lua interpreters that use other | 
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changeset | 223 internal representations for numbers, | 
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changeset | 224 such as single-precision floats or long integers; | 
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changeset | 225 see file <code>luaconf.h</code>.) | 
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changeset | 226 <em>String</em> represents immutable sequences of bytes. | 
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changeset | 227 | 
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changeset | 228 Lua is 8-bit clean: | 
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changeset | 229 strings can contain any 8-bit value, | 
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changeset | 230 including embedded zeros ('<code>\0</code>'). | 
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changeset | 231 | 
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changeset | 232 | 
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changeset | 233 <p> | 
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changeset | 234 Lua can call (and manipulate) functions written in Lua and | 
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changeset | 235 functions written in C | 
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changeset | 236 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). | 
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changeset | 237 | 
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changeset | 238 | 
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changeset | 239 <p> | 
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changeset | 240 The type <em>userdata</em> is provided to allow arbitrary C data to | 
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changeset | 241 be stored in Lua variables. | 
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changeset | 242 A userdata value is a pointer to a block of raw memory. | 
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changeset | 243 There are two kinds of userdata: | 
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changeset | 244 full userdata, where the block of memory is managed by Lua, | 
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changeset | 245 and light userdata, where the block of memory is managed by the host. | 
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changeset | 246 Userdata has no predefined operations in Lua, | 
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changeset | 247 except assignment and identity test. | 
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changeset | 248 By using <em>metatables</em>, | 
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changeset | 249 the programmer can define operations for full userdata values | 
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changeset | 250 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 251 Userdata values cannot be created or modified in Lua, | 
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changeset | 252 only through the C API. | 
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changeset | 253 This guarantees the integrity of data owned by the host program. | 
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changeset | 254 | 
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changeset | 255 | 
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changeset | 256 <p> | 
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changeset | 257 The type <em>thread</em> represents independent threads of execution | 
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changeset | 258 and it is used to implement coroutines (see <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 259 Do not confuse Lua threads with operating-system threads. | 
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changeset | 260 Lua supports coroutines on all systems, | 
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changeset | 261 even those that do not support threads. | 
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changeset | 262 | 
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changeset | 263 | 
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changeset | 264 <p> | 
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changeset | 265 The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays, | 
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changeset | 266 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, | 
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changeset | 267 but with any Lua value except <b>nil</b> and NaN | 
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changeset | 268 (<em>Not a Number</em>, a special numeric value used to represent | 
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changeset | 269 undefined or unrepresentable results, such as <code>0/0</code>). | 
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changeset | 270 Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>; | 
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changeset | 271 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>). | 
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changeset | 272 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table. | 
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changeset | 273 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has | 
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changeset | 274 an associated value <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 275 | 
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changeset | 276 | 
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changeset | 277 <p> | 
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changeset | 278 Tables are the sole data structuring mechanism in Lua; | 
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changeset | 279 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences, | 
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changeset | 280 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc. | 
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changeset | 281 To represent records, Lua uses the field name as an index. | 
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changeset | 282 The language supports this representation by | 
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changeset | 283 providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>. | 
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changeset | 284 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Lua | 
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changeset | 285 (see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>). | 
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changeset | 286 | 
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changeset | 287 | 
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changeset | 288 <p> | 
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changeset | 289 We use the term <em>sequence</em> to denote a table where | 
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changeset | 290 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> | 
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changeset | 291 for some integer <em>n</em>, | 
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changeset | 292 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 293 | 
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changeset | 294 | 
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changeset | 295 <p> | 
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changeset | 296 Like indices, | 
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changeset | 297 the values of table fields can be of any type. | 
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changeset | 298 In particular, | 
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changeset | 299 because functions are first-class values, | 
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changeset | 300 table fields can contain functions. | 
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changeset | 301 Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). | 
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changeset | 302 | 
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changeset | 303 | 
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changeset | 304 <p> | 
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changeset | 305 The indexing of tables follows | 
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changeset | 306 the definition of raw equality in the language. | 
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changeset | 307 The expressions <code>a[i]</code> and <code>a[j]</code> | 
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changeset | 308 denote the same table element | 
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changeset | 309 if and only if <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> are raw equal | 
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changeset | 310 (that is, equal without metamethods). | 
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changeset | 311 | 
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changeset | 312 | 
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changeset | 313 <p> | 
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changeset | 314 Tables, functions, threads, and (full) userdata values are <em>objects</em>: | 
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changeset | 315 variables do not actually <em>contain</em> these values, | 
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changeset | 316 only <em>references</em> to them. | 
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changeset | 317 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns | 
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changeset | 318 always manipulate references to such values; | 
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changeset | 319 these operations do not imply any kind of copy. | 
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changeset | 320 | 
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changeset | 321 | 
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changeset | 322 <p> | 
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changeset | 323 The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> returns a string describing the type | 
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changeset | 324 of a given value (see <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>). | 
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changeset | 325 | 
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changeset | 326 | 
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changeset | 327 | 
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changeset | 328 | 
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changeset | 329 | 
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changeset | 330 <h2>2.2 – <a name="2.2">Environments and the Global Environment</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 331 | 
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changeset | 332 <p> | 
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changeset | 333 As will be discussed in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a> and <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>, | 
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changeset | 334 any reference to a global name <code>var</code> is syntactically translated | 
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changeset | 335 to <code>_ENV.var</code>. | 
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changeset | 336 Moreover, every chunk is compiled in the scope of | 
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changeset | 337 an external local variable called <code>_ENV</code> (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), | 
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changeset | 338 so <code>_ENV</code> itself is never a global name in a chunk. | 
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changeset | 339 | 
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changeset | 340 | 
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changeset | 341 <p> | 
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changeset | 342 Despite the existence of this external <code>_ENV</code> variable and | 
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changeset | 343 the translation of global names, | 
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changeset | 344 <code>_ENV</code> is a completely regular name. | 
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changeset | 345 In particular, | 
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changeset | 346 you can define new variables and parameters with that name. | 
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changeset | 347 Each reference to a global name uses the <code>_ENV</code> that is | 
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changeset | 348 visible at that point in the program, | 
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changeset | 349 following the usual visibility rules of Lua (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 350 | 
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changeset | 351 | 
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changeset | 352 <p> | 
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changeset | 353 Any table used as the value of <code>_ENV</code> is called an <em>environment</em>. | 
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changeset | 354 | 
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changeset | 355 | 
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changeset | 356 <p> | 
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changeset | 357 Lua keeps a distinguished environment called the <em>global environment</em>. | 
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changeset | 358 This value is kept at a special index in the C registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 359 In Lua, the variable <a href="#pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a> is initialized with this same value. | 
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changeset | 360 | 
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changeset | 361 | 
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changeset | 362 <p> | 
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changeset | 363 When Lua compiles a chunk, | 
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changeset | 364 it initializes the value of its <code>_ENV</code> upvalue | 
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changeset | 365 with the global environment (see <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 366 Therefore, by default, | 
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changeset | 367 global variables in Lua code refer to entries in the global environment. | 
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changeset | 368 Moreover, all standard libraries are loaded in the global environment | 
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changeset | 369 and several functions there operate on that environment. | 
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changeset | 370 You can use <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> (or <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 371 to load a chunk with a different environment. | 
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changeset | 372 (In C, you have to load the chunk and then change the value | 
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changeset | 373 of its first upvalue.) | 
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changeset | 374 | 
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changeset | 375 | 
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changeset | 376 <p> | 
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changeset | 377 If you change the global environment in the registry | 
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changeset | 378 (through C code or the debug library), | 
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changeset | 379 all chunks loaded after the change will get the new environment. | 
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changeset | 380 Previously loaded chunks are not affected, however, | 
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changeset | 381 as each has its own reference to the environment in its <code>_ENV</code> variable. | 
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changeset | 382 Moreover, the variable <a href="#pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a> | 
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changeset | 383 (which is stored in the original global environment) | 
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changeset | 384 is never updated by Lua. | 
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changeset | 385 | 
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changeset | 386 | 
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changeset | 387 | 
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changeset | 388 | 
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changeset | 389 | 
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changeset | 390 <h2>2.3 – <a name="2.3">Error Handling</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 391 | 
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changeset | 392 <p> | 
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changeset | 393 Because Lua is an embedded extension language, | 
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changeset | 394 all Lua actions start from C code in the host program | 
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changeset | 395 calling a function from the Lua library (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 396 Whenever an error occurs during | 
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changeset | 397 the compilation or execution of a Lua chunk, | 
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changeset | 398 control returns to the host, | 
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changeset | 399 which can take appropriate measures | 
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changeset | 400 (such as printing an error message). | 
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changeset | 401 | 
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changeset | 402 | 
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changeset | 403 <p> | 
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changeset | 404 Lua code can explicitly generate an error by calling the | 
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changeset | 405 <a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> function. | 
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changeset | 406 If you need to catch errors in Lua, | 
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changeset | 407 you can use <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall</code></a> | 
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changeset | 408 to call a given function in <em>protected mode</em>. | 
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changeset | 409 | 
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changeset | 410 | 
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changeset | 411 <p> | 
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changeset | 412 Whenever there is an error, | 
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changeset | 413 an <em>error object</em> (also called an <em>error message</em>) | 
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changeset | 414 is propagated with information about the error. | 
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changeset | 415 Lua itself only generates errors where the error object is a string, | 
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changeset | 416 but programs may generate errors with | 
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changeset | 417 any value for the error object. | 
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changeset | 418 | 
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changeset | 419 | 
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changeset | 420 <p> | 
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changeset | 421 When you use <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 422 you may give a <em>message handler</em> | 
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changeset | 423 to be called in case of errors. | 
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changeset | 424 This function is called with the original error message | 
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changeset | 425 and returns a new error message. | 
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changeset | 426 It is called before the error unwinds the stack, | 
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changeset | 427 so that it can gather more information about the error, | 
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changeset | 428 for instance by inspecting the stack and creating a stack traceback. | 
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changeset | 429 This message handler is still protected by the protected call; | 
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changeset | 430 so, an error inside the message handler | 
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changeset | 431 will call the message handler again. | 
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changeset | 432 If this loop goes on, Lua breaks it and returns an appropriate message. | 
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changeset | 433 | 
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changeset | 434 | 
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changeset | 435 | 
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changeset | 436 | 
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changeset | 437 | 
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changeset | 438 <h2>2.4 – <a name="2.4">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 439 | 
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changeset | 440 <p> | 
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changeset | 441 Every value in Lua can have a <em>metatable</em>. | 
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changeset | 442 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Lua table | 
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changeset | 443 that defines the behavior of the original value | 
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changeset | 444 under certain special operations. | 
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changeset | 445 You can change several aspects of the behavior | 
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changeset | 446 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. | 
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changeset | 447 For instance, when a non-numeric value is the operand of an addition, | 
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changeset | 448 Lua checks for a function in the field "<code>__add</code>" of the value's metatable. | 
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changeset | 449 If it finds one, | 
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changeset | 450 Lua calls this function to perform the addition. | 
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changeset | 451 | 
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changeset | 452 | 
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changeset | 453 <p> | 
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changeset | 454 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <em>event</em> names; | 
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changeset | 455 the corresponding values are called <em>metamethods</em>. | 
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changeset | 456 In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code> | 
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changeset | 457 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition. | 
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changeset | 458 | 
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changeset | 459 | 
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changeset | 460 <p> | 
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changeset | 461 You can query the metatable of any value | 
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changeset | 462 using the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a> function. | 
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changeset | 463 | 
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changeset | 464 | 
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changeset | 465 <p> | 
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changeset | 466 You can replace the metatable of tables | 
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changeset | 467 using the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable</code></a> function. | 
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changeset | 468 You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua | 
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changeset | 469 (except by using the debug library); | 
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changeset | 470 you must use the C API for that. | 
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changeset | 471 | 
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changeset | 472 | 
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changeset | 473 <p> | 
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changeset | 474 Tables and full userdata have individual metatables | 
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changeset | 475 (although multiple tables and userdata can share their metatables). | 
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changeset | 476 Values of all other types share one single metatable per type; | 
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changeset | 477 that is, there is one single metatable for all numbers, | 
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changeset | 478 one for all strings, etc. | 
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changeset | 479 By default, a value has no metatable, | 
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changeset | 480 but the string library sets a metatable for the string type (see <a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 481 | 
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changeset | 482 | 
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changeset | 483 <p> | 
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changeset | 484 A metatable controls how an object behaves in arithmetic operations, | 
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changeset | 485 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, and indexing. | 
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changeset | 486 A metatable also can define a function to be called | 
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changeset | 487 when a userdata or a table is garbage collected. | 
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changeset | 488 When Lua performs one of these operations over a value, | 
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changeset | 489 it checks whether this value has a metatable with the corresponding event. | 
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changeset | 490 If so, the value associated with that key (the metamethod) | 
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changeset | 491 controls how Lua will perform the operation. | 
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changeset | 492 | 
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changeset | 493 | 
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changeset | 494 <p> | 
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changeset | 495 Metatables control the operations listed next. | 
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changeset | 496 Each operation is identified by its corresponding name. | 
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changeset | 497 The key for each operation is a string with its name prefixed by | 
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changeset | 498 two underscores, '<code>__</code>'; | 
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changeset | 499 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the | 
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changeset | 500 string "<code>__add</code>". | 
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changeset | 501 | 
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changeset | 502 | 
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changeset | 503 <p> | 
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changeset | 504 The semantics of these operations is better explained by a Lua function | 
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changeset | 505 describing how the interpreter executes the operation. | 
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changeset | 506 The code shown here in Lua is only illustrative; | 
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changeset | 507 the real behavior is hard coded in the interpreter | 
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changeset | 508 and it is much more efficient than this simulation. | 
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changeset | 509 All functions used in these descriptions | 
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changeset | 510 (<a href="#pdf-rawget"><code>rawget</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber</code></a>, etc.) | 
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changeset | 511 are described in <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>. | 
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changeset | 512 In particular, to retrieve the metamethod of a given object, | 
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changeset | 513 we use the expression | 
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changeset | 514 | 
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changeset | 515 <pre> | 
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changeset | 516 metatable(obj)[event] | 
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changeset | 517 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 518 This should be read as | 
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changeset | 519 | 
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changeset | 520 <pre> | 
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changeset | 521 rawget(getmetatable(obj) or {}, event) | 
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changeset | 522 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 523 This means that the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods, | 
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changeset | 524 and access to objects with no metatables does not fail | 
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changeset | 525 (it simply results in <b>nil</b>). | 
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changeset | 526 | 
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changeset | 527 | 
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changeset | 528 <p> | 
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changeset | 529 For the unary <code>-</code> and <code>#</code> operators, | 
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changeset | 530 the metamethod is called with a dummy second argument. | 
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changeset | 531 This extra argument is only to simplify Lua's internals; | 
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changeset | 532 it may be removed in future versions and therefore it is not present | 
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changeset | 533 in the following code. | 
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changeset | 534 (For most uses this extra argument is irrelevant.) | 
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changeset | 535 | 
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changeset | 536 | 
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changeset | 537 | 
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changeset | 538 <ul> | 
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changeset | 539 | 
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changeset | 540 <li><b>"add": </b> | 
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changeset | 541 the <code>+</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 542 | 
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changeset | 543 | 
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changeset | 544 | 
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changeset | 545 <p> | 
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changeset | 546 The function <code>getbinhandler</code> below defines how Lua chooses a handler | 
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changeset | 547 for a binary operation. | 
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changeset | 548 First, Lua tries the first operand. | 
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changeset | 549 If its type does not define a handler for the operation, | 
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changeset | 550 then Lua tries the second operand. | 
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changeset | 551 | 
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changeset | 552 <pre> | 
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changeset | 553 function getbinhandler (op1, op2, event) | 
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changeset | 554 return metatable(op1)[event] or metatable(op2)[event] | 
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changeset | 555 end | 
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changeset | 556 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 557 By using this function, | 
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changeset | 558 the behavior of the <code>op1 + op2</code> is | 
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changeset | 559 | 
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changeset | 560 <pre> | 
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changeset | 561 function add_event (op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 562 local o1, o2 = tonumber(op1), tonumber(op2) | 
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changeset | 563 if o1 and o2 then -- both operands are numeric? | 
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changeset | 564 return o1 + o2 -- '+' here is the primitive 'add' | 
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changeset | 565 else -- at least one of the operands is not numeric | 
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changeset | 566 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__add") | 
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changeset | 567 if h then | 
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changeset | 568 -- call the handler with both operands | 
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changeset | 569 return (h(op1, op2)) | 
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changeset | 570 else -- no handler available: default behavior | 
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changeset | 571 error(···) | 
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changeset | 572 end | 
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changeset | 573 end | 
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changeset | 574 end | 
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changeset | 575 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 576 </li> | 
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changeset | 577 | 
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changeset | 578 <li><b>"sub": </b> | 
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changeset | 579 the <code>-</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 580 | 
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changeset | 581 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | 
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changeset | 582 </li> | 
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changeset | 583 | 
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changeset | 584 <li><b>"mul": </b> | 
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changeset | 585 the <code>*</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 586 | 
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changeset | 587 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | 
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changeset | 588 </li> | 
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changeset | 589 | 
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changeset | 590 <li><b>"div": </b> | 
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changeset | 591 the <code>/</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 592 | 
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changeset | 593 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | 
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changeset | 594 </li> | 
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changeset | 595 | 
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changeset | 596 <li><b>"mod": </b> | 
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changeset | 597 the <code>%</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 598 | 
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changeset | 599 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, | 
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changeset | 600 with the operation | 
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changeset | 601 <code>o1 - floor(o1/o2)*o2</code> as the primitive operation. | 
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changeset | 602 </li> | 
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changeset | 603 | 
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changeset | 604 <li><b>"pow": </b> | 
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changeset | 605 the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation. | 
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changeset | 606 | 
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changeset | 607 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, | 
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changeset | 608 with the function <code>pow</code> (from the C math library) | 
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changeset | 609 as the primitive operation. | 
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changeset | 610 </li> | 
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changeset | 611 | 
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changeset | 612 <li><b>"unm": </b> | 
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changeset | 613 the unary <code>-</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 614 | 
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changeset | 615 | 
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changeset | 616 <pre> | 
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changeset | 617 function unm_event (op) | 
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changeset | 618 local o = tonumber(op) | 
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changeset | 619 if o then -- operand is numeric? | 
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changeset | 620 return -o -- '-' here is the primitive 'unm' | 
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changeset | 621 else -- the operand is not numeric. | 
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changeset | 622 -- Try to get a handler from the operand | 
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changeset | 623 local h = metatable(op).__unm | 
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changeset | 624 if h then | 
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changeset | 625 -- call the handler with the operand | 
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changeset | 626 return (h(op)) | 
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changeset | 627 else -- no handler available: default behavior | 
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changeset | 628 error(···) | 
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changeset | 629 end | 
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changeset | 630 end | 
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changeset | 631 end | 
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changeset | 632 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 633 </li> | 
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changeset | 634 | 
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changeset | 635 <li><b>"concat": </b> | 
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changeset | 636 the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation. | 
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changeset | 637 | 
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changeset | 638 | 
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changeset | 639 <pre> | 
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changeset | 640 function concat_event (op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 641 if (type(op1) == "string" or type(op1) == "number") and | 
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changeset | 642 (type(op2) == "string" or type(op2) == "number") then | 
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changeset | 643 return op1 .. op2 -- primitive string concatenation | 
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changeset | 644 else | 
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changeset | 645 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__concat") | 
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changeset | 646 if h then | 
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changeset | 647 return (h(op1, op2)) | 
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changeset | 648 else | 
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changeset | 649 error(···) | 
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changeset | 650 end | 
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changeset | 651 end | 
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changeset | 652 end | 
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changeset | 653 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 654 </li> | 
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changeset | 655 | 
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changeset | 656 <li><b>"len": </b> | 
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changeset | 657 the <code>#</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 658 | 
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changeset | 659 | 
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changeset | 660 <pre> | 
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changeset | 661 function len_event (op) | 
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changeset | 662 if type(op) == "string" then | 
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changeset | 663 return strlen(op) -- primitive string length | 
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changeset | 664 else | 
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changeset | 665 local h = metatable(op).__len | 
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changeset | 666 if h then | 
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changeset | 667 return (h(op)) -- call handler with the operand | 
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changeset | 668 elseif type(op) == "table" then | 
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changeset | 669 return #op -- primitive table length | 
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changeset | 670 else -- no handler available: error | 
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changeset | 671 error(···) | 
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changeset | 672 end | 
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changeset | 673 end | 
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changeset | 674 end | 
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changeset | 675 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 676 See <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a> for a description of the length of a table. | 
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changeset | 677 </li> | 
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changeset | 678 | 
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changeset | 679 <li><b>"eq": </b> | 
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changeset | 680 the <code>==</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 681 | 
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changeset | 682 The function <code>getequalhandler</code> defines how Lua chooses a metamethod | 
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changeset | 683 for equality. | 
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changeset | 684 A metamethod is selected only when both values | 
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changeset | 685 being compared have the same type | 
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changeset | 686 and the same metamethod for the selected operation, | 
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changeset | 687 and the values are either tables or full userdata. | 
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changeset | 688 | 
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changeset | 689 <pre> | 
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changeset | 690 function getequalhandler (op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 691 if type(op1) ~= type(op2) or | 
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changeset | 692 (type(op1) ~= "table" and type(op1) ~= "userdata") then | 
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changeset | 693 return nil -- different values | 
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changeset | 694 end | 
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changeset | 695 local mm1 = metatable(op1).__eq | 
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changeset | 696 local mm2 = metatable(op2).__eq | 
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changeset | 697 if mm1 == mm2 then return mm1 else return nil end | 
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changeset | 698 end | 
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changeset | 699 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 700 The "eq" event is defined as follows: | 
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changeset | 701 | 
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changeset | 702 <pre> | 
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changeset | 703 function eq_event (op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 704 if op1 == op2 then -- primitive equal? | 
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changeset | 705 return true -- values are equal | 
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changeset | 706 end | 
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changeset | 707 -- try metamethod | 
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changeset | 708 local h = getequalhandler(op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 709 if h then | 
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changeset | 710 return not not h(op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 711 else | 
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changeset | 712 return false | 
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changeset | 713 end | 
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changeset | 714 end | 
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changeset | 715 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 716 Note that the result is always a boolean. | 
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changeset | 717 </li> | 
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changeset | 718 | 
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changeset | 719 <li><b>"lt": </b> | 
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changeset | 720 the <code><</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 721 | 
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changeset | 722 | 
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changeset | 723 <pre> | 
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changeset | 724 function lt_event (op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 725 if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then | 
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changeset | 726 return op1 < op2 -- numeric comparison | 
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changeset | 727 elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then | 
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changeset | 728 return op1 < op2 -- lexicographic comparison | 
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changeset | 729 else | 
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changeset | 730 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__lt") | 
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changeset | 731 if h then | 
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changeset | 732 return not not h(op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 733 else | 
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changeset | 734 error(···) | 
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changeset | 735 end | 
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changeset | 736 end | 
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changeset | 737 end | 
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changeset | 738 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 739 Note that the result is always a boolean. | 
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changeset | 740 </li> | 
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changeset | 741 | 
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changeset | 742 <li><b>"le": </b> | 
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changeset | 743 the <code><=</code> operation. | 
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changeset | 744 | 
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changeset | 745 | 
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changeset | 746 <pre> | 
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changeset | 747 function le_event (op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 748 if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then | 
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changeset | 749 return op1 <= op2 -- numeric comparison | 
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changeset | 750 elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then | 
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changeset | 751 return op1 <= op2 -- lexicographic comparison | 
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changeset | 752 else | 
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changeset | 753 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__le") | 
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changeset | 754 if h then | 
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changeset | 755 return not not h(op1, op2) | 
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changeset | 756 else | 
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changeset | 757 h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__lt") | 
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changeset | 758 if h then | 
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changeset | 759 return not h(op2, op1) | 
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changeset | 760 else | 
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changeset | 761 error(···) | 
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changeset | 762 end | 
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changeset | 763 end | 
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changeset | 764 end | 
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changeset | 765 end | 
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changeset | 766 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 767 Note that, in the absence of a "le" metamethod, | 
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changeset | 768 Lua tries the "lt", assuming that <code>a <= b</code> is | 
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changeset | 769 equivalent to <code>not (b < a)</code>. | 
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changeset | 770 | 
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changeset | 771 | 
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changeset | 772 <p> | 
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changeset | 773 As with the other comparison operators, | 
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changeset | 774 the result is always a boolean. | 
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changeset | 775 </li> | 
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changeset | 776 | 
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changeset | 777 <li><b>"index": </b> | 
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changeset | 778 The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>. | 
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changeset | 779 Note that the metamethod is tried only | 
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changeset | 780 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>. | 
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changeset | 781 (When <code>table</code> is not a table, | 
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changeset | 782 no key is ever present, | 
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changeset | 783 so the metamethod is always tried.) | 
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changeset | 784 | 
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changeset | 785 | 
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changeset | 786 <pre> | 
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changeset | 787 function gettable_event (table, key) | 
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changeset | 788 local h | 
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changeset | 789 if type(table) == "table" then | 
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changeset | 790 local v = rawget(table, key) | 
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changeset | 791 -- if key is present, return raw value | 
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changeset | 792 if v ~= nil then return v end | 
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changeset | 793 h = metatable(table).__index | 
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changeset | 794 if h == nil then return nil end | 
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changeset | 795 else | 
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changeset | 796 h = metatable(table).__index | 
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changeset | 797 if h == nil then | 
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changeset | 798 error(···) | 
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changeset | 799 end | 
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changeset | 800 end | 
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changeset | 801 if type(h) == "function" then | 
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changeset | 802 return (h(table, key)) -- call the handler | 
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changeset | 803 else return h[key] -- or repeat operation on it | 
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changeset | 804 end | 
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changeset | 805 end | 
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changeset | 806 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 807 </li> | 
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changeset | 808 | 
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changeset | 809 <li><b>"newindex": </b> | 
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changeset | 810 The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>. | 
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changeset | 811 Note that the metamethod is tried only | 
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changeset | 812 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>. | 
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changeset | 813 | 
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changeset | 814 | 
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changeset | 815 <pre> | 
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changeset | 816 function settable_event (table, key, value) | 
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changeset | 817 local h | 
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changeset | 818 if type(table) == "table" then | 
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changeset | 819 local v = rawget(table, key) | 
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changeset | 820 -- if key is present, do raw assignment | 
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changeset | 821 if v ~= nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end | 
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changeset | 822 h = metatable(table).__newindex | 
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changeset | 823 if h == nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end | 
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changeset | 824 else | 
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changeset | 825 h = metatable(table).__newindex | 
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changeset | 826 if h == nil then | 
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changeset | 827 error(···) | 
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changeset | 828 end | 
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changeset | 829 end | 
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changeset | 830 if type(h) == "function" then | 
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changeset | 831 h(table, key,value) -- call the handler | 
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changeset | 832 else h[key] = value -- or repeat operation on it | 
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changeset | 833 end | 
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changeset | 834 end | 
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changeset | 835 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 836 </li> | 
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changeset | 837 | 
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changeset | 838 <li><b>"call": </b> | 
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changeset | 839 called when Lua calls a value. | 
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changeset | 840 | 
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changeset | 841 | 
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changeset | 842 <pre> | 
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changeset | 843 function function_event (func, ...) | 
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changeset | 844 if type(func) == "function" then | 
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changeset | 845 return func(...) -- primitive call | 
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changeset | 846 else | 
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changeset | 847 local h = metatable(func).__call | 
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changeset | 848 if h then | 
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changeset | 849 return h(func, ...) | 
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changeset | 850 else | 
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changeset | 851 error(···) | 
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changeset | 852 end | 
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changeset | 853 end | 
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changeset | 854 end | 
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changeset | 855 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 856 </li> | 
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changeset | 857 | 
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changeset | 858 </ul> | 
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changeset | 859 | 
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changeset | 860 | 
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changeset | 861 | 
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changeset | 862 | 
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changeset | 863 <h2>2.5 – <a name="2.5">Garbage Collection</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 864 | 
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changeset | 865 <p> | 
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changeset | 866 Lua performs automatic memory management. | 
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changeset | 867 This means that | 
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changeset | 868 you have to worry neither about allocating memory for new objects | 
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changeset | 869 nor about freeing it when the objects are no longer needed. | 
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changeset | 870 Lua manages memory automatically by running | 
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changeset | 871 a <em>garbage collector</em> to collect all <em>dead objects</em> | 
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changeset | 872 (that is, objects that are no longer accessible from Lua). | 
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changeset | 873 All memory used by Lua is subject to automatic management: | 
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changeset | 874 strings, tables, userdata, functions, threads, internal structures, etc. | 
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changeset | 875 | 
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changeset | 876 | 
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changeset | 877 <p> | 
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changeset | 878 Lua implements an incremental mark-and-sweep collector. | 
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changeset | 879 It uses two numbers to control its garbage-collection cycles: | 
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changeset | 880 the <em>garbage-collector pause</em> and | 
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changeset | 881 the <em>garbage-collector step multiplier</em>. | 
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changeset | 882 Both use percentage points as units | 
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changeset | 883 (e.g., a value of 100 means an internal value of 1). | 
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changeset | 884 | 
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changeset | 885 | 
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changeset | 886 <p> | 
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changeset | 887 The garbage-collector pause | 
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changeset | 888 controls how long the collector waits before starting a new cycle. | 
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changeset | 889 Larger values make the collector less aggressive. | 
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changeset | 890 Values smaller than 100 mean the collector will not wait to | 
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changeset | 891 start a new cycle. | 
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changeset | 892 A value of 200 means that the collector waits for the total memory in use | 
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changeset | 893 to double before starting a new cycle. | 
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changeset | 894 | 
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changeset | 895 | 
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changeset | 896 <p> | 
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changeset | 897 The garbage-collector step multiplier | 
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changeset | 898 controls the relative speed of the collector relative to | 
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changeset | 899 memory allocation. | 
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changeset | 900 Larger values make the collector more aggressive but also increase | 
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changeset | 901 the size of each incremental step. | 
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changeset | 902 Values smaller than 100 make the collector too slow and | 
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changeset | 903 can result in the collector never finishing a cycle. | 
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changeset | 904 The default is 200, | 
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changeset | 905 which means that the collector runs at "twice" | 
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changeset | 906 the speed of memory allocation. | 
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changeset | 907 | 
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changeset | 908 | 
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changeset | 909 <p> | 
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changeset | 910 If you set the step multiplier to a very large number | 
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changeset | 911 (larger than 10% of the maximum number of | 
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changeset | 912 bytes that the program may use), | 
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changeset | 913 the collector behaves like a stop-the-world collector. | 
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changeset | 914 If you then set the pause to 200, | 
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changeset | 915 the collector behaves as in old Lua versions, | 
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changeset | 916 doing a complete collection every time Lua doubles its | 
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changeset | 917 memory usage. | 
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changeset | 918 | 
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changeset | 919 | 
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changeset | 920 <p> | 
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changeset | 921 You can change these numbers by calling <a href="#lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a> in C | 
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changeset | 922 or <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a> in Lua. | 
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changeset | 923 You can also use these functions to control | 
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changeset | 924 the collector directly (e.g., stop and restart it). | 
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changeset | 925 | 
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changeset | 926 | 
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changeset | 927 <p> | 
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changeset | 928 As an experimental feature in Lua 5.2, | 
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changeset | 929 you can change the collector's operation mode | 
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changeset | 930 from incremental to <em>generational</em>. | 
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changeset | 931 A <em>generational collector</em> assumes that most objects die young, | 
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changeset | 932 and therefore it traverses only young (recently created) objects. | 
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changeset | 933 This behavior can reduce the time used by the collector, | 
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changeset | 934 but also increases memory usage (as old dead objects may accumulate). | 
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changeset | 935 To mitigate this second problem, | 
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changeset | 936 from time to time the generational collector performs a full collection. | 
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changeset | 937 Remember that this is an experimental feature; | 
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changeset | 938 you are welcome to try it, | 
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changeset | 939 but check your gains. | 
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changeset | 940 | 
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changeset | 941 | 
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changeset | 942 | 
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changeset | 943 <h3>2.5.1 – <a name="2.5.1">Garbage-Collection Metamethods</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 944 | 
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changeset | 945 <p> | 
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changeset | 946 You can set garbage-collector metamethods for tables | 
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changeset | 947 and, using the C API, | 
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changeset | 948 for full userdata (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 949 These metamethods are also called <em>finalizers</em>. | 
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changeset | 950 Finalizers allow you to coordinate Lua's garbage collection | 
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changeset | 951 with external resource management | 
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changeset | 952 (such as closing files, network or database connections, | 
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changeset | 953 or freeing your own memory). | 
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changeset | 954 | 
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changeset | 955 | 
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changeset | 956 <p> | 
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changeset | 957 For an object (table or userdata) to be finalized when collected, | 
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changeset | 958 you must <em>mark</em> it for finalization. | 
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changeset | 959 | 
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changeset | 960 You mark an object for finalization when you set its metatable | 
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changeset | 961 and the metatable has a field indexed by the string "<code>__gc</code>". | 
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changeset | 962 Note that if you set a metatable without a <code>__gc</code> field | 
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changeset | 963 and later create that field in the metatable, | 
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changeset | 964 the object will not be marked for finalization. | 
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changeset | 965 However, after an object is marked, | 
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changeset | 966 you can freely change the <code>__gc</code> field of its metatable. | 
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changeset | 967 | 
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changeset | 968 | 
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changeset | 969 <p> | 
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changeset | 970 When a marked object becomes garbage, | 
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changeset | 971 it is not collected immediately by the garbage collector. | 
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changeset | 972 Instead, Lua puts it in a list. | 
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changeset | 973 After the collection, | 
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changeset | 974 Lua does the equivalent of the following function | 
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changeset | 975 for each object in that list: | 
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changeset | 976 | 
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changeset | 977 <pre> | 
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changeset | 978 function gc_event (obj) | 
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changeset | 979 local h = metatable(obj).__gc | 
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changeset | 980 if type(h) == "function" then | 
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changeset | 981 h(obj) | 
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changeset | 982 end | 
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changeset | 983 end | 
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changeset | 984 </pre> | 
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changeset | 985 | 
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changeset | 986 <p> | 
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changeset | 987 At the end of each garbage-collection cycle, | 
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changeset | 988 the finalizers for objects are called in | 
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changeset | 989 the reverse order that they were marked for collection, | 
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changeset | 990 among those collected in that cycle; | 
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changeset | 991 that is, the first finalizer to be called is the one associated | 
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changeset | 992 with the object marked last in the program. | 
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changeset | 993 The execution of each finalizer may occur at any point during | 
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changeset | 994 the execution of the regular code. | 
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changeset | 995 | 
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changeset | 996 | 
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changeset | 997 <p> | 
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changeset | 998 Because the object being collected must still be used by the finalizer, | 
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changeset | 999 it (and other objects accessible only through it) | 
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changeset | 1000 must be <em>resurrected</em> by Lua. | 
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changeset | 1001 Usually, this resurrection is transient, | 
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changeset | 1002 and the object memory is freed in the next garbage-collection cycle. | 
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changeset | 1003 However, if the finalizer stores the object in some global place | 
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changeset | 1004 (e.g., a global variable), | 
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changeset | 1005 then there is a permanent resurrection. | 
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changeset | 1006 In any case, | 
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changeset | 1007 the object memory is freed only when it becomes completely inaccessible; | 
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changeset | 1008 its finalizer will never be called twice. | 
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changeset | 1009 | 
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changeset | 1010 | 
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changeset | 1011 <p> | 
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changeset | 1012 When you close a state (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>), | 
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changeset | 1013 Lua calls the finalizers of all objects marked for finalization, | 
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changeset | 1014 following the reverse order that they were marked. | 
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changeset | 1015 If any finalizer marks new objects for collection during that phase, | 
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changeset | 1016 these new objects will not be finalized. | 
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changeset | 1017 | 
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changeset | 1018 | 
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changeset | 1019 | 
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changeset | 1020 | 
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changeset | 1021 | 
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changeset | 1022 <h3>2.5.2 – <a name="2.5.2">Weak Tables</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 1023 | 
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changeset | 1024 <p> | 
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changeset | 1025 A <em>weak table</em> is a table whose elements are | 
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changeset | 1026 <em>weak references</em>. | 
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changeset | 1027 A weak reference is ignored by the garbage collector. | 
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changeset | 1028 In other words, | 
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changeset | 1029 if the only references to an object are weak references, | 
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changeset | 1030 then the garbage collector will collect that object. | 
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changeset | 1031 | 
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changeset | 1032 | 
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changeset | 1033 <p> | 
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changeset | 1034 A weak table can have weak keys, weak values, or both. | 
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changeset | 1035 A table with weak keys allows the collection of its keys, | 
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changeset | 1036 but prevents the collection of its values. | 
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changeset | 1037 A table with both weak keys and weak values allows the collection of | 
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changeset | 1038 both keys and values. | 
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changeset | 1039 In any case, if either the key or the value is collected, | 
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changeset | 1040 the whole pair is removed from the table. | 
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changeset | 1041 The weakness of a table is controlled by the | 
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changeset | 1042 <code>__mode</code> field of its metatable. | 
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changeset | 1043 If the <code>__mode</code> field is a string containing the character '<code>k</code>', | 
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changeset | 1044 the keys in the table are weak. | 
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changeset | 1045 If <code>__mode</code> contains '<code>v</code>', | 
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changeset | 1046 the values in the table are weak. | 
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changeset | 1047 | 
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changeset | 1048 | 
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changeset | 1049 <p> | 
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changeset | 1050 A table with weak keys and strong values | 
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changeset | 1051 is also called an <em>ephemeron table</em>. | 
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changeset | 1052 In an ephemeron table, | 
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changeset | 1053 a value is considered reachable only if its key is reachable. | 
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changeset | 1054 In particular, | 
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changeset | 1055 if the only reference to a key comes through its value, | 
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changeset | 1056 the pair is removed. | 
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changeset | 1057 | 
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changeset | 1058 | 
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changeset | 1059 <p> | 
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changeset | 1060 Any change in the weakness of a table may take effect only | 
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changeset | 1061 at the next collect cycle. | 
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changeset | 1062 In particular, if you change the weakness to a stronger mode, | 
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changeset | 1063 Lua may still collect some items from that table | 
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changeset | 1064 before the change takes effect. | 
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changeset | 1065 | 
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changeset | 1066 | 
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changeset | 1067 <p> | 
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changeset | 1068 Only objects that have an explicit construction | 
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changeset | 1069 are removed from weak tables. | 
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changeset | 1070 Values, such as numbers and light C functions, | 
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changeset | 1071 are not subject to garbage collection, | 
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changeset | 1072 and therefore are not removed from weak tables | 
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changeset | 1073 (unless its associated value is collected). | 
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changeset | 1074 Although strings are subject to garbage collection, | 
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changeset | 1075 they do not have an explicit construction, | 
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changeset | 1076 and therefore are not removed from weak tables. | 
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changeset | 1077 | 
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changeset | 1078 | 
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changeset | 1079 <p> | 
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changeset | 1080 Resurrected objects | 
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changeset | 1081 (that is, objects being finalized | 
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changeset | 1082 and objects accessible only through objects being finalized) | 
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changeset | 1083 have a special behavior in weak tables. | 
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changeset | 1084 They are removed from weak values before running their finalizers, | 
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changeset | 1085 but are removed from weak keys only in the next collection | 
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changeset | 1086 after running their finalizers, when such objects are actually freed. | 
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changeset | 1087 This behavior allows the finalizer to access properties | 
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changeset | 1088 associated with the object through weak tables. | 
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changeset | 1089 | 
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changeset | 1090 | 
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changeset | 1091 <p> | 
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changeset | 1092 If a weak table is among the resurrected objects in a collection cycle, | 
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changeset | 1093 it may not be properly cleared until the next cycle. | 
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changeset | 1094 | 
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changeset | 1095 | 
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changeset | 1096 | 
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changeset | 1097 | 
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changeset | 1098 | 
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changeset | 1099 | 
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changeset | 1100 | 
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changeset | 1101 <h2>2.6 – <a name="2.6">Coroutines</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 1102 | 
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changeset | 1103 <p> | 
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changeset | 1104 Lua supports coroutines, | 
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changeset | 1105 also called <em>collaborative multithreading</em>. | 
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changeset | 1106 A coroutine in Lua represents an independent thread of execution. | 
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changeset | 1107 Unlike threads in multithread systems, however, | 
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changeset | 1108 a coroutine only suspends its execution by explicitly calling | 
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changeset | 1109 a yield function. | 
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changeset | 1110 | 
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changeset | 1111 | 
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changeset | 1112 <p> | 
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changeset | 1113 You create a coroutine by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1114 Its sole argument is a function | 
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changeset | 1115 that is the main function of the coroutine. | 
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changeset | 1116 The <code>create</code> function only creates a new coroutine and | 
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changeset | 1117 returns a handle to it (an object of type <em>thread</em>); | 
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changeset | 1118 it does not start the coroutine. | 
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changeset | 1119 | 
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changeset | 1120 | 
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changeset | 1121 <p> | 
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changeset | 1122 You execute a coroutine by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1123 When you first call <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 1124 passing as its first argument | 
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changeset | 1125 a thread returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 1126 the coroutine starts its execution, | 
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changeset | 1127 at the first line of its main function. | 
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changeset | 1128 Extra arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> are passed on | 
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changeset | 1129 to the coroutine main function. | 
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changeset | 1130 After the coroutine starts running, | 
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changeset | 1131 it runs until it terminates or <em>yields</em>. | 
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changeset | 1132 | 
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changeset | 1133 | 
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changeset | 1134 <p> | 
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changeset | 1135 A coroutine can terminate its execution in two ways: | 
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changeset | 1136 normally, when its main function returns | 
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changeset | 1137 (explicitly or implicitly, after the last instruction); | 
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changeset | 1138 and abnormally, if there is an unprotected error. | 
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changeset | 1139 In the first case, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>true</b>, | 
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changeset | 1140 plus any values returned by the coroutine main function. | 
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changeset | 1141 In case of errors, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>false</b> | 
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changeset | 1142 plus an error message. | 
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changeset | 1143 | 
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changeset | 1144 | 
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changeset | 1145 <p> | 
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changeset | 1146 A coroutine yields by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1147 When a coroutine yields, | 
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changeset | 1148 the corresponding <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns immediately, | 
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changeset | 1149 even if the yield happens inside nested function calls | 
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changeset | 1150 (that is, not in the main function, | 
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changeset | 1151 but in a function directly or indirectly called by the main function). | 
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changeset | 1152 In the case of a yield, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> also returns <b>true</b>, | 
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changeset | 1153 plus any values passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1154 The next time you resume the same coroutine, | 
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changeset | 1155 it continues its execution from the point where it yielded, | 
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changeset | 1156 with the call to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a> returning any extra | 
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changeset | 1157 arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1158 | 
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changeset | 1159 | 
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changeset | 1160 <p> | 
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changeset | 1161 Like <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 1162 the <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> function also creates a coroutine, | 
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changeset | 1163 but instead of returning the coroutine itself, | 
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changeset | 1164 it returns a function that, when called, resumes the coroutine. | 
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changeset | 1165 Any arguments passed to this function | 
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changeset | 1166 go as extra arguments to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1167 <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> returns all the values returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 1168 except the first one (the boolean error code). | 
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changeset | 1169 Unlike <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 1170 <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> does not catch errors; | 
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changeset | 1171 any error is propagated to the caller. | 
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changeset | 1172 | 
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changeset | 1173 | 
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changeset | 1174 <p> | 
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changeset | 1175 As an example of how coroutines work, | 
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changeset | 1176 consider the following code: | 
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changeset | 1177 | 
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changeset | 1178 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1179 function foo (a) | 
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changeset | 1180 print("foo", a) | 
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changeset | 1181 return coroutine.yield(2*a) | 
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changeset | 1182 end | 
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changeset | 1183 | 
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changeset | 1184 co = coroutine.create(function (a,b) | 
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changeset | 1185 print("co-body", a, b) | 
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changeset | 1186 local r = foo(a+1) | 
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changeset | 1187 print("co-body", r) | 
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changeset | 1188 local r, s = coroutine.yield(a+b, a-b) | 
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changeset | 1189 print("co-body", r, s) | 
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changeset | 1190 return b, "end" | 
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changeset | 1191 end) | 
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changeset | 1192 | 
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changeset | 1193 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, 1, 10)) | 
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changeset | 1194 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "r")) | 
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changeset | 1195 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y")) | 
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changeset | 1196 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y")) | 
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changeset | 1197 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1198 When you run it, it produces the following output: | 
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changeset | 1199 | 
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changeset | 1200 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1201 co-body 1 10 | 
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changeset | 1202 foo 2 | 
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changeset | 1203 main true 4 | 
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changeset | 1204 co-body r | 
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changeset | 1205 main true 11 -9 | 
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changeset | 1206 co-body x y | 
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changeset | 1207 main true 10 end | 
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changeset | 1208 main false cannot resume dead coroutine | 
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changeset | 1209 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1210 | 
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changeset | 1211 <p> | 
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changeset | 1212 You can also create and manipulate coroutines through the C API: | 
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changeset | 1213 see functions <a href="#lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a>, <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 1214 and <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 1215 | 
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changeset | 1216 | 
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changeset | 1217 | 
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changeset | 1218 | 
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changeset | 1219 | 
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changeset | 1220 <h1>3 – <a name="3">The Language</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 1221 | 
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changeset | 1222 <p> | 
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changeset | 1223 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Lua. | 
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changeset | 1224 In other words, | 
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changeset | 1225 this section describes | 
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changeset | 1226 which tokens are valid, | 
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changeset | 1227 how they can be combined, | 
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changeset | 1228 and what their combinations mean. | 
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changeset | 1229 | 
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changeset | 1230 | 
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changeset | 1231 <p> | 
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changeset | 1232 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation, | 
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changeset | 1233 in which | 
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changeset | 1234 {<em>a</em>} means 0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and | 
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changeset | 1235 [<em>a</em>] means an optional <em>a</em>. | 
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changeset | 1236 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal, | 
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changeset | 1237 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>, | 
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changeset | 1238 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’. | 
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changeset | 1239 The complete syntax of Lua can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a> | 
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changeset | 1240 at the end of this manual. | 
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changeset | 1241 | 
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changeset | 1242 | 
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changeset | 1243 | 
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changeset | 1244 <h2>3.1 – <a name="3.1">Lexical Conventions</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 1245 | 
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changeset | 1246 <p> | 
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changeset | 1247 Lua is a free-form language. | 
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changeset | 1248 It ignores spaces (including new lines) and comments | 
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changeset | 1249 between lexical elements (tokens), | 
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changeset | 1250 except as delimiters between names and keywords. | 
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changeset | 1251 | 
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changeset | 1252 | 
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changeset | 1253 <p> | 
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changeset | 1254 <em>Names</em> | 
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changeset | 1255 (also called <em>identifiers</em>) | 
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changeset | 1256 in Lua can be any string of letters, | 
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changeset | 1257 digits, and underscores, | 
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changeset | 1258 not beginning with a digit. | 
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changeset | 1259 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels. | 
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changeset | 1260 | 
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changeset | 1261 | 
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changeset | 1262 <p> | 
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changeset | 1263 The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved | 
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changeset | 1264 and cannot be used as names: | 
| 
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changeset | 1265 | 
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changeset | 1266 | 
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changeset | 1267 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1268 and break do else elseif end | 
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changeset | 1269 false for function goto if in | 
| 
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changeset | 1270 local nil not or repeat return | 
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changeset | 1271 then true until while | 
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changeset | 1272 </pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 1273 | 
| 
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changeset | 1274 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 1275 Lua is a case-sensitive language: | 
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changeset | 1276 <code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code> | 
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changeset | 1277 are two different, valid names. | 
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changeset | 1278 As a convention, names starting with an underscore followed by | 
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changeset | 1279 uppercase letters (such as <a href="#pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 1280 are reserved for variables used by Lua. | 
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changeset | 1281 | 
| 
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changeset | 1282 | 
| 
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changeset | 1283 <p> | 
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changeset | 1284 The following strings denote other tokens: | 
| 
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changeset | 1285 | 
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changeset | 1286 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1287 + - * / % ^ # | 
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changeset | 1288 == ~= <= >= < > = | 
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changeset | 1289 ( ) { } [ ] :: | 
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changeset | 1290 ; : , . .. ... | 
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changeset | 1291 </pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 1292 | 
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changeset | 1293 <p> | 
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changeset | 1294 <em>Literal strings</em> | 
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changeset | 1295 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes, | 
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changeset | 1296 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: | 
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changeset | 1297 '<code>\a</code>' (bell), | 
| 
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changeset | 1298 '<code>\b</code>' (backspace), | 
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changeset | 1299 '<code>\f</code>' (form feed), | 
| 
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changeset | 1300 '<code>\n</code>' (newline), | 
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changeset | 1301 '<code>\r</code>' (carriage return), | 
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changeset | 1302 '<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab), | 
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changeset | 1303 '<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab), | 
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changeset | 1304 '<code>\\</code>' (backslash), | 
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changeset | 1305 '<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]), | 
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changeset | 1306 and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]). | 
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changeset | 1307 A backslash followed by a real newline | 
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changeset | 1308 results in a newline in the string. | 
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changeset | 1309 The escape sequence '<code>\z</code>' skips the following span | 
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changeset | 1310 of white-space characters, | 
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changeset | 1311 including line breaks; | 
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changeset | 1312 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string | 
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changeset | 1313 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces | 
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changeset | 1314 into the string contents. | 
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changeset | 1315 | 
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changeset | 1316 | 
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changeset | 1317 <p> | 
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changeset | 1318 A byte in a literal string can also be specified by its numerical value. | 
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changeset | 1319 This can be done with the escape sequence <code>\x<em>XX</em></code>, | 
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changeset | 1320 where <em>XX</em> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits, | 
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changeset | 1321 or with the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>, | 
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changeset | 1322 where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits. | 
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changeset | 1323 (Note that if a decimal escape is to be followed by a digit, | 
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changeset | 1324 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.) | 
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changeset | 1325 Strings in Lua can contain any 8-bit value, including embedded zeros, | 
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changeset | 1326 which can be specified as '<code>\0</code>'. | 
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changeset | 1327 | 
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changeset | 1328 | 
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changeset | 1329 <p> | 
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changeset | 1330 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format | 
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changeset | 1331 enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>. | 
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changeset | 1332 We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening | 
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changeset | 1333 square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another | 
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changeset | 1334 opening square bracket. | 
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changeset | 1335 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>, | 
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changeset | 1336 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>, | 
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changeset | 1337 and so on. | 
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changeset | 1338 A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly; | 
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changeset | 1339 for instance, a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>. | 
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changeset | 1340 A <em>long literal</em> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and | 
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changeset | 1341 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level. | 
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changeset | 1342 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the proper level. | 
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changeset | 1343 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines, | 
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changeset | 1344 do not interpret any escape sequences, | 
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changeset | 1345 and ignore long brackets of any other level. | 
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changeset | 1346 Any kind of end-of-line sequence | 
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changeset | 1347 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline, | 
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changeset | 1348 or newline followed by carriage return) | 
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changeset | 1349 is converted to a simple newline. | 
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changeset | 1350 | 
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changeset | 1351 | 
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changeset | 1352 <p> | 
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changeset | 1353 Any byte in a literal string not | 
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changeset | 1354 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. | 
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changeset | 1355 However, Lua opens files for parsing in text mode, | 
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changeset | 1356 and the system file functions may have problems with | 
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changeset | 1357 some control characters. | 
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changeset | 1358 So, it is safer to represent | 
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changeset | 1359 non-text data as a quoted literal with | 
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changeset | 1360 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters. | 
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changeset | 1361 | 
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changeset | 1362 | 
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changeset | 1363 <p> | 
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changeset | 1364 For convenience, | 
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changeset | 1365 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, | 
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changeset | 1366 the newline is not included in the string. | 
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changeset | 1367 As an example, in a system using ASCII | 
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changeset | 1368 (in which '<code>a</code>' is coded as 97, | 
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changeset | 1369 newline is coded as 10, and '<code>1</code>' is coded as 49), | 
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changeset | 1370 the five literal strings below denote the same string: | 
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changeset | 1371 | 
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changeset | 1372 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1373 a = 'alo\n123"' | 
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changeset | 1374 a = "alo\n123\"" | 
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changeset | 1375 a = '\97lo\10\04923"' | 
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changeset | 1376 a = [[alo | 
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changeset | 1377 123"]] | 
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changeset | 1378 a = [==[ | 
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changeset | 1379 alo | 
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changeset | 1380 123"]==] | 
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changeset | 1381 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1382 | 
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changeset | 1383 <p> | 
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changeset | 1384 A <em>numerical constant</em> can be written with an optional fractional part | 
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changeset | 1385 and an optional decimal exponent, | 
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changeset | 1386 marked by a letter '<code>e</code>' or '<code>E</code>'. | 
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changeset | 1387 Lua also accepts hexadecimal constants, | 
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changeset | 1388 which start with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>. | 
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changeset | 1389 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part | 
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changeset | 1390 plus an optional binary exponent, | 
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changeset | 1391 marked by a letter '<code>p</code>' or '<code>P</code>'. | 
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changeset | 1392 Examples of valid numerical constants are | 
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changeset | 1393 | 
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changeset | 1394 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1395 3 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 | 
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changeset | 1396 0xff 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1 | 
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changeset | 1397 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1398 | 
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changeset | 1399 <p> | 
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changeset | 1400 A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>) | 
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changeset | 1401 anywhere outside a string. | 
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changeset | 1402 If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket, | 
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changeset | 1403 the comment is a <em>short comment</em>, | 
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changeset | 1404 which runs until the end of the line. | 
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changeset | 1405 Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>, | 
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changeset | 1406 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket. | 
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changeset | 1407 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily. | 
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changeset | 1408 | 
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changeset | 1409 | 
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changeset | 1410 | 
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changeset | 1411 | 
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changeset | 1412 | 
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changeset | 1413 <h2>3.2 – <a name="3.2">Variables</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 1414 | 
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changeset | 1415 <p> | 
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changeset | 1416 Variables are places that store values. | 
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changeset | 1417 There are three kinds of variables in Lua: | 
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changeset | 1418 global variables, local variables, and table fields. | 
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changeset | 1419 | 
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changeset | 1420 | 
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changeset | 1421 <p> | 
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changeset | 1422 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable | 
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changeset | 1423 (or a function's formal parameter, | 
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changeset | 1424 which is a particular kind of local variable): | 
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changeset | 1425 | 
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changeset | 1426 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1427 var ::= Name | 
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changeset | 1428 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1429 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>. | 
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changeset | 1430 | 
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changeset | 1431 | 
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changeset | 1432 <p> | 
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changeset | 1433 Any variable name is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared | 
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changeset | 1434 as a local (see <a href="#3.3.7">§3.3.7</a>). | 
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changeset | 1435 Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>: | 
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changeset | 1436 local variables can be freely accessed by functions | 
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changeset | 1437 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 1438 | 
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changeset | 1439 | 
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changeset | 1440 <p> | 
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changeset | 1441 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 1442 | 
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changeset | 1443 | 
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changeset | 1444 <p> | 
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changeset | 1445 Square brackets are used to index a table: | 
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changeset | 1446 | 
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changeset | 1447 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1448 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | 
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changeset | 1449 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1450 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables. | 
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changeset | 1451 An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to | 
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changeset | 1452 a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>. | 
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changeset | 1453 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the | 
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changeset | 1454 <code>gettable_event</code> function. | 
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changeset | 1455 This function is not defined or callable in Lua. | 
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changeset | 1456 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) | 
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changeset | 1457 | 
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changeset | 1458 | 
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changeset | 1459 <p> | 
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changeset | 1460 The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for | 
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changeset | 1461 <code>var["Name"]</code>: | 
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changeset | 1462 | 
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changeset | 1463 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1464 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name | 
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changeset | 1465 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1466 | 
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changeset | 1467 <p> | 
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changeset | 1468 An access to a global variable <code>x</code> | 
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changeset | 1469 is equivalent to <code>_ENV.x</code>. | 
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changeset | 1470 Due to the way that chunks are compiled, | 
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changeset | 1471 <code>_ENV</code> is never a global name (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 1472 | 
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changeset | 1473 | 
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changeset | 1474 | 
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changeset | 1475 | 
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changeset | 1476 | 
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changeset | 1477 <h2>3.3 – <a name="3.3">Statements</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 1478 | 
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changeset | 1479 <p> | 
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changeset | 1480 Lua supports an almost conventional set of statements, | 
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changeset | 1481 similar to those in Pascal or C. | 
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changeset | 1482 This set includes | 
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changeset | 1483 assignments, control structures, function calls, | 
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changeset | 1484 and variable declarations. | 
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changeset | 1485 | 
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changeset | 1486 | 
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changeset | 1487 | 
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changeset | 1488 <h3>3.3.1 – <a name="3.3.1">Blocks</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 1489 | 
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changeset | 1490 <p> | 
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changeset | 1491 A block is a list of statements, | 
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changeset | 1492 which are executed sequentially: | 
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changeset | 1493 | 
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changeset | 1494 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1495 block ::= {stat} | 
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changeset | 1496 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1497 Lua has <em>empty statements</em> | 
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changeset | 1498 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons, | 
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changeset | 1499 start a block with a semicolon | 
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changeset | 1500 or write two semicolons in sequence: | 
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changeset | 1501 | 
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changeset | 1502 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1503 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | 
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changeset | 1504 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1505 | 
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changeset | 1506 <p> | 
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changeset | 1507 Function calls and assignments | 
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changeset | 1508 can start with an open parenthesis. | 
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changeset | 1509 This possibility leads to an ambiguity in Lua's grammar. | 
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changeset | 1510 Consider the following fragment: | 
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changeset | 1511 | 
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changeset | 1512 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1513 a = b + c | 
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changeset | 1514 (print or io.write)('done') | 
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changeset | 1515 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1516 The grammar could see it in two ways: | 
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changeset | 1517 | 
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changeset | 1518 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1519 a = b + c(print or io.write)('done') | 
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changeset | 1520 | 
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changeset | 1521 a = b + c; (print or io.write)('done') | 
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changeset | 1522 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1523 The current parser always sees such constructions | 
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changeset | 1524 in the first way, | 
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changeset | 1525 interpreting the open parenthesis | 
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changeset | 1526 as the start of the arguments to a call. | 
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changeset | 1527 To avoid this ambiguity, | 
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changeset | 1528 it is a good practice to always precede with a semicolon | 
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changeset | 1529 statements that start with a parenthesis: | 
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changeset | 1530 | 
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changeset | 1531 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1532 ;(print or io.write)('done') | 
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changeset | 1533 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1534 | 
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changeset | 1535 <p> | 
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changeset | 1536 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement: | 
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changeset | 1537 | 
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changeset | 1538 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1539 stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 1540 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1541 Explicit blocks are useful | 
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changeset | 1542 to control the scope of variable declarations. | 
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changeset | 1543 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to | 
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changeset | 1544 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle | 
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changeset | 1545 of another block (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 1546 | 
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changeset | 1547 | 
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changeset | 1548 | 
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changeset | 1549 | 
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changeset | 1550 | 
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changeset | 1551 <h3>3.3.2 – <a name="3.3.2">Chunks</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 1552 | 
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changeset | 1553 <p> | 
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changeset | 1554 The unit of compilation of Lua is called a <em>chunk</em>. | 
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changeset | 1555 Syntactically, | 
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changeset | 1556 a chunk is simply a block: | 
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changeset | 1557 | 
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changeset | 1558 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1559 chunk ::= block | 
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changeset | 1560 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1561 | 
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changeset | 1562 <p> | 
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changeset | 1563 Lua handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function | 
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changeset | 1564 with a variable number of arguments | 
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changeset | 1565 (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). | 
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changeset | 1566 As such, chunks can define local variables, | 
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changeset | 1567 receive arguments, and return values. | 
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changeset | 1568 Moreover, such anonymous function is compiled as in the | 
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changeset | 1569 scope of an external local variable called <code>_ENV</code> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 1570 The resulting function always has <code>_ENV</code> as its only upvalue, | 
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changeset | 1571 even if it does not use that variable. | 
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changeset | 1572 | 
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changeset | 1573 | 
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changeset | 1574 <p> | 
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changeset | 1575 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program. | 
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changeset | 1576 To execute a chunk, | 
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changeset | 1577 Lua first precompiles the chunk into instructions for a virtual machine, | 
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changeset | 1578 and then it executes the compiled code | 
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changeset | 1579 with an interpreter for the virtual machine. | 
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changeset | 1580 | 
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changeset | 1581 | 
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changeset | 1582 <p> | 
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changeset | 1583 Chunks can also be precompiled into binary form; | 
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changeset | 1584 see program <code>luac</code> for details. | 
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changeset | 1585 Programs in source and compiled forms are interchangeable; | 
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changeset | 1586 Lua automatically detects the file type and acts accordingly. | 
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changeset | 1587 | 
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changeset | 1588 | 
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changeset | 1589 | 
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changeset | 1590 | 
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changeset | 1591 | 
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changeset | 1592 | 
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changeset | 1593 <h3>3.3.3 – <a name="3.3.3">Assignment</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 1594 | 
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changeset | 1595 <p> | 
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changeset | 1596 Lua allows multiple assignments. | 
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changeset | 1597 Therefore, the syntax for assignment | 
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changeset | 1598 defines a list of variables on the left side | 
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changeset | 1599 and a list of expressions on the right side. | 
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changeset | 1600 The elements in both lists are separated by commas: | 
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changeset | 1601 | 
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changeset | 1602 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1603 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | 
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changeset | 1604 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} | 
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changeset | 1605 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} | 
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changeset | 1606 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1607 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>. | 
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changeset | 1608 | 
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changeset | 1609 | 
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changeset | 1610 <p> | 
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changeset | 1611 Before the assignment, | 
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changeset | 1612 the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of | 
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changeset | 1613 the list of variables. | 
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changeset | 1614 If there are more values than needed, | 
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changeset | 1615 the excess values are thrown away. | 
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changeset | 1616 If there are fewer values than needed, | 
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changeset | 1617 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed. | 
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changeset | 1618 If the list of expressions ends with a function call, | 
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changeset | 1619 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values, | 
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changeset | 1620 before the adjustment | 
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changeset | 1621 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 1622 | 
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changeset | 1623 | 
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changeset | 1624 <p> | 
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changeset | 1625 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions | 
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changeset | 1626 and only then are the assignments performed. | 
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changeset | 1627 Thus the code | 
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changeset | 1628 | 
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changeset | 1629 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1630 i = 3 | 
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changeset | 1631 i, a[i] = i+1, 20 | 
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changeset | 1632 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1633 sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code> | 
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changeset | 1634 because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3) | 
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changeset | 1635 before it is assigned 4. | 
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changeset | 1636 Similarly, the line | 
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changeset | 1637 | 
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changeset | 1638 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1639 x, y = y, x | 
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changeset | 1640 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1641 exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, | 
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changeset | 1642 and | 
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changeset | 1643 | 
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changeset | 1644 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1645 x, y, z = y, z, x | 
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changeset | 1646 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1647 cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>. | 
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changeset | 1648 | 
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changeset | 1649 | 
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changeset | 1650 <p> | 
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changeset | 1651 The meaning of assignments to global variables | 
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changeset | 1652 and table fields can be changed via metatables. | 
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changeset | 1653 An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to | 
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changeset | 1654 <code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>. | 
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changeset | 1655 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the | 
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changeset | 1656 <code>settable_event</code> function. | 
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changeset | 1657 This function is not defined or callable in Lua. | 
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changeset | 1658 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) | 
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changeset | 1659 | 
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changeset | 1660 | 
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changeset | 1661 <p> | 
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changeset | 1662 An assignment to a global variable <code>x = val</code> | 
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changeset | 1663 is equivalent to the assignment | 
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changeset | 1664 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 1665 | 
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changeset | 1666 | 
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changeset | 1667 | 
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changeset | 1668 | 
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changeset | 1669 | 
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changeset | 1670 <h3>3.3.4 – <a name="3.3.4">Control Structures</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 1671 The control structures | 
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changeset | 1672 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and | 
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changeset | 1673 familiar syntax: | 
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changeset | 1674 | 
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changeset | 1675 | 
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changeset | 1676 | 
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changeset | 1677 | 
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changeset | 1678 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1679 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 1680 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | 
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changeset | 1681 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 1682 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1683 Lua also has a <b>for</b> statement, in two flavors (see <a href="#3.3.5">§3.3.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 1684 | 
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changeset | 1685 | 
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changeset | 1686 <p> | 
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changeset | 1687 The condition expression of a | 
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changeset | 1688 control structure can return any value. | 
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changeset | 1689 Both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> are considered false. | 
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changeset | 1690 All values different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> are considered true | 
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changeset | 1691 (in particular, the number 0 and the empty string are also true). | 
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changeset | 1692 | 
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changeset | 1693 | 
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changeset | 1694 <p> | 
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changeset | 1695 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop, | 
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changeset | 1696 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword, | 
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changeset | 1697 but only after the condition. | 
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changeset | 1698 So, the condition can refer to local variables | 
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changeset | 1699 declared inside the loop block. | 
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changeset | 1700 | 
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changeset | 1701 | 
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changeset | 1702 <p> | 
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changeset | 1703 The <b>goto</b> statement transfers the program control to a label. | 
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changeset | 1704 For syntactical reasons, | 
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changeset | 1705 labels in Lua are considered statements too: | 
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changeset | 1706 | 
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changeset | 1707 | 
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changeset | 1708 | 
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changeset | 1709 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1710 stat ::= <b>goto</b> Name | 
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changeset | 1711 stat ::= label | 
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changeset | 1712 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ | 
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changeset | 1713 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1714 | 
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changeset | 1715 <p> | 
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changeset | 1716 A label is visible in the entire block where it is defined, | 
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changeset | 1717 except | 
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changeset | 1718 inside nested blocks where a label with the same name is defined and | 
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changeset | 1719 inside nested functions. | 
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changeset | 1720 A goto may jump to any visible label as long as it does not | 
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changeset | 1721 enter into the scope of a local variable. | 
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changeset | 1722 | 
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changeset | 1723 | 
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changeset | 1724 <p> | 
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changeset | 1725 Labels and empty statements are called <em>void statements</em>, | 
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changeset | 1726 as they perform no actions. | 
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changeset | 1727 | 
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changeset | 1728 | 
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changeset | 1729 <p> | 
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changeset | 1730 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a | 
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changeset | 1731 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop, | 
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changeset | 1732 skipping to the next statement after the loop: | 
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changeset | 1733 | 
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changeset | 1734 | 
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changeset | 1735 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1736 stat ::= <b>break</b> | 
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changeset | 1737 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1738 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop. | 
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changeset | 1739 | 
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changeset | 1740 | 
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changeset | 1741 <p> | 
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changeset | 1742 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values | 
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changeset | 1743 from a function or a chunk (which is a function in disguise). | 
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changeset | 1744 | 
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changeset | 1745 Functions can return more than one value, | 
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changeset | 1746 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is | 
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changeset | 1747 | 
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changeset | 1748 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1749 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] | 
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changeset | 1750 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1751 | 
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changeset | 1752 <p> | 
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changeset | 1753 The <b>return</b> statement can only be written | 
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changeset | 1754 as the last statement of a block. | 
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changeset | 1755 If it is really necessary to <b>return</b> in the middle of a block, | 
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changeset | 1756 then an explicit inner block can be used, | 
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changeset | 1757 as in the idiom <code>do return end</code>, | 
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changeset | 1758 because now <b>return</b> is the last statement in its (inner) block. | 
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changeset | 1759 | 
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changeset | 1760 | 
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changeset | 1761 | 
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changeset | 1762 | 
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changeset | 1763 | 
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changeset | 1764 <h3>3.3.5 – <a name="3.3.5">For Statement</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 1765 | 
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changeset | 1766 <p> | 
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changeset | 1767 | 
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changeset | 1768 The <b>for</b> statement has two forms: | 
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changeset | 1769 one numeric and one generic. | 
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changeset | 1770 | 
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changeset | 1771 | 
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changeset | 1772 <p> | 
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changeset | 1773 The numeric <b>for</b> loop repeats a block of code while a | 
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changeset | 1774 control variable runs through an arithmetic progression. | 
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changeset | 1775 It has the following syntax: | 
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changeset | 1776 | 
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changeset | 1777 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1778 stat ::= <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 1779 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1780 The <em>block</em> is repeated for <em>name</em> starting at the value of | 
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changeset | 1781 the first <em>exp</em>, until it passes the second <em>exp</em> by steps of the | 
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changeset | 1782 third <em>exp</em>. | 
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changeset | 1783 More precisely, a <b>for</b> statement like | 
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changeset | 1784 | 
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changeset | 1785 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1786 for v = <em>e1</em>, <em>e2</em>, <em>e3</em> do <em>block</em> end | 
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changeset | 1787 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1788 is equivalent to the code: | 
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changeset | 1789 | 
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changeset | 1790 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1791 do | 
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changeset | 1792 local <em>var</em>, <em>limit</em>, <em>step</em> = tonumber(<em>e1</em>), tonumber(<em>e2</em>), tonumber(<em>e3</em>) | 
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changeset | 1793 if not (<em>var</em> and <em>limit</em> and <em>step</em>) then error() end | 
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changeset | 1794 while (<em>step</em> > 0 and <em>var</em> <= <em>limit</em>) or (<em>step</em> <= 0 and <em>var</em> >= <em>limit</em>) do | 
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changeset | 1795 local v = <em>var</em> | 
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changeset | 1796 <em>block</em> | 
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changeset | 1797 <em>var</em> = <em>var</em> + <em>step</em> | 
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changeset | 1798 end | 
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changeset | 1799 end | 
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changeset | 1800 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1801 Note the following: | 
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changeset | 1802 | 
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changeset | 1803 <ul> | 
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changeset | 1804 | 
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changeset | 1805 <li> | 
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changeset | 1806 All three control expressions are evaluated only once, | 
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changeset | 1807 before the loop starts. | 
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changeset | 1808 They must all result in numbers. | 
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changeset | 1809 </li> | 
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changeset | 1810 | 
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changeset | 1811 <li> | 
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changeset | 1812 <code><em>var</em></code>, <code><em>limit</em></code>, and <code><em>step</em></code> are invisible variables. | 
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changeset | 1813 The names shown here are for explanatory purposes only. | 
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changeset | 1814 </li> | 
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changeset | 1815 | 
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changeset | 1816 <li> | 
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changeset | 1817 If the third expression (the step) is absent, | 
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changeset | 1818 then a step of 1 is used. | 
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changeset | 1819 </li> | 
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changeset | 1820 | 
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changeset | 1821 <li> | 
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changeset | 1822 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. | 
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changeset | 1823 </li> | 
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changeset | 1824 | 
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changeset | 1825 <li> | 
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changeset | 1826 The loop variable <code>v</code> is local to the loop; | 
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changeset | 1827 you cannot use its value after the <b>for</b> ends or is broken. | 
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changeset | 1828 If you need this value, | 
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changeset | 1829 assign it to another variable before breaking or exiting the loop. | 
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changeset | 1830 </li> | 
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changeset | 1831 | 
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changeset | 1832 </ul> | 
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changeset | 1833 | 
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changeset | 1834 <p> | 
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changeset | 1835 The generic <b>for</b> statement works over functions, | 
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changeset | 1836 called <em>iterators</em>. | 
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changeset | 1837 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value, | 
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changeset | 1838 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 1839 The generic <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax: | 
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changeset | 1840 | 
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changeset | 1841 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1842 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 1843 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} | 
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changeset | 1844 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1845 A <b>for</b> statement like | 
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changeset | 1846 | 
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changeset | 1847 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1848 for <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> in <em>explist</em> do <em>block</em> end | 
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changeset | 1849 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1850 is equivalent to the code: | 
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changeset | 1851 | 
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changeset | 1852 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1853 do | 
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changeset | 1854 local <em>f</em>, <em>s</em>, <em>var</em> = <em>explist</em> | 
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changeset | 1855 while true do | 
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changeset | 1856 local <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>(<em>s</em>, <em>var</em>) | 
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changeset | 1857 if <em>var_1</em> == nil then break end | 
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changeset | 1858 <em>var</em> = <em>var_1</em> | 
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changeset | 1859 <em>block</em> | 
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changeset | 1860 end | 
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changeset | 1861 end | 
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changeset | 1862 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1863 Note the following: | 
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changeset | 1864 | 
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changeset | 1865 <ul> | 
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changeset | 1866 | 
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changeset | 1867 <li> | 
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changeset | 1868 <code><em>explist</em></code> is evaluated only once. | 
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changeset | 1869 Its results are an <em>iterator</em> function, | 
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changeset | 1870 a <em>state</em>, | 
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changeset | 1871 and an initial value for the first <em>iterator variable</em>. | 
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changeset | 1872 </li> | 
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changeset | 1873 | 
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changeset | 1874 <li> | 
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changeset | 1875 <code><em>f</em></code>, <code><em>s</em></code>, and <code><em>var</em></code> are invisible variables. | 
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changeset | 1876 The names are here for explanatory purposes only. | 
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changeset | 1877 </li> | 
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changeset | 1878 | 
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changeset | 1879 <li> | 
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changeset | 1880 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. | 
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changeset | 1881 </li> | 
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changeset | 1882 | 
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changeset | 1883 <li> | 
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changeset | 1884 The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop; | 
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changeset | 1885 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends. | 
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changeset | 1886 If you need these values, | 
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changeset | 1887 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop. | 
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changeset | 1888 </li> | 
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changeset | 1889 | 
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changeset | 1890 </ul> | 
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changeset | 1891 | 
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changeset | 1892 | 
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changeset | 1893 | 
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changeset | 1894 | 
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changeset | 1895 <h3>3.3.6 – <a name="3.3.6">Function Calls as Statements</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 1896 To allow possible side-effects, | 
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changeset | 1897 function calls can be executed as statements: | 
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changeset | 1898 | 
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changeset | 1899 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1900 stat ::= functioncall | 
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changeset | 1901 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1902 In this case, all returned values are thrown away. | 
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changeset | 1903 Function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>. | 
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changeset | 1904 | 
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changeset | 1905 | 
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changeset | 1906 | 
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changeset | 1907 | 
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changeset | 1908 | 
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changeset | 1909 <h3>3.3.7 – <a name="3.3.7">Local Declarations</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 1910 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block. | 
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changeset | 1911 The declaration can include an initial assignment: | 
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changeset | 1912 | 
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changeset | 1913 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1914 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] | 
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changeset | 1915 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 1916 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics | 
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changeset | 1917 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>). | 
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changeset | 1918 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 1919 | 
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changeset | 1920 | 
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changeset | 1921 <p> | 
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changeset | 1922 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), | 
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changeset | 1923 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block. | 
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changeset | 1924 | 
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changeset | 1925 | 
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changeset | 1926 <p> | 
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changeset | 1927 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>. | 
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changeset | 1928 | 
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changeset | 1929 | 
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changeset | 1930 | 
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changeset | 1931 | 
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changeset | 1932 | 
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changeset | 1933 | 
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changeset | 1934 | 
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changeset | 1935 <h2>3.4 – <a name="3.4">Expressions</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 1936 | 
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changeset | 1937 <p> | 
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changeset | 1938 The basic expressions in Lua are the following: | 
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changeset | 1939 | 
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changeset | 1940 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1941 exp ::= prefixexp | 
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changeset | 1942 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | 
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changeset | 1943 exp ::= Number | 
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changeset | 1944 exp ::= String | 
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changeset | 1945 exp ::= functiondef | 
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changeset | 1946 exp ::= tableconstructor | 
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changeset | 1947 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’ | 
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changeset | 1948 exp ::= exp binop exp | 
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changeset | 1949 exp ::= unop exp | 
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changeset | 1950 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ | 
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changeset | 1951 </pre> | 
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changeset | 1952 | 
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changeset | 1953 <p> | 
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changeset | 1954 Numbers and literal strings are explained in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>; | 
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changeset | 1955 variables are explained in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a>; | 
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changeset | 1956 function definitions are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>; | 
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changeset | 1957 function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>; | 
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changeset | 1958 table constructors are explained in <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>. | 
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changeset | 1959 Vararg expressions, | 
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changeset | 1960 denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when | 
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changeset | 1961 directly inside a vararg function; | 
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changeset | 1962 they are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>. | 
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changeset | 1963 | 
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changeset | 1964 | 
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changeset | 1965 <p> | 
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changeset | 1966 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), | 
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changeset | 1967 relational operators (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), | 
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changeset | 1968 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 1969 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), | 
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changeset | 1970 the unary <b>not</b> (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), | 
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changeset | 1971 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 1972 | 
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changeset | 1973 | 
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changeset | 1974 <p> | 
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changeset | 1975 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values. | 
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changeset | 1976 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#3.3.6">§3.3.6</a>), | 
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changeset | 1977 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements, | 
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changeset | 1978 thus discarding all returned values. | 
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changeset | 1979 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element | 
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changeset | 1980 of a list of expressions, | 
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changeset | 1981 then no adjustment is made | 
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changeset | 1982 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses). | 
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changeset | 1983 In all other contexts, | 
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changeset | 1984 Lua adjusts the result list to one element, | 
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changeset | 1985 either discarding all values except the first one | 
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changeset | 1986 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values. | 
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changeset | 1987 | 
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changeset | 1988 | 
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changeset | 1989 <p> | 
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changeset | 1990 Here are some examples: | 
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changeset | 1991 | 
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changeset | 1992 <pre> | 
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changeset | 1993 f() -- adjusted to 0 results | 
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changeset | 1994 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result | 
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changeset | 1995 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f() | 
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changeset | 1996 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil) | 
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changeset | 1997 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets | 
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changeset | 1998 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there | 
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changeset | 1999 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter) | 
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changeset | 2000 | 
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changeset | 2001 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results | 
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changeset | 2002 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results | 
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changeset | 2003 return f() -- returns all results from f() | 
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changeset | 2004 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters | 
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changeset | 2005 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f() | 
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changeset | 2006 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f() | 
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changeset | 2007 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters | 
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changeset | 2008 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result | 
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changeset | 2009 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2010 | 
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changeset | 2011 <p> | 
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changeset | 2012 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value. | 
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changeset | 2013 Thus, | 
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changeset | 2014 <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value, | 
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changeset | 2015 even if <code>f</code> returns several values. | 
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changeset | 2016 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code> | 
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changeset | 2017 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.) | 
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changeset | 2018 | 
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changeset | 2019 | 
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changeset | 2020 | 
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changeset | 2021 <h3>3.4.1 – <a name="3.4.1">Arithmetic Operators</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2022 Lua supports the usual arithmetic operators: | 
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changeset | 2023 the binary <code>+</code> (addition), | 
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changeset | 2024 <code>-</code> (subtraction), <code>*</code> (multiplication), | 
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changeset | 2025 <code>/</code> (division), <code>%</code> (modulo), and <code>^</code> (exponentiation); | 
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changeset | 2026 and unary <code>-</code> (mathematical negation). | 
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changeset | 2027 If the operands are numbers, or strings that can be converted to | 
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changeset | 2028 numbers (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>), | 
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changeset | 2029 then all operations have the usual meaning. | 
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changeset | 2030 Exponentiation works for any exponent. | 
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changeset | 2031 For instance, <code>x^(-0.5)</code> computes the inverse of the square root of <code>x</code>. | 
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changeset | 2032 Modulo is defined as | 
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changeset | 2033 | 
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changeset | 2034 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2035 a % b == a - math.floor(a/b)*b | 
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changeset | 2036 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2037 That is, it is the remainder of a division that rounds | 
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changeset | 2038 the quotient towards minus infinity. | 
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changeset | 2039 | 
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changeset | 2040 | 
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changeset | 2041 | 
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changeset | 2042 | 
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changeset | 2043 | 
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changeset | 2044 <h3>3.4.2 – <a name="3.4.2">Coercion</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 2045 | 
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changeset | 2046 <p> | 
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changeset | 2047 Lua provides automatic conversion between | 
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changeset | 2048 string and number values at run time. | 
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changeset | 2049 Any arithmetic operation applied to a string tries to convert | 
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changeset | 2050 this string to a number, following the rules of the Lua lexer. | 
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changeset | 2051 (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) | 
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changeset | 2052 Conversely, whenever a number is used where a string is expected, | 
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changeset | 2053 the number is converted to a string, in a reasonable format. | 
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changeset | 2054 For complete control over how numbers are converted to strings, | 
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changeset | 2055 use the <code>format</code> function from the string library | 
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changeset | 2056 (see <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 2057 | 
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changeset | 2058 | 
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changeset | 2059 | 
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changeset | 2060 | 
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changeset | 2061 | 
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changeset | 2062 <h3>3.4.3 – <a name="3.4.3">Relational Operators</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2063 The relational operators in Lua are | 
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changeset | 2064 | 
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changeset | 2065 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2066 == ~= < > <= >= | 
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changeset | 2067 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2068 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. | 
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changeset | 2069 | 
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changeset | 2070 | 
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changeset | 2071 <p> | 
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changeset | 2072 Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands. | 
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changeset | 2073 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>. | 
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changeset | 2074 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared. | 
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changeset | 2075 Numbers and strings are compared in the usual way. | 
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changeset | 2076 Tables, userdata, and threads | 
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changeset | 2077 are compared by reference: | 
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changeset | 2078 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object. | 
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changeset | 2079 Every time you create a new object | 
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changeset | 2080 (a table, userdata, or thread), | 
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changeset | 2081 this new object is different from any previously existing object. | 
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changeset | 2082 Closures with the same reference are always equal. | 
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changeset | 2083 Closures with any detectable difference | 
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changeset | 2084 (different behavior, different definition) are always different. | 
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changeset | 2085 | 
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changeset | 2086 | 
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changeset | 2087 <p> | 
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changeset | 2088 You can change the way that Lua compares tables and userdata | 
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changeset | 2089 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2090 | 
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changeset | 2091 | 
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changeset | 2092 <p> | 
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changeset | 2093 The conversion rules of <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a> | 
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changeset | 2094 do not apply to equality comparisons. | 
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changeset | 2095 Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>, | 
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changeset | 2096 and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different | 
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changeset | 2097 entries in a table. | 
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changeset | 2098 | 
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changeset | 2099 | 
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changeset | 2100 <p> | 
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changeset | 2101 The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>). | 
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changeset | 2102 | 
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changeset | 2103 | 
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changeset | 2104 <p> | 
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changeset | 2105 The order operators work as follows. | 
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changeset | 2106 If both arguments are numbers, then they are compared as such. | 
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changeset | 2107 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings, | 
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changeset | 2108 then their values are compared according to the current locale. | 
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changeset | 2109 Otherwise, Lua tries to call the "lt" or the "le" | 
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changeset | 2110 metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2111 A comparison <code>a > b</code> is translated to <code>b < a</code> | 
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changeset | 2112 and <code>a >= b</code> is translated to <code>b <= a</code>. | 
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changeset | 2113 | 
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changeset | 2114 | 
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changeset | 2115 | 
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changeset | 2116 | 
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changeset | 2117 | 
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changeset | 2118 <h3>3.4.4 – <a name="3.4.4">Logical Operators</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2119 The logical operators in Lua are | 
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changeset | 2120 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>. | 
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changeset | 2121 Like the control structures (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>), | 
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changeset | 2122 all logical operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false | 
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changeset | 2123 and anything else as true. | 
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changeset | 2124 | 
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changeset | 2125 | 
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changeset | 2126 <p> | 
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changeset | 2127 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. | 
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changeset | 2128 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument | 
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changeset | 2129 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>; | 
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changeset | 2130 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument. | 
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changeset | 2131 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument | 
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changeset | 2132 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>; | 
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changeset | 2133 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument. | 
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changeset | 2134 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-cut evaluation; | 
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changeset | 2135 that is, | 
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changeset | 2136 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary. | 
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changeset | 2137 Here are some examples: | 
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changeset | 2138 | 
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changeset | 2139 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2140 10 or 20 --> 10 | 
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changeset | 2141 10 or error() --> 10 | 
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changeset | 2142 nil or "a" --> "a" | 
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changeset | 2143 nil and 10 --> nil | 
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changeset | 2144 false and error() --> false | 
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changeset | 2145 false and nil --> false | 
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changeset | 2146 false or nil --> nil | 
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changeset | 2147 10 and 20 --> 20 | 
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changeset | 2148 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2149 (In this manual, | 
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changeset | 2150 <code>--></code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) | 
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changeset | 2151 | 
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changeset | 2152 | 
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changeset | 2153 | 
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changeset | 2154 | 
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changeset | 2155 | 
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changeset | 2156 <h3>3.4.5 – <a name="3.4.5">Concatenation</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2157 The string concatenation operator in Lua is | 
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changeset | 2158 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>'). | 
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changeset | 2159 If both operands are strings or numbers, then they are converted to | 
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changeset | 2160 strings according to the rules mentioned in <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>. | 
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changeset | 2161 Otherwise, the <code>__concat</code> metamethod is called (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2162 | 
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changeset | 2163 | 
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changeset | 2164 | 
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changeset | 2165 | 
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changeset | 2166 | 
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changeset | 2167 <h3>3.4.6 – <a name="3.4.6">The Length Operator</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 2168 | 
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changeset | 2169 <p> | 
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changeset | 2170 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>. | 
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changeset | 2171 The length of a string is its number of bytes | 
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changeset | 2172 (that is, the usual meaning of string length when each | 
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changeset | 2173 character is one byte). | 
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changeset | 2174 | 
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changeset | 2175 | 
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changeset | 2176 <p> | 
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changeset | 2177 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for | 
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changeset | 2178 any value but strings through the <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2179 | 
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changeset | 2180 | 
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changeset | 2181 <p> | 
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changeset | 2182 Unless a <code>__len</code> metamethod is given, | 
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changeset | 2183 the length of a table <code>t</code> is only defined if the | 
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changeset | 2184 table is a <em>sequence</em>, | 
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changeset | 2185 that is, | 
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changeset | 2186 the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> | 
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changeset | 2187 for some integer <em>n</em>. | 
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changeset | 2188 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length. | 
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changeset | 2189 Note that a table like | 
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changeset | 2190 | 
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changeset | 2191 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2192 {10, 20, nil, 40} | 
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changeset | 2193 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2194 is not a sequence, because it has the key <code>4</code> | 
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changeset | 2195 but does not have the key <code>3</code>. | 
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changeset | 2196 (So, there is no <em>n</em> such that the set <em>{1..n}</em> is equal | 
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changeset | 2197 to the set of positive numeric keys of that table.) | 
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changeset | 2198 Note, however, that non-numeric keys do not interfere | 
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changeset | 2199 with whether a table is a sequence. | 
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changeset | 2200 | 
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changeset | 2201 | 
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changeset | 2202 | 
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changeset | 2203 | 
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changeset | 2204 | 
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changeset | 2205 <h3>3.4.7 – <a name="3.4.7">Precedence</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2206 Operator precedence in Lua follows the table below, | 
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changeset | 2207 from lower to higher priority: | 
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changeset | 2208 | 
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changeset | 2209 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2210 or | 
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changeset | 2211 and | 
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changeset | 2212 < > <= >= ~= == | 
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changeset | 2213 .. | 
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changeset | 2214 + - | 
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changeset | 2215 * / % | 
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changeset | 2216 not # - (unary) | 
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changeset | 2217 ^ | 
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changeset | 2218 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2219 As usual, | 
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changeset | 2220 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression. | 
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changeset | 2221 The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>') | 
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changeset | 2222 operators are right associative. | 
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changeset | 2223 All other binary operators are left associative. | 
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changeset | 2224 | 
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changeset | 2225 | 
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changeset | 2226 | 
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changeset | 2227 | 
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changeset | 2228 | 
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changeset | 2229 <h3>3.4.8 – <a name="3.4.8">Table Constructors</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2230 Table constructors are expressions that create tables. | 
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changeset | 2231 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. | 
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changeset | 2232 A constructor can be used to create an empty table | 
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changeset | 2233 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields. | 
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changeset | 2234 The general syntax for constructors is | 
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changeset | 2235 | 
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changeset | 2236 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2237 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ | 
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changeset | 2238 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] | 
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changeset | 2239 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp | 
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changeset | 2240 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ | 
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changeset | 2241 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2242 | 
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changeset | 2243 <p> | 
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changeset | 2244 Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry | 
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changeset | 2245 with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>. | 
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changeset | 2246 A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to | 
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changeset | 2247 <code>["name"] = exp</code>. | 
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changeset | 2248 Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to | 
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changeset | 2249 <code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive numerical integers, | 
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changeset | 2250 starting with 1. | 
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changeset | 2251 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. | 
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changeset | 2252 For example, | 
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changeset | 2253 | 
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changeset | 2254 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2255 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 } | 
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changeset | 2256 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2257 is equivalent to | 
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changeset | 2258 | 
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changeset | 2259 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2260 do | 
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changeset | 2261 local t = {} | 
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changeset | 2262 t[f(1)] = g | 
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changeset | 2263 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp | 
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changeset | 2264 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp | 
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changeset | 2265 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1 | 
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changeset | 2266 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp | 
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changeset | 2267 t[30] = 23 | 
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changeset | 2268 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp | 
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changeset | 2269 a = t | 
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changeset | 2270 end | 
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changeset | 2271 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2272 | 
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changeset | 2273 <p> | 
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changeset | 2274 If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code> | 
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changeset | 2275 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression, | 
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changeset | 2276 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively | 
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changeset | 2277 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). | 
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changeset | 2278 | 
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changeset | 2279 | 
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changeset | 2280 <p> | 
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changeset | 2281 The field list can have an optional trailing separator, | 
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changeset | 2282 as a convenience for machine-generated code. | 
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changeset | 2283 | 
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changeset | 2284 | 
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changeset | 2285 | 
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changeset | 2286 | 
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changeset | 2287 | 
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changeset | 2288 <h3>3.4.9 – <a name="3.4.9">Function Calls</a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2289 A function call in Lua has the following syntax: | 
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changeset | 2290 | 
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changeset | 2291 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2292 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | 
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changeset | 2293 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2294 In a function call, | 
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changeset | 2295 first prefixexp and args are evaluated. | 
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changeset | 2296 If the value of prefixexp has type <em>function</em>, | 
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changeset | 2297 then this function is called | 
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changeset | 2298 with the given arguments. | 
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changeset | 2299 Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called, | 
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changeset | 2300 having as first parameter the value of prefixexp, | 
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changeset | 2301 followed by the original call arguments | 
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changeset | 2302 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2303 | 
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changeset | 2304 | 
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changeset | 2305 <p> | 
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changeset | 2306 The form | 
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changeset | 2307 | 
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changeset | 2308 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2309 functioncall ::= prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args | 
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changeset | 2310 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2311 can be used to call "methods". | 
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changeset | 2312 A call <code>v:name(<em>args</em>)</code> | 
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changeset | 2313 is syntactic sugar for <code>v.name(v,<em>args</em>)</code>, | 
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changeset | 2314 except that <code>v</code> is evaluated only once. | 
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changeset | 2315 | 
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changeset | 2316 | 
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changeset | 2317 <p> | 
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changeset | 2318 Arguments have the following syntax: | 
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changeset | 2319 | 
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changeset | 2320 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2321 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | 
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changeset | 2322 args ::= tableconstructor | 
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changeset | 2323 args ::= String | 
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changeset | 2324 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2325 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call. | 
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changeset | 2326 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is | 
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changeset | 2327 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>; | 
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changeset | 2328 that is, the argument list is a single new table. | 
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changeset | 2329 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code> | 
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changeset | 2330 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>) | 
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changeset | 2331 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>; | 
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changeset | 2332 that is, the argument list is a single literal string. | 
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changeset | 2333 | 
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changeset | 2334 | 
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changeset | 2335 <p> | 
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changeset | 2336 A call of the form <code>return <em>functioncall</em></code> is called | 
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changeset | 2337 a <em>tail call</em>. | 
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changeset | 2338 Lua implements <em>proper tail calls</em> | 
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changeset | 2339 (or <em>proper tail recursion</em>): | 
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changeset | 2340 in a tail call, | 
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changeset | 2341 the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function. | 
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changeset | 2342 Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that | 
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changeset | 2343 a program can execute. | 
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changeset | 2344 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the | 
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changeset | 2345 calling function. | 
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changeset | 2346 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax, | 
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changeset | 2347 where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument; | 
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changeset | 2348 this syntax makes the calling function return exactly | 
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changeset | 2349 the returns of the called function. | 
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changeset | 2350 So, none of the following examples are tail calls: | 
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changeset | 2351 | 
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changeset | 2352 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2353 return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1 | 
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changeset | 2354 return 2 * f(x) | 
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changeset | 2355 return x, f(x) -- additional results | 
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changeset | 2356 f(x); return -- results discarded | 
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changeset | 2357 return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1 | 
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changeset | 2358 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2359 | 
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changeset | 2360 | 
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changeset | 2361 | 
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changeset | 2362 | 
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changeset | 2363 <h3>3.4.10 – <a name="3.4.10">Function Definitions</a></h3> | 
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changeset | 2364 | 
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changeset | 2365 <p> | 
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changeset | 2366 The syntax for function definition is | 
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changeset | 2367 | 
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changeset | 2368 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2369 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody | 
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changeset | 2370 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 2371 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2372 | 
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changeset | 2373 <p> | 
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changeset | 2374 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions: | 
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changeset | 2375 | 
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changeset | 2376 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2377 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | 
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changeset | 2378 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | 
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changeset | 2379 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] | 
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changeset | 2380 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2381 The statement | 
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changeset | 2382 | 
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changeset | 2383 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2384 function f () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2385 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2386 translates to | 
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changeset | 2387 | 
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changeset | 2388 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2389 f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2390 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2391 The statement | 
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changeset | 2392 | 
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changeset | 2393 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2394 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2395 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2396 translates to | 
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changeset | 2397 | 
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changeset | 2398 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2399 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2400 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2401 The statement | 
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changeset | 2402 | 
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changeset | 2403 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2404 local function f () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2405 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2406 translates to | 
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changeset | 2407 | 
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changeset | 2408 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2409 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2410 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2411 not to | 
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changeset | 2412 | 
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changeset | 2413 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2414 local f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2415 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2416 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function | 
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changeset | 2417 contains references to <code>f</code>.) | 
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changeset | 2418 | 
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changeset | 2419 | 
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changeset | 2420 <p> | 
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changeset | 2421 A function definition is an executable expression, | 
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changeset | 2422 whose value has type <em>function</em>. | 
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changeset | 2423 When Lua precompiles a chunk, | 
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changeset | 2424 all its function bodies are precompiled too. | 
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changeset | 2425 Then, whenever Lua executes the function definition, | 
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changeset | 2426 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>). | 
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changeset | 2427 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>) | 
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changeset | 2428 is the final value of the expression. | 
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changeset | 2429 | 
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changeset | 2430 | 
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changeset | 2431 <p> | 
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changeset | 2432 Parameters act as local variables that are | 
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changeset | 2433 initialized with the argument values: | 
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changeset | 2434 | 
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changeset | 2435 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2436 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ | 
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changeset | 2437 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2438 When a function is called, | 
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changeset | 2439 the list of arguments is adjusted to | 
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changeset | 2440 the length of the list of parameters, | 
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changeset | 2441 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>, | 
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changeset | 2442 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>') | 
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changeset | 2443 at the end of its parameter list. | 
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changeset | 2444 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list; | 
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changeset | 2445 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them | 
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changeset | 2446 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>, | 
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changeset | 2447 which is also written as three dots. | 
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changeset | 2448 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments, | 
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changeset | 2449 similar to a function with multiple results. | 
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changeset | 2450 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression | 
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changeset | 2451 or in the middle of a list of expressions, | 
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changeset | 2452 then its return list is adjusted to one element. | 
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changeset | 2453 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions, | 
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changeset | 2454 then no adjustment is made | 
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changeset | 2455 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses). | 
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changeset | 2456 | 
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changeset | 2457 | 
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changeset | 2458 <p> | 
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changeset | 2459 As an example, consider the following definitions: | 
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changeset | 2460 | 
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changeset | 2461 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2462 function f(a, b) end | 
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changeset | 2463 function g(a, b, ...) end | 
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changeset | 2464 function r() return 1,2,3 end | 
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changeset | 2465 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2466 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and | 
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changeset | 2467 to the vararg expression: | 
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changeset | 2468 | 
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changeset | 2469 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2470 CALL PARAMETERS | 
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changeset | 2471 | 
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changeset | 2472 f(3) a=3, b=nil | 
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changeset | 2473 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4 | 
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changeset | 2474 f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4 | 
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changeset | 2475 f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10 | 
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changeset | 2476 f(r()) a=1, b=2 | 
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changeset | 2477 | 
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changeset | 2478 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing) | 
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changeset | 2479 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing) | 
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changeset | 2480 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8 | 
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changeset | 2481 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3 | 
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changeset | 2482 </pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 2483 | 
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changeset | 2484 <p> | 
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changeset | 2485 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2486 If control reaches the end of a function | 
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changeset | 2487 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement, | 
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changeset | 2488 then the function returns with no results. | 
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changeset | 2489 | 
| 
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changeset | 2490 | 
| 
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changeset | 2491 <p> | 
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changeset | 2492 | 
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changeset | 2493 There is a system-dependent limit on the number of values | 
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changeset | 2494 that a function may return. | 
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changeset | 2495 This limit is guaranteed to be larger than 1000. | 
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changeset | 2496 | 
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changeset | 2497 | 
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changeset | 2498 <p> | 
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changeset | 2499 The <em>colon</em> syntax | 
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changeset | 2500 is used for defining <em>methods</em>, | 
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changeset | 2501 that is, functions that have an implicit extra parameter <code>self</code>. | 
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changeset | 2502 Thus, the statement | 
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changeset | 2503 | 
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changeset | 2504 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2505 function t.a.b.c:f (<em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2506 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2507 is syntactic sugar for | 
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changeset | 2508 | 
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changeset | 2509 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2510 t.a.b.c.f = function (self, <em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 2511 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2512 | 
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changeset | 2513 | 
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changeset | 2514 | 
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changeset | 2515 | 
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changeset | 2516 | 
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changeset | 2517 | 
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changeset | 2518 <h2>3.5 – <a name="3.5">Visibility Rules</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2519 | 
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changeset | 2520 <p> | 
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changeset | 2521 | 
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changeset | 2522 Lua is a lexically scoped language. | 
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changeset | 2523 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after | 
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changeset | 2524 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement | 
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changeset | 2525 of the innermost block that includes the declaration. | 
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changeset | 2526 Consider the following example: | 
| 
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changeset | 2527 | 
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changeset | 2528 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2529 x = 10 -- global variable | 
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changeset | 2530 do -- new block | 
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changeset | 2531 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10 | 
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changeset | 2532 print(x) --> 10 | 
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changeset | 2533 x = x+1 | 
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changeset | 2534 do -- another block | 
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changeset | 2535 local x = x+1 -- another 'x' | 
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changeset | 2536 print(x) --> 12 | 
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changeset | 2537 end | 
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changeset | 2538 print(x) --> 11 | 
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changeset | 2539 end | 
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changeset | 2540 print(x) --> 10 (the global one) | 
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changeset | 2541 </pre> | 
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changeset | 2542 | 
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changeset | 2543 <p> | 
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changeset | 2544 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>, | 
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changeset | 2545 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet, | 
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changeset | 2546 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable. | 
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changeset | 2547 | 
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changeset | 2548 | 
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changeset | 2549 <p> | 
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changeset | 2550 Because of the lexical scoping rules, | 
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changeset | 2551 local variables can be freely accessed by functions | 
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changeset | 2552 defined inside their scope. | 
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changeset | 2553 A local variable used by an inner function is called | 
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changeset | 2554 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>, | 
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changeset | 2555 inside the inner function. | 
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changeset | 2556 | 
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changeset | 2557 | 
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changeset | 2558 <p> | 
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changeset | 2559 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement | 
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changeset | 2560 defines new local variables. | 
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changeset | 2561 Consider the following example: | 
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changeset | 2562 | 
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changeset | 2563 <pre> | 
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changeset | 2564 a = {} | 
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changeset | 2565 local x = 20 | 
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changeset | 2566 for i=1,10 do | 
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changeset | 2567 local y = 0 | 
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changeset | 2568 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end | 
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changeset | 2569 end | 
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changeset | 2570 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 2571 The loop creates ten closures | 
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changeset | 2572 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function). | 
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changeset | 2573 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable, | 
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changeset | 2574 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>. | 
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changeset | 2575 | 
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changeset | 2576 | 
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changeset | 2577 | 
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changeset | 2578 | 
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changeset | 2579 | 
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changeset | 2580 <h1>4 – <a name="4">The Application Program Interface</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 2581 | 
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changeset | 2582 <p> | 
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changeset | 2583 | 
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changeset | 2584 This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, | 
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changeset | 2585 the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate | 
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changeset | 2586 with Lua. | 
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changeset | 2587 All API functions and related types and constants | 
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changeset | 2588 are declared in the header file <a name="pdf-lua.h"><code>lua.h</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 2589 | 
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changeset | 2590 | 
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changeset | 2591 <p> | 
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changeset | 2592 Even when we use the term "function", | 
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changeset | 2593 any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. | 
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changeset | 2594 Except where stated otherwise, | 
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changeset | 2595 all such macros use each of their arguments exactly once | 
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changeset | 2596 (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), | 
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changeset | 2597 and so do not generate any hidden side-effects. | 
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changeset | 2598 | 
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changeset | 2599 | 
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changeset | 2600 <p> | 
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changeset | 2601 As in most C libraries, | 
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changeset | 2602 the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. | 
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changeset | 2603 However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua | 
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changeset | 2604 with the macro <a name="pdf-LUA_USE_APICHECK"><code>LUA_USE_APICHECK</code></a> defined. | 
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changeset | 2605 | 
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changeset | 2606 | 
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changeset | 2607 | 
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changeset | 2608 <h2>4.1 – <a name="4.1">The Stack</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2609 | 
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changeset | 2610 <p> | 
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changeset | 2611 Lua uses a <em>virtual stack</em> to pass values to and from C. | 
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changeset | 2612 Each element in this stack represents a Lua value | 
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changeset | 2613 (<b>nil</b>, number, string, etc.). | 
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changeset | 2614 | 
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changeset | 2615 | 
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changeset | 2616 <p> | 
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changeset | 2617 Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack, | 
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changeset | 2618 which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of | 
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changeset | 2619 C functions that are still active. | 
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changeset | 2620 This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function | 
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changeset | 2621 and it is where the C function pushes its results | 
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changeset | 2622 to be returned to the caller (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 2623 | 
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changeset | 2624 | 
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changeset | 2625 <p> | 
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changeset | 2626 For convenience, | 
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changeset | 2627 most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. | 
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changeset | 2628 Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack | 
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changeset | 2629 by using an <em>index</em>: | 
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changeset | 2630 A positive index represents an absolute stack position | 
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changeset | 2631 (starting at 1); | 
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changeset | 2632 a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 2633 More specifically, if the stack has <em>n</em> elements, | 
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changeset | 2634 then index 1 represents the first element | 
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changeset | 2635 (that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first) | 
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changeset | 2636 and | 
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changeset | 2637 index <em>n</em> represents the last element; | 
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changeset | 2638 index -1 also represents the last element | 
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changeset | 2639 (that is, the element at the top) | 
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changeset | 2640 and index <em>-n</em> represents the first element. | 
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changeset | 2641 | 
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changeset | 2642 | 
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changeset | 2643 | 
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changeset | 2644 | 
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changeset | 2645 | 
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changeset | 2646 <h2>4.2 – <a name="4.2">Stack Size</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2647 | 
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changeset | 2648 <p> | 
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changeset | 2649 When you interact with the Lua API, | 
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changeset | 2650 you are responsible for ensuring consistency. | 
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changeset | 2651 In particular, | 
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changeset | 2652 <em>you are responsible for controlling stack overflow</em>. | 
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changeset | 2653 You can use the function <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a> | 
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changeset | 2654 to ensure that the stack has extra slots when pushing new elements. | 
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changeset | 2655 | 
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changeset | 2656 | 
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changeset | 2657 <p> | 
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changeset | 2658 Whenever Lua calls C, | 
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changeset | 2659 it ensures that the stack has at least <a name="pdf-LUA_MINSTACK"><code>LUA_MINSTACK</code></a> extra slots. | 
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changeset | 2660 <code>LUA_MINSTACK</code> is defined as 20, | 
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changeset | 2661 so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space | 
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changeset | 2662 unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 2663 | 
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changeset | 2664 | 
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changeset | 2665 <p> | 
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changeset | 2666 When you call a Lua function | 
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changeset | 2667 without a fixed number of results (see <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>), | 
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changeset | 2668 Lua ensures that the stack has enough size for all results, | 
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changeset | 2669 but it does not ensure any extra space. | 
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changeset | 2670 So, before pushing anything in the stack after such a call | 
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changeset | 2671 you should use <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 2672 | 
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changeset | 2673 | 
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changeset | 2674 | 
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changeset | 2675 | 
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changeset | 2676 | 
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changeset | 2677 <h2>4.3 – <a name="4.3">Valid and Acceptable Indices</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2678 | 
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changeset | 2679 <p> | 
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changeset | 2680 Any function in the API that receives stack indices | 
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changeset | 2681 works only with <em>valid indices</em> or <em>acceptable indices</em>. | 
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changeset | 2682 | 
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changeset | 2683 | 
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changeset | 2684 <p> | 
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changeset | 2685 A <em>valid index</em> is an index that refers to a | 
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changeset | 2686 real position within the stack, that is, | 
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changeset | 2687 its position lies between 1 and the stack top | 
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changeset | 2688 (<code>1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top</code>). | 
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changeset | 2689 | 
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changeset | 2690 Usually, functions that can modify the value at an index | 
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changeset | 2691 require valid indices. | 
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changeset | 2692 | 
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changeset | 2693 | 
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changeset | 2694 <p> | 
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changeset | 2695 Unless otherwise noted, | 
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changeset | 2696 any function that accepts valid indices also accepts <em>pseudo-indices</em>, | 
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changeset | 2697 which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code | 
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changeset | 2698 but which are not in the stack. | 
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changeset | 2699 Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry | 
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changeset | 2700 and the upvalues of a C function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 2701 | 
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changeset | 2702 | 
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changeset | 2703 <p> | 
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changeset | 2704 Functions that do not need a specific stack position, | 
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changeset | 2705 but only a value in the stack (e.g., query functions), | 
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changeset | 2706 can be called with acceptable indices. | 
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changeset | 2707 An <em>acceptable index</em> can be any valid index, | 
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changeset | 2708 including the pseudo-indices, | 
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changeset | 2709 but it also can be any positive index after the stack top | 
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changeset | 2710 within the space allocated for the stack, | 
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changeset | 2711 that is, indices up to the stack size. | 
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changeset | 2712 (Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.) | 
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changeset | 2713 Except when noted otherwise, | 
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changeset | 2714 functions in the API work with acceptable indices. | 
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changeset | 2715 | 
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changeset | 2716 | 
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changeset | 2717 <p> | 
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changeset | 2718 Acceptable indices serve to avoid extra tests | 
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changeset | 2719 against the stack top when querying the stack. | 
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changeset | 2720 For instance, a C function can query its third argument | 
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changeset | 2721 without the need to first check whether there is a third argument, | 
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changeset | 2722 that is, without the need to check whether 3 is a valid index. | 
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changeset | 2723 | 
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changeset | 2724 | 
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changeset | 2725 <p> | 
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changeset | 2726 For functions that can be called with acceptable indices, | 
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changeset | 2727 any non-valid index is treated as if it | 
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changeset | 2728 contains a value of a virtual type <a name="pdf-LUA_TNONE"><code>LUA_TNONE</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 2729 which behaves like a nil value. | 
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changeset | 2730 | 
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changeset | 2731 | 
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changeset | 2732 | 
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changeset | 2733 | 
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changeset | 2734 | 
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changeset | 2735 <h2>4.4 – <a name="4.4">C Closures</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2736 | 
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changeset | 2737 <p> | 
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changeset | 2738 When a C function is created, | 
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changeset | 2739 it is possible to associate some values with it, | 
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changeset | 2740 thus creating a <em>C closure</em> | 
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changeset | 2741 (see <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>); | 
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changeset | 2742 these values are called <em>upvalues</em> and are | 
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changeset | 2743 accessible to the function whenever it is called. | 
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changeset | 2744 | 
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changeset | 2745 | 
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changeset | 2746 <p> | 
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changeset | 2747 Whenever a C function is called, | 
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changeset | 2748 its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices. | 
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changeset | 2749 These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro | 
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changeset | 2750 <a href="#lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 2751 The first value associated with a function is at position | 
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changeset | 2752 <code>lua_upvalueindex(1)</code>, and so on. | 
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changeset | 2753 Any access to <code>lua_upvalueindex(<em>n</em>)</code>, | 
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changeset | 2754 where <em>n</em> is greater than the number of upvalues of the | 
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changeset | 2755 current function (but not greater than 256), | 
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changeset | 2756 produces an acceptable but invalid index. | 
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changeset | 2757 | 
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changeset | 2758 | 
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changeset | 2759 | 
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changeset | 2760 | 
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changeset | 2761 | 
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changeset | 2762 <h2>4.5 – <a name="4.5">Registry</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2763 | 
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changeset | 2764 <p> | 
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changeset | 2765 Lua provides a <em>registry</em>, | 
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changeset | 2766 a predefined table that can be used by any C code to | 
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changeset | 2767 store whatever Lua values it needs to store. | 
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changeset | 2768 The registry table is always located at pseudo-index | 
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changeset | 2769 <a name="pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX"><code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 2770 which is a valid index. | 
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changeset | 2771 Any C library can store data into this table, | 
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changeset | 2772 but it should take care to choose keys | 
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changeset | 2773 that are different from those used | 
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changeset | 2774 by other libraries, to avoid collisions. | 
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changeset | 2775 Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name, | 
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changeset | 2776 or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code, | 
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changeset | 2777 or any Lua object created by your code. | 
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changeset | 2778 As with global names, | 
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changeset | 2779 string keys starting with an underscore followed by | 
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changeset | 2780 uppercase letters are reserved for Lua. | 
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changeset | 2781 | 
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changeset | 2782 | 
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changeset | 2783 <p> | 
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changeset | 2784 The integer keys in the registry are used by the reference mechanism, | 
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changeset | 2785 implemented by the auxiliary library, | 
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changeset | 2786 and by some predefined values. | 
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changeset | 2787 Therefore, integer keys should not be used for other purposes. | 
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changeset | 2788 | 
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changeset | 2789 | 
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changeset | 2790 <p> | 
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changeset | 2791 When you create a new Lua state, | 
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changeset | 2792 its registry comes with some predefined values. | 
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changeset | 2793 These predefined values are indexed with integer keys | 
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changeset | 2794 defined as constants in <code>lua.h</code>. | 
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changeset | 2795 The following constants are defined: | 
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changeset | 2796 | 
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changeset | 2797 <ul> | 
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changeset | 2798 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD"><code>LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has | 
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changeset | 2799 the main thread of the state. | 
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changeset | 2800 (The main thread is the one created together with the state.) | 
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changeset | 2801 </li> | 
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changeset | 2802 | 
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changeset | 2803 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS"><code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has | 
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changeset | 2804 the global environment. | 
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changeset | 2805 </li> | 
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changeset | 2806 </ul> | 
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changeset | 2807 | 
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changeset | 2808 | 
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changeset | 2809 | 
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changeset | 2810 | 
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changeset | 2811 <h2>4.6 – <a name="4.6">Error Handling in C</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2812 | 
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changeset | 2813 <p> | 
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changeset | 2814 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to handle errors. | 
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changeset | 2815 (You can also choose to use exceptions if you compile Lua as C++; | 
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changeset | 2816 search for <code>LUAI_THROW</code> in the source code.) | 
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changeset | 2817 When Lua faces any error | 
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changeset | 2818 (such as a memory allocation error, type errors, syntax errors, | 
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changeset | 2819 and runtime errors) | 
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changeset | 2820 it <em>raises</em> an error; | 
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changeset | 2821 that is, it does a long jump. | 
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changeset | 2822 A <em>protected environment</em> uses <code>setjmp</code> | 
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changeset | 2823 to set a recovery point; | 
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changeset | 2824 any error jumps to the most recent active recovery point. | 
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changeset | 2825 | 
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changeset | 2826 | 
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changeset | 2827 <p> | 
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changeset | 2828 If an error happens outside any protected environment, | 
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changeset | 2829 Lua calls a <em>panic function</em> (see <a href="#lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 2830 and then calls <code>abort</code>, | 
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changeset | 2831 thus exiting the host application. | 
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changeset | 2832 Your panic function can avoid this exit by | 
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changeset | 2833 never returning | 
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changeset | 2834 (e.g., doing a long jump to your own recovery point outside Lua). | 
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changeset | 2835 | 
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changeset | 2836 | 
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changeset | 2837 <p> | 
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changeset | 2838 The panic function runs as if it were a message handler (see <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>); | 
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changeset | 2839 in particular, the error message is at the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 2840 However, there is no guarantees about stack space. | 
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changeset | 2841 To push anything on the stack, | 
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changeset | 2842 the panic function should first check the available space (see <a href="#4.2">§4.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 2843 | 
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changeset | 2844 | 
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changeset | 2845 <p> | 
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changeset | 2846 Most functions in the API can throw an error, | 
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changeset | 2847 for instance due to a memory allocation error. | 
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changeset | 2848 The documentation for each function indicates whether | 
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changeset | 2849 it can throw errors. | 
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changeset | 2850 | 
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changeset | 2851 | 
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changeset | 2852 <p> | 
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changeset | 2853 Inside a C function you can throw an error by calling <a href="#lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 2854 | 
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changeset | 2855 | 
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changeset | 2856 | 
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changeset | 2857 | 
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changeset | 2858 | 
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changeset | 2859 <h2>4.7 – <a name="4.7">Handling Yields in C</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2860 | 
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changeset | 2861 <p> | 
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changeset | 2862 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to yield a coroutine. | 
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changeset | 2863 Therefore, if a function <code>foo</code> calls an API function | 
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changeset | 2864 and this API function yields | 
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changeset | 2865 (directly or indirectly by calling another function that yields), | 
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changeset | 2866 Lua cannot return to <code>foo</code> any more, | 
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changeset | 2867 because the <code>longjmp</code> removes its frame from the C stack. | 
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changeset | 2868 | 
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changeset | 2869 | 
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changeset | 2870 <p> | 
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changeset | 2871 To avoid this kind of problem, | 
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changeset | 2872 Lua raises an error whenever it tries to yield across an API call, | 
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changeset | 2873 except for three functions: | 
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changeset | 2874 <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, and <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 2875 All those functions receive a <em>continuation function</em> | 
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changeset | 2876 (as a parameter called <code>k</code>) to continue execution after a yield. | 
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changeset | 2877 | 
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changeset | 2878 | 
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changeset | 2879 <p> | 
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changeset | 2880 We need to set some terminology to explain continuations. | 
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changeset | 2881 We have a C function called from Lua which we will call | 
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changeset | 2882 the <em>original function</em>. | 
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changeset | 2883 This original function then calls one of those three functions in the C API, | 
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changeset | 2884 which we will call the <em>callee function</em>, | 
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changeset | 2885 that then yields the current thread. | 
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changeset | 2886 (This can happen when the callee function is <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 2887 or when the callee function is either <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> | 
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changeset | 2888 and the function called by them yields.) | 
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changeset | 2889 | 
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changeset | 2890 | 
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changeset | 2891 <p> | 
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changeset | 2892 Suppose the running thread yields while executing the callee function. | 
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changeset | 2893 After the thread resumes, | 
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changeset | 2894 it eventually will finish running the callee function. | 
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changeset | 2895 However, | 
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changeset | 2896 the callee function cannot return to the original function, | 
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changeset | 2897 because its frame in the C stack was destroyed by the yield. | 
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changeset | 2898 Instead, Lua calls a <em>continuation function</em>, | 
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changeset | 2899 which was given as an argument to the callee function. | 
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changeset | 2900 As the name implies, | 
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changeset | 2901 the continuation function should continue the task | 
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changeset | 2902 of the original function. | 
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changeset | 2903 | 
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changeset | 2904 | 
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changeset | 2905 <p> | 
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changeset | 2906 Lua treats the continuation function as if it were the original function. | 
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changeset | 2907 The continuation function receives the same Lua stack | 
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changeset | 2908 from the original function, | 
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changeset | 2909 in the same state it would be if the callee function had returned. | 
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changeset | 2910 (For instance, | 
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changeset | 2911 after a <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> the function and its arguments are | 
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changeset | 2912 removed from the stack and replaced by the results from the call.) | 
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changeset | 2913 It also has the same upvalues. | 
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changeset | 2914 Whatever it returns is handled by Lua as if it were the return | 
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changeset | 2915 of the original function. | 
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changeset | 2916 | 
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changeset | 2917 | 
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changeset | 2918 <p> | 
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changeset | 2919 The only difference in the Lua state between the original function | 
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changeset | 2920 and its continuation is the result of a call to <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 2921 | 
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changeset | 2922 | 
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changeset | 2923 | 
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changeset | 2924 | 
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changeset | 2925 | 
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changeset | 2926 <h2>4.8 – <a name="4.8">Functions and Types</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 2927 | 
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changeset | 2928 <p> | 
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changeset | 2929 Here we list all functions and types from the C API in | 
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changeset | 2930 alphabetical order. | 
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changeset | 2931 Each function has an indicator like this: | 
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changeset | 2932 <span class="apii">[-o, +p, <em>x</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 2933 | 
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changeset | 2934 | 
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changeset | 2935 <p> | 
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changeset | 2936 The first field, <code>o</code>, | 
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changeset | 2937 is how many elements the function pops from the stack. | 
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changeset | 2938 The second field, <code>p</code>, | 
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changeset | 2939 is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 2940 (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) | 
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changeset | 2941 A field in the form <code>x|y</code> means the function can push (or pop) | 
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changeset | 2942 <code>x</code> or <code>y</code> elements, | 
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changeset | 2943 depending on the situation; | 
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changeset | 2944 an interrogation mark '<code>?</code>' means that | 
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changeset | 2945 we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes | 
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changeset | 2946 by looking only at its arguments | 
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changeset | 2947 (e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack). | 
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changeset | 2948 The third field, <code>x</code>, | 
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changeset | 2949 tells whether the function may throw errors: | 
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changeset | 2950 '<code>-</code>' means the function never throws any error; | 
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changeset | 2951 '<code>e</code>' means the function may throw errors; | 
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changeset | 2952 '<code>v</code>' means the function may throw an error on purpose. | 
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changeset | 2953 | 
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changeset | 2954 | 
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changeset | 2955 | 
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changeset | 2956 <hr><h3><a name="lua_absindex"><code>lua_absindex</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 2957 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 2958 <pre>int lua_absindex (lua_State *L, int idx);</pre> | 
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changeset | 2959 | 
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changeset | 2960 <p> | 
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changeset | 2961 Converts the acceptable index <code>idx</code> into an absolute index | 
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changeset | 2962 (that is, one that does not depend on the stack top). | 
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changeset | 2963 | 
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changeset | 2964 | 
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changeset | 2965 | 
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changeset | 2966 | 
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changeset | 2967 | 
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changeset | 2968 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 2969 <pre>typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, | 
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changeset | 2970 void *ptr, | 
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changeset | 2971 size_t osize, | 
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changeset | 2972 size_t nsize);</pre> | 
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changeset | 2973 | 
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changeset | 2974 <p> | 
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changeset | 2975 The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states. | 
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changeset | 2976 The allocator function must provide a | 
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changeset | 2977 functionality similar to <code>realloc</code>, | 
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changeset | 2978 but not exactly the same. | 
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changeset | 2979 Its arguments are | 
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changeset | 2980 <code>ud</code>, an opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>; | 
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changeset | 2981 <code>ptr</code>, a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; | 
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changeset | 2982 <code>osize</code>, the original size of the block or some code about what | 
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changeset | 2983 is being allocated; | 
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changeset | 2984 <code>nsize</code>, the new size of the block. | 
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changeset | 2985 | 
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changeset | 2986 | 
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changeset | 2987 <p> | 
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changeset | 2988 When <code>ptr</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 2989 <code>osize</code> is the size of the block pointed by <code>ptr</code>, | 
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changeset | 2990 that is, the size given when it was allocated or reallocated. | 
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changeset | 2991 | 
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changeset | 2992 | 
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changeset | 2993 <p> | 
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changeset | 2994 When <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 2995 <code>osize</code> encodes the kind of object that Lua is allocating. | 
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changeset | 2996 <code>osize</code> is any of | 
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changeset | 2997 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 2998 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, or <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a> when (and only when) | 
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changeset | 2999 Lua is creating a new object of that type. | 
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changeset | 3000 When <code>osize</code> is some other value, | 
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changeset | 3001 Lua is allocating memory for something else. | 
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changeset | 3002 | 
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changeset | 3003 | 
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changeset | 3004 <p> | 
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changeset | 3005 Lua assumes the following behavior from the allocator function: | 
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changeset | 3006 | 
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changeset | 3007 | 
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changeset | 3008 <p> | 
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changeset | 3009 When <code>nsize</code> is zero, | 
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changeset | 3010 the allocator should behave like <code>free</code> | 
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changeset | 3011 and return <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 3012 | 
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changeset | 3013 | 
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changeset | 3014 <p> | 
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changeset | 3015 When <code>nsize</code> is not zero, | 
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changeset | 3016 the allocator should behave like <code>realloc</code>. | 
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changeset | 3017 The allocator returns <code>NULL</code> | 
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changeset | 3018 if and only if it cannot fulfill the request. | 
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changeset | 3019 Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when | 
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changeset | 3020 <code>osize >= nsize</code>. | 
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changeset | 3021 | 
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changeset | 3022 | 
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changeset | 3023 <p> | 
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changeset | 3024 Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. | 
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changeset | 3025 It is used in the auxiliary library by <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 3026 | 
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changeset | 3027 <pre> | 
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changeset | 3028 static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, | 
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changeset | 3029 size_t nsize) { | 
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changeset | 3030 (void)ud; (void)osize; /* not used */ | 
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changeset | 3031 if (nsize == 0) { | 
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changeset | 3032 free(ptr); | 
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changeset | 3033 return NULL; | 
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changeset | 3034 } | 
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changeset | 3035 else | 
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changeset | 3036 return realloc(ptr, nsize); | 
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changeset | 3037 } | 
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changeset | 3038 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 3039 Note that Standard C ensures | 
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changeset | 3040 that <code>free(NULL)</code> has no effect and that | 
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changeset | 3041 <code>realloc(NULL, size)</code> is equivalent to <code>malloc(size)</code>. | 
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changeset | 3042 This code assumes that <code>realloc</code> does not fail when shrinking a block. | 
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changeset | 3043 (Although Standard C does not ensure this behavior, | 
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changeset | 3044 it seems to be a safe assumption.) | 
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changeset | 3045 | 
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changeset | 3046 | 
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changeset | 3047 | 
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changeset | 3048 | 
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changeset | 3049 | 
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changeset | 3050 <hr><h3><a name="lua_arith"><code>lua_arith</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3051 <span class="apii">[-(2|1), +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3052 <pre>void lua_arith (lua_State *L, int op);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3053 | 
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changeset | 3054 <p> | 
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changeset | 3055 Performs an arithmetic operation over the two values | 
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changeset | 3056 (or one, in the case of negation) | 
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changeset | 3057 at the top of the stack, | 
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changeset | 3058 with the value at the top being the second operand, | 
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changeset | 3059 pops these values, and pushes the result of the operation. | 
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changeset | 3060 The function follows the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator | 
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changeset | 3061 (that is, it may call metamethods). | 
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changeset | 3062 | 
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changeset | 3063 | 
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changeset | 3064 <p> | 
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changeset | 3065 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: | 
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changeset | 3066 | 
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changeset | 3067 <ul> | 
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changeset | 3068 | 
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changeset | 3069 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPADD"><code>LUA_OPADD</code></a>: </b> performs addition (<code>+</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3070 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSUB"><code>LUA_OPSUB</code></a>: </b> performs subtraction (<code>-</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3071 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMUL"><code>LUA_OPMUL</code></a>: </b> performs multiplication (<code>*</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3072 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPDIV"><code>LUA_OPDIV</code></a>: </b> performs division (<code>/</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3073 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMOD"><code>LUA_OPMOD</code></a>: </b> performs modulo (<code>%</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3074 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPPOW"><code>LUA_OPPOW</code></a>: </b> performs exponentiation (<code>^</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3075 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPUNM"><code>LUA_OPUNM</code></a>: </b> performs mathematical negation (unary <code>-</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3076 | 
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changeset | 3077 </ul> | 
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changeset | 3078 | 
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changeset | 3079 | 
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changeset | 3080 | 
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changeset | 3081 | 
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changeset | 3082 <hr><h3><a name="lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3083 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3084 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3085 | 
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changeset | 3086 <p> | 
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changeset | 3087 Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 3088 | 
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changeset | 3089 | 
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changeset | 3090 | 
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changeset | 3091 | 
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changeset | 3092 | 
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changeset | 3093 <hr><h3><a name="lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3094 <span class="apii">[-(nargs+1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3095 <pre>void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3096 | 
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changeset | 3097 <p> | 
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changeset | 3098 Calls a function. | 
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changeset | 3099 | 
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changeset | 3100 | 
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changeset | 3101 <p> | 
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changeset | 3102 To call a function you must use the following protocol: | 
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changeset | 3103 first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; | 
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changeset | 3104 then, the arguments to the function are pushed | 
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changeset | 3105 in direct order; | 
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changeset | 3106 that is, the first argument is pushed first. | 
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changeset | 3107 Finally you call <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>; | 
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changeset | 3108 <code>nargs</code> is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 3109 All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack | 
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changeset | 3110 when the function is called. | 
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changeset | 3111 The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns. | 
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changeset | 3112 The number of results is adjusted to <code>nresults</code>, | 
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changeset | 3113 unless <code>nresults</code> is <a name="pdf-LUA_MULTRET"><code>LUA_MULTRET</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 3114 In this case, all results from the function are pushed. | 
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changeset | 3115 Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. | 
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changeset | 3116 The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order | 
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changeset | 3117 (the first result is pushed first), | 
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changeset | 3118 so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 3119 | 
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changeset | 3120 | 
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changeset | 3121 <p> | 
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changeset | 3122 Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards | 
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changeset | 3123 (with a <code>longjmp</code>). | 
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changeset | 3124 | 
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changeset | 3125 | 
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changeset | 3126 <p> | 
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changeset | 3127 The following example shows how the host program can do the | 
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changeset | 3128 equivalent to this Lua code: | 
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changeset | 3129 | 
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changeset | 3130 <pre> | 
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changeset | 3131 a = f("how", t.x, 14) | 
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changeset | 3132 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 3133 Here it is in C: | 
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changeset | 3134 | 
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changeset | 3135 <pre> | 
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changeset | 3136 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* function to be called */ | 
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changeset | 3137 lua_pushstring(L, "how"); /* 1st argument */ | 
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changeset | 3138 lua_getglobal(L, "t"); /* table to be indexed */ | 
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changeset | 3139 lua_getfield(L, -1, "x"); /* push result of t.x (2nd arg) */ | 
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changeset | 3140 lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 't' from the stack */ | 
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changeset | 3141 lua_pushinteger(L, 14); /* 3rd argument */ | 
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changeset | 3142 lua_call(L, 3, 1); /* call 'f' with 3 arguments and 1 result */ | 
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changeset | 3143 lua_setglobal(L, "a"); /* set global 'a' */ | 
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changeset | 3144 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 3145 Note that the code above is "balanced": | 
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changeset | 3146 at its end, the stack is back to its original configuration. | 
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changeset | 3147 This is considered good programming practice. | 
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changeset | 3148 | 
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changeset | 3149 | 
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changeset | 3150 | 
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changeset | 3151 | 
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changeset | 3152 | 
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changeset | 3153 <hr><h3><a name="lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3154 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3155 <pre>void lua_callk (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int ctx, | 
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changeset | 3156 lua_CFunction k);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3157 | 
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changeset | 3158 <p> | 
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changeset | 3159 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 3160 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
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changeset | 3161 | 
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changeset | 3162 | 
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changeset | 3163 | 
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changeset | 3164 | 
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changeset | 3165 | 
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changeset | 3166 <hr><h3><a name="lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 3167 <pre>typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3168 | 
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changeset | 3169 <p> | 
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changeset | 3170 Type for C functions. | 
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changeset | 3171 | 
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changeset | 3172 | 
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changeset | 3173 <p> | 
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changeset | 3174 In order to communicate properly with Lua, | 
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changeset | 3175 a C function must use the following protocol, | 
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changeset | 3176 which defines the way parameters and results are passed: | 
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changeset | 3177 a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack | 
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changeset | 3178 in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). | 
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changeset | 3179 So, when the function starts, | 
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changeset | 3180 <code>lua_gettop(L)</code> returns the number of arguments received by the function. | 
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changeset | 3181 The first argument (if any) is at index 1 | 
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changeset | 3182 and its last argument is at index <code>lua_gettop(L)</code>. | 
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changeset | 3183 To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, | 
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changeset | 3184 in direct order (the first result is pushed first), | 
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changeset | 3185 and returns the number of results. | 
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changeset | 3186 Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly | 
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changeset | 3187 discarded by Lua. | 
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changeset | 3188 Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return | 
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changeset | 3189 many results. | 
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changeset | 3190 | 
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changeset | 3191 | 
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changeset | 3192 <p> | 
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changeset | 3193 As an example, the following function receives a variable number | 
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changeset | 3194 of numerical arguments and returns their average and sum: | 
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changeset | 3195 | 
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changeset | 3196 <pre> | 
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changeset | 3197 static int foo (lua_State *L) { | 
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changeset | 3198 int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ | 
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changeset | 3199 lua_Number sum = 0; | 
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changeset | 3200 int i; | 
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changeset | 3201 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { | 
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changeset | 3202 if (!lua_isnumber(L, i)) { | 
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changeset | 3203 lua_pushstring(L, "incorrect argument"); | 
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changeset | 3204 lua_error(L); | 
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changeset | 3205 } | 
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changeset | 3206 sum += lua_tonumber(L, i); | 
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changeset | 3207 } | 
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changeset | 3208 lua_pushnumber(L, sum/n); /* first result */ | 
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changeset | 3209 lua_pushnumber(L, sum); /* second result */ | 
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changeset | 3210 return 2; /* number of results */ | 
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changeset | 3211 } | 
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changeset | 3212 </pre> | 
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changeset | 3213 | 
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changeset | 3214 | 
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changeset | 3215 | 
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changeset | 3216 | 
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changeset | 3217 <hr><h3><a name="lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3218 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3219 <pre>int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int extra);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3220 | 
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changeset | 3221 <p> | 
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changeset | 3222 Ensures that there are at least <code>extra</code> free stack slots in the stack. | 
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changeset | 3223 It returns false if it cannot fulfill the request, | 
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changeset | 3224 because it would cause the stack to be larger than a fixed maximum size | 
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changeset | 3225 (typically at least a few thousand elements) or | 
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changeset | 3226 because it cannot allocate memory for the new stack size. | 
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changeset | 3227 This function never shrinks the stack; | 
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changeset | 3228 if the stack is already larger than the new size, | 
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changeset | 3229 it is left unchanged. | 
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changeset | 3230 | 
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changeset | 3231 | 
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changeset | 3232 | 
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changeset | 3233 | 
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changeset | 3234 | 
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changeset | 3235 <hr><h3><a name="lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3236 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3237 <pre>void lua_close (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3238 | 
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changeset | 3239 <p> | 
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changeset | 3240 Destroys all objects in the given Lua state | 
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changeset | 3241 (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) | 
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changeset | 3242 and frees all dynamic memory used by this state. | 
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changeset | 3243 On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, | 
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changeset | 3244 because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends. | 
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changeset | 3245 On the other hand, long-running programs that create multiple states, | 
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changeset | 3246 such as daemons or web servers, | 
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changeset | 3247 might need to close states as soon as they are not needed. | 
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changeset | 3248 | 
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changeset | 3249 | 
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changeset | 3250 | 
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changeset | 3251 | 
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changeset | 3252 | 
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changeset | 3253 <hr><h3><a name="lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3254 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3255 <pre>int lua_compare (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2, int op);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3256 | 
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changeset | 3257 <p> | 
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changeset | 3258 Compares two Lua values. | 
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changeset | 3259 Returns 1 if the value at index <code>index1</code> satisfies <code>op</code> | 
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changeset | 3260 when compared with the value at index <code>index2</code>, | 
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changeset | 3261 following the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator | 
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changeset | 3262 (that is, it may call metamethods). | 
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changeset | 3263 Otherwise returns 0. | 
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changeset | 3264 Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid. | 
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changeset | 3265 | 
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changeset | 3266 | 
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changeset | 3267 <p> | 
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changeset | 3268 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: | 
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changeset | 3269 | 
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changeset | 3270 <ul> | 
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changeset | 3271 | 
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changeset | 3272 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPEQ"><code>LUA_OPEQ</code></a>: </b> compares for equality (<code>==</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3273 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLT"><code>LUA_OPLT</code></a>: </b> compares for less than (<code><</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3274 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLE"><code>LUA_OPLE</code></a>: </b> compares for less or equal (<code><=</code>)</li> | 
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changeset | 3275 | 
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changeset | 3276 </ul> | 
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changeset | 3277 | 
| 
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changeset | 3278 | 
| 
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changeset | 3279 | 
| 
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changeset | 3280 | 
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changeset | 3281 <hr><h3><a name="lua_concat"><code>lua_concat</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3282 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3283 <pre>void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3284 | 
| 
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changeset | 3285 <p> | 
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changeset | 3286 Concatenates the <code>n</code> values at the top of the stack, | 
| 
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changeset | 3287 pops them, and leaves the result at the top. | 
| 
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changeset | 3288 If <code>n</code> is 1, the result is the single value on the stack | 
| 
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changeset | 3289 (that is, the function does nothing); | 
| 
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changeset | 3290 if <code>n</code> is 0, the result is the empty string. | 
| 
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changeset | 3291 Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua | 
| 
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changeset | 3292 (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 3293 | 
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changeset | 3294 | 
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changeset | 3295 | 
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changeset | 3296 | 
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changeset | 3297 | 
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changeset | 3298 <hr><h3><a name="lua_copy"><code>lua_copy</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3299 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3300 <pre>void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3301 | 
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changeset | 3302 <p> | 
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changeset | 3303 Moves the element at index <code>fromidx</code> | 
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changeset | 3304 into the valid index <code>toidx</code> | 
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changeset | 3305 without shifting any element | 
| 
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changeset | 3306 (therefore replacing the value at that position). | 
| 
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changeset | 3307 | 
| 
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changeset | 3308 | 
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changeset | 3309 | 
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changeset | 3310 | 
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changeset | 3311 | 
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changeset | 3312 <hr><h3><a name="lua_createtable"><code>lua_createtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3313 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3314 <pre>void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3315 | 
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changeset | 3316 <p> | 
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changeset | 3317 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 3318 Parameter <code>narr</code> is a hint for how many elements the table | 
| 
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changeset | 3319 will have as a sequence; | 
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changeset | 3320 parameter <code>nrec</code> is a hint for how many other elements | 
| 
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changeset | 3321 the table will have. | 
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changeset | 3322 Lua may use these hints to preallocate memory for the new table. | 
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changeset | 3323 This pre-allocation is useful for performance when you know in advance | 
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changeset | 3324 how many elements the table will have. | 
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changeset | 3325 Otherwise you can use the function <a href="#lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 3326 | 
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changeset | 3327 | 
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changeset | 3328 | 
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changeset | 3329 | 
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changeset | 3330 | 
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changeset | 3331 <hr><h3><a name="lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3332 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3333 <pre>int lua_dump (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3334 | 
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changeset | 3335 <p> | 
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changeset | 3336 Dumps a function as a binary chunk. | 
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changeset | 3337 Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack | 
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changeset | 3338 and produces a binary chunk that, | 
| 
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changeset | 3339 if loaded again, | 
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changeset | 3340 results in a function equivalent to the one dumped. | 
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changeset | 3341 As it produces parts of the chunk, | 
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changeset | 3342 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls function <code>writer</code> (see <a href="#lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 3343 with the given <code>data</code> | 
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changeset | 3344 to write them. | 
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changeset | 3345 | 
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changeset | 3346 | 
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changeset | 3347 <p> | 
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changeset | 3348 The value returned is the error code returned by the last | 
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changeset | 3349 call to the writer; | 
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changeset | 3350 0 means no errors. | 
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changeset | 3351 | 
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changeset | 3352 | 
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changeset | 3353 <p> | 
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changeset | 3354 This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack. | 
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changeset | 3355 | 
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changeset | 3356 | 
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changeset | 3357 | 
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changeset | 3358 | 
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changeset | 3359 | 
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changeset | 3360 <hr><h3><a name="lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3361 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3362 <pre>int lua_error (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3363 | 
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changeset | 3364 <p> | 
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changeset | 3365 Generates a Lua error. | 
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changeset | 3366 The error message (which can actually be a Lua value of any type) | 
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changeset | 3367 must be on the stack top. | 
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changeset | 3368 This function does a long jump, | 
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changeset | 3369 and therefore never returns | 
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changeset | 3370 (see <a href="#luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 3371 | 
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changeset | 3372 | 
| 
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changeset | 3373 | 
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changeset | 3374 | 
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changeset | 3375 | 
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changeset | 3376 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3377 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3378 <pre>int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3379 | 
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changeset | 3380 <p> | 
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changeset | 3381 Controls the garbage collector. | 
| 
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changeset | 3382 | 
| 
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changeset | 3383 | 
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changeset | 3384 <p> | 
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changeset | 3385 This function performs several tasks, | 
| 
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changeset | 3386 according to the value of the parameter <code>what</code>: | 
| 
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changeset | 3387 | 
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changeset | 3388 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 3389 | 
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changeset | 3390 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTOP</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3391 stops the garbage collector. | 
| 
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changeset | 3392 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3393 | 
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changeset | 3394 <li><b><code>LUA_GCRESTART</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3395 restarts the garbage collector. | 
| 
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changeset | 3396 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3397 | 
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changeset | 3398 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOLLECT</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3399 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. | 
| 
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changeset | 3400 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3401 | 
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changeset | 3402 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNT</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3403 returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua. | 
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changeset | 3404 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3405 | 
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changeset | 3406 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNTB</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3407 returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of | 
| 
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changeset | 3408 memory in use by Lua by 1024. | 
| 
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changeset | 3409 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3410 | 
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changeset | 3411 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTEP</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3412 performs an incremental step of garbage collection. | 
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changeset | 3413 The step "size" is controlled by <code>data</code> | 
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changeset | 3414 (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. | 
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changeset | 3415 If you want to control the step size | 
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changeset | 3416 you must experimentally tune the value of <code>data</code>. | 
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changeset | 3417 The function returns 1 if the step finished a | 
| 
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changeset | 3418 garbage-collection cycle. | 
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changeset | 3419 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3420 | 
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changeset | 3421 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETPAUSE</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3422 sets <code>data</code> as the new value | 
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changeset | 3423 for the <em>pause</em> of the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 3424 The function returns the previous value of the pause. | 
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changeset | 3425 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3426 | 
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changeset | 3427 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL</code>: </b> | 
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changeset | 3428 sets <code>data</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of | 
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changeset | 3429 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 3430 The function returns the previous value of the step multiplier. | 
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changeset | 3431 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3432 | 
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changeset | 3433 <li><b><code>LUA_GCISRUNNING</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3434 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running | 
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changeset | 3435 (i.e., not stopped). | 
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changeset | 3436 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3437 | 
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changeset | 3438 <li><b><code>LUA_GCGEN</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3439 changes the collector to generational mode | 
| 
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changeset | 3440 (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 3441 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3442 | 
| 
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changeset | 3443 <li><b><code>LUA_GCINC</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3444 changes the collector to incremental mode. | 
| 
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changeset | 3445 This is the default mode. | 
| 
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changeset | 3446 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3447 | 
| 
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changeset | 3448 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 3449 | 
| 
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changeset | 3450 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 3451 For more details about these options, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 3452 see <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 3453 | 
| 
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changeset | 3454 | 
| 
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changeset | 3455 | 
| 
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changeset | 3456 | 
| 
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changeset | 3457 | 
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changeset | 3458 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getallocf"><code>lua_getallocf</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3459 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3460 <pre>lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3461 | 
| 
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changeset | 3462 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 3463 Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state. | 
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changeset | 3464 If <code>ud</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, Lua stores in <code>*ud</code> the | 
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changeset | 3465 opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 3466 | 
| 
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changeset | 3467 | 
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changeset | 3468 | 
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changeset | 3469 | 
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changeset | 3470 | 
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changeset | 3471 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3472 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3473 <pre>int lua_getctx (lua_State *L, int *ctx);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3474 | 
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changeset | 3475 <p> | 
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changeset | 3476 This function is called by a continuation function (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>) | 
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changeset | 3477 to retrieve the status of the thread and a context information. | 
| 
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changeset | 3478 | 
| 
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changeset | 3479 | 
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changeset | 3480 <p> | 
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changeset | 3481 When called in the original function, | 
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changeset | 3482 <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> always returns <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> | 
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changeset | 3483 and does not change the value of its argument <code>ctx</code>. | 
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changeset | 3484 When called inside a continuation function, | 
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changeset | 3485 <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> returns <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> and sets | 
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changeset | 3486 the value of <code>ctx</code> to be the context information | 
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changeset | 3487 (the value passed as the <code>ctx</code> argument | 
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changeset | 3488 to the callee together with the continuation function). | 
| 
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changeset | 3489 | 
| 
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changeset | 3490 | 
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changeset | 3491 <p> | 
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changeset | 3492 When the callee is <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 3493 Lua may also call its continuation function | 
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changeset | 3494 to handle errors during the call. | 
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changeset | 3495 That is, upon an error in the function called by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 3496 Lua may not return to the original function | 
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changeset | 3497 but instead may call the continuation function. | 
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changeset | 3498 In that case, a call to <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> will return the error code | 
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changeset | 3499 (the value that would be returned by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>); | 
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changeset | 3500 the value of <code>ctx</code> will be set to the context information, | 
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changeset | 3501 as in the case of a yield. | 
| 
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changeset | 3502 | 
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changeset | 3503 | 
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changeset | 3504 | 
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changeset | 3505 | 
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changeset | 3506 | 
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changeset | 3507 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getfield"><code>lua_getfield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3508 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3509 <pre>void lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3510 | 
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changeset | 3511 <p> | 
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changeset | 3512 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, | 
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changeset | 3513 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. | 
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changeset | 3514 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
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changeset | 3515 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 3516 | 
| 
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changeset | 3517 | 
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changeset | 3518 | 
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changeset | 3519 | 
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changeset | 3520 | 
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changeset | 3521 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getglobal"><code>lua_getglobal</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3522 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3523 <pre>void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3524 | 
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changeset | 3525 <p> | 
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changeset | 3526 Pushes onto the stack the value of the global <code>name</code>. | 
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changeset | 3527 | 
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changeset | 3528 | 
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changeset | 3529 | 
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changeset | 3530 | 
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changeset | 3531 | 
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changeset | 3532 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getmetatable"><code>lua_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3533 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3534 <pre>int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3535 | 
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changeset | 3536 <p> | 
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changeset | 3537 Pushes onto the stack the metatable of the value at the given index. | 
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changeset | 3538 If the value does not have a metatable, | 
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changeset | 3539 the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack. | 
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changeset | 3540 | 
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changeset | 3541 | 
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changeset | 3542 | 
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changeset | 3543 | 
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changeset | 3544 | 
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changeset | 3545 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3546 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3547 <pre>void lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3548 | 
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changeset | 3549 <p> | 
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changeset | 3550 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, | 
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changeset | 3551 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index | 
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changeset | 3552 and <code>k</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 3553 | 
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changeset | 3554 | 
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changeset | 3555 <p> | 
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changeset | 3556 This function pops the key from the stack | 
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changeset | 3557 (putting the resulting value in its place). | 
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changeset | 3558 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
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changeset | 3559 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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changeset | 3560 | 
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changeset | 3561 | 
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changeset | 3562 | 
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changeset | 3563 | 
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changeset | 3564 | 
| 
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changeset | 3565 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettop"><code>lua_gettop</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3566 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3567 <pre>int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3568 | 
| 
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changeset | 3569 <p> | 
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changeset | 3570 Returns the index of the top element in the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 3571 Because indices start at 1, | 
| 
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changeset | 3572 this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack | 
| 
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changeset | 3573 (and so 0 means an empty stack). | 
| 
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changeset | 3574 | 
| 
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changeset | 3575 | 
| 
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changeset | 3576 | 
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changeset | 3577 | 
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changeset | 3578 | 
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changeset | 3579 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 3580 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3581 <pre>void lua_getuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3582 | 
| 
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changeset | 3583 <p> | 
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changeset | 3584 Pushes onto the stack the Lua value associated with the userdata | 
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changeset | 3585 at the given index. | 
| 
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changeset | 3586 This Lua value must be a table or <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
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changeset | 3587 | 
| 
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changeset | 3588 | 
| 
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changeset | 3589 | 
| 
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changeset | 3590 | 
| 
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changeset | 3591 | 
| 
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changeset | 3592 <hr><h3><a name="lua_insert"><code>lua_insert</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 3593 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3594 <pre>void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3595 | 
| 
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changeset | 3596 <p> | 
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changeset | 3597 Moves the top element into the given valid index, | 
| 
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changeset | 3598 shifting up the elements above this index to open space. | 
| 
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changeset | 3599 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, | 
| 
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changeset | 3600 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. | 
| 
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changeset | 3601 | 
| 
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changeset | 3602 | 
| 
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changeset | 3603 | 
| 
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changeset | 3604 | 
| 
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changeset | 3605 | 
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changeset | 3606 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 3607 <pre>typedef ptrdiff_t lua_Integer;</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3608 | 
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changeset | 3609 <p> | 
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changeset | 3610 The type used by the Lua API to represent signed integral values. | 
| 
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changeset | 3611 | 
| 
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changeset | 3612 | 
| 
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changeset | 3613 <p> | 
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changeset | 3614 By default it is a <code>ptrdiff_t</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 3615 which is usually the largest signed integral type the machine handles | 
| 
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changeset | 3616 "comfortably". | 
| 
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changeset | 3617 | 
| 
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changeset | 3618 | 
| 
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changeset | 3619 | 
| 
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changeset | 3620 | 
| 
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changeset | 3621 | 
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changeset | 3622 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 3623 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3624 <pre>int lua_isboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3625 | 
| 
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changeset | 3626 <p> | 
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changeset | 3627 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a boolean, | 
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changeset | 3628 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 3629 | 
| 
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changeset | 3630 | 
| 
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changeset | 3631 | 
| 
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changeset | 3632 | 
| 
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changeset | 3633 | 
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changeset | 3634 <hr><h3><a name="lua_iscfunction"><code>lua_iscfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3635 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3636 <pre>int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3637 | 
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changeset | 3638 <p> | 
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changeset | 3639 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a C function, | 
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changeset | 3640 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
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changeset | 3641 | 
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changeset | 3642 | 
| 
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changeset | 3643 | 
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changeset | 3644 | 
| 
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changeset | 3645 | 
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changeset | 3646 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isfunction"><code>lua_isfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3647 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 3648 <pre>int lua_isfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3649 | 
| 
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changeset | 3650 <p> | 
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changeset | 3651 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a function | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3652 (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise. | 
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changeset | 3653 | 
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changeset | 3654 | 
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changeset | 3655 | 
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changeset | 3656 | 
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changeset | 3657 | 
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changeset | 3658 <hr><h3><a name="lua_islightuserdata"><code>lua_islightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3659 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3660 <pre>int lua_islightuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3661 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3662 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3663 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a light userdata, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3664 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3665 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3666 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3667 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3668 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3669 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3670 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnil"><code>lua_isnil</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3671 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3672 <pre>int lua_isnil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3673 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3674 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3675 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3676 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3677 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3678 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3679 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3680 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3681 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3682 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnone"><code>lua_isnone</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3683 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3684 <pre>int lua_isnone (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3685 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3686 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3687 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3688 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3689 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3690 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3691 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3692 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3693 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3694 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnoneornil"><code>lua_isnoneornil</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3695 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3696 <pre>int lua_isnoneornil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3697 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3698 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3699 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3700 or if the value at this index is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3701 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3702 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3703 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3704 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3705 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3706 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3707 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnumber"><code>lua_isnumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3708 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3709 <pre>int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3710 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3711 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3712 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a number | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3713 or a string convertible to a number, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3714 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3715 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3716 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3717 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3718 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3719 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3720 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isstring"><code>lua_isstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3721 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3722 <pre>int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3723 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3724 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3725 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a string | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3726 or a number (which is always convertible to a string), | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3727 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3728 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3729 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3730 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3731 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3732 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3733 <hr><h3><a name="lua_istable"><code>lua_istable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3734 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3735 <pre>int lua_istable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3736 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3737 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3738 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a table, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3739 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3740 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3741 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3742 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3743 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3744 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3745 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isthread"><code>lua_isthread</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3746 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3747 <pre>int lua_isthread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3748 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3749 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3750 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a thread, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3751 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3752 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3753 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3754 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3755 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3756 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3757 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isuserdata"><code>lua_isuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 3758 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3759 <pre>int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3760 | 
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changeset | 3761 <p> | 
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changeset | 3762 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a userdata | 
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changeset | 3763 (either full or light), and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
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changeset | 3764 | 
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changeset | 3765 | 
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changeset | 3766 | 
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changeset | 3767 | 
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changeset | 3768 | 
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changeset | 3769 <hr><h3><a name="lua_len"><code>lua_len</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3770 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3771 <pre>void lua_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3772 | 
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changeset | 3773 <p> | 
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changeset | 3774 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index; | 
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changeset | 3775 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 3776 The result is pushed on the stack. | 
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changeset | 3777 | 
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changeset | 3778 | 
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changeset | 3779 | 
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changeset | 3780 | 
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changeset | 3781 | 
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changeset | 3782 <hr><h3><a name="lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3783 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3784 <pre>int lua_load (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 3785 lua_Reader reader, | 
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changeset | 3786 void *data, | 
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changeset | 3787 const char *source, | 
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changeset | 3788 const char *mode);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3789 | 
| 
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changeset | 3790 <p> | 
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changeset | 3791 Loads a Lua chunk (without running it). | 
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changeset | 3792 If there are no errors, | 
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changeset | 3793 <code>lua_load</code> pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua | 
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changeset | 3794 function on top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 3795 Otherwise, it pushes an error message. | 
| 
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changeset | 3796 | 
| 
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changeset | 3797 | 
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changeset | 3798 <p> | 
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changeset | 3799 The return values of <code>lua_load</code> are: | 
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changeset | 3800 | 
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changeset | 3801 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 3802 | 
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changeset | 3803 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>: </b> no errors;</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3804 | 
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changeset | 3805 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX"><code>LUA_ERRSYNTAX</code></a>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 3806 syntax error during precompilation;</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3807 | 
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changeset | 3808 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> | 
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changeset | 3809 memory allocation error;</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 3810 | 
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changeset | 3811 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> | 
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changeset | 3812 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. | 
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changeset | 3813 (This error has no relation with the chunk being loaded. | 
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changeset | 3814 It is generated by the garbage collector.) | 
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changeset | 3815 </li> | 
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changeset | 3816 | 
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changeset | 3817 </ul> | 
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changeset | 3818 | 
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changeset | 3819 <p> | 
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changeset | 3820 The <code>lua_load</code> function uses a user-supplied <code>reader</code> function | 
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changeset | 3821 to read the chunk (see <a href="#lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 3822 The <code>data</code> argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function. | 
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changeset | 3823 | 
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changeset | 3824 | 
| 
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changeset | 3825 <p> | 
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changeset | 3826 The <code>source</code> argument gives a name to the chunk, | 
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changeset | 3827 which is used for error messages and in debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). | 
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changeset | 3828 | 
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changeset | 3829 | 
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changeset | 3830 <p> | 
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changeset | 3831 <code>lua_load</code> automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary | 
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changeset | 3832 and loads it accordingly (see program <code>luac</code>). | 
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changeset | 3833 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 3834 with the addition that | 
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changeset | 3835 a <code>NULL</code> value is equivalent to the string "<code>bt</code>". | 
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changeset | 3836 | 
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changeset | 3837 | 
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changeset | 3838 <p> | 
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changeset | 3839 <code>lua_load</code> uses the stack internally, | 
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changeset | 3840 so the reader function should always leave the stack | 
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changeset | 3841 unmodified when returning. | 
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changeset | 3842 | 
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changeset | 3843 | 
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changeset | 3844 <p> | 
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changeset | 3845 If the resulting function has one upvalue, | 
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changeset | 3846 this upvalue is set to the value of the global environment | 
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changeset | 3847 stored at index <code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code> in the registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 3848 When loading main chunks, | 
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changeset | 3849 this upvalue will be the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 3850 | 
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changeset | 3851 | 
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changeset | 3852 | 
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changeset | 3853 | 
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changeset | 3854 | 
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changeset | 3855 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3856 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3857 <pre>lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3858 | 
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changeset | 3859 <p> | 
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changeset | 3860 Creates a new thread running in a new, independent state. | 
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changeset | 3861 Returns <code>NULL</code> if cannot create the thread or the state | 
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changeset | 3862 (due to lack of memory). | 
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changeset | 3863 The argument <code>f</code> is the allocator function; | 
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changeset | 3864 Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. | 
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changeset | 3865 The second argument, <code>ud</code>, is an opaque pointer that Lua | 
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changeset | 3866 passes to the allocator in every call. | 
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changeset | 3867 | 
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changeset | 3868 | 
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changeset | 3869 | 
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changeset | 3870 | 
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changeset | 3871 | 
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changeset | 3872 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3873 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 3874 <pre>void lua_newtable (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3875 | 
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changeset | 3876 <p> | 
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changeset | 3877 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 3878 It is equivalent to <code>lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)</code>. | 
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changeset | 3879 | 
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changeset | 3880 | 
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changeset | 3881 | 
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changeset | 3882 | 
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changeset | 3883 | 
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changeset | 3884 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3885 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3886 <pre>lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 3887 | 
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changeset | 3888 <p> | 
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changeset | 3889 Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack, | 
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changeset | 3890 and returns a pointer to a <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a> that represents this new thread. | 
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changeset | 3891 The new thread returned by this function shares with the original thread | 
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changeset | 3892 its global environment, | 
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changeset | 3893 but has an independent execution stack. | 
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changeset | 3894 | 
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changeset | 3895 | 
| 
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changeset | 3896 <p> | 
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changeset | 3897 There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread. | 
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changeset | 3898 Threads are subject to garbage collection, | 
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changeset | 3899 like any Lua object. | 
| 
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changeset | 3900 | 
| 
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changeset | 3901 | 
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changeset | 3902 | 
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changeset | 3903 | 
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changeset | 3904 | 
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changeset | 3905 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newuserdata"><code>lua_newuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3906 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3907 <pre>void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3908 | 
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changeset | 3909 <p> | 
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changeset | 3910 This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size, | 
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changeset | 3911 pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address, | 
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changeset | 3912 and returns this address. | 
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changeset | 3913 The host program can freely use this memory. | 
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changeset | 3914 | 
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changeset | 3915 | 
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changeset | 3916 | 
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changeset | 3917 | 
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changeset | 3918 | 
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changeset | 3919 <hr><h3><a name="lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3920 <span class="apii">[-1, +(2|0), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 3921 <pre>int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3922 | 
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changeset | 3923 <p> | 
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changeset | 3924 Pops a key from the stack, | 
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changeset | 3925 and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index | 
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changeset | 3926 (the "next" pair after the given key). | 
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changeset | 3927 If there are no more elements in the table, | 
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changeset | 3928 then <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> returns 0 (and pushes nothing). | 
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changeset | 3929 | 
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changeset | 3930 | 
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changeset | 3931 <p> | 
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changeset | 3932 A typical traversal looks like this: | 
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changeset | 3933 | 
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changeset | 3934 <pre> | 
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changeset | 3935 /* table is in the stack at index 't' */ | 
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changeset | 3936 lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */ | 
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changeset | 3937 while (lua_next(L, t) != 0) { | 
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changeset | 3938 /* uses 'key' (at index -2) and 'value' (at index -1) */ | 
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changeset | 3939 printf("%s - %s\n", | 
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changeset | 3940 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -2)), | 
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changeset | 3941 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1))); | 
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changeset | 3942 /* removes 'value'; keeps 'key' for next iteration */ | 
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changeset | 3943 lua_pop(L, 1); | 
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changeset | 3944 } | 
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changeset | 3945 </pre> | 
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changeset | 3946 | 
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changeset | 3947 <p> | 
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changeset | 3948 While traversing a table, | 
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changeset | 3949 do not call <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> directly on a key, | 
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changeset | 3950 unless you know that the key is actually a string. | 
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changeset | 3951 Recall that <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> may change | 
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changeset | 3952 the value at the given index; | 
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changeset | 3953 this confuses the next call to <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 3954 | 
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changeset | 3955 | 
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changeset | 3956 <p> | 
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changeset | 3957 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying | 
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changeset | 3958 the table during its traversal. | 
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changeset | 3959 | 
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changeset | 3960 | 
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changeset | 3961 | 
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changeset | 3962 | 
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changeset | 3963 | 
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changeset | 3964 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 3965 <pre>typedef double lua_Number;</pre> | 
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changeset | 3966 | 
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changeset | 3967 <p> | 
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changeset | 3968 The type of numbers in Lua. | 
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changeset | 3969 By default, it is double, but that can be changed in <code>luaconf.h</code>. | 
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changeset | 3970 Through this configuration file you can change | 
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changeset | 3971 Lua to operate with another type for numbers (e.g., float or long). | 
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changeset | 3972 | 
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changeset | 3973 | 
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changeset | 3974 | 
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changeset | 3975 | 
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changeset | 3976 | 
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changeset | 3977 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 3978 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> | 
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changeset | 3979 <pre>int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int msgh);</pre> | 
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changeset | 3980 | 
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changeset | 3981 <p> | 
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changeset | 3982 Calls a function in protected mode. | 
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changeset | 3983 | 
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changeset | 3984 | 
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changeset | 3985 <p> | 
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changeset | 3986 Both <code>nargs</code> and <code>nresults</code> have the same meaning as | 
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changeset | 3987 in <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 3988 If there are no errors during the call, | 
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changeset | 3989 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 3990 However, if there is any error, | 
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changeset | 3991 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> catches it, | 
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changeset | 3992 pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), | 
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changeset | 3993 and returns an error code. | 
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changeset | 3994 Like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 3995 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> always removes the function | 
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changeset | 3996 and its arguments from the stack. | 
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changeset | 3997 | 
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changeset | 3998 | 
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changeset | 3999 <p> | 
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changeset | 4000 If <code>msgh</code> is 0, | 
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changeset | 4001 then the error message returned on the stack | 
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changeset | 4002 is exactly the original error message. | 
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changeset | 4003 Otherwise, <code>msgh</code> is the stack index of a | 
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changeset | 4004 <em>message handler</em>. | 
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changeset | 4005 (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) | 
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changeset | 4006 In case of runtime errors, | 
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changeset | 4007 this function will be called with the error message | 
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changeset | 4008 and its return value will be the message | 
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changeset | 4009 returned on the stack by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 4010 | 
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changeset | 4011 | 
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changeset | 4012 <p> | 
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changeset | 4013 Typically, the message handler is used to add more debug | 
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changeset | 4014 information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. | 
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changeset | 4015 Such information cannot be gathered after the return of <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 4016 since by then the stack has unwound. | 
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changeset | 4017 | 
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changeset | 4018 | 
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changeset | 4019 <p> | 
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changeset | 4020 The <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> function returns one of the following codes | 
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changeset | 4021 (defined in <code>lua.h</code>): | 
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changeset | 4022 | 
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changeset | 4023 <ul> | 
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changeset | 4024 | 
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changeset | 4025 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> (0): </b> | 
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changeset | 4026 success.</li> | 
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changeset | 4027 | 
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changeset | 4028 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRRUN"><code>LUA_ERRRUN</code></a>: </b> | 
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changeset | 4029 a runtime error. | 
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changeset | 4030 </li> | 
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changeset | 4031 | 
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changeset | 4032 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> | 
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changeset | 4033 memory allocation error. | 
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changeset | 4034 For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler. | 
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changeset | 4035 </li> | 
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changeset | 4036 | 
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changeset | 4037 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRERR"><code>LUA_ERRERR</code></a>: </b> | 
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changeset | 4038 error while running the message handler. | 
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changeset | 4039 </li> | 
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changeset | 4040 | 
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changeset | 4041 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> | 
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changeset | 4042 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. | 
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changeset | 4043 (This error typically has no relation with the function being called. | 
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changeset | 4044 It is generated by the garbage collector.) | 
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changeset | 4045 </li> | 
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changeset | 4046 | 
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changeset | 4047 </ul> | 
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changeset | 4048 | 
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changeset | 4049 | 
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changeset | 4050 | 
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changeset | 4051 | 
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changeset | 4052 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4053 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4054 <pre>int lua_pcallk (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 4055 int nargs, | 
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changeset | 4056 int nresults, | 
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changeset | 4057 int errfunc, | 
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changeset | 4058 int ctx, | 
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changeset | 4059 lua_CFunction k);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4060 | 
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changeset | 4061 <p> | 
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changeset | 4062 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 4063 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
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changeset | 4064 | 
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changeset | 4065 | 
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changeset | 4066 | 
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changeset | 4067 | 
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changeset | 4068 | 
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changeset | 4069 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pop"><code>lua_pop</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4070 <span class="apii">[-n, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4071 <pre>void lua_pop (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4072 | 
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changeset | 4073 <p> | 
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changeset | 4074 Pops <code>n</code> elements from the stack. | 
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changeset | 4075 | 
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changeset | 4076 | 
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changeset | 4077 | 
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changeset | 4078 | 
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changeset | 4079 | 
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changeset | 4080 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushboolean"><code>lua_pushboolean</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4081 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4082 <pre>void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4083 | 
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changeset | 4084 <p> | 
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changeset | 4085 Pushes a boolean value with value <code>b</code> onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4086 | 
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changeset | 4087 | 
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changeset | 4088 | 
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changeset | 4089 | 
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changeset | 4090 | 
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changeset | 4091 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4092 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 4093 <pre>void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4094 | 
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changeset | 4095 <p> | 
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changeset | 4096 Pushes a new C closure onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4097 | 
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changeset | 4098 | 
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changeset | 4099 <p> | 
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changeset | 4100 When a C function is created, | 
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changeset | 4101 it is possible to associate some values with it, | 
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changeset | 4102 thus creating a C closure (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>); | 
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changeset | 4103 these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called. | 
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changeset | 4104 To associate values with a C function, | 
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changeset | 4105 first these values should be pushed onto the stack | 
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changeset | 4106 (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). | 
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changeset | 4107 Then <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> | 
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changeset | 4108 is called to create and push the C function onto the stack, | 
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changeset | 4109 with the argument <code>n</code> telling how many values should be | 
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changeset | 4110 associated with the function. | 
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changeset | 4111 <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> also pops these values from the stack. | 
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changeset | 4112 | 
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changeset | 4113 | 
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changeset | 4114 <p> | 
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changeset | 4115 The maximum value for <code>n</code> is 255. | 
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changeset | 4116 | 
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changeset | 4117 | 
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changeset | 4118 <p> | 
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changeset | 4119 When <code>n</code> is zero, | 
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changeset | 4120 this function creates a <em>light C function</em>, | 
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changeset | 4121 which is just a pointer to the C function. | 
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changeset | 4122 In that case, it never throws a memory error. | 
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changeset | 4123 | 
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changeset | 4124 | 
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changeset | 4125 | 
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changeset | 4126 | 
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changeset | 4127 | 
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changeset | 4128 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4129 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4130 <pre>void lua_pushcfunction (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4131 | 
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changeset | 4132 <p> | 
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changeset | 4133 Pushes a C function onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4134 This function receives a pointer to a C function | 
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changeset | 4135 and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type <code>function</code> that, | 
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changeset | 4136 when called, invokes the corresponding C function. | 
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changeset | 4137 | 
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changeset | 4138 | 
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changeset | 4139 <p> | 
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changeset | 4140 Any function to be registered in Lua must | 
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changeset | 4141 follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters | 
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changeset | 4142 and return its results (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 4143 | 
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changeset | 4144 | 
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changeset | 4145 <p> | 
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changeset | 4146 <code>lua_pushcfunction</code> is defined as a macro: | 
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changeset | 4147 | 
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changeset | 4148 <pre> | 
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changeset | 4149 #define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L,f,0) | 
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changeset | 4150 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 4151 Note that <code>f</code> is used twice. | 
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changeset | 4152 | 
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changeset | 4153 | 
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changeset | 4154 | 
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changeset | 4155 | 
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changeset | 4156 | 
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changeset | 4157 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4158 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 4159 <pre>const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4160 | 
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changeset | 4161 <p> | 
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changeset | 4162 Pushes onto the stack a formatted string | 
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changeset | 4163 and returns a pointer to this string. | 
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changeset | 4164 It is similar to the ANSI C function <code>sprintf</code>, | 
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changeset | 4165 but has some important differences: | 
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changeset | 4166 | 
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changeset | 4167 <ul> | 
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changeset | 4168 | 
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changeset | 4169 <li> | 
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changeset | 4170 You do not have to allocate space for the result: | 
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changeset | 4171 the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation | 
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changeset | 4172 (and deallocation, through garbage collection). | 
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changeset | 4173 </li> | 
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changeset | 4174 | 
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changeset | 4175 <li> | 
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changeset | 4176 The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. | 
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changeset | 4177 There are no flags, widths, or precisions. | 
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changeset | 4178 The conversion specifiers can only be | 
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changeset | 4179 '<code>%%</code>' (inserts a '<code>%</code>' in the string), | 
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changeset | 4180 '<code>%s</code>' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), | 
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changeset | 4181 '<code>%f</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>), | 
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changeset | 4182 '<code>%p</code>' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), | 
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changeset | 4183 '<code>%d</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code>), and | 
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changeset | 4184 '<code>%c</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code> as a byte). | 
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changeset | 4185 </li> | 
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changeset | 4186 | 
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changeset | 4187 </ul> | 
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changeset | 4188 | 
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changeset | 4189 | 
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changeset | 4190 | 
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changeset | 4191 | 
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changeset | 4192 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushglobaltable"><code>lua_pushglobaltable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4193 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4194 <pre>void lua_pushglobaltable (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4195 | 
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changeset | 4196 <p> | 
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changeset | 4197 Pushes the global environment onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4198 | 
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changeset | 4199 | 
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changeset | 4200 | 
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changeset | 4201 | 
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changeset | 4202 | 
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changeset | 4203 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushinteger"><code>lua_pushinteger</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4204 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4205 <pre>void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4206 | 
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changeset | 4207 <p> | 
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changeset | 4208 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4209 | 
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changeset | 4210 | 
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changeset | 4211 | 
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changeset | 4212 | 
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changeset | 4213 | 
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changeset | 4214 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlightuserdata"><code>lua_pushlightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4215 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4216 <pre>void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4217 | 
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changeset | 4218 <p> | 
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changeset | 4219 Pushes a light userdata onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4220 | 
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changeset | 4221 | 
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changeset | 4222 <p> | 
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changeset | 4223 Userdata represent C values in Lua. | 
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changeset | 4224 A <em>light userdata</em> represents a pointer, a <code>void*</code>. | 
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changeset | 4225 It is a value (like a number): | 
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changeset | 4226 you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, | 
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changeset | 4227 and it is not collected (as it was never created). | 
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changeset | 4228 A light userdata is equal to "any" | 
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changeset | 4229 light userdata with the same C address. | 
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changeset | 4230 | 
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changeset | 4231 | 
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changeset | 4232 | 
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changeset | 4233 | 
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changeset | 4234 | 
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changeset | 4235 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushliteral"><code>lua_pushliteral</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4236 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 4237 <pre>const char *lua_pushliteral (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4238 | 
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changeset | 4239 <p> | 
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changeset | 4240 This macro is equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 4241 but can be used only when <code>s</code> is a literal string. | 
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changeset | 4242 It automatically provides the string length. | 
| 
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changeset | 4243 | 
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changeset | 4244 | 
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changeset | 4245 | 
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changeset | 4246 | 
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changeset | 4247 | 
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changeset | 4248 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4249 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4250 <pre>const char *lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4251 | 
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changeset | 4252 <p> | 
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changeset | 4253 Pushes the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with size <code>len</code> | 
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changeset | 4254 onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4255 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, | 
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changeset | 4256 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after | 
| 
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changeset | 4257 the function returns. | 
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changeset | 4258 The string can contain any binary data, | 
| 
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changeset | 4259 including embedded zeros. | 
| 
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changeset | 4260 | 
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changeset | 4261 | 
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changeset | 4262 <p> | 
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changeset | 4263 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. | 
| 
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changeset | 4264 | 
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changeset | 4265 | 
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changeset | 4266 | 
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changeset | 4267 | 
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changeset | 4268 | 
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changeset | 4269 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnil"><code>lua_pushnil</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4270 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4271 <pre>void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4272 | 
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changeset | 4273 <p> | 
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changeset | 4274 Pushes a nil value onto the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4275 | 
| 
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changeset | 4276 | 
| 
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changeset | 4277 | 
| 
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changeset | 4278 | 
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changeset | 4279 | 
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changeset | 4280 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnumber"><code>lua_pushnumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4281 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4282 <pre>void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4283 | 
| 
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changeset | 4284 <p> | 
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changeset | 4285 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4286 | 
| 
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changeset | 4287 | 
| 
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changeset | 4288 | 
| 
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changeset | 4289 | 
| 
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changeset | 4290 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4291 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushstring"><code>lua_pushstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4292 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4293 <pre>const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4294 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4295 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4296 Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 4297 onto the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4298 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, | 
| 
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changeset | 4299 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after | 
| 
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changeset | 4300 the function returns. | 
| 
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changeset | 4301 | 
| 
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changeset | 4302 | 
| 
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changeset | 4303 <p> | 
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changeset | 4304 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. | 
| 
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changeset | 4305 | 
| 
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changeset | 4306 | 
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changeset | 4307 <p> | 
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changeset | 4308 If <code>s</code> is <code>NULL</code>, pushes <b>nil</b> and returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4309 | 
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changeset | 4310 | 
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changeset | 4311 | 
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changeset | 4312 | 
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changeset | 4313 | 
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changeset | 4314 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushthread"><code>lua_pushthread</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4315 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4316 <pre>int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4317 | 
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changeset | 4318 <p> | 
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changeset | 4319 Pushes the thread represented by <code>L</code> onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 4320 Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state. | 
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changeset | 4321 | 
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changeset | 4322 | 
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changeset | 4323 | 
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changeset | 4324 | 
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changeset | 4325 | 
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changeset | 4326 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushunsigned"><code>lua_pushunsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4327 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4328 <pre>void lua_pushunsigned (lua_State *L, lua_Unsigned n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4329 | 
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changeset | 4330 <p> | 
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changeset | 4331 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4332 | 
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changeset | 4333 | 
| 
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changeset | 4334 | 
| 
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changeset | 4335 | 
| 
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changeset | 4336 | 
| 
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changeset | 4337 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvalue"><code>lua_pushvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4338 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4339 <pre>void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4340 | 
| 
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changeset | 4341 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4342 Pushes a copy of the element at the given index | 
| 
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changeset | 4343 onto the stack. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4344 | 
| 
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changeset | 4345 | 
| 
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changeset | 4346 | 
| 
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changeset | 4347 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4348 | 
| 
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changeset | 4349 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvfstring"><code>lua_pushvfstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4350 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4351 <pre>const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, | 
| 
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changeset | 4352 const char *fmt, | 
| 
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changeset | 4353 va_list argp);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4354 | 
| 
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changeset | 4355 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4356 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>, except that it receives a <code>va_list</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 4357 instead of a variable number of arguments. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4358 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4359 | 
| 
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changeset | 4360 | 
| 
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changeset | 4361 | 
| 
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changeset | 4362 | 
| 
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changeset | 4363 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawequal"><code>lua_rawequal</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4364 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4365 <pre>int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4366 | 
| 
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changeset | 4367 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4368 Returns 1 if the two values in indices <code>index1</code> and | 
| 
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changeset | 4369 <code>index2</code> are primitively equal | 
| 
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changeset | 4370 (that is, without calling metamethods). | 
| 
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changeset | 4371 Otherwise returns 0. | 
| 
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changeset | 4372 Also returns 0 if any of the indices are non valid. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4373 | 
| 
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changeset | 4374 | 
| 
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changeset | 4375 | 
| 
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changeset | 4376 | 
| 
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changeset | 4377 | 
| 
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changeset | 4378 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawget"><code>lua_rawget</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4379 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4380 <pre>void lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4381 | 
| 
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changeset | 4382 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4383 Similar to <a href="#lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a>, but does a raw access | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4384 (i.e., without metamethods). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4385 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4386 | 
| 
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changeset | 4387 | 
| 
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changeset | 4388 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4389 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4390 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgeti"><code>lua_rawgeti</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4391 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4392 <pre>void lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4393 | 
| 
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changeset | 4394 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4395 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[n]</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4396 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index. | 
| 
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changeset | 4397 The access is raw; | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4398 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4399 | 
| 
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changeset | 4400 | 
| 
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changeset | 4401 | 
| 
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changeset | 4402 | 
| 
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changeset | 4403 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4404 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgetp"><code>lua_rawgetp</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4405 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4406 <pre>void lua_rawgetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4407 | 
| 
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changeset | 4408 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4409 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4410 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index and | 
| 
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changeset | 4411 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata. | 
| 
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changeset | 4412 The access is raw; | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4413 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4414 | 
| 
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changeset | 4415 | 
| 
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changeset | 4416 | 
| 
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changeset | 4417 | 
| 
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changeset | 4418 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4419 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4420 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4421 <pre>size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4422 | 
| 
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changeset | 4423 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4424 Returns the raw "length" of the value at the given index: | 
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changeset | 4425 for strings, this is the string length; | 
| 
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changeset | 4426 for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('<code>#</code>') | 
| 
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changeset | 4427 with no metamethods; | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4428 for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated | 
| 
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changeset | 4429 for the userdata; | 
| 
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changeset | 4430 for other values, it is 0. | 
| 
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changeset | 4431 | 
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changeset | 4432 | 
| 
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changeset | 4433 | 
| 
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changeset | 4434 | 
| 
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changeset | 4435 | 
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changeset | 4436 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawset"><code>lua_rawset</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4437 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4438 <pre>void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4439 | 
| 
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changeset | 4440 <p> | 
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changeset | 4441 Similar to <a href="#lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a>, but does a raw assignment | 
| 
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changeset | 4442 (i.e., without metamethods). | 
| 
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changeset | 4443 | 
| 
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changeset | 4444 | 
| 
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changeset | 4445 | 
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changeset | 4446 | 
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changeset | 4447 | 
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changeset | 4448 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawseti"><code>lua_rawseti</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4449 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4450 <pre>void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4451 | 
| 
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changeset | 4452 <p> | 
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changeset | 4453 Does the equivalent of <code>t[n] = v</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4454 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index | 
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changeset | 4455 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4456 | 
| 
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changeset | 4457 | 
| 
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changeset | 4458 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4459 This function pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4460 The assignment is raw; | 
| 
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changeset | 4461 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
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changeset | 4462 | 
| 
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changeset | 4463 | 
| 
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changeset | 4464 | 
| 
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changeset | 4465 | 
| 
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changeset | 4466 | 
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changeset | 4467 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawsetp"><code>lua_rawsetp</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4468 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4469 <pre>void lua_rawsetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4470 | 
| 
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changeset | 4471 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4472 Does the equivalent of <code>t[k] = v</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4473 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index, | 
| 
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changeset | 4474 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata, | 
| 
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changeset | 4475 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4476 | 
| 
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changeset | 4477 | 
| 
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changeset | 4478 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4479 This function pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4480 The assignment is raw; | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4481 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
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changeset | 4482 | 
| 
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changeset | 4483 | 
| 
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changeset | 4484 | 
| 
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changeset | 4485 | 
| 
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changeset | 4486 | 
| 
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changeset | 4487 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 4488 <pre>typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, | 
| 
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changeset | 4489 void *data, | 
| 
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changeset | 4490 size_t *size);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4491 | 
| 
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changeset | 4492 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4493 The reader function used by <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4494 Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, | 
| 
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changeset | 4495 <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> calls the reader, | 
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changeset | 4496 passing along its <code>data</code> parameter. | 
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changeset | 4497 The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory | 
| 
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changeset | 4498 with a new piece of the chunk | 
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changeset | 4499 and set <code>size</code> to the block size. | 
| 
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changeset | 4500 The block must exist until the reader function is called again. | 
| 
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changeset | 4501 To signal the end of the chunk, | 
| 
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changeset | 4502 the reader must return <code>NULL</code> or set <code>size</code> to zero. | 
| 
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changeset | 4503 The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero. | 
| 
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changeset | 4504 | 
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changeset | 4505 | 
| 
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changeset | 4506 | 
| 
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changeset | 4507 | 
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changeset | 4508 | 
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changeset | 4509 <hr><h3><a name="lua_register"><code>lua_register</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4510 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4511 <pre>void lua_register (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4512 | 
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changeset | 4513 <p> | 
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changeset | 4514 Sets the C function <code>f</code> as the new value of global <code>name</code>. | 
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changeset | 4515 It is defined as a macro: | 
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changeset | 4516 | 
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changeset | 4517 <pre> | 
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changeset | 4518 #define lua_register(L,n,f) \ | 
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changeset | 4519 (lua_pushcfunction(L, f), lua_setglobal(L, n)) | 
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changeset | 4520 </pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4521 | 
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changeset | 4522 | 
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changeset | 4523 | 
| 
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changeset | 4524 | 
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changeset | 4525 <hr><h3><a name="lua_remove"><code>lua_remove</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4526 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4527 <pre>void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4528 | 
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changeset | 4529 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4530 Removes the element at the given valid index, | 
| 
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changeset | 4531 shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. | 
| 
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changeset | 4532 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, | 
| 
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changeset | 4533 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. | 
| 
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changeset | 4534 | 
| 
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changeset | 4535 | 
| 
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changeset | 4536 | 
| 
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changeset | 4537 | 
| 
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changeset | 4538 | 
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changeset | 4539 <hr><h3><a name="lua_replace"><code>lua_replace</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4540 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4541 <pre>void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4542 | 
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changeset | 4543 <p> | 
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changeset | 4544 Moves the top element into the given valid index | 
| 
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changeset | 4545 without shifting any element | 
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changeset | 4546 (therefore replacing the value at the given index), | 
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changeset | 4547 and then pops the top element. | 
| 
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changeset | 4548 | 
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changeset | 4549 | 
| 
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changeset | 4550 | 
| 
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changeset | 4551 | 
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changeset | 4552 | 
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changeset | 4553 <hr><h3><a name="lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4554 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4555 <pre>int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4556 | 
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changeset | 4557 <p> | 
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changeset | 4558 Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread. | 
| 
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changeset | 4559 | 
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changeset | 4560 | 
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changeset | 4561 <p> | 
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changeset | 4562 To start a coroutine, | 
| 
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changeset | 4563 you push onto the thread stack the main function plus any arguments; | 
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changeset | 4564 then you call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4565 with <code>nargs</code> being the number of arguments. | 
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changeset | 4566 This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. | 
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changeset | 4567 When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 4568 or all values returned by the body function. | 
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changeset | 4569 <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> returns | 
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changeset | 4570 <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the coroutine yields, | 
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changeset | 4571 <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> if the coroutine finishes its execution | 
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changeset | 4572 without errors, | 
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changeset | 4573 or an error code in case of errors (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 4574 | 
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changeset | 4575 | 
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changeset | 4576 <p> | 
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changeset | 4577 In case of errors, | 
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changeset | 4578 the stack is not unwound, | 
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changeset | 4579 so you can use the debug API over it. | 
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changeset | 4580 The error message is on the top of the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4581 | 
| 
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changeset | 4582 | 
| 
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changeset | 4583 <p> | 
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changeset | 4584 To resume a coroutine, | 
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changeset | 4585 you remove any results from the last <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4586 put on its stack only the values to | 
| 
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changeset | 4587 be passed as results from <code>yield</code>, | 
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changeset | 4588 and then call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4589 | 
| 
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changeset | 4590 | 
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changeset | 4591 <p> | 
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changeset | 4592 The parameter <code>from</code> represents the coroutine that is resuming <code>L</code>. | 
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changeset | 4593 If there is no such coroutine, | 
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changeset | 4594 this parameter can be <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4595 | 
| 
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changeset | 4596 | 
| 
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changeset | 4597 | 
| 
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changeset | 4598 | 
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changeset | 4599 | 
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changeset | 4600 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setallocf"><code>lua_setallocf</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4601 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4602 <pre>void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4603 | 
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changeset | 4604 <p> | 
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changeset | 4605 Changes the allocator function of a given state to <code>f</code> | 
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changeset | 4606 with user data <code>ud</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4607 | 
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changeset | 4608 | 
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changeset | 4609 | 
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changeset | 4610 | 
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changeset | 4611 | 
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changeset | 4612 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setfield"><code>lua_setfield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4613 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 4614 <pre>void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4615 | 
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changeset | 4616 <p> | 
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changeset | 4617 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, | 
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changeset | 4618 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index | 
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changeset | 4619 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 4620 | 
| 
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changeset | 4621 | 
| 
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changeset | 4622 <p> | 
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changeset | 4623 This function pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 4624 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
| 
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changeset | 4625 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 4626 | 
| 
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changeset | 4627 | 
| 
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changeset | 4628 | 
| 
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changeset | 4629 | 
| 
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changeset | 4630 | 
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changeset | 4631 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setglobal"><code>lua_setglobal</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4632 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4633 <pre>void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4634 | 
| 
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changeset | 4635 <p> | 
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changeset | 4636 Pops a value from the stack and | 
| 
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changeset | 4637 sets it as the new value of global <code>name</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4638 | 
| 
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changeset | 4639 | 
| 
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changeset | 4640 | 
| 
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changeset | 4641 | 
| 
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changeset | 4642 | 
| 
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changeset | 4643 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setmetatable"><code>lua_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4644 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4645 <pre>void lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4646 | 
| 
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changeset | 4647 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4648 Pops a table from the stack and | 
| 
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changeset | 4649 sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index. | 
| 
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changeset | 4650 | 
| 
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changeset | 4651 | 
| 
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changeset | 4652 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4653 | 
| 
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changeset | 4654 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4655 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4656 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4657 <pre>void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4658 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4659 <p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4660 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4661 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4662 <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4663 and <code>k</code> is the value just below the top. | 
| 
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changeset | 4664 | 
| 
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changeset | 4665 | 
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changeset | 4666 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4667 This function pops both the key and the value from the stack. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4668 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4669 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4670 | 
| 
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changeset | 4671 | 
| 
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changeset | 4672 | 
| 
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changeset | 4673 | 
| 
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changeset | 4674 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4675 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settop"><code>lua_settop</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4676 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4677 <pre>void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4678 | 
| 
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changeset | 4679 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4680 Accepts any index, or 0, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4681 and sets the stack top to this index. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4682 If the new top is larger than the old one, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4683 then the new elements are filled with <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4684 If <code>index</code> is 0, then all stack elements are removed. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4685 | 
| 
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changeset | 4686 | 
| 
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changeset | 4687 | 
| 
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changeset | 4688 | 
| 
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changeset | 4689 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4690 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4691 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4692 <pre>void lua_setuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4693 | 
| 
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changeset | 4694 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4695 Pops a table or <b>nil</b> from the stack and sets it as | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4696 the new value associated to the userdata at the given index. | 
| 
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changeset | 4697 | 
| 
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changeset | 4698 | 
| 
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changeset | 4699 | 
| 
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changeset | 4700 | 
| 
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changeset | 4701 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4702 <hr><h3><a name="lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 4703 <pre>typedef struct lua_State lua_State;</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4704 | 
| 
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changeset | 4705 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4706 An opaque structure that points to a thread and indirectly | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4707 (through the thread) to the whole state of a Lua interpreter. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4708 The Lua library is fully reentrant: | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4709 it has no global variables. | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4710 All information about a state is accessible through this structure. | 
| 
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changeset | 4711 | 
| 
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changeset | 4712 | 
| 
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changeset | 4713 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4714 A pointer to this structure must be passed as the first argument to | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4715 every function in the library, except to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 4716 which creates a Lua state from scratch. | 
| 
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changeset | 4717 | 
| 
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changeset | 4718 | 
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changeset | 4719 | 
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changeset | 4720 | 
| 
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changeset | 4721 | 
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changeset | 4722 <hr><h3><a name="lua_status"><code>lua_status</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4723 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4724 <pre>int lua_status (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4725 | 
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changeset | 4726 <p> | 
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changeset | 4727 Returns the status of the thread <code>L</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4728 | 
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changeset | 4729 | 
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changeset | 4730 <p> | 
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changeset | 4731 The status can be 0 (<a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>) for a normal thread, | 
| 
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changeset | 4732 an error code if the thread finished the execution | 
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changeset | 4733 of a <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> with an error, | 
| 
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changeset | 4734 or <a name="pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the thread is suspended. | 
| 
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changeset | 4735 | 
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changeset | 4736 | 
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changeset | 4737 <p> | 
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changeset | 4738 You can only call functions in threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 4739 You can resume threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> | 
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changeset | 4740 (to start a new coroutine) or <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> | 
| 
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changeset | 4741 (to resume a coroutine). | 
| 
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changeset | 4742 | 
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changeset | 4743 | 
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changeset | 4744 | 
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changeset | 4745 | 
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changeset | 4746 | 
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changeset | 4747 <hr><h3><a name="lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4748 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4749 <pre>int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4750 | 
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changeset | 4751 <p> | 
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changeset | 4752 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C boolean | 
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changeset | 4753 value (0 or 1). | 
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changeset | 4754 Like all tests in Lua, | 
| 
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changeset | 4755 <a href="#lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a> returns true for any Lua value | 
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changeset | 4756 different from <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b>; | 
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changeset | 4757 otherwise it returns false. | 
| 
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changeset | 4758 (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, | 
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changeset | 4759 use <a href="#lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a> to test the value's type.) | 
| 
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changeset | 4760 | 
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changeset | 4761 | 
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changeset | 4762 | 
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changeset | 4763 | 
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changeset | 4764 | 
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changeset | 4765 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tocfunction"><code>lua_tocfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4766 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4767 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4768 | 
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changeset | 4769 <p> | 
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changeset | 4770 Converts a value at the given index to a C function. | 
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changeset | 4771 That value must be a C function; | 
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changeset | 4772 otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 4773 | 
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changeset | 4774 | 
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changeset | 4775 | 
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changeset | 4776 | 
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changeset | 4777 | 
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changeset | 4778 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4779 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4780 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4781 | 
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changeset | 4782 <p> | 
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changeset | 4783 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 4784 | 
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changeset | 4785 | 
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changeset | 4786 | 
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changeset | 4787 | 
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changeset | 4788 | 
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changeset | 4789 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4790 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4791 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4792 | 
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changeset | 4793 <p> | 
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changeset | 4794 Converts the Lua value at the given index | 
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changeset | 4795 to the signed integral type <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 4796 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number | 
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changeset | 4797 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); | 
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changeset | 4798 otherwise, <code>lua_tointegerx</code> returns 0. | 
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changeset | 4799 | 
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changeset | 4800 | 
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changeset | 4801 <p> | 
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changeset | 4802 If the number is not an integer, | 
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changeset | 4803 it is truncated in some non-specified way. | 
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changeset | 4804 | 
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changeset | 4805 | 
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changeset | 4806 <p> | 
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changeset | 4807 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 4808 its referent is assigned a boolean value that | 
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changeset | 4809 indicates whether the operation succeeded. | 
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changeset | 4810 | 
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changeset | 4811 | 
| 
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changeset | 4812 | 
| 
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changeset | 4813 | 
| 
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changeset | 4814 | 
| 
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changeset | 4815 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4816 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4817 <pre>const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int index, size_t *len);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4818 | 
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changeset | 4819 <p> | 
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changeset | 4820 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C string. | 
| 
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changeset | 4821 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 4822 it also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. | 
| 
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changeset | 4823 The Lua value must be a string or a number; | 
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changeset | 4824 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 4825 If the value is a number, | 
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changeset | 4826 then <code>lua_tolstring</code> also | 
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changeset | 4827 <em>changes the actual value in the stack to a string</em>. | 
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changeset | 4828 (This change confuses <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> | 
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changeset | 4829 when <code>lua_tolstring</code> is applied to keys during a table traversal.) | 
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changeset | 4830 | 
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changeset | 4831 | 
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changeset | 4832 <p> | 
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changeset | 4833 <code>lua_tolstring</code> returns a fully aligned pointer | 
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changeset | 4834 to a string inside the Lua state. | 
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changeset | 4835 This string always has a zero ('<code>\0</code>') | 
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changeset | 4836 after its last character (as in C), | 
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changeset | 4837 but can contain other zeros in its body. | 
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changeset | 4838 Because Lua has garbage collection, | 
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changeset | 4839 there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by <code>lua_tolstring</code> | 
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changeset | 4840 will be valid after the corresponding value is removed from the stack. | 
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changeset | 4841 | 
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changeset | 4842 | 
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changeset | 4843 | 
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changeset | 4844 | 
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changeset | 4845 | 
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changeset | 4846 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4847 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4848 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4849 | 
| 
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changeset | 4850 <p> | 
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changeset | 4851 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4852 | 
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changeset | 4853 | 
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changeset | 4854 | 
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changeset | 4855 | 
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changeset | 4856 | 
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changeset | 4857 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4858 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4859 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4860 | 
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changeset | 4861 <p> | 
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changeset | 4862 Converts the Lua value at the given index | 
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changeset | 4863 to the C type <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a> (see <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 4864 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number | 
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changeset | 4865 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); | 
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changeset | 4866 otherwise, <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> returns 0. | 
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changeset | 4867 | 
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changeset | 4868 | 
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changeset | 4869 <p> | 
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changeset | 4870 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 4871 its referent is assigned a boolean value that | 
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changeset | 4872 indicates whether the operation succeeded. | 
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changeset | 4873 | 
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changeset | 4874 | 
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changeset | 4875 | 
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changeset | 4876 | 
| 
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changeset | 4877 | 
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changeset | 4878 <hr><h3><a name="lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4879 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 4880 <pre>const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4881 | 
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changeset | 4882 <p> | 
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changeset | 4883 Converts the value at the given index to a generic | 
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changeset | 4884 C pointer (<code>void*</code>). | 
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changeset | 4885 The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; | 
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changeset | 4886 otherwise, <code>lua_topointer</code> returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 4887 Different objects will give different pointers. | 
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changeset | 4888 There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value. | 
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changeset | 4889 | 
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changeset | 4890 | 
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changeset | 4891 <p> | 
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changeset | 4892 Typically this function is used only for debug information. | 
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changeset | 4893 | 
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changeset | 4894 | 
| 
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changeset | 4895 | 
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changeset | 4896 | 
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changeset | 4897 | 
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changeset | 4898 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tostring"><code>lua_tostring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 4899 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 4900 <pre>const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 4901 | 
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changeset | 4902 <p> | 
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changeset | 4903 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> with <code>len</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 4904 | 
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changeset | 4905 | 
| 
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changeset | 4906 | 
| 
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changeset | 4907 | 
| 
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changeset | 4908 | 
| 
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changeset | 4909 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tothread"><code>lua_tothread</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4910 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4911 <pre>lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4912 | 
| 
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changeset | 4913 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4914 Converts the value at the given index to a Lua thread | 
| 
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changeset | 4915 (represented as <code>lua_State*</code>). | 
| 
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changeset | 4916 This value must be a thread; | 
| 
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changeset | 4917 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4918 | 
| 
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changeset | 4919 | 
| 
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changeset | 4920 | 
| 
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changeset | 4921 | 
| 
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changeset | 4922 | 
| 
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changeset | 4923 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tounsigned"><code>lua_tounsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4924 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4925 <pre>lua_Unsigned lua_tounsigned (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4926 | 
| 
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changeset | 4927 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4928 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tounsignedx"><code>lua_tounsignedx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4929 | 
| 
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changeset | 4930 | 
| 
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changeset | 4931 | 
| 
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changeset | 4932 | 
| 
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changeset | 4933 | 
| 
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changeset | 4934 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tounsignedx"><code>lua_tounsignedx</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4935 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4936 <pre>lua_Unsigned lua_tounsignedx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4937 | 
| 
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changeset | 4938 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4939 Converts the Lua value at the given index | 
| 
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changeset | 4940 to the unsigned integral type <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4941 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number | 
| 
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changeset | 4942 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4943 otherwise, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code> returns 0. | 
| 
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changeset | 4944 | 
| 
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changeset | 4945 | 
| 
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changeset | 4946 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4947 If the number is not an integer, | 
| 
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changeset | 4948 it is truncated in some non-specified way. | 
| 
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changeset | 4949 If the number is outside the range of representable values, | 
| 
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changeset | 4950 it is normalized to the remainder of its division by | 
| 
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changeset | 4951 one more than the maximum representable value. | 
| 
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changeset | 4952 | 
| 
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changeset | 4953 | 
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changeset | 4954 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4955 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4956 its referent is assigned a boolean value that | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4957 indicates whether the operation succeeded. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 4958 | 
| 
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changeset | 4959 | 
| 
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changeset | 4960 | 
| 
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changeset | 4961 | 
| 
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changeset | 4962 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4963 <hr><h3><a name="lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4964 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4965 <pre>void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4966 | 
| 
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changeset | 4967 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4968 If the value at the given index is a full userdata, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4969 returns its block address. | 
| 
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changeset | 4970 If the value is a light userdata, | 
| 
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changeset | 4971 returns its pointer. | 
| 
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changeset | 4972 Otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4973 | 
| 
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changeset | 4974 | 
| 
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changeset | 4975 | 
| 
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changeset | 4976 | 
| 
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changeset | 4977 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4978 <hr><h3><a name="lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4979 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 4980 <pre>int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 4981 | 
| 
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changeset | 4982 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 4983 Returns the type of the value in the given valid index, | 
| 
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changeset | 4984 or <code>LUA_TNONE</code> for a non-valid (but acceptable) index. | 
| 
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changeset | 4985 The types returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> are coded by the following constants | 
| 
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changeset | 4986 defined in <code>lua.h</code>: | 
| 
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changeset | 4987 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNIL"><code>LUA_TNIL</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4988 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNUMBER"><code>LUA_TNUMBER</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4989 <a name="pdf-LUA_TBOOLEAN"><code>LUA_TBOOLEAN</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4990 <a name="pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 4991 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4992 <a name="pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4993 <a name="pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4994 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 4995 and | 
| 
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changeset | 4996 <a name="pdf-LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 4997 | 
| 
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changeset | 4998 | 
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changeset | 4999 | 
| 
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changeset | 5000 | 
| 
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changeset | 5001 | 
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changeset | 5002 <hr><h3><a name="lua_typename"><code>lua_typename</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5003 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5004 <pre>const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int tp);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5005 | 
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changeset | 5006 <p> | 
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changeset | 5007 Returns the name of the type encoded by the value <code>tp</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 5008 which must be one the values returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5009 | 
| 
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changeset | 5010 | 
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changeset | 5011 | 
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changeset | 5012 | 
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changeset | 5013 | 
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changeset | 5014 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 5015 <pre>typedef unsigned long lua_Unsigned;</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5016 | 
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changeset | 5017 <p> | 
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changeset | 5018 The type used by the Lua API to represent unsigned integral values. | 
| 
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changeset | 5019 It must have at least 32 bits. | 
| 
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changeset | 5020 | 
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changeset | 5021 | 
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changeset | 5022 <p> | 
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changeset | 5023 By default it is an <code>unsigned int</code> or an <code>unsigned long</code>, | 
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changeset | 5024 whichever can hold 32-bit values. | 
| 
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changeset | 5025 | 
| 
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changeset | 5026 | 
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changeset | 5027 | 
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changeset | 5028 | 
| 
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changeset | 5029 | 
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changeset | 5030 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5031 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5032 <pre>int lua_upvalueindex (int i);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5033 | 
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changeset | 5034 <p> | 
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changeset | 5035 Returns the pseudo-index that represents the <code>i</code>-th upvalue of | 
| 
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changeset | 5036 the running function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 5037 | 
| 
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changeset | 5038 | 
| 
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changeset | 5039 | 
| 
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changeset | 5040 | 
| 
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changeset | 5041 | 
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changeset | 5042 <hr><h3><a name="lua_version"><code>lua_version</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5043 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5044 <pre>const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5045 | 
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changeset | 5046 <p> | 
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changeset | 5047 Returns the address of the version number stored in the Lua core. | 
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changeset | 5048 When called with a valid <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 5049 returns the address of the version used to create that state. | 
| 
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changeset | 5050 When called with <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 5051 returns the address of the version running the call. | 
| 
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changeset | 5052 | 
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changeset | 5053 | 
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changeset | 5054 | 
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changeset | 5055 | 
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changeset | 5056 | 
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changeset | 5057 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 5058 <pre>typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 5059 const void* p, | 
| 
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changeset | 5060 size_t sz, | 
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changeset | 5061 void* ud);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5062 | 
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changeset | 5063 <p> | 
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changeset | 5064 The type of the writer function used by <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5065 Every time it produces another piece of chunk, | 
| 
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changeset | 5066 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls the writer, | 
| 
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changeset | 5067 passing along the buffer to be written (<code>p</code>), | 
| 
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changeset | 5068 its size (<code>sz</code>), | 
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changeset | 5069 and the <code>data</code> parameter supplied to <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5070 | 
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changeset | 5071 | 
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changeset | 5072 <p> | 
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changeset | 5073 The writer returns an error code: | 
| 
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changeset | 5074 0 means no errors; | 
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changeset | 5075 any other value means an error and stops <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> from | 
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changeset | 5076 calling the writer again. | 
| 
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changeset | 5077 | 
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changeset | 5078 | 
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changeset | 5079 | 
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changeset | 5080 | 
| 
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changeset | 5081 | 
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changeset | 5082 <hr><h3><a name="lua_xmove"><code>lua_xmove</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5083 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5084 <pre>void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5085 | 
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changeset | 5086 <p> | 
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changeset | 5087 Exchange values between different threads of the same state. | 
| 
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changeset | 5088 | 
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changeset | 5089 | 
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changeset | 5090 <p> | 
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changeset | 5091 This function pops <code>n</code> values from the stack <code>from</code>, | 
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changeset | 5092 and pushes them onto the stack <code>to</code>. | 
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changeset | 5093 | 
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changeset | 5094 | 
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changeset | 5095 | 
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changeset | 5096 | 
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changeset | 5097 | 
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changeset | 5098 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5099 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5100 <pre>int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5101 | 
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changeset | 5102 <p> | 
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changeset | 5103 This function is equivalent to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5104 but it has no continuation (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
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changeset | 5105 Therefore, when the thread resumes, | 
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changeset | 5106 it returns to the function that called | 
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changeset | 5107 the function calling <code>lua_yield</code>. | 
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changeset | 5108 | 
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changeset | 5109 | 
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changeset | 5110 | 
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changeset | 5111 | 
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changeset | 5112 | 
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changeset | 5113 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5114 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5115 <pre>int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L, int nresults, int ctx, lua_CFunction k);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5116 | 
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changeset | 5117 <p> | 
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changeset | 5118 Yields a coroutine. | 
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changeset | 5119 | 
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changeset | 5120 | 
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changeset | 5121 <p> | 
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changeset | 5122 This function should only be called as the | 
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changeset | 5123 return expression of a C function, as follows: | 
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changeset | 5124 | 
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changeset | 5125 <pre> | 
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changeset | 5126 return lua_yieldk (L, n, i, k); | 
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changeset | 5127 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 5128 When a C function calls <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> in that way, | 
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changeset | 5129 the running coroutine suspends its execution, | 
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changeset | 5130 and the call to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> that started this coroutine returns. | 
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changeset | 5131 The parameter <code>nresults</code> is the number of values from the stack | 
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changeset | 5132 that are passed as results to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5133 | 
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changeset | 5134 | 
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changeset | 5135 <p> | 
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changeset | 5136 When the coroutine is resumed again, | 
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changeset | 5137 Lua calls the given continuation function <code>k</code> to continue | 
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changeset | 5138 the execution of the C function that yielded (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
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changeset | 5139 This continuation function receives the same stack | 
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changeset | 5140 from the previous function, | 
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changeset | 5141 with the results removed and | 
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changeset | 5142 replaced by the arguments passed to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5143 Moreover, | 
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changeset | 5144 the continuation function may access the value <code>ctx</code> | 
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changeset | 5145 by calling <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5146 | 
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changeset | 5147 | 
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changeset | 5148 | 
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changeset | 5149 | 
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changeset | 5150 | 
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changeset | 5151 | 
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changeset | 5152 | 
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changeset | 5153 <h2>4.9 – <a name="4.9">The Debug Interface</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 5154 | 
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changeset | 5155 <p> | 
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changeset | 5156 Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. | 
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changeset | 5157 Instead, it offers a special interface | 
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changeset | 5158 by means of functions and <em>hooks</em>. | 
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changeset | 5159 This interface allows the construction of different | 
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changeset | 5160 kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools | 
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changeset | 5161 that need "inside information" from the interpreter. | 
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changeset | 5162 | 
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changeset | 5163 | 
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changeset | 5164 | 
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changeset | 5165 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 5166 <pre>typedef struct lua_Debug { | 
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changeset | 5167 int event; | 
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changeset | 5168 const char *name; /* (n) */ | 
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changeset | 5169 const char *namewhat; /* (n) */ | 
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changeset | 5170 const char *what; /* (S) */ | 
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changeset | 5171 const char *source; /* (S) */ | 
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changeset | 5172 int currentline; /* (l) */ | 
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changeset | 5173 int linedefined; /* (S) */ | 
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changeset | 5174 int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */ | 
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changeset | 5175 unsigned char nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */ | 
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changeset | 5176 unsigned char nparams; /* (u) number of parameters */ | 
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changeset | 5177 char isvararg; /* (u) */ | 
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changeset | 5178 char istailcall; /* (t) */ | 
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changeset | 5179 char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */ | 
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changeset | 5180 /* private part */ | 
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changeset | 5181 <em>other fields</em> | 
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changeset | 5182 } lua_Debug;</pre> | 
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changeset | 5183 | 
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changeset | 5184 <p> | 
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changeset | 5185 A structure used to carry different pieces of | 
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changeset | 5186 information about a function or an activation record. | 
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changeset | 5187 <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> fills only the private part | 
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changeset | 5188 of this structure, for later use. | 
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changeset | 5189 To fill the other fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> with useful information, | 
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changeset | 5190 call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5191 | 
| 
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changeset | 5192 | 
| 
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changeset | 5193 <p> | 
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changeset | 5194 The fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> have the following meaning: | 
| 
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changeset | 5195 | 
| 
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changeset | 5196 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 5197 | 
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changeset | 5198 <li><b><code>source</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5199 the source of the chunk that created the function. | 
| 
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changeset | 5200 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>@</code>', | 
| 
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changeset | 5201 it means that the function was defined in a file where | 
| 
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changeset | 5202 the file name follows the '<code>@</code>'. | 
| 
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changeset | 5203 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>=</code>', | 
| 
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changeset | 5204 the remainder of its contents describe the source in a user-dependent manner. | 
| 
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changeset | 5205 Otherwise, | 
| 
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changeset | 5206 the function was defined in a string where | 
| 
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changeset | 5207 <code>source</code> is that string. | 
| 
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changeset | 5208 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5209 | 
| 
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changeset | 5210 <li><b><code>short_src</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5211 a "printable" version of <code>source</code>, to be used in error messages. | 
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changeset | 5212 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5213 | 
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changeset | 5214 <li><b><code>linedefined</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5215 the line number where the definition of the function starts. | 
| 
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changeset | 5216 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5217 | 
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changeset | 5218 <li><b><code>lastlinedefined</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5219 the line number where the definition of the function ends. | 
| 
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changeset | 5220 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5221 | 
| 
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changeset | 5222 <li><b><code>what</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5223 the string <code>"Lua"</code> if the function is a Lua function, | 
| 
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changeset | 5224 <code>"C"</code> if it is a C function, | 
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changeset | 5225 <code>"main"</code> if it is the main part of a chunk. | 
| 
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changeset | 5226 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5227 | 
| 
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changeset | 5228 <li><b><code>currentline</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5229 the current line where the given function is executing. | 
| 
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changeset | 5230 When no line information is available, | 
| 
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changeset | 5231 <code>currentline</code> is set to -1. | 
| 
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changeset | 5232 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5233 | 
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changeset | 5234 <li><b><code>name</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5235 a reasonable name for the given function. | 
| 
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changeset | 5236 Because functions in Lua are first-class values, | 
| 
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changeset | 5237 they do not have a fixed name: | 
| 
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changeset | 5238 some functions can be the value of multiple global variables, | 
| 
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changeset | 5239 while others can be stored only in a table field. | 
| 
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changeset | 5240 The <code>lua_getinfo</code> function checks how the function was | 
| 
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changeset | 5241 called to find a suitable name. | 
| 
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changeset | 5242 If it cannot find a name, | 
| 
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changeset | 5243 then <code>name</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5244 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5245 | 
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changeset | 5246 <li><b><code>namewhat</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5247 explains the <code>name</code> field. | 
| 
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changeset | 5248 The value of <code>namewhat</code> can be | 
| 
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changeset | 5249 <code>"global"</code>, <code>"local"</code>, <code>"method"</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 5250 <code>"field"</code>, <code>"upvalue"</code>, or <code>""</code> (the empty string), | 
| 
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changeset | 5251 according to how the function was called. | 
| 
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changeset | 5252 (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) | 
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changeset | 5253 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5254 | 
| 
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changeset | 5255 <li><b><code>istailcall</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5256 true if this function invocation was called by a tail call. | 
| 
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changeset | 5257 In this case, the caller of this level is not in the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 5258 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5259 | 
| 
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changeset | 5260 <li><b><code>nups</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5261 the number of upvalues of the function. | 
| 
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changeset | 5262 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5263 | 
| 
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changeset | 5264 <li><b><code>nparams</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5265 the number of fixed parameters of the function | 
| 
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changeset | 5266 (always 0 for C functions). | 
| 
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changeset | 5267 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5268 | 
| 
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changeset | 5269 <li><b><code>isvararg</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 5270 true if the function is a vararg function | 
| 
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changeset | 5271 (always true for C functions). | 
| 
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changeset | 5272 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5273 | 
| 
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changeset | 5274 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 5275 | 
| 
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changeset | 5276 | 
| 
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changeset | 5277 | 
| 
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changeset | 5278 | 
| 
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changeset | 5279 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethook"><code>lua_gethook</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 5280 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5281 <pre>lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5282 | 
| 
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changeset | 5283 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 5284 Returns the current hook function. | 
| 
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changeset | 5285 | 
| 
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changeset | 5286 | 
| 
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changeset | 5287 | 
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changeset | 5288 | 
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changeset | 5289 | 
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changeset | 5290 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookcount"><code>lua_gethookcount</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5291 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5292 <pre>int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5293 | 
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changeset | 5294 <p> | 
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changeset | 5295 Returns the current hook count. | 
| 
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changeset | 5296 | 
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changeset | 5297 | 
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changeset | 5298 | 
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changeset | 5299 | 
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changeset | 5300 | 
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changeset | 5301 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookmask"><code>lua_gethookmask</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5302 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5303 <pre>int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5304 | 
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changeset | 5305 <p> | 
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changeset | 5306 Returns the current hook mask. | 
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changeset | 5307 | 
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changeset | 5308 | 
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changeset | 5309 | 
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changeset | 5310 | 
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changeset | 5311 | 
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changeset | 5312 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5313 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5314 <pre>int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5315 | 
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changeset | 5316 <p> | 
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changeset | 5317 Gets information about a specific function or function invocation. | 
| 
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changeset | 5318 | 
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changeset | 5319 | 
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changeset | 5320 <p> | 
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changeset | 5321 To get information about a function invocation, | 
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changeset | 5322 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was | 
| 
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changeset | 5323 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or | 
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changeset | 5324 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 5325 | 
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changeset | 5326 | 
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changeset | 5327 <p> | 
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changeset | 5328 To get information about a function you push it onto the stack | 
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changeset | 5329 and start the <code>what</code> string with the character '<code>></code>'. | 
| 
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changeset | 5330 (In that case, | 
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changeset | 5331 <code>lua_getinfo</code> pops the function from the top of the stack.) | 
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changeset | 5332 For instance, to know in which line a function <code>f</code> was defined, | 
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changeset | 5333 you can write the following code: | 
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changeset | 5334 | 
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changeset | 5335 <pre> | 
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changeset | 5336 lua_Debug ar; | 
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changeset | 5337 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* get global 'f' */ | 
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changeset | 5338 lua_getinfo(L, ">S", &ar); | 
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changeset | 5339 printf("%d\n", ar.linedefined); | 
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changeset | 5340 </pre> | 
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changeset | 5341 | 
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changeset | 5342 <p> | 
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changeset | 5343 Each character in the string <code>what</code> | 
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changeset | 5344 selects some fields of the structure <code>ar</code> to be filled or | 
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changeset | 5345 a value to be pushed on the stack: | 
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changeset | 5346 | 
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changeset | 5347 <ul> | 
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changeset | 5348 | 
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changeset | 5349 <li><b>'<code>n</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>name</code> and <code>namewhat</code>; | 
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changeset | 5350 </li> | 
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changeset | 5351 | 
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changeset | 5352 <li><b>'<code>S</code>': </b> | 
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changeset | 5353 fills in the fields <code>source</code>, <code>short_src</code>, | 
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changeset | 5354 <code>linedefined</code>, <code>lastlinedefined</code>, and <code>what</code>; | 
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changeset | 5355 </li> | 
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changeset | 5356 | 
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changeset | 5357 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>currentline</code>; | 
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changeset | 5358 </li> | 
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changeset | 5359 | 
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changeset | 5360 <li><b>'<code>t</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>istailcall</code>; | 
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changeset | 5361 </li> | 
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changeset | 5362 | 
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changeset | 5363 <li><b>'<code>u</code>': </b> fills in the fields | 
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changeset | 5364 <code>nups</code>, <code>nparams</code>, and <code>isvararg</code>; | 
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changeset | 5365 </li> | 
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changeset | 5366 | 
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changeset | 5367 <li><b>'<code>f</code>': </b> | 
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changeset | 5368 pushes onto the stack the function that is | 
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changeset | 5369 running at the given level; | 
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changeset | 5370 </li> | 
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changeset | 5371 | 
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changeset | 5372 <li><b>'<code>L</code>': </b> | 
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changeset | 5373 pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the | 
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changeset | 5374 numbers of the lines that are valid on the function. | 
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changeset | 5375 (A <em>valid line</em> is a line with some associated code, | 
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changeset | 5376 that is, a line where you can put a break point. | 
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changeset | 5377 Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.) | 
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changeset | 5378 </li> | 
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changeset | 5379 | 
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changeset | 5380 </ul> | 
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changeset | 5381 | 
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changeset | 5382 <p> | 
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changeset | 5383 This function returns 0 on error | 
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changeset | 5384 (for instance, an invalid option in <code>what</code>). | 
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changeset | 5385 | 
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changeset | 5386 | 
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changeset | 5387 | 
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changeset | 5388 | 
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changeset | 5389 | 
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changeset | 5390 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5391 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5392 <pre>const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5393 | 
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changeset | 5394 <p> | 
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changeset | 5395 Gets information about a local variable of | 
| 
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changeset | 5396 a given activation record or a given function. | 
| 
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changeset | 5397 | 
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changeset | 5398 | 
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changeset | 5399 <p> | 
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changeset | 5400 In the first case, | 
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changeset | 5401 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was | 
| 
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changeset | 5402 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or | 
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changeset | 5403 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5404 The index <code>n</code> selects which local variable to inspect; | 
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changeset | 5405 see <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for details about variable indices | 
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changeset | 5406 and names. | 
| 
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changeset | 5407 | 
| 
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changeset | 5408 | 
| 
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changeset | 5409 <p> | 
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changeset | 5410 <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> pushes the variable's value onto the stack | 
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changeset | 5411 and returns its name. | 
| 
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changeset | 5412 | 
| 
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changeset | 5413 | 
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changeset | 5414 <p> | 
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changeset | 5415 In the second case, <code>ar</code> should be <code>NULL</code> and the function | 
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changeset | 5416 to be inspected must be at the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 5417 In this case, only parameters of Lua functions are visible | 
| 
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changeset | 5418 (as there is no information about what variables are active) | 
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changeset | 5419 and no values are pushed onto the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 5420 | 
| 
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changeset | 5421 | 
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changeset | 5422 <p> | 
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changeset | 5423 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) | 
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changeset | 5424 when the index is greater than | 
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changeset | 5425 the number of active local variables. | 
| 
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changeset | 5426 | 
| 
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changeset | 5427 | 
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changeset | 5428 | 
| 
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changeset | 5429 | 
| 
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changeset | 5430 | 
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changeset | 5431 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5432 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5433 <pre>int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5434 | 
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changeset | 5435 <p> | 
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changeset | 5436 Gets information about the interpreter runtime stack. | 
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changeset | 5437 | 
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changeset | 5438 | 
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changeset | 5439 <p> | 
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changeset | 5440 This function fills parts of a <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> structure with | 
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changeset | 5441 an identification of the <em>activation record</em> | 
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changeset | 5442 of the function executing at a given level. | 
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changeset | 5443 Level 0 is the current running function, | 
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changeset | 5444 whereas level <em>n+1</em> is the function that has called level <em>n</em> | 
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changeset | 5445 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack). | 
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changeset | 5446 When there are no errors, <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> returns 1; | 
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changeset | 5447 when called with a level greater than the stack depth, | 
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changeset | 5448 it returns 0. | 
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changeset | 5449 | 
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changeset | 5450 | 
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changeset | 5451 | 
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changeset | 5452 | 
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changeset | 5453 | 
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changeset | 5454 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5455 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5456 <pre>const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5457 | 
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changeset | 5458 <p> | 
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changeset | 5459 Gets information about a closure's upvalue. | 
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changeset | 5460 (For Lua functions, | 
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changeset | 5461 upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, | 
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changeset | 5462 and that are consequently included in its closure.) | 
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changeset | 5463 <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> gets the index <code>n</code> of an upvalue, | 
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changeset | 5464 pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack, | 
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changeset | 5465 and returns its name. | 
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changeset | 5466 <code>funcindex</code> points to the closure in the stack. | 
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changeset | 5467 (Upvalues have no particular order, | 
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changeset | 5468 as they are active through the whole function. | 
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changeset | 5469 So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.) | 
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changeset | 5470 | 
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changeset | 5471 | 
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changeset | 5472 <p> | 
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changeset | 5473 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) | 
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changeset | 5474 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. | 
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changeset | 5475 For C functions, this function uses the empty string <code>""</code> | 
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changeset | 5476 as a name for all upvalues. | 
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changeset | 5477 | 
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changeset | 5478 | 
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changeset | 5479 | 
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changeset | 5480 | 
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changeset | 5481 | 
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changeset | 5482 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 5483 <pre>typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5484 | 
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changeset | 5485 <p> | 
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changeset | 5486 Type for debugging hook functions. | 
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changeset | 5487 | 
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changeset | 5488 | 
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changeset | 5489 <p> | 
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changeset | 5490 Whenever a hook is called, its <code>ar</code> argument has its field | 
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changeset | 5491 <code>event</code> set to the specific event that triggered the hook. | 
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changeset | 5492 Lua identifies these events with the following constants: | 
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changeset | 5493 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKRET"><code>LUA_HOOKRET</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5494 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE"><code>LUA_HOOKLINE</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5495 and <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT"><code>LUA_HOOKCOUNT</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5496 Moreover, for line events, the field <code>currentline</code> is also set. | 
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changeset | 5497 To get the value of any other field in <code>ar</code>, | 
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changeset | 5498 the hook must call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5499 | 
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changeset | 5500 | 
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changeset | 5501 <p> | 
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changeset | 5502 For call events, <code>event</code> can be <code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code>, | 
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changeset | 5503 the normal value, or <code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code>, for a tail call; | 
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changeset | 5504 in this case, there will be no corresponding return event. | 
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changeset | 5505 | 
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changeset | 5506 | 
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changeset | 5507 <p> | 
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changeset | 5508 While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. | 
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changeset | 5509 Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, | 
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changeset | 5510 this execution occurs without any calls to hooks. | 
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changeset | 5511 | 
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changeset | 5512 | 
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changeset | 5513 <p> | 
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changeset | 5514 Hook functions cannot have continuations, | 
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changeset | 5515 that is, they cannot call <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5516 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, or <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> with a non-null <code>k</code>. | 
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changeset | 5517 | 
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changeset | 5518 | 
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changeset | 5519 <p> | 
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changeset | 5520 Hook functions can yield under the following conditions: | 
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changeset | 5521 Only count and line events can yield | 
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changeset | 5522 and they cannot yield any value; | 
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changeset | 5523 to yield a hook function must finish its execution | 
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changeset | 5524 calling <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a> with <code>nresults</code> equal to zero. | 
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changeset | 5525 | 
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changeset | 5526 | 
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changeset | 5527 | 
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changeset | 5528 | 
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changeset | 5529 | 
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changeset | 5530 <hr><h3><a name="lua_sethook"><code>lua_sethook</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5531 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5532 <pre>int lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5533 | 
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changeset | 5534 <p> | 
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changeset | 5535 Sets the debugging hook function. | 
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changeset | 5536 | 
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changeset | 5537 | 
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changeset | 5538 <p> | 
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changeset | 5539 Argument <code>f</code> is the hook function. | 
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changeset | 5540 <code>mask</code> specifies on which events the hook will be called: | 
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changeset | 5541 it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants | 
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changeset | 5542 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCALL"><code>LUA_MASKCALL</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5543 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKRET"><code>LUA_MASKRET</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5544 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKLINE"><code>LUA_MASKLINE</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 5545 and <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT"><code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5546 The <code>count</code> argument is only meaningful when the mask | 
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changeset | 5547 includes <code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code>. | 
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changeset | 5548 For each event, the hook is called as explained below: | 
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changeset | 5549 | 
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changeset | 5550 <ul> | 
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changeset | 5551 | 
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changeset | 5552 <li><b>The call hook: </b> is called when the interpreter calls a function. | 
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changeset | 5553 The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, | 
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changeset | 5554 before the function gets its arguments. | 
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changeset | 5555 </li> | 
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changeset | 5556 | 
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changeset | 5557 <li><b>The return hook: </b> is called when the interpreter returns from a function. | 
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changeset | 5558 The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. | 
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changeset | 5559 There is no standard way to access the values | 
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changeset | 5560 to be returned by the function. | 
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changeset | 5561 </li> | 
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changeset | 5562 | 
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changeset | 5563 <li><b>The line hook: </b> is called when the interpreter is about to | 
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changeset | 5564 start the execution of a new line of code, | 
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changeset | 5565 or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). | 
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changeset | 5566 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) | 
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changeset | 5567 </li> | 
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changeset | 5568 | 
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changeset | 5569 <li><b>The count hook: </b> is called after the interpreter executes every | 
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changeset | 5570 <code>count</code> instructions. | 
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changeset | 5571 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) | 
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changeset | 5572 </li> | 
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changeset | 5573 | 
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changeset | 5574 </ul> | 
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changeset | 5575 | 
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changeset | 5576 <p> | 
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changeset | 5577 A hook is disabled by setting <code>mask</code> to zero. | 
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changeset | 5578 | 
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changeset | 5579 | 
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changeset | 5580 | 
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changeset | 5581 | 
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changeset | 5582 | 
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changeset | 5583 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5584 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5585 <pre>const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5586 | 
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changeset | 5587 <p> | 
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changeset | 5588 Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. | 
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changeset | 5589 Parameters <code>ar</code> and <code>n</code> are as in <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> | 
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changeset | 5590 (see <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5591 <a href="#lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a> assigns the value at the top of the stack | 
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changeset | 5592 to the variable and returns its name. | 
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changeset | 5593 It also pops the value from the stack. | 
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changeset | 5594 | 
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changeset | 5595 | 
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changeset | 5596 <p> | 
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changeset | 5597 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) | 
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changeset | 5598 when the index is greater than | 
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changeset | 5599 the number of active local variables. | 
| 
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changeset | 5600 | 
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changeset | 5601 | 
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changeset | 5602 | 
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changeset | 5603 | 
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changeset | 5604 | 
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changeset | 5605 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setupvalue"><code>lua_setupvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5606 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5607 <pre>const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5608 | 
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changeset | 5609 <p> | 
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changeset | 5610 Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. | 
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changeset | 5611 It assigns the value at the top of the stack | 
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changeset | 5612 to the upvalue and returns its name. | 
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changeset | 5613 It also pops the value from the stack. | 
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changeset | 5614 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> | 
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changeset | 5615 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5616 | 
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changeset | 5617 | 
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changeset | 5618 <p> | 
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changeset | 5619 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) | 
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changeset | 5620 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. | 
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changeset | 5621 | 
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changeset | 5622 | 
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changeset | 5623 | 
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changeset | 5624 | 
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changeset | 5625 | 
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changeset | 5626 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueid"><code>lua_upvalueid</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5627 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5628 <pre>void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5629 | 
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changeset | 5630 <p> | 
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changeset | 5631 Returns an unique identifier for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> | 
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changeset | 5632 from the closure at index <code>funcindex</code>. | 
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changeset | 5633 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> | 
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changeset | 5634 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 5635 (but <code>n</code> cannot be greater than the number of upvalues). | 
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changeset | 5636 | 
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changeset | 5637 | 
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changeset | 5638 <p> | 
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changeset | 5639 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different | 
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changeset | 5640 closures share upvalues. | 
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changeset | 5641 Lua closures that share an upvalue | 
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changeset | 5642 (that is, that access a same external local variable) | 
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changeset | 5643 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. | 
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changeset | 5644 | 
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changeset | 5645 | 
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changeset | 5646 | 
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changeset | 5647 | 
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changeset | 5648 | 
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changeset | 5649 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvaluejoin"><code>lua_upvaluejoin</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5650 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5651 <pre>void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int funcindex1, int n1, | 
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changeset | 5652 int funcindex2, int n2);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5653 | 
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changeset | 5654 <p> | 
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changeset | 5655 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex1</code> | 
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changeset | 5656 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex2</code>. | 
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changeset | 5657 | 
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changeset | 5658 | 
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changeset | 5659 | 
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changeset | 5660 | 
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changeset | 5661 | 
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changeset | 5662 | 
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changeset | 5663 | 
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changeset | 5664 <h1>5 – <a name="5">The Auxiliary Library</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 5665 | 
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changeset | 5666 <p> | 
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changeset | 5667 | 
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changeset | 5668 The <em>auxiliary library</em> provides several convenient functions | 
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changeset | 5669 to interface C with Lua. | 
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changeset | 5670 While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all | 
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changeset | 5671 interactions between C and Lua, | 
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changeset | 5672 the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some | 
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changeset | 5673 common tasks. | 
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changeset | 5674 | 
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changeset | 5675 | 
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changeset | 5676 <p> | 
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changeset | 5677 All functions and types from the auxiliary library | 
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changeset | 5678 are defined in header file <code>lauxlib.h</code> and | 
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changeset | 5679 have a prefix <code>luaL_</code>. | 
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changeset | 5680 | 
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changeset | 5681 | 
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changeset | 5682 <p> | 
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changeset | 5683 All functions in the auxiliary library are built on | 
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changeset | 5684 top of the basic API, | 
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changeset | 5685 and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with that API. | 
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changeset | 5686 Nevertheless, the use of the auxiliary library ensures | 
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changeset | 5687 more consistency to your code. | 
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changeset | 5688 | 
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changeset | 5689 | 
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changeset | 5690 <p> | 
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changeset | 5691 Several functions in the auxiliary library use internally some | 
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changeset | 5692 extra stack slots. | 
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changeset | 5693 When a function in the auxiliary library uses less than five slots, | 
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changeset | 5694 it does not check the stack size; | 
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changeset | 5695 it simply assumes that there are enough slots. | 
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changeset | 5696 | 
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changeset | 5697 | 
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changeset | 5698 <p> | 
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changeset | 5699 Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to | 
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changeset | 5700 check C function arguments. | 
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changeset | 5701 Because the error message is formatted for arguments | 
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changeset | 5702 (e.g., "<code>bad argument #1</code>"), | 
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changeset | 5703 you should not use these functions for other stack values. | 
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changeset | 5704 | 
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changeset | 5705 | 
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changeset | 5706 <p> | 
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changeset | 5707 Functions called <code>luaL_check*</code> | 
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changeset | 5708 always throw an error if the check is not satisfied. | 
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changeset | 5709 | 
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changeset | 5710 | 
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changeset | 5711 | 
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changeset | 5712 <h2>5.1 – <a name="5.1">Functions and Types</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 5713 | 
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changeset | 5714 <p> | 
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changeset | 5715 Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library | 
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changeset | 5716 in alphabetical order. | 
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changeset | 5717 | 
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changeset | 5718 | 
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changeset | 5719 | 
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changeset | 5720 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addchar"><code>luaL_addchar</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5721 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5722 <pre>void luaL_addchar (luaL_Buffer *B, char c);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5723 | 
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changeset | 5724 <p> | 
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changeset | 5725 Adds the byte <code>c</code> to the buffer <code>B</code> | 
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changeset | 5726 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5727 | 
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changeset | 5728 | 
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changeset | 5729 | 
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changeset | 5730 | 
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changeset | 5731 | 
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changeset | 5732 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addlstring"><code>luaL_addlstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5733 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5734 <pre>void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5735 | 
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changeset | 5736 <p> | 
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changeset | 5737 Adds the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with length <code>l</code> to | 
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changeset | 5738 the buffer <code>B</code> | 
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changeset | 5739 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5740 The string can contain embedded zeros. | 
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changeset | 5741 | 
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changeset | 5742 | 
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changeset | 5743 | 
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changeset | 5744 | 
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changeset | 5745 | 
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changeset | 5746 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5747 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5748 <pre>void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5749 | 
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changeset | 5750 <p> | 
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changeset | 5751 Adds to the buffer <code>B</code> (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 5752 a string of length <code>n</code> previously copied to the | 
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changeset | 5753 buffer area (see <a href="#luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5754 | 
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changeset | 5755 | 
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changeset | 5756 | 
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changeset | 5757 | 
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changeset | 5758 | 
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changeset | 5759 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addstring"><code>luaL_addstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5760 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5761 <pre>void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5762 | 
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changeset | 5763 <p> | 
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changeset | 5764 Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 5765 to the buffer <code>B</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 5766 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 5767 The string cannot contain embedded zeros. | 
| 
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changeset | 5768 | 
| 
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changeset | 5769 | 
| 
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changeset | 5770 | 
| 
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changeset | 5771 | 
| 
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changeset | 5772 | 
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changeset | 5773 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 5774 <span class="apii">[-1, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5775 <pre>void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5776 | 
| 
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changeset | 5777 <p> | 
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changeset | 5778 Adds the value at the top of the stack | 
| 
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changeset | 5779 to the buffer <code>B</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 5780 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 5781 Pops the value. | 
| 
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changeset | 5782 | 
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changeset | 5783 | 
| 
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changeset | 5784 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 5785 This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) | 
| 
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changeset | 5786 be called with an extra element on the stack, | 
| 
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changeset | 5787 which is the value to be added to the buffer. | 
| 
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changeset | 5788 | 
| 
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changeset | 5789 | 
| 
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changeset | 5790 | 
| 
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changeset | 5791 | 
| 
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changeset | 5792 | 
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changeset | 5793 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argcheck"><code>luaL_argcheck</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 5794 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5795 <pre>void luaL_argcheck (lua_State *L, | 
| 
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changeset | 5796 int cond, | 
| 
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changeset | 5797 int arg, | 
| 
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changeset | 5798 const char *extramsg);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5799 | 
| 
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changeset | 5800 <p> | 
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changeset | 5801 Checks whether <code>cond</code> is true. | 
| 
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changeset | 5802 If not, raises an error with a standard message. | 
| 
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changeset | 5803 | 
| 
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changeset | 5804 | 
| 
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changeset | 5805 | 
| 
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changeset | 5806 | 
| 
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changeset | 5807 | 
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changeset | 5808 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 5809 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5810 <pre>int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5811 | 
| 
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changeset | 5812 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 5813 Raises an error with a standard message | 
| 
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changeset | 5814 that includes <code>extramsg</code> as a comment. | 
| 
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changeset | 5815 | 
| 
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changeset | 5816 | 
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changeset | 5817 <p> | 
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changeset | 5818 This function never returns, | 
| 
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changeset | 5819 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions | 
| 
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changeset | 5820 as <code>return luaL_argerror(<em>args</em>)</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5821 | 
| 
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changeset | 5822 | 
| 
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changeset | 5823 | 
| 
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changeset | 5824 | 
| 
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changeset | 5825 | 
| 
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changeset | 5826 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 5827 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5828 | 
| 
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changeset | 5829 <p> | 
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changeset | 5830 Type for a <em>string buffer</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5831 | 
| 
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changeset | 5832 | 
| 
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changeset | 5833 <p> | 
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changeset | 5834 A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal. | 
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changeset | 5835 Its pattern of use is as follows: | 
| 
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changeset | 5836 | 
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changeset | 5837 <ul> | 
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changeset | 5838 | 
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changeset | 5839 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> | 
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changeset | 5840 | 
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changeset | 5841 <li>Then initialize it with a call <code>luaL_buffinit(L, &b)</code>.</li> | 
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changeset | 5842 | 
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changeset | 5843 <li> | 
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changeset | 5844 Then add string pieces to the buffer calling any of | 
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changeset | 5845 the <code>luaL_add*</code> functions. | 
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changeset | 5846 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5847 | 
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changeset | 5848 <li> | 
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changeset | 5849 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresult(&b)</code>. | 
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changeset | 5850 This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 5851 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 5852 | 
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changeset | 5853 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 5854 | 
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changeset | 5855 <p> | 
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changeset | 5856 If you know beforehand the total size of the resulting string, | 
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changeset | 5857 you can use the buffer like this: | 
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changeset | 5858 | 
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changeset | 5859 <ul> | 
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changeset | 5860 | 
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changeset | 5861 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> | 
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changeset | 5862 | 
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changeset | 5863 <li>Then initialize it and preallocate a space of | 
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changeset | 5864 size <code>sz</code> with a call <code>luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, sz)</code>.</li> | 
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changeset | 5865 | 
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changeset | 5866 <li>Then copy the string into that space.</li> | 
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changeset | 5867 | 
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changeset | 5868 <li> | 
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changeset | 5869 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresultsize(&b, sz)</code>, | 
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changeset | 5870 where <code>sz</code> is the total size of the resulting string | 
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changeset | 5871 copied into that space. | 
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changeset | 5872 </li> | 
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changeset | 5873 | 
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changeset | 5874 </ul> | 
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changeset | 5875 | 
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changeset | 5876 <p> | 
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changeset | 5877 During its normal operation, | 
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changeset | 5878 a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. | 
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changeset | 5879 So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where | 
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changeset | 5880 the top of the stack is. | 
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changeset | 5881 You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations | 
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changeset | 5882 as long as that use is balanced; | 
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changeset | 5883 that is, | 
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changeset | 5884 when you call a buffer operation, | 
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changeset | 5885 the stack is at the same level | 
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changeset | 5886 it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. | 
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changeset | 5887 (The only exception to this rule is <a href="#luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a>.) | 
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changeset | 5888 After calling <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a> the stack is back to its | 
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changeset | 5889 level when the buffer was initialized, | 
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changeset | 5890 plus the final string on its top. | 
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changeset | 5891 | 
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changeset | 5892 | 
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changeset | 5893 | 
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changeset | 5894 | 
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changeset | 5895 | 
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changeset | 5896 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5897 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 5898 <pre>void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5899 | 
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changeset | 5900 <p> | 
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changeset | 5901 Initializes a buffer <code>B</code>. | 
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changeset | 5902 This function does not allocate any space; | 
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changeset | 5903 the buffer must be declared as a variable | 
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changeset | 5904 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 5905 | 
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changeset | 5906 | 
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changeset | 5907 | 
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changeset | 5908 | 
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changeset | 5909 | 
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changeset | 5910 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinitsize"><code>luaL_buffinitsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5911 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5912 <pre>char *luaL_buffinitsize (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5913 | 
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changeset | 5914 <p> | 
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changeset | 5915 Equivalent to the sequence | 
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changeset | 5916 <a href="#luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 5917 | 
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changeset | 5918 | 
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changeset | 5919 | 
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changeset | 5920 | 
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changeset | 5921 | 
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changeset | 5922 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_callmeta"><code>luaL_callmeta</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5923 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5924 <pre>int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5925 | 
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changeset | 5926 <p> | 
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changeset | 5927 Calls a metamethod. | 
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changeset | 5928 | 
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changeset | 5929 | 
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changeset | 5930 <p> | 
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changeset | 5931 If the object at index <code>obj</code> has a metatable and this | 
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changeset | 5932 metatable has a field <code>e</code>, | 
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changeset | 5933 this function calls this field passing the object as its only argument. | 
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changeset | 5934 In this case this function returns true and pushes onto the | 
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changeset | 5935 stack the value returned by the call. | 
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changeset | 5936 If there is no metatable or no metamethod, | 
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changeset | 5937 this function returns false (without pushing any value on the stack). | 
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changeset | 5938 | 
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changeset | 5939 | 
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changeset | 5940 | 
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changeset | 5941 | 
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changeset | 5942 | 
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changeset | 5943 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkany"><code>luaL_checkany</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5944 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5945 <pre>void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5946 | 
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changeset | 5947 <p> | 
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changeset | 5948 Checks whether the function has an argument | 
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changeset | 5949 of any type (including <b>nil</b>) at position <code>arg</code>. | 
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changeset | 5950 | 
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changeset | 5951 | 
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changeset | 5952 | 
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changeset | 5953 | 
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changeset | 5954 | 
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changeset | 5955 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkint"><code>luaL_checkint</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5956 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 5957 <pre>int luaL_checkint (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5958 | 
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changeset | 5959 <p> | 
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changeset | 5960 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
| 
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changeset | 5961 and returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5962 | 
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changeset | 5963 | 
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changeset | 5964 | 
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changeset | 5965 | 
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changeset | 5966 | 
| 
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changeset | 5967 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkinteger"><code>luaL_checkinteger</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5968 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5969 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 5970 | 
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changeset | 5971 <p> | 
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changeset | 5972 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
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changeset | 5973 and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5974 | 
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changeset | 5975 | 
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changeset | 5976 | 
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changeset | 5977 | 
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changeset | 5978 | 
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changeset | 5979 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklong"><code>luaL_checklong</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5980 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5981 <pre>long luaL_checklong (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5982 | 
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changeset | 5983 <p> | 
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changeset | 5984 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
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changeset | 5985 and returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 5986 | 
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changeset | 5987 | 
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changeset | 5988 | 
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changeset | 5989 | 
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changeset | 5990 | 
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changeset | 5991 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklstring"><code>luaL_checklstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 5992 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 5993 <pre>const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int arg, size_t *l);</pre> | 
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changeset | 5994 | 
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changeset | 5995 <p> | 
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changeset | 5996 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string | 
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changeset | 5997 and returns this string; | 
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changeset | 5998 if <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code> fills <code>*l</code> | 
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changeset | 5999 with the string's length. | 
| 
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changeset | 6000 | 
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changeset | 6001 | 
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changeset | 6002 <p> | 
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changeset | 6003 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, | 
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changeset | 6004 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. | 
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changeset | 6005 | 
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changeset | 6006 | 
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changeset | 6007 | 
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changeset | 6008 | 
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changeset | 6009 | 
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changeset | 6010 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checknumber"><code>luaL_checknumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6011 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6012 <pre>lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6013 | 
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changeset | 6014 <p> | 
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changeset | 6015 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
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changeset | 6016 and returns this number. | 
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changeset | 6017 | 
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changeset | 6018 | 
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changeset | 6019 | 
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changeset | 6020 | 
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changeset | 6021 | 
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changeset | 6022 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkoption"><code>luaL_checkoption</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6023 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6024 <pre>int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 6025 int arg, | 
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changeset | 6026 const char *def, | 
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changeset | 6027 const char *const lst[]);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6028 | 
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changeset | 6029 <p> | 
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changeset | 6030 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string and | 
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changeset | 6031 searches for this string in the array <code>lst</code> | 
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changeset | 6032 (which must be NULL-terminated). | 
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changeset | 6033 Returns the index in the array where the string was found. | 
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changeset | 6034 Raises an error if the argument is not a string or | 
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changeset | 6035 if the string cannot be found. | 
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changeset | 6036 | 
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changeset | 6037 | 
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changeset | 6038 <p> | 
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changeset | 6039 If <code>def</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 6040 the function uses <code>def</code> as a default value when | 
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changeset | 6041 there is no argument <code>arg</code> or when this argument is <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 6042 | 
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changeset | 6043 | 
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changeset | 6044 <p> | 
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changeset | 6045 This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums. | 
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changeset | 6046 (The usual convention in Lua libraries is | 
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changeset | 6047 to use strings instead of numbers to select options.) | 
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changeset | 6048 | 
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changeset | 6049 | 
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changeset | 6050 | 
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changeset | 6051 | 
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changeset | 6052 | 
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changeset | 6053 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstack"><code>luaL_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6054 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6055 <pre>void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6056 | 
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changeset | 6057 <p> | 
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changeset | 6058 Grows the stack size to <code>top + sz</code> elements, | 
| 
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changeset | 6059 raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. | 
| 
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changeset | 6060 <code>msg</code> is an additional text to go into the error message | 
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changeset | 6061 (or <code>NULL</code> for no additional text). | 
| 
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changeset | 6062 | 
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changeset | 6063 | 
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changeset | 6064 | 
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changeset | 6065 | 
| 
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changeset | 6066 | 
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changeset | 6067 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstring"><code>luaL_checkstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6068 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6069 <pre>const char *luaL_checkstring (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6070 | 
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changeset | 6071 <p> | 
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changeset | 6072 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string | 
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changeset | 6073 and returns this string. | 
| 
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changeset | 6074 | 
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changeset | 6075 | 
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changeset | 6076 <p> | 
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changeset | 6077 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, | 
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changeset | 6078 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. | 
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changeset | 6079 | 
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changeset | 6080 | 
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changeset | 6081 | 
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changeset | 6082 | 
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changeset | 6083 | 
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changeset | 6084 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checktype"><code>luaL_checktype</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6085 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6086 <pre>void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int arg, int t);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6087 | 
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changeset | 6088 <p> | 
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changeset | 6089 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> has type <code>t</code>. | 
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changeset | 6090 See <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> for the encoding of types for <code>t</code>. | 
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changeset | 6091 | 
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changeset | 6092 | 
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changeset | 6093 | 
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changeset | 6094 | 
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changeset | 6095 | 
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changeset | 6096 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6097 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6098 <pre>void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6099 | 
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changeset | 6100 <p> | 
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changeset | 6101 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a userdata | 
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changeset | 6102 of the type <code>tname</code> (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>) and | 
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changeset | 6103 returns the userdata address (see <a href="#lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6104 | 
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changeset | 6105 | 
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changeset | 6106 | 
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changeset | 6107 | 
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changeset | 6108 | 
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changeset | 6109 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkunsigned"><code>luaL_checkunsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6110 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6111 <pre>lua_Unsigned luaL_checkunsigned (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6112 | 
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changeset | 6113 <p> | 
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changeset | 6114 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
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changeset | 6115 and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6116 | 
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changeset | 6117 | 
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changeset | 6118 | 
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changeset | 6119 | 
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changeset | 6120 | 
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changeset | 6121 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkversion"><code>luaL_checkversion</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6122 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6123 <pre>void luaL_checkversion (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6124 | 
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changeset | 6125 <p> | 
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changeset | 6126 Checks whether the core running the call, | 
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changeset | 6127 the core that created the Lua state, | 
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changeset | 6128 and the code making the call are all using the same version of Lua. | 
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changeset | 6129 Also checks whether the core running the call | 
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changeset | 6130 and the core that created the Lua state | 
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changeset | 6131 are using the same address space. | 
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changeset | 6132 | 
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changeset | 6133 | 
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changeset | 6134 | 
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changeset | 6135 | 
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changeset | 6136 | 
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changeset | 6137 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dofile"><code>luaL_dofile</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6138 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6139 <pre>int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6140 | 
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changeset | 6141 <p> | 
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changeset | 6142 Loads and runs the given file. | 
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changeset | 6143 It is defined as the following macro: | 
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changeset | 6144 | 
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changeset | 6145 <pre> | 
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changeset | 6146 (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) | 
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changeset | 6147 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 6148 It returns false if there are no errors | 
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changeset | 6149 or true in case of errors. | 
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changeset | 6150 | 
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changeset | 6151 | 
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changeset | 6152 | 
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changeset | 6153 | 
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changeset | 6154 | 
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changeset | 6155 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dostring"><code>luaL_dostring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6156 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6157 <pre>int luaL_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6158 | 
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changeset | 6159 <p> | 
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changeset | 6160 Loads and runs the given string. | 
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changeset | 6161 It is defined as the following macro: | 
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changeset | 6162 | 
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changeset | 6163 <pre> | 
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changeset | 6164 (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) | 
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changeset | 6165 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 6166 It returns false if there are no errors | 
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changeset | 6167 or true in case of errors. | 
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changeset | 6168 | 
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changeset | 6169 | 
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changeset | 6170 | 
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changeset | 6171 | 
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changeset | 6172 | 
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changeset | 6173 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6174 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6175 <pre>int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6176 | 
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changeset | 6177 <p> | 
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changeset | 6178 Raises an error. | 
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changeset | 6179 The error message format is given by <code>fmt</code> | 
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changeset | 6180 plus any extra arguments, | 
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changeset | 6181 following the same rules of <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6182 It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and | 
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changeset | 6183 the line number where the error occurred, | 
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changeset | 6184 if this information is available. | 
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changeset | 6185 | 
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changeset | 6186 | 
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changeset | 6187 <p> | 
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changeset | 6188 This function never returns, | 
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changeset | 6189 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions | 
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changeset | 6190 as <code>return luaL_error(<em>args</em>)</code>. | 
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changeset | 6191 | 
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changeset | 6192 | 
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changeset | 6193 | 
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changeset | 6194 | 
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changeset | 6195 | 
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changeset | 6196 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_execresult"><code>luaL_execresult</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6197 <span class="apii">[-0, +3, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6198 <pre>int luaL_execresult (lua_State *L, int stat);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6199 | 
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changeset | 6200 <p> | 
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changeset | 6201 This function produces the return values for | 
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changeset | 6202 process-related functions in the standard library | 
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changeset | 6203 (<a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.close"><code>io.close</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6204 | 
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changeset | 6205 | 
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changeset | 6206 | 
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changeset | 6207 | 
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changeset | 6208 | 
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changeset | 6209 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_fileresult"><code>luaL_fileresult</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6210 <span class="apii">[-0, +(1|3), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6211 <pre>int luaL_fileresult (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6212 | 
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changeset | 6213 <p> | 
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changeset | 6214 This function produces the return values for | 
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changeset | 6215 file-related functions in the standard library | 
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changeset | 6216 (<a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek</code></a>, etc.). | 
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changeset | 6217 | 
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changeset | 6218 | 
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changeset | 6219 | 
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changeset | 6220 | 
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changeset | 6221 | 
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changeset | 6222 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetafield"><code>luaL_getmetafield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6223 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6224 <pre>int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6225 | 
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changeset | 6226 <p> | 
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changeset | 6227 Pushes onto the stack the field <code>e</code> from the metatable | 
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changeset | 6228 of the object at index <code>obj</code>. | 
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changeset | 6229 If the object does not have a metatable, | 
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changeset | 6230 or if the metatable does not have this field, | 
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changeset | 6231 returns false and pushes nothing. | 
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changeset | 6232 | 
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changeset | 6233 | 
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changeset | 6234 | 
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changeset | 6235 | 
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changeset | 6236 | 
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changeset | 6237 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetatable"><code>luaL_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6238 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6239 <pre>void luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6240 | 
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changeset | 6241 <p> | 
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changeset | 6242 Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> | 
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changeset | 6243 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6244 | 
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changeset | 6245 | 
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changeset | 6246 | 
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changeset | 6247 | 
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changeset | 6248 | 
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changeset | 6249 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getsubtable"><code>luaL_getsubtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6250 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6251 <pre>int luaL_getsubtable (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6252 | 
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changeset | 6253 <p> | 
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changeset | 6254 Ensures that the value <code>t[fname]</code>, | 
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changeset | 6255 where <code>t</code> is the value at index <code>idx</code>, | 
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changeset | 6256 is a table, | 
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changeset | 6257 and pushes that table onto the stack. | 
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changeset | 6258 Returns true if it finds a previous table there | 
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changeset | 6259 and false if it creates a new table. | 
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changeset | 6260 | 
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changeset | 6261 | 
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changeset | 6262 | 
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changeset | 6263 | 
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changeset | 6264 | 
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changeset | 6265 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_gsub"><code>luaL_gsub</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6266 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6267 <pre>const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 6268 const char *s, | 
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changeset | 6269 const char *p, | 
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changeset | 6270 const char *r);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6271 | 
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changeset | 6272 <p> | 
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changeset | 6273 Creates a copy of string <code>s</code> by replacing | 
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changeset | 6274 any occurrence of the string <code>p</code> | 
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changeset | 6275 with the string <code>r</code>. | 
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changeset | 6276 Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it. | 
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changeset | 6277 | 
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changeset | 6278 | 
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changeset | 6279 | 
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changeset | 6280 | 
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changeset | 6281 | 
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changeset | 6282 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_len"><code>luaL_len</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6283 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6284 <pre>int luaL_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6285 | 
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changeset | 6286 <p> | 
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changeset | 6287 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index | 
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changeset | 6288 as a number; | 
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changeset | 6289 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 6290 Raises an error if the result of the operation is not a number. | 
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changeset | 6291 (This case only can happen through metamethods.) | 
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changeset | 6292 | 
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changeset | 6293 | 
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changeset | 6294 | 
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changeset | 6295 | 
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changeset | 6296 | 
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changeset | 6297 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbuffer"><code>luaL_loadbuffer</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6298 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6299 <pre>int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 6300 const char *buff, | 
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changeset | 6301 size_t sz, | 
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changeset | 6302 const char *name);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6303 | 
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changeset | 6304 <p> | 
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changeset | 6305 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 6306 | 
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changeset | 6307 | 
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changeset | 6308 | 
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changeset | 6309 | 
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changeset | 6310 | 
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changeset | 6311 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6312 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6313 <pre>int luaL_loadbufferx (lua_State *L, | 
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changeset | 6314 const char *buff, | 
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changeset | 6315 size_t sz, | 
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changeset | 6316 const char *name, | 
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changeset | 6317 const char *mode);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6318 | 
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changeset | 6319 <p> | 
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changeset | 6320 Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. | 
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changeset | 6321 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the | 
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changeset | 6322 buffer pointed to by <code>buff</code> with size <code>sz</code>. | 
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changeset | 6323 | 
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changeset | 6324 | 
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changeset | 6325 <p> | 
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changeset | 6326 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6327 <code>name</code> is the chunk name, | 
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changeset | 6328 used for debug information and error messages. | 
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changeset | 6329 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6330 | 
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changeset | 6331 | 
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changeset | 6332 | 
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changeset | 6333 | 
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changeset | 6334 | 
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changeset | 6335 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfile"><code>luaL_loadfile</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6336 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6337 <pre>int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6338 | 
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changeset | 6339 <p> | 
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changeset | 6340 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 6341 | 
| 
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changeset | 6342 | 
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changeset | 6343 | 
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changeset | 6344 | 
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changeset | 6345 | 
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changeset | 6346 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6347 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6348 <pre>int luaL_loadfilex (lua_State *L, const char *filename, | 
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changeset | 6349 const char *mode);</pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 6350 | 
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changeset | 6351 <p> | 
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changeset | 6352 Loads a file as a Lua chunk. | 
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changeset | 6353 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the file | 
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changeset | 6354 named <code>filename</code>. | 
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changeset | 6355 If <code>filename</code> is <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 6356 then it loads from the standard input. | 
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changeset | 6357 The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a <code>#</code>. | 
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changeset | 6358 | 
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changeset | 6359 | 
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changeset | 6360 <p> | 
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changeset | 6361 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6362 | 
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changeset | 6363 | 
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changeset | 6364 <p> | 
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changeset | 6365 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 6366 but it has an extra error code <a name="pdf-LUA_ERRFILE"><code>LUA_ERRFILE</code></a> | 
| 
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changeset | 6367 if it cannot open/read the file or the file has a wrong mode. | 
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changeset | 6368 | 
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changeset | 6369 | 
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changeset | 6370 <p> | 
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changeset | 6371 As <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; | 
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changeset | 6372 it does not run it. | 
| 
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changeset | 6373 | 
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changeset | 6374 | 
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changeset | 6375 | 
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changeset | 6376 | 
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changeset | 6377 | 
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changeset | 6378 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadstring"><code>luaL_loadstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6379 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6380 <pre>int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6381 | 
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changeset | 6382 <p> | 
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changeset | 6383 Loads a string as a Lua chunk. | 
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changeset | 6384 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in | 
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changeset | 6385 the zero-terminated string <code>s</code>. | 
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changeset | 6386 | 
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changeset | 6387 | 
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changeset | 6388 <p> | 
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changeset | 6389 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6390 | 
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changeset | 6391 | 
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changeset | 6392 <p> | 
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changeset | 6393 Also as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; | 
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changeset | 6394 it does not run it. | 
| 
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changeset | 6395 | 
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changeset | 6396 | 
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changeset | 6397 | 
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changeset | 6398 | 
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changeset | 6399 | 
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changeset | 6400 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6401 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6402 <pre>void luaL_newlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6403 | 
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changeset | 6404 <p> | 
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changeset | 6405 Creates a new table and registers there | 
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changeset | 6406 the functions in list <code>l</code>. | 
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changeset | 6407 It is implemented as the following macro: | 
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changeset | 6408 | 
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changeset | 6409 <pre> | 
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changeset | 6410 (luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0)) | 
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changeset | 6411 </pre> | 
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changeset | 6412 | 
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changeset | 6413 | 
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changeset | 6414 | 
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changeset | 6415 | 
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changeset | 6416 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlibtable"><code>luaL_newlibtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6417 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6418 <pre>void luaL_newlibtable (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6419 | 
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changeset | 6420 <p> | 
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changeset | 6421 Creates a new table with a size optimized | 
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changeset | 6422 to store all entries in the array <code>l</code> | 
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changeset | 6423 (but does not actually store them). | 
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changeset | 6424 It is intended to be used in conjunction with <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> | 
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changeset | 6425 (see <a href="#luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6426 | 
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changeset | 6427 | 
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changeset | 6428 <p> | 
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changeset | 6429 It is implemented as a macro. | 
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changeset | 6430 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, | 
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changeset | 6431 not a pointer to it. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6432 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6433 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6434 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6435 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6436 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6437 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6438 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6439 <pre>int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6440 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6441 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6442 If the registry already has the key <code>tname</code>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6443 returns 0. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6444 Otherwise, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6445 creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6446 adds it to the registry with key <code>tname</code>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6447 and returns 1. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6448 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6449 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6450 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6451 In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6452 with <code>tname</code> in the registry. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6453 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6454 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6455 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6456 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6457 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6458 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6459 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6460 <pre>lua_State *luaL_newstate (void);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6461 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6462 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6463 Creates a new Lua state. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6464 It calls <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> with an | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6465 allocator based on the standard C <code>realloc</code> function | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6466 and then sets a panic function (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>) that prints | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6467 an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6468 errors. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6469 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6470 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6471 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6472 Returns the new state, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6473 or <code>NULL</code> if there is a memory allocation error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6474 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6475 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6476 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6477 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6478 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6479 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6480 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6481 <pre>void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6482 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6483 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6484 Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6485 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6486 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6487 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6488 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6489 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6490 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optint"><code>luaL_optint</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6491 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6492 <pre>int luaL_optint (lua_State *L, int arg, int d);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6493 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6494 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6495 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6496 returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6497 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6498 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6499 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6500 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6501 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6502 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6503 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6504 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6505 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optinteger"><code>luaL_optinteger</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6506 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6507 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6508 int arg, | 
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changeset | 6509 lua_Integer d);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6510 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6511 <p> | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6512 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6513 returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6514 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6515 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6516 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6517 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6518 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6519 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6520 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6521 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6522 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlong"><code>luaL_optlong</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6523 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6524 <pre>long luaL_optlong (lua_State *L, int arg, long d);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6525 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6526 <p> | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6527 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
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changeset | 6528 returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 6529 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
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changeset | 6530 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6531 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6532 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6533 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6534 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6535 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6536 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6537 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlstring"><code>luaL_optlstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6538 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6539 <pre>const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, | 
| 
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changeset | 6540 int arg, | 
| 
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changeset | 6541 const char *d, | 
| 
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changeset | 6542 size_t *l);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6543 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6544 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6545 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6546 returns this string. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6547 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6548 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6549 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6550 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6551 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6552 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 6553 If <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6554 fills the position <code>*l</code> with the result's length. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6555 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6556 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6557 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6558 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6559 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6560 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optnumber"><code>luaL_optnumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6561 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6562 <pre>lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number d);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6563 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6564 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6565 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6566 returns this number. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6567 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6568 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6569 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6570 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6571 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6572 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6573 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6574 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6575 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optstring"><code>luaL_optstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6576 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6577 <pre>const char *luaL_optstring (lua_State *L, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6578 int arg, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6579 const char *d);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6580 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6581 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6582 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6583 returns this string. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6584 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6585 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6586 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6587 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6588 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6589 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6590 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6591 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6592 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optunsigned"><code>luaL_optunsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6593 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6594 <pre>lua_Unsigned luaL_optunsigned (lua_State *L, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6595 int arg, | 
| 
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changeset | 6596 lua_Unsigned u);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6597 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6598 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6599 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6600 returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6601 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6602 returns <code>u</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6603 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6604 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6605 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 6606 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6607 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6608 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6609 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6610 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6611 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6612 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6613 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6614 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6615 with the predefined size <a name="pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE"><code>LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</code></a>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6616 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6617 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6618 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6619 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6620 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6621 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 6622 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
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changeset | 6623 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6624 | 
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changeset | 6625 <p> | 
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changeset | 6626 Returns an address to a space of size <code>sz</code> | 
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changeset | 6627 where you can copy a string to be added to buffer <code>B</code> | 
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changeset | 6628 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6629 After copying the string into this space you must call | 
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changeset | 6630 <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a> with the size of the string to actually add | 
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changeset | 6631 it to the buffer. | 
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changeset | 6632 | 
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changeset | 6633 | 
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changeset | 6634 | 
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changeset | 6635 | 
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changeset | 6636 | 
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changeset | 6637 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6638 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6639 <pre>void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6640 | 
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changeset | 6641 <p> | 
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changeset | 6642 Finishes the use of buffer <code>B</code> leaving the final string on | 
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changeset | 6643 the top of the stack. | 
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changeset | 6644 | 
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changeset | 6645 | 
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changeset | 6646 | 
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changeset | 6647 | 
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changeset | 6648 | 
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changeset | 6649 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresultsize"><code>luaL_pushresultsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6650 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6651 <pre>void luaL_pushresultsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6652 | 
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changeset | 6653 <p> | 
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changeset | 6654 Equivalent to the sequence <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6655 | 
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changeset | 6656 | 
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changeset | 6657 | 
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changeset | 6658 | 
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changeset | 6659 | 
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changeset | 6660 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6661 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6662 <pre>int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6663 | 
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changeset | 6664 <p> | 
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changeset | 6665 Creates and returns a <em>reference</em>, | 
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changeset | 6666 in the table at index <code>t</code>, | 
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changeset | 6667 for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object). | 
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changeset | 6668 | 
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changeset | 6669 | 
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changeset | 6670 <p> | 
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changeset | 6671 A reference is a unique integer key. | 
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changeset | 6672 As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table <code>t</code>, | 
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changeset | 6673 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. | 
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changeset | 6674 You can retrieve an object referred by reference <code>r</code> | 
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changeset | 6675 by calling <code>lua_rawgeti(L, t, r)</code>. | 
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changeset | 6676 Function <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> frees a reference and its associated object. | 
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changeset | 6677 | 
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changeset | 6678 | 
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changeset | 6679 <p> | 
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changeset | 6680 If the object at the top of the stack is <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 6681 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> returns the constant <a name="pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6682 The constant <a name="pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> is guaranteed to be different | 
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changeset | 6683 from any reference returned by <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6684 | 
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changeset | 6685 | 
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changeset | 6686 | 
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changeset | 6687 | 
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changeset | 6688 | 
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changeset | 6689 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 6690 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Reg { | 
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changeset | 6691 const char *name; | 
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changeset | 6692 lua_CFunction func; | 
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changeset | 6693 } luaL_Reg;</pre> | 
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changeset | 6694 | 
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changeset | 6695 <p> | 
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changeset | 6696 Type for arrays of functions to be registered by | 
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changeset | 6697 <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6698 <code>name</code> is the function name and <code>func</code> is a pointer to | 
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changeset | 6699 the function. | 
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changeset | 6700 Any array of <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a> must end with an sentinel entry | 
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changeset | 6701 in which both <code>name</code> and <code>func</code> are <code>NULL</code>. | 
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changeset | 6702 | 
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changeset | 6703 | 
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changeset | 6704 | 
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changeset | 6705 | 
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changeset | 6706 | 
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changeset | 6707 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6708 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6709 <pre>void luaL_requiref (lua_State *L, const char *modname, | 
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changeset | 6710 lua_CFunction openf, int glb);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6711 | 
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changeset | 6712 <p> | 
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changeset | 6713 Calls function <code>openf</code> with string <code>modname</code> as an argument | 
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changeset | 6714 and sets the call result in <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, | 
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changeset | 6715 as if that function has been called through <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6716 | 
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changeset | 6717 | 
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changeset | 6718 <p> | 
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changeset | 6719 If <code>glb</code> is true, | 
| 
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changeset | 6720 also stores the result into global <code>modname</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 6721 | 
| 
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changeset | 6722 | 
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changeset | 6723 <p> | 
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changeset | 6724 Leaves a copy of that result on the stack. | 
| 
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changeset | 6725 | 
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changeset | 6726 | 
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changeset | 6727 | 
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changeset | 6728 | 
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changeset | 6729 | 
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changeset | 6730 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6731 <span class="apii">[-nup, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6732 <pre>void luaL_setfuncs (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6733 | 
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changeset | 6734 <p> | 
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changeset | 6735 Registers all functions in the array <code>l</code> | 
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changeset | 6736 (see <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a>) into the table on the top of the stack | 
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changeset | 6737 (below optional upvalues, see next). | 
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changeset | 6738 | 
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changeset | 6739 | 
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changeset | 6740 <p> | 
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changeset | 6741 When <code>nup</code> is not zero, | 
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changeset | 6742 all functions are created sharing <code>nup</code> upvalues, | 
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changeset | 6743 which must be previously pushed on the stack | 
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changeset | 6744 on top of the library table. | 
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changeset | 6745 These values are popped from the stack after the registration. | 
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changeset | 6746 | 
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changeset | 6747 | 
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changeset | 6748 | 
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changeset | 6749 | 
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changeset | 6750 | 
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changeset | 6751 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setmetatable"><code>luaL_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6752 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6753 <pre>void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6754 | 
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changeset | 6755 <p> | 
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changeset | 6756 Sets the metatable of the object at the top of the stack | 
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changeset | 6757 as the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> | 
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changeset | 6758 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6759 | 
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changeset | 6760 | 
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changeset | 6761 | 
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changeset | 6762 | 
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changeset | 6763 | 
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changeset | 6764 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_testudata"><code>luaL_testudata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6765 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6766 <pre>void *luaL_testudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6767 | 
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changeset | 6768 <p> | 
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changeset | 6769 This function works like <a href="#luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 6770 except that, when the test fails, | 
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changeset | 6771 it returns <code>NULL</code> instead of throwing an error. | 
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changeset | 6772 | 
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changeset | 6773 | 
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changeset | 6774 | 
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changeset | 6775 | 
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changeset | 6776 | 
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changeset | 6777 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_tolstring"><code>luaL_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6778 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6779 <pre>const char *luaL_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6780 | 
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changeset | 6781 <p> | 
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changeset | 6782 Converts any Lua value at the given index to a C string | 
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changeset | 6783 in a reasonable format. | 
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changeset | 6784 The resulting string is pushed onto the stack and also | 
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changeset | 6785 returned by the function. | 
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changeset | 6786 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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changeset | 6787 the function also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. | 
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changeset | 6788 | 
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changeset | 6789 | 
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changeset | 6790 <p> | 
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changeset | 6791 If the value has a metatable with a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, | 
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changeset | 6792 then <code>luaL_tolstring</code> calls the corresponding metamethod | 
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changeset | 6793 with the value as argument, | 
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changeset | 6794 and uses the result of the call as its result. | 
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changeset | 6795 | 
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changeset | 6796 | 
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changeset | 6797 | 
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changeset | 6798 | 
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changeset | 6799 | 
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changeset | 6800 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_traceback"><code>luaL_traceback</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6801 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6802 <pre>void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg, | 
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changeset | 6803 int level);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6804 | 
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changeset | 6805 <p> | 
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changeset | 6806 Creates and pushes a traceback of the stack <code>L1</code>. | 
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changeset | 6807 If <code>msg</code> is not <code>NULL</code> it is appended | 
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changeset | 6808 at the beginning of the traceback. | 
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changeset | 6809 The <code>level</code> parameter tells at which level | 
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changeset | 6810 to start the traceback. | 
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changeset | 6811 | 
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changeset | 6812 | 
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changeset | 6813 | 
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changeset | 6814 | 
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changeset | 6815 | 
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changeset | 6816 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_typename"><code>luaL_typename</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6817 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6818 <pre>const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6819 | 
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changeset | 6820 <p> | 
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changeset | 6821 Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. | 
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changeset | 6822 | 
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changeset | 6823 | 
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changeset | 6824 | 
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changeset | 6825 | 
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changeset | 6826 | 
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changeset | 6827 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6828 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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changeset | 6829 <pre>void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6830 | 
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changeset | 6831 <p> | 
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changeset | 6832 Releases reference <code>ref</code> from the table at index <code>t</code> | 
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changeset | 6833 (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6834 The entry is removed from the table, | 
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changeset | 6835 so that the referred object can be collected. | 
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changeset | 6836 The reference <code>ref</code> is also freed to be used again. | 
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changeset | 6837 | 
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changeset | 6838 | 
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changeset | 6839 <p> | 
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changeset | 6840 If <code>ref</code> is <a href="#pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 6841 <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> does nothing. | 
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changeset | 6842 | 
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changeset | 6843 | 
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changeset | 6844 | 
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changeset | 6845 | 
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changeset | 6846 | 
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changeset | 6847 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a></h3><p> | 
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changeset | 6848 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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changeset | 6849 <pre>void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int lvl);</pre> | 
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changeset | 6850 | 
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changeset | 6851 <p> | 
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changeset | 6852 Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position | 
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changeset | 6853 of the control at level <code>lvl</code> in the call stack. | 
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changeset | 6854 Typically this string has the following format: | 
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changeset | 6855 | 
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changeset | 6856 <pre> | 
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changeset | 6857 <em>chunkname</em>:<em>currentline</em>: | 
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changeset | 6858 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 6859 Level 0 is the running function, | 
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changeset | 6860 level 1 is the function that called the running function, | 
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changeset | 6861 etc. | 
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changeset | 6862 | 
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changeset | 6863 | 
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changeset | 6864 <p> | 
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changeset | 6865 This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. | 
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changeset | 6866 | 
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changeset | 6867 | 
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changeset | 6868 | 
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changeset | 6869 | 
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changeset | 6870 | 
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changeset | 6871 | 
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changeset | 6872 | 
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changeset | 6873 <h1>6 – <a name="6">Standard Libraries</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 6874 | 
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changeset | 6875 <p> | 
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changeset | 6876 The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions | 
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changeset | 6877 that are implemented directly through the C API. | 
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changeset | 6878 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language | 
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changeset | 6879 (e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>); | 
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changeset | 6880 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O); | 
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changeset | 6881 and others could be implemented in Lua itself, | 
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changeset | 6882 but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that | 
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changeset | 6883 deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 6884 | 
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changeset | 6885 | 
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changeset | 6886 <p> | 
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changeset | 6887 All libraries are implemented through the official C API | 
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changeset | 6888 and are provided as separate C modules. | 
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changeset | 6889 Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries: | 
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changeset | 6890 | 
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changeset | 6891 <ul> | 
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changeset | 6892 | 
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changeset | 6893 <li>basic library (<a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6894 | 
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changeset | 6895 <li>coroutine library (<a href="#6.2">§6.2</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6896 | 
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changeset | 6897 <li>package library (<a href="#6.3">§6.3</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6898 | 
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changeset | 6899 <li>string manipulation (<a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6900 | 
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changeset | 6901 <li>table manipulation (<a href="#6.5">§6.5</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6902 | 
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changeset | 6903 <li>mathematical functions (<a href="#6.6">§6.6</a>) (sin, log, etc.);</li> | 
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changeset | 6904 | 
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changeset | 6905 <li>bitwise operations (<a href="#6.7">§6.7</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6906 | 
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changeset | 6907 <li>input and output (<a href="#6.8">§6.8</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6908 | 
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changeset | 6909 <li>operating system facilities (<a href="#6.9">§6.9</a>);</li> | 
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changeset | 6910 | 
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changeset | 6911 <li>debug facilities (<a href="#6.10">§6.10</a>).</li> | 
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changeset | 6912 | 
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changeset | 6913 </ul><p> | 
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changeset | 6914 Except for the basic and the package libraries, | 
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changeset | 6915 each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table | 
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changeset | 6916 or as methods of its objects. | 
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changeset | 6917 | 
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changeset | 6918 | 
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changeset | 6919 <p> | 
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changeset | 6920 To have access to these libraries, | 
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changeset | 6921 the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function, | 
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changeset | 6922 which opens all standard libraries. | 
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changeset | 6923 Alternatively, | 
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changeset | 6924 the host program can open them individually by using | 
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changeset | 6925 <a href="#luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a> to call | 
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changeset | 6926 <a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library), | 
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changeset | 6927 <a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library), | 
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changeset | 6928 <a name="pdf-luaopen_coroutine"><code>luaopen_coroutine</code></a> (for the coroutine library), | 
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changeset | 6929 <a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library), | 
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changeset | 6930 <a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library), | 
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changeset | 6931 <a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library), | 
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changeset | 6932 <a name="pdf-luaopen_bit32"><code>luaopen_bit32</code></a> (for the bit library), | 
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changeset | 6933 <a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library), | 
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changeset | 6934 <a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the Operating System library), | 
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changeset | 6935 and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library). | 
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changeset | 6936 These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 6937 | 
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changeset | 6938 | 
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changeset | 6939 | 
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changeset | 6940 <h2>6.1 – <a name="6.1">Basic Functions</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 6941 | 
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changeset | 6942 <p> | 
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changeset | 6943 The basic library provides core functions to Lua. | 
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changeset | 6944 If you do not include this library in your application, | 
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changeset | 6945 you should check carefully whether you need to provide | 
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changeset | 6946 implementations for some of its facilities. | 
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changeset | 6947 | 
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changeset | 6948 | 
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changeset | 6949 <p> | 
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changeset | 6950 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 6951 Issues an error when | 
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changeset | 6952 the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>); | 
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changeset | 6953 otherwise, returns all its arguments. | 
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changeset | 6954 <code>message</code> is an error message; | 
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changeset | 6955 when absent, it defaults to "assertion failed!" | 
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changeset | 6956 | 
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changeset | 6957 | 
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changeset | 6958 | 
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changeset | 6959 | 
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changeset | 6960 <p> | 
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changeset | 6961 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 6962 | 
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changeset | 6963 | 
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changeset | 6964 <p> | 
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changeset | 6965 This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. | 
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changeset | 6966 It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>: | 
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changeset | 6967 | 
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changeset | 6968 <ul> | 
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changeset | 6969 | 
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changeset | 6970 <li><b>"<code>collect</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 6971 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. | 
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changeset | 6972 This is the default option. | 
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changeset | 6973 </li> | 
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changeset | 6974 | 
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changeset | 6975 <li><b>"<code>stop</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 6976 stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. | 
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changeset | 6977 The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, | 
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changeset | 6978 until a call to restart it. | 
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changeset | 6979 </li> | 
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changeset | 6980 | 
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changeset | 6981 <li><b>"<code>restart</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 6982 restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector. | 
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changeset | 6983 </li> | 
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changeset | 6984 | 
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changeset | 6985 <li><b>"<code>count</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 6986 returns the total memory in use by Lua (in Kbytes) and | 
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changeset | 6987 a second value with the total memory in bytes modulo 1024. | 
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changeset | 6988 The first value has a fractional part, | 
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changeset | 6989 so the following equality is always true: | 
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changeset | 6990 | 
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changeset | 6991 <pre> | 
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changeset | 6992 k, b = collectgarbage("count") | 
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changeset | 6993 assert(k*1024 == math.floor(k)*1024 + b) | 
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changeset | 6994 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 6995 (The second result is useful when Lua is compiled | 
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changeset | 6996 with a non floating-point type for numbers.) | 
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changeset | 6997 </li> | 
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changeset | 6998 | 
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changeset | 6999 <li><b>"<code>step</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 7000 performs a garbage-collection step. | 
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changeset | 7001 The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code> | 
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changeset | 7002 (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. | 
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changeset | 7003 If you want to control the step size | 
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changeset | 7004 you must experimentally tune the value of <code>arg</code>. | 
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changeset | 7005 Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle. | 
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changeset | 7006 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7007 | 
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changeset | 7008 <li><b>"<code>setpause</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 7009 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of | 
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changeset | 7010 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 7011 Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>. | 
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changeset | 7012 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7013 | 
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changeset | 7014 <li><b>"<code>setstepmul</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 7015 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of | 
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changeset | 7016 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 7017 Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>. | 
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changeset | 7018 </li> | 
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changeset | 7019 | 
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changeset | 7020 <li><b>"<code>isrunning</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 7021 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running | 
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changeset | 7022 (i.e., not stopped). | 
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changeset | 7023 </li> | 
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changeset | 7024 | 
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changeset | 7025 <li><b>"<code>generational</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 7026 changes the collector to generational mode. | 
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changeset | 7027 This is an experimental feature (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 7028 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7029 | 
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changeset | 7030 <li><b>"<code>incremental</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 7031 changes the collector to incremental mode. | 
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changeset | 7032 This is the default mode. | 
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changeset | 7033 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7034 | 
| 
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changeset | 7035 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 7036 | 
| 
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changeset | 7037 | 
| 
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changeset | 7038 | 
| 
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changeset | 7039 <p> | 
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changeset | 7040 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile ([filename])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7041 Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk. | 
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changeset | 7042 When called without arguments, | 
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changeset | 7043 <code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>). | 
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changeset | 7044 Returns all values returned by the chunk. | 
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changeset | 7045 In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error | 
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changeset | 7046 to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode). | 
| 
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changeset | 7047 | 
| 
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changeset | 7048 | 
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changeset | 7049 | 
| 
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changeset | 7050 | 
| 
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changeset | 7051 <p> | 
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changeset | 7052 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7053 Terminates the last protected function called | 
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changeset | 7054 and returns <code>message</code> as the error message. | 
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changeset | 7055 Function <code>error</code> never returns. | 
| 
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changeset | 7056 | 
| 
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changeset | 7057 | 
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changeset | 7058 <p> | 
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changeset | 7059 Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position | 
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changeset | 7060 at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string. | 
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changeset | 7061 The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position. | 
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changeset | 7062 With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the | 
| 
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changeset | 7063 <code>error</code> function was called. | 
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changeset | 7064 Level 2 points the error to where the function | 
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changeset | 7065 that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on. | 
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changeset | 7066 Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information | 
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changeset | 7067 to the message. | 
| 
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changeset | 7068 | 
| 
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changeset | 7069 | 
| 
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changeset | 7070 | 
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changeset | 7071 | 
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changeset | 7072 <p> | 
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changeset | 7073 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7074 A global variable (not a function) that | 
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changeset | 7075 holds the global environment (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 7076 Lua itself does not use this variable; | 
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changeset | 7077 changing its value does not affect any environment, | 
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changeset | 7078 nor vice-versa. | 
| 
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changeset | 7079 | 
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changeset | 7080 | 
| 
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changeset | 7081 | 
| 
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changeset | 7082 | 
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changeset | 7083 <p> | 
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changeset | 7084 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7085 | 
| 
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changeset | 7086 | 
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changeset | 7087 <p> | 
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changeset | 7088 If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 7089 Otherwise, | 
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changeset | 7090 if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, | 
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changeset | 7091 returns the associated value. | 
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changeset | 7092 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object. | 
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changeset | 7093 | 
| 
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changeset | 7094 | 
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changeset | 7095 | 
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changeset | 7096 | 
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changeset | 7097 <p> | 
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changeset | 7098 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7099 | 
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changeset | 7100 | 
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changeset | 7101 <p> | 
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changeset | 7102 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__ipairs</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7103 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three | 
| 
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changeset | 7104 results from the call. | 
| 
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changeset | 7105 | 
| 
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changeset | 7106 | 
| 
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changeset | 7107 <p> | 
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changeset | 7108 Otherwise, | 
| 
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changeset | 7109 returns three values: an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0, | 
| 
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changeset | 7110 so that the construction | 
| 
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changeset | 7111 | 
| 
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changeset | 7112 <pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 7113 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 7114 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 7115 will iterate over the pairs (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ..., | 
| 
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changeset | 7116 up to the first integer key absent from the table. | 
| 
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changeset | 7117 | 
| 
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changeset | 7118 | 
| 
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changeset | 7119 | 
| 
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changeset | 7120 | 
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changeset | 7121 <p> | 
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changeset | 7122 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (ld [, source [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7123 | 
| 
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changeset | 7124 | 
| 
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changeset | 7125 <p> | 
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changeset | 7126 Loads a chunk. | 
| 
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changeset | 7127 | 
| 
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changeset | 7128 | 
| 
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changeset | 7129 <p> | 
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changeset | 7130 If <code>ld</code> is a string, the chunk is this string. | 
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changeset | 7131 If <code>ld</code> is a function, | 
| 
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changeset | 7132 <code>load</code> calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces. | 
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changeset | 7133 Each call to <code>ld</code> must return a string that concatenates | 
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changeset | 7134 with previous results. | 
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changeset | 7135 A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk. | 
| 
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changeset | 7136 | 
| 
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changeset | 7137 | 
| 
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changeset | 7138 <p> | 
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changeset | 7139 If there are no syntactic errors, | 
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changeset | 7140 returns the compiled chunk as a function; | 
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changeset | 7141 otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message. | 
| 
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changeset | 7142 | 
| 
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changeset | 7143 | 
| 
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changeset | 7144 <p> | 
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changeset | 7145 If the resulting function has upvalues, | 
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changeset | 7146 the first upvalue is set to the value of <code>env</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7147 if that parameter is given, | 
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changeset | 7148 or to the value of the global environment. | 
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changeset | 7149 (When you load a main chunk, | 
| 
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changeset | 7150 the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, | 
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changeset | 7151 the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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changeset | 7152 When you load a binary chunk created from a function (see <a href="#pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump</code></a>), | 
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changeset | 7153 the resulting function can have arbitrary upvalues.) | 
| 
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changeset | 7154 | 
| 
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changeset | 7155 | 
| 
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changeset | 7156 <p> | 
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changeset | 7157 <code>source</code> is used as the source of the chunk for error messages | 
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changeset | 7158 and debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). | 
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changeset | 7159 When absent, | 
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changeset | 7160 it defaults to <code>ld</code>, if <code>ld</code> is a string, | 
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changeset | 7161 or to "<code>=(load)</code>" otherwise. | 
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changeset | 7162 | 
| 
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changeset | 7163 | 
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changeset | 7164 <p> | 
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changeset | 7165 The string <code>mode</code> controls whether the chunk can be text or binary | 
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changeset | 7166 (that is, a precompiled chunk). | 
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changeset | 7167 It may be the string "<code>b</code>" (only binary chunks), | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7168 "<code>t</code>" (only text chunks), | 
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changeset | 7169 or "<code>bt</code>" (both binary and text). | 
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changeset | 7170 The default is "<code>bt</code>". | 
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changeset | 7171 | 
| 
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changeset | 7172 | 
| 
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changeset | 7173 | 
| 
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changeset | 7174 | 
| 
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changeset | 7175 <p> | 
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changeset | 7176 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7177 | 
| 
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changeset | 7178 | 
| 
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changeset | 7179 <p> | 
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changeset | 7180 Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7181 but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code> | 
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changeset | 7182 or from the standard input, | 
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changeset | 7183 if no file name is given. | 
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changeset | 7184 | 
| 
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changeset | 7185 | 
| 
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changeset | 7186 | 
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changeset | 7187 | 
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changeset | 7188 <p> | 
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changeset | 7189 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7190 | 
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changeset | 7191 | 
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changeset | 7192 <p> | 
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changeset | 7193 Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. | 
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changeset | 7194 Its first argument is a table and its second argument | 
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changeset | 7195 is an index in this table. | 
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changeset | 7196 <code>next</code> returns the next index of the table | 
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changeset | 7197 and its associated value. | 
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changeset | 7198 When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument, | 
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changeset | 7199 <code>next</code> returns an initial index | 
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changeset | 7200 and its associated value. | 
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changeset | 7201 When called with the last index, | 
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changeset | 7202 or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table, | 
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changeset | 7203 <code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 7204 If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 7205 In particular, | 
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changeset | 7206 you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty. | 
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changeset | 7207 | 
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changeset | 7208 | 
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changeset | 7209 <p> | 
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changeset | 7210 The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified, | 
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changeset | 7211 <em>even for numeric indices</em>. | 
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changeset | 7212 (To traverse a table in numeric order, | 
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changeset | 7213 use a numerical <b>for</b>.) | 
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changeset | 7214 | 
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changeset | 7215 | 
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changeset | 7216 <p> | 
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changeset | 7217 The behavior of <code>next</code> is undefined if, | 
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changeset | 7218 during the traversal, | 
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changeset | 7219 you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. | 
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changeset | 7220 You may however modify existing fields. | 
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changeset | 7221 In particular, you may clear existing fields. | 
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changeset | 7222 | 
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changeset | 7223 | 
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changeset | 7224 | 
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changeset | 7225 | 
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changeset | 7226 <p> | 
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changeset | 7227 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7228 | 
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changeset | 7229 | 
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changeset | 7230 <p> | 
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changeset | 7231 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>, | 
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changeset | 7232 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three | 
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changeset | 7233 results from the call. | 
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changeset | 7234 | 
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changeset | 7235 | 
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changeset | 7236 <p> | 
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changeset | 7237 Otherwise, | 
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changeset | 7238 returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 7239 so that the construction | 
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changeset | 7240 | 
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changeset | 7241 <pre> | 
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changeset | 7242 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end | 
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changeset | 7243 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 7244 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>. | 
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changeset | 7245 | 
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changeset | 7246 | 
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changeset | 7247 <p> | 
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changeset | 7248 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying | 
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changeset | 7249 the table during its traversal. | 
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changeset | 7250 | 
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changeset | 7251 | 
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changeset | 7252 | 
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changeset | 7253 | 
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changeset | 7254 <p> | 
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changeset | 7255 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7256 | 
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changeset | 7257 | 
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changeset | 7258 <p> | 
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changeset | 7259 Calls function <code>f</code> with | 
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changeset | 7260 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>. | 
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changeset | 7261 This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated; | 
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changeset | 7262 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error | 
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changeset | 7263 and returns a status code. | 
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changeset | 7264 Its first result is the status code (a boolean), | 
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changeset | 7265 which is true if the call succeeds without errors. | 
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changeset | 7266 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call, | 
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changeset | 7267 after this first result. | 
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changeset | 7268 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. | 
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changeset | 7269 | 
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changeset | 7270 | 
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changeset | 7271 | 
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changeset | 7272 | 
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changeset | 7273 <p> | 
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changeset | 7274 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7275 Receives any number of arguments | 
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changeset | 7276 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>, | 
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changeset | 7277 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string. | 
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changeset | 7278 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output, | 
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changeset | 7279 but only as a quick way to show a value, | 
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changeset | 7280 for instance for debugging. | 
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changeset | 7281 For complete control over the output, | 
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changeset | 7282 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7283 | 
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changeset | 7284 | 
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changeset | 7285 | 
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changeset | 7286 | 
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changeset | 7287 <p> | 
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changeset | 7288 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7289 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>, | 
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changeset | 7290 without invoking any metamethod. | 
| 
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changeset | 7291 Returns a boolean. | 
| 
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changeset | 7292 | 
| 
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changeset | 7293 | 
| 
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changeset | 7294 | 
| 
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changeset | 7295 | 
| 
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changeset | 7296 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7297 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7298 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7299 without invoking any metamethod. | 
| 
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changeset | 7300 <code>table</code> must be a table; | 
| 
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changeset | 7301 <code>index</code> may be any value. | 
| 
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changeset | 7302 | 
| 
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changeset | 7303 | 
| 
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changeset | 7304 | 
| 
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changeset | 7305 | 
| 
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changeset | 7306 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7307 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawlen"><code>rawlen (v)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7308 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7309 which must be a table or a string, | 
| 
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changeset | 7310 without invoking any metamethod. | 
| 
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changeset | 7311 Returns an integer number. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 7312 | 
| 
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changeset | 7313 | 
| 
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changeset | 7314 | 
| 
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changeset | 7315 | 
| 
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changeset | 7316 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7317 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7318 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7319 without invoking any metamethod. | 
| 
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changeset | 7320 <code>table</code> must be a table, | 
| 
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changeset | 7321 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b> and NaN, | 
| 
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changeset | 7322 and <code>value</code> any Lua value. | 
| 
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changeset | 7323 | 
| 
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changeset | 7324 | 
| 
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changeset | 7325 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7326 This function returns <code>table</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7327 | 
| 
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changeset | 7328 | 
| 
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changeset | 7329 | 
| 
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changeset | 7330 | 
| 
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changeset | 7331 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7332 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7333 | 
| 
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changeset | 7334 | 
| 
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changeset | 7335 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7336 If <code>index</code> is a number, | 
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changeset | 7337 returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>; | 
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changeset | 7338 a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument). | 
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changeset | 7339 Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7340 and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received. | 
| 
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changeset | 7341 | 
| 
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changeset | 7342 | 
| 
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changeset | 7343 | 
| 
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changeset | 7344 | 
| 
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changeset | 7345 <p> | 
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changeset | 7346 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7347 | 
| 
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changeset | 7348 | 
| 
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changeset | 7349 <p> | 
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changeset | 7350 Sets the metatable for the given table. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7351 (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.) | 
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changeset | 7352 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7353 removes the metatable of the given table. | 
| 
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changeset | 7354 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7355 raises an error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 7356 | 
| 
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changeset | 7357 | 
| 
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changeset | 7358 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7359 This function returns <code>table</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7360 | 
| 
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changeset | 7361 | 
| 
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changeset | 7362 | 
| 
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changeset | 7363 | 
| 
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changeset | 7364 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7365 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7366 | 
| 
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changeset | 7367 | 
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changeset | 7368 <p> | 
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changeset | 7369 When called with no <code>base</code>, | 
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changeset | 7370 <code>tonumber</code> tries to convert its argument to a number. | 
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changeset | 7371 If the argument is already a number or | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7372 a string convertible to a number (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>), | 
| 
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changeset | 7373 then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number; | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7374 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7375 | 
| 
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changeset | 7376 | 
| 
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changeset | 7377 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7378 When called with <code>base</code>, | 
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changeset | 7379 then <code>e</code> should be a string to be interpreted as | 
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changeset | 7380 an integer numeral in that base. | 
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changeset | 7381 The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7382 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case) | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7383 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth, | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7384 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35. | 
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changeset | 7385 If the string <code>e</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base, | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7386 the function returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 7387 | 
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changeset | 7388 | 
| 
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changeset | 7389 | 
| 
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changeset | 7390 | 
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changeset | 7391 <p> | 
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changeset | 7392 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (v)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7393 Receives a value of any type and | 
| 
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changeset | 7394 converts it to a string in a reasonable format. | 
| 
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changeset | 7395 (For complete control of how numbers are converted, | 
| 
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changeset | 7396 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.) | 
| 
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changeset | 7397 | 
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changeset | 7398 | 
| 
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changeset | 7399 <p> | 
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changeset | 7400 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, | 
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changeset | 7401 then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value | 
| 
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changeset | 7402 with <code>v</code> as argument, | 
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changeset | 7403 and uses the result of the call as its result. | 
| 
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changeset | 7404 | 
| 
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changeset | 7405 | 
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changeset | 7406 | 
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changeset | 7407 | 
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changeset | 7408 <p> | 
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changeset | 7409 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7410 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. | 
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changeset | 7411 The possible results of this function are | 
| 
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changeset | 7412 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>), | 
| 
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changeset | 7413 "<code>number</code>", | 
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changeset | 7414 "<code>string</code>", | 
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changeset | 7415 "<code>boolean</code>", | 
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changeset | 7416 "<code>table</code>", | 
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changeset | 7417 "<code>function</code>", | 
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changeset | 7418 "<code>thread</code>", | 
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changeset | 7419 and "<code>userdata</code>". | 
| 
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changeset | 7420 | 
| 
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changeset | 7421 | 
| 
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changeset | 7422 | 
| 
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changeset | 7423 | 
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changeset | 7424 <p> | 
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changeset | 7425 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7426 A global variable (not a function) that | 
| 
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changeset | 7427 holds a string containing the current interpreter version. | 
| 
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changeset | 7428 The current contents of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.2</code>". | 
| 
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changeset | 7429 | 
| 
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changeset | 7430 | 
| 
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changeset | 7431 | 
| 
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changeset | 7432 | 
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changeset | 7433 <p> | 
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changeset | 7434 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7435 | 
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changeset | 7436 | 
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changeset | 7437 <p> | 
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changeset | 7438 This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7439 except that it sets a new message handler <code>msgh</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7440 | 
| 
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changeset | 7441 | 
| 
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changeset | 7442 | 
| 
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changeset | 7443 | 
| 
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changeset | 7444 | 
| 
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changeset | 7445 | 
| 
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changeset | 7446 | 
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changeset | 7447 <h2>6.2 – <a name="6.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2> | 
| 
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changeset | 7448 | 
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changeset | 7449 <p> | 
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changeset | 7450 The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of | 
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changeset | 7451 the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7452 See <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a> for a general description of coroutines. | 
| 
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changeset | 7453 | 
| 
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changeset | 7454 | 
| 
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changeset | 7455 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7456 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7457 | 
| 
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changeset | 7458 | 
| 
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changeset | 7459 <p> | 
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changeset | 7460 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. | 
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changeset | 7461 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. | 
| 
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changeset | 7462 Returns this new coroutine, | 
| 
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changeset | 7463 an object with type <code>"thread"</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7464 | 
| 
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changeset | 7465 | 
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changeset | 7466 | 
| 
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changeset | 7467 | 
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changeset | 7468 <p> | 
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changeset | 7469 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7470 | 
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changeset | 7471 | 
| 
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changeset | 7472 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7473 Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>. | 
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changeset | 7474 The first time you resume a coroutine, | 
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changeset | 7475 it starts running its body. | 
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changeset | 7476 The values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed | 
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changeset | 7477 as the arguments to the body function. | 
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changeset | 7478 If the coroutine has yielded, | 
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changeset | 7479 <code>resume</code> restarts it; | 
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changeset | 7480 the values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed | 
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changeset | 7481 as the results from the yield. | 
| 
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changeset | 7482 | 
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changeset | 7483 | 
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changeset | 7484 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7485 If the coroutine runs without any errors, | 
| 
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changeset | 7486 <code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 7487 (if the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function | 
| 
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changeset | 7488 (if the coroutine terminates). | 
| 
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changeset | 7489 If there is any error, | 
| 
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changeset | 7490 <code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. | 
| 
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changeset | 7491 | 
| 
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changeset | 7492 | 
| 
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changeset | 7493 | 
| 
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changeset | 7494 | 
| 
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changeset | 7495 <p> | 
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changeset | 7496 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7497 | 
| 
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changeset | 7498 | 
| 
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changeset | 7499 <p> | 
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changeset | 7500 Returns the running coroutine plus a boolean, | 
| 
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changeset | 7501 true when the running coroutine is the main one. | 
| 
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changeset | 7502 | 
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changeset | 7503 | 
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changeset | 7504 | 
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changeset | 7505 | 
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changeset | 7506 <p> | 
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changeset | 7507 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7508 | 
| 
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changeset | 7509 | 
| 
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changeset | 7510 <p> | 
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changeset | 7511 Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string: | 
| 
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changeset | 7512 <code>"running"</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7513 if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>); | 
| 
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changeset | 7514 <code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7515 or if it has not started running yet; | 
| 
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changeset | 7516 <code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running | 
| 
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changeset | 7517 (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); | 
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changeset | 7518 and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function, | 
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changeset | 7519 or if it has stopped with an error. | 
| 
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changeset | 7520 | 
| 
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changeset | 7521 | 
| 
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changeset | 7522 | 
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changeset | 7523 | 
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changeset | 7524 <p> | 
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changeset | 7525 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7526 | 
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changeset | 7527 | 
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changeset | 7528 <p> | 
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changeset | 7529 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7530 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. | 
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changeset | 7531 Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called. | 
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changeset | 7532 Any arguments passed to the function behave as the | 
| 
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changeset | 7533 extra arguments to <code>resume</code>. | 
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changeset | 7534 Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7535 except the first boolean. | 
| 
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changeset | 7536 In case of error, propagates the error. | 
| 
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changeset | 7537 | 
| 
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changeset | 7538 | 
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changeset | 7539 | 
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changeset | 7540 | 
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changeset | 7541 <p> | 
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changeset | 7542 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7543 | 
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changeset | 7544 | 
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changeset | 7545 <p> | 
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changeset | 7546 Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. | 
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changeset | 7547 Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7548 | 
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changeset | 7549 | 
| 
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changeset | 7550 | 
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changeset | 7551 | 
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changeset | 7552 | 
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changeset | 7553 | 
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changeset | 7554 | 
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changeset | 7555 <h2>6.3 – <a name="6.3">Modules</a></h2> | 
| 
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changeset | 7556 | 
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changeset | 7557 <p> | 
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changeset | 7558 The package library provides basic | 
| 
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changeset | 7559 facilities for loading modules in Lua. | 
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changeset | 7560 It exports one function directly in the global environment: | 
| 
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changeset | 7561 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7562 Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7563 | 
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changeset | 7564 | 
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changeset | 7565 <p> | 
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changeset | 7566 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7567 | 
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changeset | 7568 | 
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changeset | 7569 <p> | 
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changeset | 7570 Loads the given module. | 
| 
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changeset | 7571 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table | 
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changeset | 7572 to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded. | 
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changeset | 7573 If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored | 
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changeset | 7574 at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. | 
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changeset | 7575 Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module. | 
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changeset | 7576 | 
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changeset | 7577 | 
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changeset | 7578 <p> | 
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changeset | 7579 To find a loader, | 
| 
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changeset | 7580 <code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a> sequence. | 
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changeset | 7581 By changing this sequence, | 
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changeset | 7582 we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module. | 
| 
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changeset | 7583 The following explanation is based on the default configuration | 
| 
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changeset | 7584 for <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7585 | 
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changeset | 7586 | 
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changeset | 7587 <p> | 
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changeset | 7588 First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7589 If it has a value, | 
| 
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changeset | 7590 this value (which should be a function) is the loader. | 
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changeset | 7591 Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the | 
| 
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changeset | 7592 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7593 If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the | 
| 
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changeset | 7594 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7595 If that also fails, | 
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changeset | 7596 it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 7597 | 
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changeset | 7598 | 
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changeset | 7599 <p> | 
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changeset | 7600 Once a loader is found, | 
| 
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changeset | 7601 <code>require</code> calls the loader with two arguments: | 
| 
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changeset | 7602 <code>modname</code> and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader. | 
| 
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changeset | 7603 (If the loader came from a file, | 
| 
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changeset | 7604 this extra value is the file name.) | 
| 
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changeset | 7605 If the loader returns any non-nil value, | 
| 
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changeset | 7606 <code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7607 If the loader does not return a non-nil value and | 
| 
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changeset | 7608 has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7609 then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry. | 
| 
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changeset | 7610 In any case, <code>require</code> returns the | 
| 
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changeset | 7611 final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7612 | 
| 
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changeset | 7613 | 
| 
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changeset | 7614 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7615 If there is any error loading or running the module, | 
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changeset | 7616 or if it cannot find any loader for the module, | 
| 
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changeset | 7617 then <code>require</code> raises an error. | 
| 
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changeset | 7618 | 
| 
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changeset | 7619 | 
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changeset | 7620 | 
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changeset | 7621 | 
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changeset | 7622 <p> | 
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changeset | 7623 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.config"><code>package.config</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7624 | 
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changeset | 7625 | 
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changeset | 7626 <p> | 
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changeset | 7627 A string describing some compile-time configurations for packages. | 
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changeset | 7628 This string is a sequence of lines: | 
| 
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changeset | 7629 | 
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changeset | 7630 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 7631 | 
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changeset | 7632 <li>The first line is the directory separator string. | 
| 
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changeset | 7633 Default is '<code>\</code>' for Windows and '<code>/</code>' for all other systems.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7634 | 
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changeset | 7635 <li>The second line is the character that separates templates in a path. | 
| 
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changeset | 7636 Default is '<code>;</code>'.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7637 | 
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changeset | 7638 <li>The third line is the string that marks the | 
| 
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changeset | 7639 substitution points in a template. | 
| 
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changeset | 7640 Default is '<code>?</code>'.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7641 | 
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changeset | 7642 <li>The fourth line is a string that, in a path in Windows, | 
| 
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changeset | 7643 is replaced by the executable's directory. | 
| 
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changeset | 7644 Default is '<code>!</code>'.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7645 | 
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changeset | 7646 <li>The fifth line is a mark to ignore all text before it | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7647 when building the <code>luaopen_</code> function name. | 
| 
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changeset | 7648 Default is '<code>-</code>'.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 7649 | 
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changeset | 7650 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 7651 | 
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changeset | 7652 | 
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changeset | 7653 | 
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changeset | 7654 <p> | 
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changeset | 7655 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7656 | 
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changeset | 7657 | 
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changeset | 7658 <p> | 
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changeset | 7659 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader. | 
| 
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changeset | 7660 | 
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changeset | 7661 | 
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changeset | 7662 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 7663 Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way | 
| 
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changeset | 7664 it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7665 using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_2"><code>LUA_CPATH_5_2</code></a> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 7666 or the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a> | 
| 
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changeset | 7667 or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. | 
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changeset | 7668 | 
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changeset | 7669 | 
| 
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changeset | 7670 | 
| 
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changeset | 7671 | 
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changeset | 7672 <p> | 
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changeset | 7673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7674 | 
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changeset | 7675 | 
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changeset | 7676 <p> | 
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changeset | 7677 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which | 
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changeset | 7678 modules are already loaded. | 
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changeset | 7679 When you require a module <code>modname</code> and | 
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changeset | 7680 <code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false, | 
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changeset | 7681 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there. | 
| 
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changeset | 7682 | 
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changeset | 7683 | 
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changeset | 7684 <p> | 
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changeset | 7685 This variable is only a reference to the real table; | 
| 
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changeset | 7686 assignments to this variable do not change the | 
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changeset | 7687 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7688 | 
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changeset | 7689 | 
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changeset | 7690 | 
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changeset | 7691 | 
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changeset | 7692 <p> | 
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changeset | 7693 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7694 | 
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changeset | 7695 | 
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changeset | 7696 <p> | 
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changeset | 7697 Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 7698 | 
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changeset | 7699 | 
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changeset | 7700 <p> | 
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changeset | 7701 If <code>funcname</code> is "<code>*</code>", | 
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changeset | 7702 then it only links with the library, | 
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changeset | 7703 making the symbols exported by the library | 
| 
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changeset | 7704 available to other dynamically linked libraries. | 
| 
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changeset | 7705 Otherwise, | 
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changeset | 7706 it looks for a function <code>funcname</code> inside the library | 
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changeset | 7707 and returns this function as a C function. | 
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changeset | 7708 So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a> prototype | 
| 
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changeset | 7709 (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 7710 | 
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changeset | 7711 | 
| 
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changeset | 7712 <p> | 
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changeset | 7713 This is a low-level function. | 
| 
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changeset | 7714 It completely bypasses the package and module system. | 
| 
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changeset | 7715 Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 7716 it does not perform any path searching and | 
| 
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changeset | 7717 does not automatically adds extensions. | 
| 
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changeset | 7718 <code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library, | 
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changeset | 7719 including if necessary a path and an extension. | 
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changeset | 7720 <code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library | 
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changeset | 7721 (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used). | 
| 
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changeset | 7722 | 
| 
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changeset | 7723 | 
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changeset | 7724 <p> | 
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changeset | 7725 This function is not supported by Standard C. | 
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changeset | 7726 As such, it is only available on some platforms | 
| 
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changeset | 7727 (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, | 
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changeset | 7728 plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard). | 
| 
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changeset | 7729 | 
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changeset | 7730 | 
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changeset | 7731 | 
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changeset | 7732 | 
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changeset | 7733 <p> | 
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changeset | 7734 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7735 | 
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changeset | 7736 | 
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changeset | 7737 <p> | 
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changeset | 7738 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader. | 
| 
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changeset | 7739 | 
| 
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changeset | 7740 | 
| 
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changeset | 7741 <p> | 
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changeset | 7742 At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with | 
| 
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changeset | 7743 the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH_5_2"><code>LUA_PATH_5_2</code></a> or | 
| 
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changeset | 7744 the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or | 
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changeset | 7745 with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>, | 
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changeset | 7746 if those environment variables are not defined. | 
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changeset | 7747 Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable | 
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changeset | 7748 is replaced by the default path. | 
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changeset | 7749 | 
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changeset | 7750 | 
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changeset | 7751 | 
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changeset | 7752 | 
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changeset | 7753 <p> | 
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changeset | 7754 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7755 | 
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changeset | 7756 | 
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changeset | 7757 <p> | 
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changeset | 7758 A table to store loaders for specific modules | 
| 
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changeset | 7759 (see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 7760 | 
| 
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changeset | 7761 | 
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changeset | 7762 <p> | 
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changeset | 7763 This variable is only a reference to the real table; | 
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changeset | 7764 assignments to this variable do not change the | 
| 
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changeset | 7765 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7766 | 
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changeset | 7767 | 
| 
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changeset | 7768 | 
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changeset | 7769 | 
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changeset | 7770 <p> | 
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changeset | 7771 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 7772 | 
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changeset | 7773 | 
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changeset | 7774 <p> | 
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changeset | 7775 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules. | 
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changeset | 7776 | 
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changeset | 7777 | 
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changeset | 7778 <p> | 
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changeset | 7779 Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>. | 
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changeset | 7780 When looking for a module, | 
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changeset | 7781 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order, | 
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changeset | 7782 with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its | 
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changeset | 7783 sole parameter. | 
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changeset | 7784 The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>) | 
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changeset | 7785 plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader, | 
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changeset | 7786 or a string explaining why it did not find that module | 
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changeset | 7787 (or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say). | 
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changeset | 7788 | 
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changeset | 7789 | 
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changeset | 7790 <p> | 
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changeset | 7791 Lua initializes this table with four searcher functions. | 
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changeset | 7792 | 
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changeset | 7793 | 
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changeset | 7794 <p> | 
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changeset | 7795 The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the | 
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changeset | 7796 <a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table. | 
| 
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changeset | 7797 | 
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changeset | 7798 | 
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changeset | 7799 <p> | 
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changeset | 7800 The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library, | 
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changeset | 7801 using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7802 The search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7803 | 
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changeset | 7804 | 
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changeset | 7805 <p> | 
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changeset | 7806 The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, | 
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changeset | 7807 using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7808 Again, | 
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changeset | 7809 the search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7810 For instance, | 
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changeset | 7811 if the C path is the string | 
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changeset | 7812 | 
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changeset | 7813 <pre> | 
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changeset | 7814 "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so" | 
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changeset | 7815 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 7816 the searcher for module <code>foo</code> | 
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changeset | 7817 will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>, | 
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changeset | 7818 and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order. | 
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changeset | 7819 Once it finds a C library, | 
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changeset | 7820 this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the | 
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changeset | 7821 application with the library. | 
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changeset | 7822 Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to | 
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changeset | 7823 be used as the loader. | 
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changeset | 7824 The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>" | 
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changeset | 7825 concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot | 
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changeset | 7826 is replaced by an underscore. | 
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changeset | 7827 Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen, | 
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changeset | 7828 its prefix up to (and including) the first hyphen is removed. | 
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changeset | 7829 For instance, if the module name is <code>a.v1-b.c</code>, | 
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changeset | 7830 the function name will be <code>luaopen_b_c</code>. | 
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changeset | 7831 | 
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changeset | 7832 | 
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changeset | 7833 <p> | 
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changeset | 7834 The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>. | 
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changeset | 7835 It searches the C path for a library for | 
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changeset | 7836 the root name of the given module. | 
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changeset | 7837 For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>, | 
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changeset | 7838 it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>. | 
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changeset | 7839 If found, it looks into it for an open function for | 
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changeset | 7840 the submodule; | 
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changeset | 7841 in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. | 
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changeset | 7842 With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules | 
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changeset | 7843 into one single library, | 
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changeset | 7844 with each submodule keeping its original open function. | 
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changeset | 7845 | 
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changeset | 7846 | 
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changeset | 7847 <p> | 
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changeset | 7848 All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value | 
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changeset | 7849 the file name where the module was found, | 
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changeset | 7850 as returned by <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7851 The first searcher returns no extra value. | 
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changeset | 7852 | 
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changeset | 7853 | 
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changeset | 7854 | 
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changeset | 7855 | 
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changeset | 7856 <p> | 
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changeset | 7857 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath (name, path [, sep [, rep]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7858 | 
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changeset | 7859 | 
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changeset | 7860 <p> | 
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changeset | 7861 Searches for the given <code>name</code> in the given <code>path</code>. | 
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changeset | 7862 | 
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changeset | 7863 | 
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changeset | 7864 <p> | 
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changeset | 7865 A path is a string containing a sequence of | 
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changeset | 7866 <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons. | 
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changeset | 7867 For each template, | 
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changeset | 7868 the function replaces each interrogation mark (if any) | 
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changeset | 7869 in the template with a copy of <code>name</code> | 
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changeset | 7870 wherein all occurrences of <code>sep</code> | 
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changeset | 7871 (a dot, by default) | 
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changeset | 7872 were replaced by <code>rep</code> | 
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changeset | 7873 (the system's directory separator, by default), | 
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changeset | 7874 and then tries to open the resulting file name. | 
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changeset | 7875 | 
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changeset | 7876 | 
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changeset | 7877 <p> | 
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changeset | 7878 For instance, if the path is the string | 
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changeset | 7879 | 
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changeset | 7880 <pre> | 
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changeset | 7881 "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua" | 
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changeset | 7882 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 7883 the search for the name <code>foo.a</code> | 
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changeset | 7884 will try to open the files | 
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changeset | 7885 <code>./foo/a.lua</code>, <code>./foo/a.lc</code>, and | 
| 
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changeset | 7886 <code>/usr/local/foo/a/init.lua</code>, in that order. | 
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changeset | 7887 | 
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changeset | 7888 | 
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changeset | 7889 <p> | 
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changeset | 7890 Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can | 
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changeset | 7891 open in read mode (after closing the file), | 
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changeset | 7892 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message if none succeeds. | 
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changeset | 7893 (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.) | 
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changeset | 7894 | 
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changeset | 7895 | 
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changeset | 7896 | 
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changeset | 7897 | 
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changeset | 7898 | 
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changeset | 7899 | 
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changeset | 7900 | 
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changeset | 7901 <h2>6.4 – <a name="6.4">String Manipulation</a></h2> | 
| 
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changeset | 7902 | 
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changeset | 7903 <p> | 
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changeset | 7904 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, | 
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changeset | 7905 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. | 
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changeset | 7906 When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1 | 
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changeset | 7907 (not at 0, as in C). | 
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changeset | 7908 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, | 
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changeset | 7909 from the end of the string. | 
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changeset | 7910 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on. | 
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changeset | 7911 | 
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changeset | 7912 | 
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changeset | 7913 <p> | 
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changeset | 7914 The string library provides all its functions inside the table | 
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changeset | 7915 <a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7916 It also sets a metatable for strings | 
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changeset | 7917 where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table. | 
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changeset | 7918 Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style. | 
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changeset | 7919 For instance, <code>string.byte(s,i)</code> | 
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changeset | 7920 can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>. | 
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changeset | 7921 | 
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changeset | 7922 | 
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changeset | 7923 <p> | 
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changeset | 7924 The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. | 
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changeset | 7925 | 
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changeset | 7926 | 
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changeset | 7927 <p> | 
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changeset | 7928 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7929 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>, | 
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changeset | 7930 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>. | 
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changeset | 7931 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1; | 
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changeset | 7932 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. | 
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changeset | 7933 These indices are corrected | 
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changeset | 7934 following the same rules of function <a href="#pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 7935 | 
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changeset | 7936 | 
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changeset | 7937 <p> | 
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changeset | 7938 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. | 
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changeset | 7939 | 
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changeset | 7940 | 
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changeset | 7941 | 
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changeset | 7942 | 
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changeset | 7943 <p> | 
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changeset | 7944 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7945 Receives zero or more integers. | 
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changeset | 7946 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, | 
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changeset | 7947 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal | 
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changeset | 7948 to its corresponding argument. | 
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changeset | 7949 | 
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changeset | 7950 | 
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changeset | 7951 <p> | 
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changeset | 7952 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. | 
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changeset | 7953 | 
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changeset | 7954 | 
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changeset | 7955 | 
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changeset | 7956 | 
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changeset | 7957 <p> | 
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changeset | 7958 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7959 | 
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changeset | 7960 | 
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changeset | 7961 <p> | 
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changeset | 7962 Returns a string containing a binary representation of the given function, | 
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changeset | 7963 so that a later <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> on this string returns | 
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changeset | 7964 a copy of the function (but with new upvalues). | 
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changeset | 7965 | 
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changeset | 7966 | 
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changeset | 7967 | 
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changeset | 7968 | 
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changeset | 7969 <p> | 
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changeset | 7970 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 7971 | 
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changeset | 7972 | 
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changeset | 7973 <p> | 
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changeset | 7974 Looks for the first match of | 
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changeset | 7975 <code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>. | 
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changeset | 7976 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code> | 
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changeset | 7977 where this occurrence starts and ends; | 
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changeset | 7978 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 7979 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies | 
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changeset | 7980 where to start the search; | 
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changeset | 7981 its default value is 1 and can be negative. | 
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changeset | 7982 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code> | 
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changeset | 7983 turns off the pattern matching facilities, | 
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changeset | 7984 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, | 
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changeset | 7985 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic. | 
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changeset | 7986 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well. | 
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changeset | 7987 | 
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changeset | 7988 | 
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changeset | 7989 <p> | 
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changeset | 7990 If the pattern has captures, | 
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changeset | 7991 then in a successful match | 
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changeset | 7992 the captured values are also returned, | 
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changeset | 7993 after the two indices. | 
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changeset | 7994 | 
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changeset | 7995 | 
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changeset | 7996 | 
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changeset | 7997 | 
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changeset | 7998 <p> | 
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changeset | 7999 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8000 | 
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changeset | 8001 | 
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changeset | 8002 <p> | 
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changeset | 8003 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments | 
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changeset | 8004 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). | 
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changeset | 8005 The format string follows the same rules as the ANSI C function <code>sprintf</code>. | 
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changeset | 8006 The only differences are that the options/modifiers | 
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changeset | 8007 <code>*</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>n</code>, | 
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changeset | 8008 and <code>p</code> are not supported | 
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changeset | 8009 and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>. | 
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changeset | 8010 The <code>q</code> option formats a string between double quotes, | 
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changeset | 8011 using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that | 
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changeset | 8012 it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter. | 
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changeset | 8013 For instance, the call | 
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changeset | 8014 | 
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changeset | 8015 <pre> | 
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changeset | 8016 string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line') | 
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changeset | 8017 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 8018 may produce the string: | 
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changeset | 8019 | 
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changeset | 8020 <pre> | 
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changeset | 8021 "a string with \"quotes\" and \ | 
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changeset | 8022 new line" | 
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changeset | 8023 </pre> | 
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changeset | 8024 | 
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changeset | 8025 <p> | 
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changeset | 8026 Options | 
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changeset | 8027 <code>A</code> and <code>a</code> (when available), | 
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changeset | 8028 <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>, | 
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changeset | 8029 <code>G</code>, and <code>g</code> all expect a number as argument. | 
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changeset | 8030 Options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, | 
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changeset | 8031 <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code> | 
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changeset | 8032 also expect a number, | 
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changeset | 8033 but the range of that number may be limited by | 
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changeset | 8034 the underlying C implementation. | 
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changeset | 8035 For options <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code>, | 
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changeset | 8036 the number cannot be negative. | 
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changeset | 8037 Option <code>q</code> expects a string; | 
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changeset | 8038 option <code>s</code> expects a string without embedded zeros. | 
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changeset | 8039 If the argument to option <code>s</code> is not a string, | 
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changeset | 8040 it is converted to one following the same rules of <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 8041 | 
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changeset | 8042 | 
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changeset | 8043 | 
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changeset | 8044 | 
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changeset | 8045 <p> | 
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changeset | 8046 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8047 Returns an iterator function that, | 
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changeset | 8048 each time it is called, | 
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changeset | 8049 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> over the string <code>s</code>. | 
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changeset | 8050 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, | 
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changeset | 8051 then the whole match is produced in each call. | 
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changeset | 8052 | 
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changeset | 8053 | 
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changeset | 8054 <p> | 
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changeset | 8055 As an example, the following loop | 
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changeset | 8056 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>, | 
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changeset | 8057 printing one per line: | 
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changeset | 8058 | 
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changeset | 8059 <pre> | 
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changeset | 8060 s = "hello world from Lua" | 
| 
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changeset | 8061 for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do | 
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changeset | 8062 print(w) | 
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changeset | 8063 end | 
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changeset | 8064 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 8065 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the | 
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changeset | 8066 given string into a table: | 
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changeset | 8067 | 
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changeset | 8068 <pre> | 
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changeset | 8069 t = {} | 
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changeset | 8070 s = "from=world, to=Lua" | 
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changeset | 8071 for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do | 
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changeset | 8072 t[k] = v | 
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changeset | 8073 end | 
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changeset | 8074 </pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 8075 | 
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changeset | 8076 <p> | 
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changeset | 8077 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not | 
| 
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changeset | 8078 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. | 
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changeset | 8079 | 
| 
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changeset | 8080 | 
| 
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changeset | 8081 | 
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changeset | 8082 | 
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changeset | 8083 <p> | 
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changeset | 8084 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8085 Returns a copy of <code>s</code> | 
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changeset | 8086 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given) | 
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changeset | 8087 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> have been | 
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changeset | 8088 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>, | 
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changeset | 8089 which can be a string, a table, or a function. | 
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changeset | 8090 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value, | 
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changeset | 8091 the total number of matches that occurred. | 
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changeset | 8092 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8093 | 
| 
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changeset | 8094 | 
| 
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changeset | 8095 <p> | 
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changeset | 8096 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement. | 
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changeset | 8097 The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character: | 
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changeset | 8098 any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>d</em></code>, | 
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changeset | 8099 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9, | 
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changeset | 8100 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring. | 
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changeset | 8101 The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match. | 
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changeset | 8102 The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8103 | 
| 
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changeset | 8104 | 
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changeset | 8105 <p> | 
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changeset | 8106 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match, | 
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changeset | 8107 using the first capture as the key. | 
| 
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changeset | 8108 | 
| 
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changeset | 8109 | 
| 
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changeset | 8110 <p> | 
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changeset | 8111 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a | 
| 
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changeset | 8112 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, | 
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changeset | 8113 in order. | 
| 
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changeset | 8114 | 
| 
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changeset | 8115 | 
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changeset | 8116 <p> | 
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changeset | 8117 In any case, | 
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changeset | 8118 if the pattern specifies no captures, | 
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changeset | 8119 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture. | 
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changeset | 8120 | 
| 
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changeset | 8121 | 
| 
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changeset | 8122 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8123 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call | 
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changeset | 8124 is a string or a number, | 
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changeset | 8125 then it is used as the replacement string; | 
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changeset | 8126 otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 8127 then there is no replacement | 
| 
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changeset | 8128 (that is, the original match is kept in the string). | 
| 
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changeset | 8129 | 
| 
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changeset | 8130 | 
| 
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changeset | 8131 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8132 Here are some examples: | 
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changeset | 8133 | 
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changeset | 8134 <pre> | 
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changeset | 8135 x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1") | 
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changeset | 8136 --> x="hello hello world world" | 
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changeset | 8137 | 
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changeset | 8138 x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1) | 
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changeset | 8139 --> x="hello hello world" | 
| 
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changeset | 8140 | 
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changeset | 8141 x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1") | 
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changeset | 8142 --> x="world hello Lua from" | 
| 
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changeset | 8143 | 
| 
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changeset | 8144 x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv) | 
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changeset | 8145 --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto" | 
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changeset | 8146 | 
| 
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changeset | 8147 x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s) | 
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changeset | 8148 return load(s)() | 
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changeset | 8149 end) | 
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changeset | 8150 --> x="4+5 = 9" | 
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changeset | 8151 | 
| 
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changeset | 8152 local t = {name="lua", version="5.2"} | 
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changeset | 8153 x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) | 
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changeset | 8154 --> x="lua-5.2.tar.gz" | 
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changeset | 8155 </pre> | 
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changeset | 8156 | 
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changeset | 8157 | 
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changeset | 8158 | 
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changeset | 8159 <p> | 
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changeset | 8160 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8161 Receives a string and returns its length. | 
| 
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changeset | 8162 The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0. | 
| 
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changeset | 8163 Embedded zeros are counted, | 
| 
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changeset | 8164 so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5. | 
| 
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changeset | 8165 | 
| 
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changeset | 8166 | 
| 
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changeset | 8167 | 
| 
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changeset | 8168 | 
| 
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changeset | 8169 <p> | 
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changeset | 8170 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8171 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all | 
| 
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changeset | 8172 uppercase letters changed to lowercase. | 
| 
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changeset | 8173 All other characters are left unchanged. | 
| 
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changeset | 8174 The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale. | 
| 
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changeset | 8175 | 
| 
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changeset | 8176 | 
| 
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changeset | 8177 | 
| 
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changeset | 8178 | 
| 
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changeset | 8179 <p> | 
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changeset | 8180 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8181 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of | 
| 
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changeset | 8182 <code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>. | 
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changeset | 8183 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns | 
| 
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changeset | 8184 the captures from the pattern; | 
| 
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changeset | 8185 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8186 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, | 
| 
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changeset | 8187 then the whole match is returned. | 
| 
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changeset | 8188 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies | 
| 
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changeset | 8189 where to start the search; | 
| 
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changeset | 8190 its default value is 1 and can be negative. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8191 | 
| 
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changeset | 8192 | 
| 
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changeset | 8193 | 
| 
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changeset | 8194 | 
| 
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changeset | 8195 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8196 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8197 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of | 
| 
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changeset | 8198 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8199 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8200 (that is, no separator). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8201 | 
| 
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changeset | 8202 | 
| 
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changeset | 8203 | 
| 
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changeset | 8204 | 
| 
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changeset | 8205 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8206 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8207 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8208 | 
| 
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changeset | 8209 | 
| 
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changeset | 8210 | 
| 
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changeset | 8211 | 
| 
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changeset | 8212 <p> | 
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changeset | 8213 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8214 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that | 
| 
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changeset | 8215 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>; | 
| 
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changeset | 8216 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8217 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 | 
| 
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changeset | 8218 (which is the same as the string length). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8219 In particular, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8220 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8221 with length <code>j</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 8222 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 8223 with length <code>i</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8224 | 
| 
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changeset | 8225 | 
| 
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changeset | 8226 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8227 If, after the translation of negative indices, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8228 <code>i</code> is less than 1, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8229 it is corrected to 1. | 
| 
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changeset | 8230 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8231 it is corrected to that length. | 
| 
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changeset | 8232 If, after these corrections, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8233 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, | 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8234 the function returns the empty string. | 
| 
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changeset | 8235 | 
| 
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changeset | 8236 | 
| 
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changeset | 8237 | 
| 
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changeset | 8238 | 
| 
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changeset | 8239 <p> | 
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changeset | 8240 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8241 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8242 lowercase letters changed to uppercase. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8243 All other characters are left unchanged. | 
| 
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changeset | 8244 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. | 
| 
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changeset | 8245 | 
| 
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changeset | 8246 | 
| 
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changeset | 8247 | 
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changeset | 8248 <h3>6.4.1 – <a name="6.4.1">Patterns</a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8249 | 
| 
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changeset | 8250 | 
| 
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changeset | 8251 <h4>Character Class:</h4><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8252 A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters. | 
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changeset | 8253 The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: | 
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changeset | 8254 | 
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changeset | 8255 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 8256 | 
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changeset | 8257 <li><b><em>x</em>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 8258 (where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em> | 
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changeset | 8259 <code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>) | 
| 
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changeset | 8260 represents the character <em>x</em> itself. | 
| 
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changeset | 8261 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8262 | 
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changeset | 8263 <li><b><code>.</code>: </b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8264 | 
| 
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changeset | 8265 <li><b><code>%a</code>: </b> represents all letters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8266 | 
| 
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changeset | 8267 <li><b><code>%c</code>: </b> represents all control characters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8268 | 
| 
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changeset | 8269 <li><b><code>%d</code>: </b> represents all digits.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8270 | 
| 
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changeset | 8271 <li><b><code>%g</code>: </b> represents all printable characters except space.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8272 | 
| 
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changeset | 8273 <li><b><code>%l</code>: </b> represents all lowercase letters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8274 | 
| 
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changeset | 8275 <li><b><code>%p</code>: </b> represents all punctuation characters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8276 | 
| 
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changeset | 8277 <li><b><code>%s</code>: </b> represents all space characters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8278 | 
| 
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changeset | 8279 <li><b><code>%u</code>: </b> represents all uppercase letters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8280 | 
| 
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changeset | 8281 <li><b><code>%w</code>: </b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8282 | 
| 
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changeset | 8283 <li><b><code>%x</code>: </b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8284 | 
| 
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changeset | 8285 <li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>: </b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character) | 
| 
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changeset | 8286 represents the character <em>x</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8287 This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. | 
| 
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changeset | 8288 Any punctuation character (even the non magic) | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8289 can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>' | 
| 
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changeset | 8290 when used to represent itself in a pattern. | 
| 
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changeset | 8291 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8292 | 
| 
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changeset | 8293 <li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 8294 represents the class which is the union of all | 
| 
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changeset | 8295 characters in <em>set</em>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8296 A range of characters can be specified by | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8297 separating the end characters of the range, | 
| 
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changeset | 8298 in ascending order, with a '<code>-</code>', | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8299 All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8300 components in <em>set</em>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8301 All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves. | 
| 
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changeset | 8302 For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>) | 
| 
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changeset | 8303 represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, | 
| 
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changeset | 8304 <code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8305 and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8306 the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character. | 
| 
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changeset | 8307 | 
| 
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changeset | 8308 | 
| 
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changeset | 8309 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8310 The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. | 
| 
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changeset | 8311 Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code> | 
| 
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changeset | 8312 have no meaning. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8313 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8314 | 
| 
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changeset | 8315 <li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8316 represents the complement of <em>set</em>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8317 where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8318 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8319 | 
| 
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changeset | 8320 </ul><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8321 For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.), | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8322 the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8323 For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8324 | 
| 
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changeset | 8325 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8326 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8327 The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8328 depend on the current locale. | 
| 
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changeset | 8329 In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8330 | 
| 
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changeset | 8331 | 
| 
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changeset | 8332 | 
| 
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changeset | 8333 | 
| 
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changeset | 8334 | 
| 
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changeset | 8335 <h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8336 A <em>pattern item</em> can be | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8337 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8338 <ul> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8339 | 
| 
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changeset | 8340 <li> | 
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changeset | 8341 a single character class, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8342 which matches any single character in the class; | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8343 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8344 | 
| 
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changeset | 8345 <li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8346 a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>', | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8347 which matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. | 
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changeset | 8348 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; | 
| 
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changeset | 8349 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8350 | 
| 
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changeset | 8351 <li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8352 a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>', | 
| 
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changeset | 8353 which matches 1 or more repetitions of characters in the class. | 
| 
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changeset | 8354 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; | 
| 
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changeset | 8355 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8356 | 
| 
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changeset | 8357 <li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8358 a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>', | 
| 
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changeset | 8359 which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. | 
| 
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changeset | 8360 Unlike '<code>*</code>', | 
| 
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changeset | 8361 these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; | 
| 
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changeset | 8362 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8363 | 
| 
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changeset | 8364 <li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8365 a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>', | 
| 
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changeset | 8366 which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class; | 
| 
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changeset | 8367 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8368 | 
| 
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changeset | 8369 <li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8370 <code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9; | 
| 
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changeset | 8371 such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string | 
| 
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changeset | 8372 (see below); | 
| 
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changeset | 8373 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8374 | 
| 
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changeset | 8375 <li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8376 <code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters; | 
| 
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changeset | 8377 such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>, | 
| 
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changeset | 8378 and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8379 This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, | 
| 
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changeset | 8380 counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>, | 
| 
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changeset | 8381 the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0. | 
| 
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changeset | 8382 For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with | 
| 
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changeset | 8383 balanced parentheses. | 
| 
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changeset | 8384 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8385 | 
| 
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changeset | 8386 <li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8387 <code>%f[<em>set</em>]</code>, a <em>frontier pattern</em>; | 
| 
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changeset | 8388 such item matches an empty string at any position such that | 
| 
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changeset | 8389 the next character belongs to <em>set</em> | 
| 
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changeset | 8390 and the previous character does not belong to <em>set</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8391 The set <em>set</em> is interpreted as previously described. | 
| 
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changeset | 8392 The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if | 
| 
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changeset | 8393 they were the character '<code>\0</code>'. | 
| 
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changeset | 8394 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 8395 | 
| 
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changeset | 8396 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 8397 | 
| 
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changeset | 8398 | 
| 
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changeset | 8399 | 
| 
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changeset | 8400 | 
| 
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changeset | 8401 <h4>Pattern:</h4><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8402 A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items. | 
| 
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changeset | 8403 A caret '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the | 
| 
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changeset | 8404 beginning of the subject string. | 
| 
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changeset | 8405 A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8406 end of the subject string. | 
| 
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changeset | 8407 At other positions, | 
| 
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changeset | 8408 '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves. | 
| 
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changeset | 8409 | 
| 
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changeset | 8410 | 
| 
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changeset | 8411 | 
| 
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changeset | 8412 | 
| 
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changeset | 8413 | 
| 
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changeset | 8414 <h4>Captures:</h4><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8415 A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; | 
| 
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changeset | 8416 they describe <em>captures</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8417 When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string | 
| 
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changeset | 8418 that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8419 Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. | 
| 
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changeset | 8420 For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a*(.)%w(%s*))"</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 8421 the part of the string matching <code>"a*(.)%w(%s*)"</code> is | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8422 stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8423 the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8424 and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8425 | 
| 
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changeset | 8426 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8427 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8428 As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8429 the current string position (a number). | 
| 
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changeset | 8430 For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8431 string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5. | 
| 
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changeset | 8432 | 
| 
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changeset | 8433 | 
| 
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changeset | 8434 | 
| 
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changeset | 8435 | 
| 
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changeset | 8436 | 
| 
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changeset | 8437 | 
| 
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changeset | 8438 | 
| 
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changeset | 8439 | 
| 
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changeset | 8440 | 
| 
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changeset | 8441 | 
| 
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changeset | 8442 | 
| 
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changeset | 8443 <h2>6.5 – <a name="6.5">Table Manipulation</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 8444 | 
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changeset | 8445 <p> | 
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changeset | 8446 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. | 
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changeset | 8447 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 8448 | 
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changeset | 8449 | 
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changeset | 8450 <p> | 
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changeset | 8451 Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table, | 
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changeset | 8452 the table should be a proper sequence | 
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changeset | 8453 or have a <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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changeset | 8454 All functions ignore non-numeric keys | 
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changeset | 8455 in tables given as arguments. | 
| 
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changeset | 8456 | 
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changeset | 8457 | 
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changeset | 8458 <p> | 
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changeset | 8459 For performance reasons, | 
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changeset | 8460 all table accesses (get/set) performed by these functions are raw. | 
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changeset | 8461 | 
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changeset | 8462 | 
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changeset | 8463 <p> | 
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changeset | 8464 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8465 | 
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changeset | 8466 | 
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changeset | 8467 <p> | 
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changeset | 8468 Given a list where all elements are strings or numbers, | 
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changeset | 8469 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>. | 
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changeset | 8470 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string, | 
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changeset | 8471 the default for <code>i</code> is 1, | 
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changeset | 8472 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. | 
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changeset | 8473 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string. | 
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changeset | 8474 | 
| 
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changeset | 8475 | 
| 
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changeset | 8476 | 
| 
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changeset | 8477 | 
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changeset | 8478 <p> | 
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changeset | 8479 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (list, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8480 | 
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changeset | 8481 | 
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changeset | 8482 <p> | 
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changeset | 8483 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>, | 
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changeset | 8484 shifting up the elements | 
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changeset | 8485 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>. | 
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changeset | 8486 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list+1</code>, | 
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changeset | 8487 so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end | 
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changeset | 8488 of list <code>t</code>. | 
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changeset | 8489 | 
| 
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changeset | 8490 | 
| 
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changeset | 8491 | 
| 
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changeset | 8492 | 
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changeset | 8493 <p> | 
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changeset | 8494 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.pack"><code>table.pack (···)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8495 | 
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changeset | 8496 | 
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changeset | 8497 <p> | 
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changeset | 8498 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc. | 
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changeset | 8499 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters. | 
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changeset | 8500 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence. | 
| 
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changeset | 8501 | 
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changeset | 8502 | 
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changeset | 8503 | 
| 
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changeset | 8504 | 
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changeset | 8505 <p> | 
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changeset | 8506 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (list [, pos])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8507 | 
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changeset | 8508 | 
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changeset | 8509 <p> | 
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changeset | 8510 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>, | 
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changeset | 8511 returning the value of the removed element. | 
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changeset | 8512 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>, | 
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changeset | 8513 it shifts down the elements | 
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changeset | 8514 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code> | 
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changeset | 8515 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>; | 
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changeset | 8516 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0, | 
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changeset | 8517 or <code>#list + 1</code>; | 
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changeset | 8518 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>. | 
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changeset | 8519 | 
| 
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changeset | 8520 | 
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changeset | 8521 <p> | 
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changeset | 8522 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list</code>, | 
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changeset | 8523 so that a call <code>table.remove(t)</code> removes the last element | 
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changeset | 8524 of list <code>t</code>. | 
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changeset | 8525 | 
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changeset | 8526 | 
| 
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changeset | 8527 | 
| 
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changeset | 8528 | 
| 
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changeset | 8529 <p> | 
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changeset | 8530 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8531 | 
| 
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changeset | 8532 | 
| 
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changeset | 8533 <p> | 
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changeset | 8534 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>, | 
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changeset | 8535 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>. | 
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changeset | 8536 If <code>comp</code> is given, | 
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changeset | 8537 then it must be a function that receives two list elements | 
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changeset | 8538 and returns true when the first element must come | 
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changeset | 8539 before the second in the final order | 
| 
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changeset | 8540 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort). | 
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changeset | 8541 If <code>comp</code> is not given, | 
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changeset | 8542 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead. | 
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changeset | 8543 | 
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changeset | 8544 | 
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changeset | 8545 <p> | 
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changeset | 8546 The sort algorithm is not stable; | 
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changeset | 8547 that is, elements considered equal by the given order | 
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changeset | 8548 may have their relative positions changed by the sort. | 
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changeset | 8549 | 
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changeset | 8550 | 
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changeset | 8551 | 
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changeset | 8552 | 
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changeset | 8553 <p> | 
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changeset | 8554 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8555 | 
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changeset | 8556 | 
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changeset | 8557 <p> | 
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changeset | 8558 Returns the elements from the given table. | 
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changeset | 8559 This function is equivalent to | 
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changeset | 8560 | 
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changeset | 8561 <pre> | 
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changeset | 8562 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j] | 
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changeset | 8563 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 8564 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. | 
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changeset | 8565 | 
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changeset | 8566 | 
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changeset | 8567 | 
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changeset | 8568 | 
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changeset | 8569 | 
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changeset | 8570 | 
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changeset | 8571 | 
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changeset | 8572 <h2>6.6 – <a name="6.6">Mathematical Functions</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 8573 | 
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changeset | 8574 <p> | 
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changeset | 8575 This library is an interface to the standard C math library. | 
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changeset | 8576 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 8577 | 
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changeset | 8578 | 
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changeset | 8579 <p> | 
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changeset | 8580 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8581 | 
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changeset | 8582 | 
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changeset | 8583 <p> | 
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changeset | 8584 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>. | 
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changeset | 8585 | 
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changeset | 8586 | 
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changeset | 8587 | 
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changeset | 8588 | 
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changeset | 8589 <p> | 
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changeset | 8590 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8591 | 
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changeset | 8592 | 
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changeset | 8593 <p> | 
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changeset | 8594 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians). | 
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changeset | 8595 | 
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changeset | 8596 | 
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changeset | 8597 | 
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changeset | 8598 | 
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changeset | 8599 <p> | 
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changeset | 8600 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8601 | 
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changeset | 8602 | 
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changeset | 8603 <p> | 
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changeset | 8604 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians). | 
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changeset | 8605 | 
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changeset | 8606 | 
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changeset | 8607 | 
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changeset | 8608 | 
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changeset | 8609 <p> | 
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changeset | 8610 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8611 | 
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changeset | 8612 | 
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changeset | 8613 <p> | 
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changeset | 8614 Returns the arc tangent of <code>x</code> (in radians). | 
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changeset | 8615 | 
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changeset | 8616 | 
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changeset | 8617 | 
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changeset | 8618 | 
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changeset | 8619 <p> | 
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changeset | 8620 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan2"><code>math.atan2 (y, x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8621 | 
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changeset | 8622 | 
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changeset | 8623 <p> | 
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changeset | 8624 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians), | 
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changeset | 8625 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the | 
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changeset | 8626 quadrant of the result. | 
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changeset | 8627 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.) | 
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changeset | 8628 | 
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changeset | 8629 | 
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changeset | 8630 | 
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changeset | 8631 | 
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changeset | 8632 <p> | 
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changeset | 8633 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8634 | 
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changeset | 8635 | 
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changeset | 8636 <p> | 
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changeset | 8637 Returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to <code>x</code>. | 
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changeset | 8638 | 
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changeset | 8639 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8640 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8641 | 
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changeset | 8642 <p> | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8643 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8644 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8645 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8646 <p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8647 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8648 | 
| 
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changeset | 8649 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8650 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8651 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8652 <p> | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8653 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cosh"><code>math.cosh (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8654 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8655 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8656 <p> | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8657 Returns the hyperbolic cosine of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8658 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8659 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8660 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8661 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8662 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8663 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8664 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8665 | 
| 
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changeset | 8666 <p> | 
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changeset | 8667 Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in radians) in degrees. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8668 | 
| 
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changeset | 8669 | 
| 
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changeset | 8670 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8671 | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8672 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8674 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8675 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8676 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8677 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8678 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8679 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8680 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8681 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8682 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8683 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8684 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8685 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8686 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8687 Returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8688 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8689 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8690 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8691 | 
| 
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changeset | 8692 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8693 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8694 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8695 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8696 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8697 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8698 that rounds the quotient towards zero. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8699 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8700 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8701 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8702 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8703 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8704 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.frexp"><code>math.frexp (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8705 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8706 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8707 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8708 Returns <code>m</code> and <code>e</code> such that <em>x = m2<sup>e</sup></em>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8709 <code>e</code> is an integer and the absolute value of <code>m</code> is | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8710 in the range <em>[0.5, 1)</em> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8711 (or zero when <code>x</code> is zero). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8712 | 
| 
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changeset | 8713 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8714 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8715 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8716 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 8717 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8718 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8719 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8720 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8721 The value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8722 a value larger than or equal to any other numerical value. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8723 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8724 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8725 | 
| 
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changeset | 8726 | 
| 
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changeset | 8727 <p> | 
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changeset | 8728 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ldexp"><code>math.ldexp (m, e)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8729 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8730 | 
| 
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changeset | 8731 <p> | 
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changeset | 8732 Returns <em>m2<sup>e</sup></em> (<code>e</code> should be an integer). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8733 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8734 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8735 | 
| 
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changeset | 8736 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8737 <p> | 
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changeset | 8738 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8739 | 
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changeset | 8740 | 
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changeset | 8741 <p> | 
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changeset | 8742 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base. | 
| 
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changeset | 8743 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em> | 
| 
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changeset | 8744 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>). | 
| 
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changeset | 8745 | 
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changeset | 8746 | 
| 
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changeset | 8747 | 
| 
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changeset | 8748 | 
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changeset | 8749 <p> | 
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changeset | 8750 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8751 | 
| 
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changeset | 8752 | 
| 
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changeset | 8753 <p> | 
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changeset | 8754 Returns the maximum value among its arguments. | 
| 
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changeset | 8755 | 
| 
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changeset | 8756 | 
| 
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changeset | 8757 | 
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changeset | 8758 | 
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changeset | 8759 <p> | 
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changeset | 8760 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8761 | 
| 
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changeset | 8762 | 
| 
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changeset | 8763 <p> | 
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changeset | 8764 Returns the minimum value among its arguments. | 
| 
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changeset | 8765 | 
| 
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changeset | 8766 | 
| 
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changeset | 8767 | 
| 
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changeset | 8768 | 
| 
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changeset | 8769 <p> | 
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changeset | 8770 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8771 | 
| 
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changeset | 8772 | 
| 
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changeset | 8773 <p> | 
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changeset | 8774 Returns two numbers, | 
| 
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changeset | 8775 the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8776 | 
| 
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changeset | 8777 | 
| 
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changeset | 8778 | 
| 
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changeset | 8779 | 
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changeset | 8780 <p> | 
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changeset | 8781 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8782 | 
| 
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changeset | 8783 | 
| 
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changeset | 8784 <p> | 
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changeset | 8785 The value of <em>π</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8786 | 
| 
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changeset | 8787 | 
| 
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changeset | 8788 | 
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changeset | 8789 | 
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changeset | 8790 <p> | 
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changeset | 8791 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pow"><code>math.pow (x, y)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8792 | 
| 
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changeset | 8793 | 
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changeset | 8794 <p> | 
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changeset | 8795 Returns <em>x<sup>y</sup></em>. | 
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changeset | 8796 (You can also use the expression <code>x^y</code> to compute this value.) | 
| 
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changeset | 8797 | 
| 
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changeset | 8798 | 
| 
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changeset | 8799 | 
| 
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changeset | 8800 | 
| 
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changeset | 8801 <p> | 
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changeset | 8802 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8803 | 
| 
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changeset | 8804 | 
| 
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changeset | 8805 <p> | 
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changeset | 8806 Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in degrees) in radians. | 
| 
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changeset | 8807 | 
| 
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changeset | 8808 | 
| 
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changeset | 8809 | 
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changeset | 8810 | 
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changeset | 8811 <p> | 
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changeset | 8812 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8813 | 
| 
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changeset | 8814 | 
| 
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changeset | 8815 <p> | 
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changeset | 8816 This function is an interface to the simple | 
| 
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changeset | 8817 pseudo-random generator function <code>rand</code> provided by Standard C. | 
| 
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changeset | 8818 (No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.) | 
| 
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changeset | 8819 | 
| 
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changeset | 8820 | 
| 
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changeset | 8821 <p> | 
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changeset | 8822 When called without arguments, | 
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changeset | 8823 returns a uniform pseudo-random real number | 
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changeset | 8824 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>. | 
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changeset | 8825 When called with an integer number <code>m</code>, | 
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changeset | 8826 <code>math.random</code> returns | 
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changeset | 8827 a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range <em>[1, m]</em>. | 
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changeset | 8828 When called with two integer numbers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>, | 
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changeset | 8829 <code>math.random</code> returns a uniform pseudo-random | 
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changeset | 8830 integer in the range <em>[m, n]</em>. | 
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changeset | 8831 | 
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changeset | 8832 | 
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changeset | 8833 | 
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changeset | 8834 | 
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changeset | 8835 <p> | 
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changeset | 8836 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8837 | 
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changeset | 8838 | 
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changeset | 8839 <p> | 
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changeset | 8840 Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed" | 
| 
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changeset | 8841 for the pseudo-random generator: | 
| 
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changeset | 8842 equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers. | 
| 
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changeset | 8843 | 
| 
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changeset | 8844 | 
| 
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changeset | 8845 | 
| 
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changeset | 8846 | 
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changeset | 8847 <p> | 
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changeset | 8848 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8849 | 
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changeset | 8850 | 
| 
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changeset | 8851 <p> | 
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changeset | 8852 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). | 
| 
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changeset | 8853 | 
| 
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changeset | 8854 | 
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changeset | 8855 | 
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changeset | 8856 | 
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changeset | 8857 <p> | 
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changeset | 8858 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sinh"><code>math.sinh (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8859 | 
| 
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changeset | 8860 | 
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changeset | 8861 <p> | 
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changeset | 8862 Returns the hyperbolic sine of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8863 | 
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changeset | 8864 | 
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changeset | 8865 | 
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changeset | 8866 | 
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changeset | 8867 <p> | 
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changeset | 8868 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8869 | 
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changeset | 8870 | 
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changeset | 8871 <p> | 
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changeset | 8872 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>. | 
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changeset | 8873 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.) | 
| 
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changeset | 8874 | 
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changeset | 8875 | 
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changeset | 8876 | 
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changeset | 8877 | 
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changeset | 8878 <p> | 
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changeset | 8879 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8880 | 
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changeset | 8881 | 
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changeset | 8882 <p> | 
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changeset | 8883 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). | 
| 
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changeset | 8884 | 
| 
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changeset | 8885 | 
| 
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changeset | 8886 | 
| 
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changeset | 8887 | 
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changeset | 8888 <p> | 
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changeset | 8889 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tanh"><code>math.tanh (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 8890 | 
| 
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changeset | 8891 | 
| 
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changeset | 8892 <p> | 
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changeset | 8893 Returns the hyperbolic tangent of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8894 | 
| 
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changeset | 8895 | 
| 
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changeset | 8896 | 
| 
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changeset | 8897 | 
| 
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changeset | 8898 | 
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changeset | 8899 | 
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changeset | 8900 | 
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changeset | 8901 <h2>6.7 – <a name="6.7">Bitwise Operations</a></h2> | 
| 
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changeset | 8902 | 
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changeset | 8903 <p> | 
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changeset | 8904 This library provides bitwise operations. | 
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changeset | 8905 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-bit32"><code>bit32</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8906 | 
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changeset | 8907 | 
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changeset | 8908 <p> | 
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changeset | 8909 Unless otherwise stated, | 
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changeset | 8910 all functions accept numeric arguments in the range | 
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changeset | 8911 <em>(-2<sup>51</sup>,+2<sup>51</sup>)</em>; | 
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changeset | 8912 each argument is normalized to | 
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changeset | 8913 the remainder of its division by <em>2<sup>32</sup></em> | 
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changeset | 8914 and truncated to an integer (in some unspecified way), | 
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changeset | 8915 so that its final value falls in the range <em>[0,2<sup>32</sup> - 1]</em>. | 
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changeset | 8916 Similarly, all results are in the range <em>[0,2<sup>32</sup> - 1]</em>. | 
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changeset | 8917 Note that <code>bit32.bnot(0)</code> is <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code>, | 
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changeset | 8918 which is different from <code>-1</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 8919 | 
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changeset | 8920 | 
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changeset | 8921 <p> | 
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changeset | 8922 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.arshift"><code>bit32.arshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 8923 | 
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changeset | 8924 | 
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changeset | 8925 <p> | 
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changeset | 8926 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the right. | 
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changeset | 8927 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
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changeset | 8928 Negative displacements shift to the left. | 
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changeset | 8929 | 
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changeset | 8930 | 
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changeset | 8931 <p> | 
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changeset | 8932 This shift operation is what is called arithmetic shift. | 
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changeset | 8933 Vacant bits on the left are filled | 
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changeset | 8934 with copies of the higher bit of <code>x</code>; | 
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changeset | 8935 vacant bits on the right are filled with zeros. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
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changeset | 8936 In particular, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
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changeset | 8937 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
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changeset | 8938 result in zero or <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code> (all original bits are shifted out). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8939 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8940 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8941 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8942 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8943 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8944 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.band"><code>bit32.band (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8945 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8946 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8947 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8948 Returns the bitwise <em>and</em> of its operands. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8949 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8950 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8951 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8952 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8953 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8954 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bnot"><code>bit32.bnot (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8955 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8956 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8957 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8958 Returns the bitwise negation of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
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changeset | 8959 For any integer <code>x</code>, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 8960 the following identity holds: | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8961 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8962 <pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8963 assert(bit32.bnot(x) == (-1 - x) % 2^32) | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8964 </pre> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8965 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8966 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8967 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8968 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8969 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bor"><code>bit32.bor (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8970 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8971 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8972 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8973 Returns the bitwise <em>or</em> of its operands. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8974 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8975 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8976 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8977 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8978 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8979 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.btest"><code>bit32.btest (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8980 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8981 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8982 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8983 Returns a boolean signaling | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8984 whether the bitwise <em>and</em> of its operands is different from zero. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8985 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8986 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8987 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8988 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8989 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8990 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bxor"><code>bit32.bxor (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8991 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8992 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8993 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8994 Returns the bitwise <em>exclusive or</em> of its operands. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8995 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8996 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8997 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8998 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 8999 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9000 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.extract"><code>bit32.extract (n, field [, width])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9001 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9002 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9003 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9004 Returns the unsigned number formed by the bits | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9005 <code>field</code> to <code>field + width - 1</code> from <code>n</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9006 Bits are numbered from 0 (least significant) to 31 (most significant). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9007 All accessed bits must be in the range <em>[0, 31]</em>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9008 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9009 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9010 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9011 The default for <code>width</code> is 1. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9012 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9013 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9014 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9015 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9016 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9017 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.replace"><code>bit32.replace (n, v, field [, width])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9018 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9019 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9020 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9021 Returns a copy of <code>n</code> with | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9022 the bits <code>field</code> to <code>field + width - 1</code> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9023 replaced by the value <code>v</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9024 See <a href="#pdf-bit32.extract"><code>bit32.extract</code></a> for details about <code>field</code> and <code>width</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9025 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9026 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9027 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9028 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9029 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9030 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.lrotate"><code>bit32.lrotate (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9031 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9032 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9033 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9034 Returns the number <code>x</code> rotated <code>disp</code> bits to the left. | 
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changeset | 9035 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
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changeset | 9036 | 
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changeset | 9037 | 
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changeset | 9038 <p> | 
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changeset | 9039 For any valid displacement, | 
| 
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changeset | 9040 the following identity holds: | 
| 
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changeset | 9041 | 
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changeset | 9042 <pre> | 
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changeset | 9043 assert(bit32.lrotate(x, disp) == bit32.lrotate(x, disp % 32)) | 
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changeset | 9044 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 9045 In particular, | 
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changeset | 9046 negative displacements rotate to the right. | 
| 
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changeset | 9047 | 
| 
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changeset | 9048 | 
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changeset | 9049 | 
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changeset | 9050 | 
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changeset | 9051 <p> | 
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changeset | 9052 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.lshift"><code>bit32.lshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9053 | 
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changeset | 9054 | 
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changeset | 9055 <p> | 
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changeset | 9056 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the left. | 
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changeset | 9057 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
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changeset | 9058 Negative displacements shift to the right. | 
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changeset | 9059 In any direction, vacant bits are filled with zeros. | 
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changeset | 9060 In particular, | 
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changeset | 9061 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 | 
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changeset | 9062 result in zero (all bits are shifted out). | 
| 
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changeset | 9063 | 
| 
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changeset | 9064 | 
| 
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changeset | 9065 <p> | 
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changeset | 9066 For positive displacements, | 
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changeset | 9067 the following equality holds: | 
| 
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changeset | 9068 | 
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changeset | 9069 <pre> | 
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changeset | 9070 assert(bit32.lshift(b, disp) == (b * 2^disp) % 2^32) | 
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changeset | 9071 </pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 9072 | 
| 
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changeset | 9073 | 
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changeset | 9074 | 
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changeset | 9075 <p> | 
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changeset | 9076 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.rrotate"><code>bit32.rrotate (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9077 | 
| 
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changeset | 9078 | 
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changeset | 9079 <p> | 
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changeset | 9080 Returns the number <code>x</code> rotated <code>disp</code> bits to the right. | 
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changeset | 9081 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
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changeset | 9082 | 
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changeset | 9083 | 
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changeset | 9084 <p> | 
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changeset | 9085 For any valid displacement, | 
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changeset | 9086 the following identity holds: | 
| 
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changeset | 9087 | 
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changeset | 9088 <pre> | 
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changeset | 9089 assert(bit32.rrotate(x, disp) == bit32.rrotate(x, disp % 32)) | 
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changeset | 9090 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 9091 In particular, | 
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changeset | 9092 negative displacements rotate to the left. | 
| 
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changeset | 9093 | 
| 
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changeset | 9094 | 
| 
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changeset | 9095 | 
| 
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changeset | 9096 | 
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changeset | 9097 <p> | 
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changeset | 9098 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.rshift"><code>bit32.rshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9099 | 
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changeset | 9100 | 
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changeset | 9101 <p> | 
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changeset | 9102 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the right. | 
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changeset | 9103 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
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changeset | 9104 Negative displacements shift to the left. | 
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changeset | 9105 In any direction, vacant bits are filled with zeros. | 
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changeset | 9106 In particular, | 
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changeset | 9107 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 | 
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changeset | 9108 result in zero (all bits are shifted out). | 
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changeset | 9109 | 
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changeset | 9110 | 
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changeset | 9111 <p> | 
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changeset | 9112 For positive displacements, | 
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changeset | 9113 the following equality holds: | 
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changeset | 9114 | 
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changeset | 9115 <pre> | 
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changeset | 9116 assert(bit32.rshift(b, disp) == math.floor(b % 2^32 / 2^disp)) | 
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changeset | 9117 </pre> | 
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changeset | 9118 | 
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changeset | 9119 <p> | 
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changeset | 9120 This shift operation is what is called logical shift. | 
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changeset | 9121 | 
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changeset | 9122 | 
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changeset | 9123 | 
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changeset | 9124 | 
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changeset | 9125 | 
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changeset | 9126 | 
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changeset | 9127 | 
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changeset | 9128 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 9129 | 
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changeset | 9130 <p> | 
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changeset | 9131 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. | 
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changeset | 9132 The first one uses implicit file descriptors; | 
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changeset | 9133 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a | 
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changeset | 9134 default output file, | 
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changeset | 9135 and all input/output operations are over these default files. | 
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changeset | 9136 The second style uses explicit file descriptors. | 
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changeset | 9137 | 
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changeset | 9138 | 
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changeset | 9139 <p> | 
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changeset | 9140 When using implicit file descriptors, | 
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changeset | 9141 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 9142 When using explicit file descriptors, | 
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changeset | 9143 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file descriptor | 
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changeset | 9144 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file descriptor. | 
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changeset | 9145 | 
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changeset | 9146 | 
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changeset | 9147 <p> | 
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changeset | 9148 The table <code>io</code> also provides | 
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changeset | 9149 three predefined file descriptors with their usual meanings from C: | 
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changeset | 9150 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 9151 The I/O library never closes these files. | 
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changeset | 9152 | 
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changeset | 9153 | 
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changeset | 9154 <p> | 
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changeset | 9155 Unless otherwise stated, | 
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changeset | 9156 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure | 
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changeset | 9157 (plus an error message as a second result and | 
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changeset | 9158 a system-dependent error code as a third result) | 
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changeset | 9159 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success. | 
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changeset | 9160 On non-Posix systems, | 
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changeset | 9161 the computation of the error message and error code | 
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changeset | 9162 in case of errors | 
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changeset | 9163 may be not thread safe, | 
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changeset | 9164 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>. | 
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changeset | 9165 | 
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changeset | 9166 | 
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changeset | 9167 <p> | 
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changeset | 9168 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9169 | 
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changeset | 9170 | 
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changeset | 9171 <p> | 
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changeset | 9172 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>. | 
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changeset | 9173 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file. | 
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changeset | 9174 | 
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changeset | 9175 | 
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changeset | 9176 | 
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changeset | 9177 | 
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changeset | 9178 <p> | 
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changeset | 9179 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9180 | 
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changeset | 9181 | 
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changeset | 9182 <p> | 
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changeset | 9183 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>. | 
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changeset | 9184 | 
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changeset | 9185 | 
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changeset | 9186 | 
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changeset | 9187 | 
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changeset | 9188 <p> | 
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changeset | 9189 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9190 | 
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changeset | 9191 | 
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changeset | 9192 <p> | 
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changeset | 9193 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), | 
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changeset | 9194 and sets its handle as the default input file. | 
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changeset | 9195 When called with a file handle, | 
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changeset | 9196 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. | 
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changeset | 9197 When called without parameters, | 
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changeset | 9198 it returns the current default input file. | 
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changeset | 9199 | 
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changeset | 9200 | 
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changeset | 9201 <p> | 
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changeset | 9202 In case of errors this function raises the error, | 
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changeset | 9203 instead of returning an error code. | 
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changeset | 9204 | 
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changeset | 9205 | 
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changeset | 9206 | 
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changeset | 9207 | 
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changeset | 9208 <p> | 
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changeset | 9209 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9210 | 
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changeset | 9211 | 
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changeset | 9212 <p> | 
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changeset | 9213 Opens the given file name in read mode | 
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changeset | 9214 and returns an iterator function that | 
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changeset | 9215 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file. | 
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changeset | 9216 When the iterator function detects the end of file, | 
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changeset | 9217 it returns <b>nil</b> (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. | 
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changeset | 9218 | 
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changeset | 9219 | 
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changeset | 9220 <p> | 
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changeset | 9221 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent | 
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changeset | 9222 to <code>io.input():lines()</code>; | 
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changeset | 9223 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. | 
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changeset | 9224 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. | 
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changeset | 9225 | 
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changeset | 9226 | 
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changeset | 9227 <p> | 
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changeset | 9228 In case of errors this function raises the error, | 
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changeset | 9229 instead of returning an error code. | 
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changeset | 9230 | 
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add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9231 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9232 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9233 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9234 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9235 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9236 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9237 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9238 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9239 This function opens a file, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9240 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9241 It returns a new file handle, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9242 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9243 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9244 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9245 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9246 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following: | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9247 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9248 <ul> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9249 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9250 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9251 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9252 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9253 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9254 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9255 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9256 </ul><p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9257 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9258 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9259 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9260 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9261 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9262 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9263 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9264 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9265 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9266 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9267 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9268 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9269 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9270 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9271 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9272 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9273 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9274 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9275 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9276 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9277 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9278 This function is system dependent and is not available | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9279 on all platforms. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9280 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9281 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9282 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9283 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9284 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9285 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default) | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9286 or to write data to this program | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9287 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9288 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9289 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9290 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9291 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9292 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9293 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9294 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9295 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9296 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9297 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9298 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9299 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9300 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9301 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9302 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9303 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9304 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9305 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9306 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9307 Returns a handle for a temporary file. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9308 This file is opened in update mode | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9309 and it is automatically removed when the program ends. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9310 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9311 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9312 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9313 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9314 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9315 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9316 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9317 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9318 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9319 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9320 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9321 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9322 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9323 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9324 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9325 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9326 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9327 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9328 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9329 | 
| 
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changeset | 9330 | 
| 
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changeset | 9331 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9332 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9333 | 
| 
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changeset | 9334 | 
| 
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changeset | 9335 | 
| 
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changeset | 9336 | 
| 
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changeset | 9337 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9338 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9339 | 
| 
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changeset | 9340 | 
| 
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changeset | 9341 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9342 Closes <code>file</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9343 Note that files are automatically closed when | 
| 
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changeset | 9344 their handles are garbage collected, | 
| 
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changeset | 9345 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen. | 
| 
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changeset | 9346 | 
| 
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changeset | 9347 | 
| 
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changeset | 9348 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9349 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 9350 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values | 
| 
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changeset | 9351 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9352 | 
| 
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changeset | 9353 | 
| 
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changeset | 9354 | 
| 
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changeset | 9355 | 
| 
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changeset | 9356 <p> | 
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changeset | 9357 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9358 | 
| 
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changeset | 9359 | 
| 
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changeset | 9360 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9361 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9362 | 
| 
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changeset | 9363 | 
| 
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changeset | 9364 | 
| 
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changeset | 9365 | 
| 
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changeset | 9366 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9367 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9368 | 
| 
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changeset | 9369 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9370 <p> | 
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changeset | 9371 Returns an iterator function that, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9372 each time it is called, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9373 reads the file according to the given formats. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9374 When no format is given, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9375 uses "*l" as a default. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9376 As an example, the construction | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9377 | 
| 
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changeset | 9378 <pre> | 
| 
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changeset | 9379 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9380 </pre><p> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9381 will iterate over all characters of the file, | 
| 
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changeset | 9382 starting at the current position. | 
| 
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changeset | 9383 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file | 
| 
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changeset | 9384 when the loop ends. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9385 | 
| 
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changeset | 9386 | 
| 
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changeset | 9387 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9388 In case of errors this function raises the error, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9389 instead of returning an error code. | 
| 
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changeset | 9390 | 
| 
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changeset | 9391 | 
| 
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changeset | 9392 | 
| 
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changeset | 9393 | 
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changeset | 9394 <p> | 
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changeset | 9395 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9396 | 
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changeset | 9397 | 
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changeset | 9398 <p> | 
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changeset | 9399 Reads the file <code>file</code>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9400 according to the given formats, which specify what to read. | 
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changeset | 9401 For each format, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9402 the function returns a string (or a number) with the characters read, | 
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changeset | 9403 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format. | 
| 
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changeset | 9404 When called without formats, | 
| 
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changeset | 9405 it uses a default format that reads the next line | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9406 (see below). | 
| 
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changeset | 9407 | 
| 
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changeset | 9408 | 
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changeset | 9409 <p> | 
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changeset | 9410 The available formats are | 
| 
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changeset | 9411 | 
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changeset | 9412 <ul> | 
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changeset | 9413 | 
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changeset | 9414 <li><b>"<code>*n</code>": </b> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9415 reads a number; | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9416 this is the only format that returns a number instead of a string. | 
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changeset | 9417 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9418 | 
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changeset | 9419 <li><b>"<code>*a</code>": </b> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9420 reads the whole file, starting at the current position. | 
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changeset | 9421 On end of file, it returns the empty string. | 
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changeset | 9422 </li> | 
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changeset | 9423 | 
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changeset | 9424 <li><b>"<code>*l</code>": </b> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9425 reads the next line skipping the end of line, | 
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changeset | 9426 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
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changeset | 9427 This is the default format. | 
| 
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changeset | 9428 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9429 | 
| 
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changeset | 9430 <li><b>"<code>*L</code>": </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 9431 reads the next line keeping the end of line (if present), | 
| 
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changeset | 9432 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
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changeset | 9433 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9434 | 
| 
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changeset | 9435 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 9436 reads a string with up to this number of bytes, | 
| 
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changeset | 9437 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
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changeset | 9438 If number is zero, | 
| 
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changeset | 9439 it reads nothing and returns an empty string, | 
| 
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changeset | 9440 or <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
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changeset | 9441 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9442 | 
| 
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changeset | 9443 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 9444 | 
| 
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changeset | 9445 | 
| 
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changeset | 9446 | 
| 
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changeset | 9447 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9448 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9449 | 
| 
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changeset | 9450 | 
| 
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changeset | 9451 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9452 Sets and gets the file position, | 
| 
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changeset | 9453 measured from the beginning of the file, | 
| 
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changeset | 9454 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base | 
| 
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changeset | 9455 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows: | 
| 
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changeset | 9456 | 
| 
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changeset | 9457 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 9458 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9459 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9460 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9461 </ul><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9462 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position, | 
| 
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changeset | 9463 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. | 
| 
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changeset | 9464 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9465 plus a string describing the error. | 
| 
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changeset | 9466 | 
| 
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changeset | 9467 | 
| 
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changeset | 9468 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9469 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 9470 and for <code>offset</code> is 0. | 
| 
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changeset | 9471 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current | 
| 
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changeset | 9472 file position, without changing it; | 
| 
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changeset | 9473 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9474 beginning of the file (and returns 0); | 
| 
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changeset | 9475 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9476 end of the file, and returns its size. | 
| 
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changeset | 9477 | 
| 
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changeset | 9478 | 
| 
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changeset | 9479 | 
| 
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changeset | 9480 | 
| 
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changeset | 9481 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9482 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9483 | 
| 
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changeset | 9484 | 
| 
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changeset | 9485 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9486 Sets the buffering mode for an output file. | 
| 
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changeset | 9487 There are three available modes: | 
| 
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changeset | 9488 | 
| 
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changeset | 9489 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 9490 | 
| 
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changeset | 9491 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 9492 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. | 
| 
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changeset | 9493 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9494 | 
| 
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changeset | 9495 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b> | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9496 full buffering; output operation is performed only | 
| 
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changeset | 9497 when the buffer is full or when | 
| 
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changeset | 9498 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 9499 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9500 | 
| 
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changeset | 9501 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b> | 
| 
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changeset | 9502 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output | 
| 
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changeset | 9503 or there is any input from some special files | 
| 
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changeset | 9504 (such as a terminal device). | 
| 
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changeset | 9505 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9506 | 
| 
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changeset | 9507 </ul><p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9508 For the last two cases, <code>size</code> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9509 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9510 The default is an appropriate size. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9511 | 
| 
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changeset | 9512 | 
| 
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changeset | 9513 | 
| 
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changeset | 9514 | 
| 
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changeset | 9515 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9516 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9517 | 
| 
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changeset | 9518 | 
| 
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changeset | 9519 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9520 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9521 The arguments must be strings or numbers. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9522 | 
| 
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changeset | 9523 | 
| 
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changeset | 9524 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9525 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9526 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9527 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9528 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9529 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9530 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9531 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9532 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9533 | 
| 
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changeset | 9534 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9535 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9536 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9537 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9538 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9539 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9540 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9541 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9542 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9543 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9544 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9545 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9546 used by the program. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9547 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9548 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9549 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9550 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9551 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9552 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9553 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9554 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9555 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9556 Returns a string or a table containing date and time, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9557 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9558 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9559 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9560 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9561 If the <code>time</code> argument is present, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9562 this is the time to be formatted | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9563 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9564 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9565 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9566 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9567 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9568 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>', | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9569 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9570 After this optional character, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 9571 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>", | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9572 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields: | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9573 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31), | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9574 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61), | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9575 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1), | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9576 <code>yday</code> (day of the year), | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9577 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9578 This last field may be absent | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9579 if the information is not available. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9580 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9581 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9582 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9583 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>", | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9584 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9585 formatted according to the same rules as the ANSI C function <code>strftime</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9586 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9587 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9588 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9589 When called without arguments, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9590 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9591 the host system and on the current locale | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9592 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>). | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9593 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9594 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9595 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9596 On non-Posix systems, | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9597 this function may be not thread safe | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9598 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9599 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9600 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9601 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9602 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9603 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9604 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9605 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9606 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9607 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9608 Returns the number of seconds from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9609 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, | 
| 
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9610 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>. | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9611 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9612 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9613 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9614 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9615 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9616 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9617 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9618 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9619 <p> | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> parents: diff
changeset | 9620 This function is equivalent to the ANSI C function <code>system</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9621 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell. | 
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changeset | 9622 Its first result is <b>true</b> | 
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changeset | 9623 if the command terminated successfully, | 
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changeset | 9624 or <b>nil</b> otherwise. | 
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changeset | 9625 After this first result | 
| 
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changeset | 9626 the function returns a string and a number, | 
| 
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changeset | 9627 as follows: | 
| 
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changeset | 9628 | 
| 
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changeset | 9629 <ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 9630 | 
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changeset | 9631 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 9632 the command terminated normally; | 
| 
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changeset | 9633 the following number is the exit status of the command. | 
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changeset | 9634 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9635 | 
| 
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changeset | 9636 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b> | 
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changeset | 9637 the command was terminated by a signal; | 
| 
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changeset | 9638 the following number is the signal that terminated the command. | 
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changeset | 9639 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 9640 | 
| 
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changeset | 9641 </ul> | 
| 
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changeset | 9642 | 
| 
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changeset | 9643 <p> | 
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changeset | 9644 When called without a <code>command</code>, | 
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changeset | 9645 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available. | 
| 
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changeset | 9646 | 
| 
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changeset | 9647 | 
| 
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changeset | 9648 | 
| 
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changeset | 9649 | 
| 
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changeset | 9650 <p> | 
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changeset | 9651 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9652 | 
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changeset | 9653 | 
| 
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changeset | 9654 <p> | 
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changeset | 9655 Calls the ANSI C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program. | 
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changeset | 9656 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>, | 
| 
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changeset | 9657 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>; | 
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changeset | 9658 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>, | 
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changeset | 9659 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>; | 
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changeset | 9660 if <code>code</code> is a number, | 
| 
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changeset | 9661 the returned status is this number. | 
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changeset | 9662 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9663 | 
| 
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changeset | 9664 | 
| 
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changeset | 9665 <p> | 
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changeset | 9666 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true, | 
| 
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changeset | 9667 closes the Lua state before exiting. | 
| 
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changeset | 9668 | 
| 
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changeset | 9669 | 
| 
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changeset | 9670 | 
| 
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changeset | 9671 | 
| 
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changeset | 9672 <p> | 
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changeset | 9673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9674 | 
| 
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changeset | 9675 | 
| 
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changeset | 9676 <p> | 
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changeset | 9677 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>, | 
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changeset | 9678 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined. | 
| 
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changeset | 9679 | 
| 
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changeset | 9680 | 
| 
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changeset | 9681 | 
| 
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changeset | 9682 | 
| 
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changeset | 9683 <p> | 
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changeset | 9684 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9685 | 
| 
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changeset | 9686 | 
| 
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changeset | 9687 <p> | 
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changeset | 9688 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems) | 
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changeset | 9689 with the given name. | 
| 
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changeset | 9690 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 9691 plus a string describing the error and the error code. | 
| 
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changeset | 9692 | 
| 
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changeset | 9693 | 
| 
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changeset | 9694 | 
| 
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changeset | 9695 | 
| 
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changeset | 9696 <p> | 
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changeset | 9697 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9698 | 
| 
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changeset | 9699 | 
| 
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changeset | 9700 <p> | 
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changeset | 9701 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>. | 
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changeset | 9702 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 9703 plus a string describing the error and the error code. | 
| 
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changeset | 9704 | 
| 
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changeset | 9705 | 
| 
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changeset | 9706 | 
| 
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changeset | 9707 | 
| 
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changeset | 9708 <p> | 
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changeset | 9709 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9710 | 
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changeset | 9711 | 
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changeset | 9712 <p> | 
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changeset | 9713 Sets the current locale of the program. | 
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changeset | 9714 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale; | 
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changeset | 9715 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change: | 
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changeset | 9716 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>, | 
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changeset | 9717 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>; | 
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changeset | 9718 the default category is <code>"all"</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9719 The function returns the name of the new locale, | 
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changeset | 9720 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored. | 
| 
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changeset | 9721 | 
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changeset | 9722 | 
| 
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changeset | 9723 <p> | 
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changeset | 9724 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string, | 
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changeset | 9725 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. | 
| 
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changeset | 9726 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>", | 
| 
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changeset | 9727 the current locale is set to the standard C locale. | 
| 
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changeset | 9728 | 
| 
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changeset | 9729 | 
| 
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changeset | 9730 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9731 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument, | 
| 
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changeset | 9732 this function only returns the name of the current locale | 
| 
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changeset | 9733 for the given category. | 
| 
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changeset | 9734 | 
| 
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changeset | 9735 | 
| 
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changeset | 9736 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9737 This function may be not thread safe | 
| 
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changeset | 9738 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9739 | 
| 
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changeset | 9740 | 
| 
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changeset | 9741 | 
| 
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changeset | 9742 | 
| 
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changeset | 9743 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9744 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9745 | 
| 
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changeset | 9746 | 
| 
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changeset | 9747 <p> | 
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changeset | 9748 Returns the current time when called without arguments, | 
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changeset | 9749 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table. | 
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changeset | 9750 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>, | 
| 
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changeset | 9751 and may have fields | 
| 
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changeset | 9752 <code>hour</code> (default is 12), | 
| 
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changeset | 9753 <code>min</code> (default is 0), | 
| 
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changeset | 9754 <code>sec</code> (default is 0), | 
| 
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changeset | 9755 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>). | 
| 
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changeset | 9756 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function. | 
| 
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changeset | 9757 | 
| 
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changeset | 9758 | 
| 
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changeset | 9759 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9760 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. | 
| 
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changeset | 9761 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, | 
| 
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changeset | 9762 this number counts the number | 
| 
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changeset | 9763 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch"). | 
| 
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changeset | 9764 In other systems, the meaning is not specified, | 
| 
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changeset | 9765 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to | 
| 
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changeset | 9766 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>. | 
| 
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changeset | 9767 | 
| 
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changeset | 9768 | 
| 
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changeset | 9769 | 
| 
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changeset | 9770 | 
| 
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changeset | 9771 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9772 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9773 | 
| 
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changeset | 9774 | 
| 
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changeset | 9775 <p> | 
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changeset | 9776 Returns a string with a file name that can | 
| 
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changeset | 9777 be used for a temporary file. | 
| 
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changeset | 9778 The file must be explicitly opened before its use | 
| 
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changeset | 9779 and explicitly removed when no longer needed. | 
| 
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changeset | 9780 | 
| 
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changeset | 9781 | 
| 
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changeset | 9782 <p> | 
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changeset | 9783 On POSIX systems, | 
| 
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changeset | 9784 this function also creates a file with that name, | 
| 
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changeset | 9785 to avoid security risks. | 
| 
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changeset | 9786 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions | 
| 
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changeset | 9787 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.) | 
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changeset | 9788 You still have to open the file to use it | 
| 
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changeset | 9789 and to remove it (even if you do not use it). | 
| 
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changeset | 9790 | 
| 
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changeset | 9791 | 
| 
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changeset | 9792 <p> | 
| 
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changeset | 9793 When possible, | 
| 
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changeset | 9794 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>, | 
| 
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changeset | 9795 which automatically removes the file when the program ends. | 
| 
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changeset | 9796 | 
| 
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changeset | 9797 | 
| 
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changeset | 9798 | 
| 
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changeset | 9799 | 
| 
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changeset | 9800 | 
| 
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changeset | 9801 | 
| 
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changeset | 9802 | 
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changeset | 9803 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2> | 
| 
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changeset | 9804 | 
| 
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changeset | 9805 <p> | 
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changeset | 9806 This library provides | 
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changeset | 9807 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs. | 
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changeset | 9808 You should exert care when using this library. | 
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changeset | 9809 Several of its functions | 
| 
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changeset | 9810 violate basic assumptions about Lua code | 
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changeset | 9811 (e.g., that variables local to a function | 
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changeset | 9812 cannot be accessed from outside; | 
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changeset | 9813 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code; | 
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changeset | 9814 that Lua programs do not crash) | 
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changeset | 9815 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code. | 
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changeset | 9816 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow. | 
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changeset | 9817 | 
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changeset | 9818 | 
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changeset | 9819 <p> | 
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changeset | 9820 All functions in this library are provided | 
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changeset | 9821 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table. | 
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changeset | 9822 All functions that operate over a thread | 
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changeset | 9823 have an optional first argument which is the | 
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changeset | 9824 thread to operate over. | 
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changeset | 9825 The default is always the current thread. | 
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changeset | 9826 | 
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changeset | 9827 | 
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changeset | 9828 <p> | 
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changeset | 9829 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9830 | 
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changeset | 9831 | 
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changeset | 9832 <p> | 
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changeset | 9833 Enters an interactive mode with the user, | 
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changeset | 9834 running each string that the user enters. | 
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changeset | 9835 Using simple commands and other debug facilities, | 
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changeset | 9836 the user can inspect global and local variables, | 
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changeset | 9837 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. | 
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changeset | 9838 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function, | 
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changeset | 9839 so that the caller continues its execution. | 
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changeset | 9840 | 
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changeset | 9841 | 
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changeset | 9842 <p> | 
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changeset | 9843 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested | 
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changeset | 9844 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables. | 
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changeset | 9845 | 
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changeset | 9846 | 
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changeset | 9847 | 
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changeset | 9848 | 
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changeset | 9849 <p> | 
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changeset | 9850 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9851 | 
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changeset | 9852 | 
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changeset | 9853 <p> | 
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changeset | 9854 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: | 
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changeset | 9855 the current hook function, the current hook mask, | 
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changeset | 9856 and the current hook count | 
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changeset | 9857 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function). | 
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changeset | 9858 | 
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changeset | 9859 | 
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changeset | 9860 | 
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changeset | 9861 | 
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changeset | 9862 <p> | 
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changeset | 9863 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9864 | 
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changeset | 9865 | 
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changeset | 9866 <p> | 
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changeset | 9867 Returns a table with information about a function. | 
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changeset | 9868 You can give the function directly | 
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changeset | 9869 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>, | 
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changeset | 9870 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack | 
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changeset | 9871 of the given thread: | 
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changeset | 9872 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself); | 
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changeset | 9873 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code> | 
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changeset | 9874 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack); | 
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changeset | 9875 and so on. | 
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changeset | 9876 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions, | 
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changeset | 9877 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 9878 | 
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changeset | 9879 | 
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changeset | 9880 <p> | 
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changeset | 9881 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>, | 
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changeset | 9882 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in. | 
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changeset | 9883 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available, | 
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changeset | 9884 except the table of valid lines. | 
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changeset | 9885 If present, | 
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changeset | 9886 the option '<code>f</code>' | 
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changeset | 9887 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself. | 
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changeset | 9888 If present, | 
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changeset | 9889 the option '<code>L</code>' | 
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changeset | 9890 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of | 
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changeset | 9891 valid lines. | 
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changeset | 9892 | 
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changeset | 9893 | 
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changeset | 9894 <p> | 
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changeset | 9895 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns | 
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changeset | 9896 a table with a name for the current function, | 
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changeset | 9897 if a reasonable name can be found, | 
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changeset | 9898 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code> | 
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changeset | 9899 returns a table with all available information | 
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changeset | 9900 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function. | 
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changeset | 9901 | 
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changeset | 9902 | 
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changeset | 9903 | 
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changeset | 9904 | 
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changeset | 9905 <p> | 
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changeset | 9906 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9907 | 
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changeset | 9908 | 
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changeset | 9909 <p> | 
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changeset | 9910 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable | 
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changeset | 9911 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack. | 
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changeset | 9912 This function accesses not only explicit local variables, | 
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changeset | 9913 but also parameters, temporaries, etc. | 
| 
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changeset | 9914 | 
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changeset | 9915 | 
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changeset | 9916 <p> | 
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changeset | 9917 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, | 
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changeset | 9918 until the last active variable. | 
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changeset | 9919 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters; | 
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changeset | 9920 -1 is the first vararg parameter. | 
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changeset | 9921 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index, | 
| 
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changeset | 9922 and raises an error when called with a level out of range. | 
| 
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changeset | 9923 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.) | 
| 
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changeset | 9924 | 
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changeset | 9925 | 
| 
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changeset | 9926 <p> | 
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changeset | 9927 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) | 
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changeset | 9928 represent internal variables | 
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changeset | 9929 (loop control variables, temporaries, varargs, and C function locals). | 
| 
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changeset | 9930 | 
| 
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changeset | 9931 | 
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changeset | 9932 <p> | 
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changeset | 9933 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function. | 
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changeset | 9934 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters. | 
| 
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changeset | 9935 | 
| 
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changeset | 9936 | 
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changeset | 9937 | 
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changeset | 9938 | 
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changeset | 9939 <p> | 
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changeset | 9940 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9941 | 
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changeset | 9942 | 
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changeset | 9943 <p> | 
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changeset | 9944 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code> | 
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changeset | 9945 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable. | 
| 
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changeset | 9946 | 
| 
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changeset | 9947 | 
| 
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changeset | 9948 | 
| 
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changeset | 9949 | 
| 
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changeset | 9950 <p> | 
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changeset | 9951 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 9952 | 
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changeset | 9953 | 
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changeset | 9954 <p> | 
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changeset | 9955 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
| 
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changeset | 9956 | 
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changeset | 9957 | 
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changeset | 9958 | 
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changeset | 9959 | 
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changeset | 9960 <p> | 
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changeset | 9961 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9962 | 
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changeset | 9963 | 
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changeset | 9964 <p> | 
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changeset | 9965 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue | 
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changeset | 9966 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. | 
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changeset | 9967 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index. | 
| 
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changeset | 9968 | 
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changeset | 9969 | 
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changeset | 9970 | 
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changeset | 9971 | 
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changeset | 9972 <p> | 
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changeset | 9973 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9974 | 
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changeset | 9975 | 
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changeset | 9976 <p> | 
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changeset | 9977 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>. | 
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changeset | 9978 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata, | 
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changeset | 9979 returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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changeset | 9980 | 
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changeset | 9981 | 
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changeset | 9982 | 
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changeset | 9983 | 
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changeset | 9984 <p> | 
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changeset | 9985 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 9986 | 
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changeset | 9987 | 
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changeset | 9988 <p> | 
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changeset | 9989 Sets the given function as a hook. | 
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changeset | 9990 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe | 
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changeset | 9991 when the hook will be called. | 
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changeset | 9992 The string mask may have the following characters, | 
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changeset | 9993 with the given meaning: | 
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changeset | 9994 | 
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changeset | 9995 <ul> | 
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changeset | 9996 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li> | 
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changeset | 9997 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li> | 
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changeset | 9998 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li> | 
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changeset | 9999 </ul><p> | 
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changeset | 10000 With a <code>count</code> different from zero, | 
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changeset | 10001 the hook is called after every <code>count</code> instructions. | 
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changeset | 10002 | 
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changeset | 10003 | 
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changeset | 10004 <p> | 
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changeset | 10005 When called without arguments, | 
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changeset | 10006 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook. | 
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changeset | 10007 | 
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changeset | 10008 | 
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changeset | 10009 <p> | 
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changeset | 10010 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string | 
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changeset | 10011 describing the event that has triggered its call: | 
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changeset | 10012 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>), | 
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changeset | 10013 <code>"return"</code>, | 
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changeset | 10014 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>. | 
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changeset | 10015 For line events, | 
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changeset | 10016 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. | 
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changeset | 10017 Inside a hook, | 
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changeset | 10018 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about | 
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changeset | 10019 the running function | 
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changeset | 10020 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function, | 
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changeset | 10021 and level 1 is the hook function). | 
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changeset | 10022 | 
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changeset | 10023 | 
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changeset | 10024 | 
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changeset | 10025 | 
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changeset | 10026 <p> | 
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changeset | 10027 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 10028 | 
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changeset | 10029 | 
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changeset | 10030 <p> | 
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changeset | 10031 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable | 
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changeset | 10032 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack. | 
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changeset | 10033 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local | 
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changeset | 10034 variable with the given index, | 
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changeset | 10035 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range. | 
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changeset | 10036 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.) | 
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changeset | 10037 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable. | 
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changeset | 10038 | 
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changeset | 10039 | 
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changeset | 10040 <p> | 
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changeset | 10041 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about | 
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changeset | 10042 variable indices and names. | 
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changeset | 10043 | 
| 
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changeset | 10044 | 
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changeset | 10045 | 
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changeset | 10046 | 
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changeset | 10047 <p> | 
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changeset | 10048 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 10049 | 
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changeset | 10050 | 
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changeset | 10051 <p> | 
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changeset | 10052 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code> | 
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changeset | 10053 (which can be <b>nil</b>). | 
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changeset | 10054 Returns <code>value</code>. | 
| 
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changeset | 10055 | 
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changeset | 10056 | 
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changeset | 10057 | 
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changeset | 10058 | 
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changeset | 10059 <p> | 
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changeset | 10060 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 10061 | 
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changeset | 10062 | 
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changeset | 10063 <p> | 
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changeset | 10064 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue | 
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changeset | 10065 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. | 
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changeset | 10066 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue | 
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changeset | 10067 with the given index. | 
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changeset | 10068 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. | 
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changeset | 10069 | 
| 
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changeset | 10070 | 
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changeset | 10071 | 
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changeset | 10072 | 
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changeset | 10073 <p> | 
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changeset | 10074 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
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changeset | 10075 | 
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changeset | 10076 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10077 <p> | 
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changeset | 10078 Sets the given <code>value</code> as | 
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changeset | 10079 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>. | 
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changeset | 10080 <code>value</code> must be a table or <b>nil</b>; | 
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changeset | 10081 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata. | 
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changeset | 10082 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10083 | 
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changeset | 10084 <p> | 
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changeset | 10085 Returns <code>udata</code>. | 
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changeset | 10086 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10087 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10088 | 
| 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10089 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10090 <p> | 
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changeset | 10091 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 10092 | 
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aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset | 10093 | 
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changeset | 10094 <p> | 
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changeset | 10095 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 10096 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing. | 
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changeset | 10097 Otherwise, | 
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changeset | 10098 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. | 
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changeset | 10099 An optional <code>message</code> string is appended | 
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changeset | 10100 at the beginning of the traceback. | 
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changeset | 10101 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level | 
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changeset | 10102 to start the traceback | 
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changeset | 10103 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>). | 
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changeset | 10104 | 
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changeset | 10105 | 
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changeset | 10106 | 
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changeset | 10107 | 
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changeset | 10108 <p> | 
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changeset | 10109 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 10110 | 
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changeset | 10111 | 
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changeset | 10112 <p> | 
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changeset | 10113 Returns an unique identifier (as a light userdata) | 
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changeset | 10114 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> | 
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changeset | 10115 from the given function. | 
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changeset | 10116 | 
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changeset | 10117 | 
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changeset | 10118 <p> | 
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changeset | 10119 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different | 
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changeset | 10120 closures share upvalues. | 
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changeset | 10121 Lua closures that share an upvalue | 
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changeset | 10122 (that is, that access a same external local variable) | 
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changeset | 10123 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. | 
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changeset | 10124 | 
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changeset | 10125 | 
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changeset | 10126 | 
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changeset | 10127 | 
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changeset | 10128 <p> | 
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changeset | 10129 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3> | 
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changeset | 10130 | 
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changeset | 10131 | 
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changeset | 10132 <p> | 
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changeset | 10133 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code> | 
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changeset | 10134 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>. | 
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changeset | 10135 | 
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changeset | 10136 | 
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changeset | 10137 | 
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changeset | 10138 | 
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changeset | 10139 | 
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changeset | 10140 | 
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changeset | 10141 | 
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changeset | 10142 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 10143 | 
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changeset | 10144 <p> | 
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changeset | 10145 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language, | 
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changeset | 10146 to be embedded in a host C program, | 
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changeset | 10147 it is also frequently used as a standalone language. | 
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changeset | 10148 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language, | 
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changeset | 10149 called simply <code>lua</code>, | 
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changeset | 10150 is provided with the standard distribution. | 
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changeset | 10151 The standalone interpreter includes | 
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changeset | 10152 all standard libraries, including the debug library. | 
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changeset | 10153 Its usage is: | 
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changeset | 10154 | 
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changeset | 10155 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10156 lua [options] [script [args]] | 
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changeset | 10157 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 10158 The options are: | 
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changeset | 10159 | 
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changeset | 10160 <ul> | 
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changeset | 10161 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li> | 
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changeset | 10162 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li> | 
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changeset | 10163 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li> | 
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changeset | 10164 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li> | 
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changeset | 10165 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li> | 
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changeset | 10166 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li> | 
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changeset | 10167 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li> | 
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changeset | 10168 </ul><p> | 
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changeset | 10169 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>, | 
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changeset | 10170 passing to it the given <em>args</em> as string arguments. | 
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changeset | 10171 When called without arguments, | 
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changeset | 10172 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code> | 
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changeset | 10173 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal, | 
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changeset | 10174 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise. | 
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changeset | 10175 | 
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changeset | 10176 | 
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changeset | 10177 <p> | 
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changeset | 10178 When called without option <code>-E</code>, | 
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changeset | 10179 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_2"><code>LUA_INIT_5_2</code></a> | 
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changeset | 10180 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if it is not defined) | 
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changeset | 10181 before running any argument. | 
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changeset | 10182 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>, | 
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changeset | 10183 then <code>lua</code> executes the file. | 
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changeset | 10184 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself. | 
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changeset | 10185 | 
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changeset | 10186 | 
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changeset | 10187 <p> | 
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changeset | 10188 When called with option <code>-E</code>, | 
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changeset | 10189 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>, | 
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changeset | 10190 Lua also ignores | 
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changeset | 10191 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>, | 
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changeset | 10192 setting the values of | 
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changeset | 10193 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> | 
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changeset | 10194 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. | 
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changeset | 10195 | 
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changeset | 10196 | 
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changeset | 10197 <p> | 
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changeset | 10198 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>. | 
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changeset | 10199 For instance, an invocation like | 
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changeset | 10200 | 
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changeset | 10201 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10202 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua | 
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changeset | 10203 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 10204 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>, | 
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changeset | 10205 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments. | 
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changeset | 10206 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.) | 
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changeset | 10207 | 
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changeset | 10208 | 
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changeset | 10209 <p> | 
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changeset | 10210 Before starting to run the script, | 
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changeset | 10211 <code>lua</code> collects all arguments in the command line | 
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changeset | 10212 in a global table called <code>arg</code>. | 
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changeset | 10213 The script name is stored at index 0, | 
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changeset | 10214 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1, | 
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changeset | 10215 and so on. | 
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changeset | 10216 Any arguments before the script name | 
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changeset | 10217 (that is, the interpreter name plus the options) | 
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changeset | 10218 go to negative indices. | 
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changeset | 10219 For instance, in the call | 
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changeset | 10220 | 
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changeset | 10221 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10222 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2 | 
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changeset | 10223 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 10224 the interpreter first runs the file <code>a.lua</code>, | 
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changeset | 10225 then creates a table | 
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changeset | 10226 | 
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changeset | 10227 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10228 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la", | 
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changeset | 10229 [0] = "b.lua", | 
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changeset | 10230 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" } | 
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changeset | 10231 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 10232 and finally runs the file <code>b.lua</code>. | 
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changeset | 10233 The script is called with <code>arg[1]</code>, <code>arg[2]</code>, ... | 
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changeset | 10234 as arguments; | 
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changeset | 10235 it can also access these arguments with the vararg expression '<code>...</code>'. | 
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changeset | 10236 | 
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changeset | 10237 | 
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changeset | 10238 <p> | 
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changeset | 10239 In interactive mode, | 
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changeset | 10240 if you write an incomplete statement, | 
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changeset | 10241 the interpreter waits for its completion | 
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changeset | 10242 by issuing a different prompt. | 
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changeset | 10243 | 
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changeset | 10244 | 
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changeset | 10245 <p> | 
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changeset | 10246 In case of unprotected errors in the script, | 
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changeset | 10247 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream. | 
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changeset | 10248 If the error object is a string, | 
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changeset | 10249 the interpreter adds a stack traceback to it. | 
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changeset | 10250 Otherwise, if the error object has a metamethod <code>__tostring</code>, | 
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changeset | 10251 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message. | 
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changeset | 10252 Finally, if the error object is <b>nil</b>, | 
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changeset | 10253 the interpreter does not report the error. | 
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changeset | 10254 | 
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changeset | 10255 | 
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changeset | 10256 <p> | 
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changeset | 10257 When finishing normally, | 
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changeset | 10258 the interpreter closes its main Lua state | 
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changeset | 10259 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 10260 The script can avoid this step by | 
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changeset | 10261 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate. | 
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changeset | 10262 | 
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changeset | 10263 | 
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changeset | 10264 <p> | 
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changeset | 10265 To allow the use of Lua as a | 
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changeset | 10266 script interpreter in Unix systems, | 
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changeset | 10267 the standalone interpreter skips | 
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changeset | 10268 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>. | 
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changeset | 10269 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs | 
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changeset | 10270 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form, | 
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changeset | 10271 as in | 
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changeset | 10272 | 
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changeset | 10273 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10274 #!/usr/local/bin/lua | 
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changeset | 10275 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 10276 (Of course, | 
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changeset | 10277 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. | 
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changeset | 10278 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>, | 
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changeset | 10279 then | 
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changeset | 10280 | 
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changeset | 10281 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10282 #!/usr/bin/env lua | 
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changeset | 10283 </pre><p> | 
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changeset | 10284 is a more portable solution.) | 
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changeset | 10285 | 
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changeset | 10286 | 
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changeset | 10287 | 
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changeset | 10288 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 10289 | 
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changeset | 10290 <p> | 
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changeset | 10291 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program | 
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changeset | 10292 from Lua 5.1 to Lua 5.2. | 
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changeset | 10293 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with | 
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changeset | 10294 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>). | 
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changeset | 10295 However, | 
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changeset | 10296 all these compatibility options will be removed in the next version of Lua. | 
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changeset | 10297 Similarly, | 
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changeset | 10298 all features marked as deprecated in Lua 5.1 | 
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changeset | 10299 have been removed in Lua 5.2. | 
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changeset | 10300 | 
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changeset | 10301 | 
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changeset | 10302 | 
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changeset | 10303 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 10304 <ul> | 
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changeset | 10305 | 
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changeset | 10306 <li> | 
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changeset | 10307 The concept of <em>environment</em> changed. | 
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changeset | 10308 Only Lua functions have environments. | 
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changeset | 10309 To set the environment of a Lua function, | 
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changeset | 10310 use the variable <code>_ENV</code> or the function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 10311 | 
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changeset | 10312 | 
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changeset | 10313 <p> | 
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changeset | 10314 C functions no longer have environments. | 
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changeset | 10315 Use an upvalue with a shared table if you need to keep | 
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changeset | 10316 shared state among several C functions. | 
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changeset | 10317 (You may use <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> to open a C library | 
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changeset | 10318 with all functions sharing a common upvalue.) | 
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changeset | 10319 | 
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changeset | 10320 | 
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changeset | 10321 <p> | 
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changeset | 10322 To manipulate the "environment" of a userdata | 
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changeset | 10323 (which is now called user value), | 
| 
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changeset | 10324 use the new functions | 
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changeset | 10325 <a href="#lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a> and <a href="#lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 10326 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 10327 | 
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changeset | 10328 <li> | 
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changeset | 10329 Lua identifiers cannot use locale-dependent letters. | 
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changeset | 10330 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 10331 | 
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changeset | 10332 <li> | 
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changeset | 10333 Doing a step or a full collection in the garbage collector | 
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changeset | 10334 does not restart the collector if it has been stopped. | 
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changeset | 10335 </li> | 
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changeset | 10336 | 
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changeset | 10337 <li> | 
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changeset | 10338 Weak tables with weak keys now perform like <em>ephemeron tables</em>. | 
| 
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changeset | 10339 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 10340 | 
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changeset | 10341 <li> | 
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changeset | 10342 The event <em>tail return</em> in debug hooks was removed. | 
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changeset | 10343 Instead, tail calls generate a special new event, | 
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changeset | 10344 <em>tail call</em>, so that the debugger can know that | 
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changeset | 10345 there will not be a corresponding return event. | 
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changeset | 10346 </li> | 
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changeset | 10347 | 
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changeset | 10348 <li> | 
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changeset | 10349 Equality between function values has changed. | 
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changeset | 10350 Now, a function definition may not create a new value; | 
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changeset | 10351 it may reuse some previous value if there is no | 
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changeset | 10352 observable difference to the new function. | 
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changeset | 10353 </li> | 
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changeset | 10354 | 
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changeset | 10355 </ul> | 
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changeset | 10356 | 
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changeset | 10357 | 
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changeset | 10358 | 
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changeset | 10359 | 
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changeset | 10360 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 10361 <ul> | 
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changeset | 10362 | 
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changeset | 10363 <li> | 
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changeset | 10364 Function <code>module</code> is deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10365 It is easy to set up a module with regular Lua code. | 
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changeset | 10366 Modules are not expected to set global variables. | 
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changeset | 10367 </li> | 
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changeset | 10368 | 
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changeset | 10369 <li> | 
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changeset | 10370 Functions <code>setfenv</code> and <code>getfenv</code> were removed, | 
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changeset | 10371 because of the changes in environments. | 
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changeset | 10372 </li> | 
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changeset | 10373 | 
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changeset | 10374 <li> | 
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changeset | 10375 Function <code>math.log10</code> is deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10376 Use <a href="#pdf-math.log"><code>math.log</code></a> with 10 as its second argument, instead. | 
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changeset | 10377 </li> | 
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changeset | 10378 | 
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changeset | 10379 <li> | 
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changeset | 10380 Function <code>loadstring</code> is deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10381 Use <code>load</code> instead; it now accepts string arguments | 
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changeset | 10382 and are exactly equivalent to <code>loadstring</code>. | 
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changeset | 10383 </li> | 
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changeset | 10384 | 
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changeset | 10385 <li> | 
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changeset | 10386 Function <code>table.maxn</code> is deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10387 Write it in Lua if you really need it. | 
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changeset | 10388 </li> | 
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changeset | 10389 | 
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changeset | 10390 <li> | 
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changeset | 10391 Function <code>os.execute</code> now returns <b>true</b> when command | 
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changeset | 10392 terminates successfully and <b>nil</b> plus error information | 
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changeset | 10393 otherwise. | 
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changeset | 10394 </li> | 
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changeset | 10395 | 
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changeset | 10396 <li> | 
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changeset | 10397 Function <code>unpack</code> was moved into the table library | 
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changeset | 10398 and therefore must be called as <a href="#pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 10399 </li> | 
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changeset | 10400 | 
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changeset | 10401 <li> | 
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changeset | 10402 Character class <code>%z</code> in patterns is deprecated, | 
| 
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changeset | 10403 as now patterns may contain '<code>\0</code>' as a regular character. | 
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changeset | 10404 </li> | 
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changeset | 10405 | 
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changeset | 10406 <li> | 
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changeset | 10407 The table <code>package.loaders</code> was renamed <code>package.searchers</code>. | 
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changeset | 10408 </li> | 
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changeset | 10409 | 
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changeset | 10410 <li> | 
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changeset | 10411 Lua does not have bytecode verification anymore. | 
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changeset | 10412 So, all functions that load code | 
| 
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changeset | 10413 (<a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>) | 
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changeset | 10414 are potentially insecure when loading untrusted binary data. | 
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changeset | 10415 (Actually, those functions were already insecure because | 
| 
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changeset | 10416 of flaws in the verification algorithm.) | 
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changeset | 10417 When in doubt, | 
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changeset | 10418 use the <code>mode</code> argument of those functions | 
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changeset | 10419 to restrict them to loading textual chunks. | 
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changeset | 10420 </li> | 
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changeset | 10421 | 
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changeset | 10422 <li> | 
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changeset | 10423 The standard paths in the official distribution may | 
| 
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changeset | 10424 change between versions. | 
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changeset | 10425 </li> | 
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changeset | 10426 | 
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changeset | 10427 </ul> | 
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changeset | 10428 | 
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changeset | 10429 | 
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changeset | 10430 | 
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changeset | 10431 | 
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changeset | 10432 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2> | 
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changeset | 10433 <ul> | 
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changeset | 10434 | 
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changeset | 10435 <li> | 
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changeset | 10436 Pseudoindex <code>LUA_GLOBALSINDEX</code> was removed. | 
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changeset | 10437 You must get the global environment from the registry | 
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changeset | 10438 (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
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changeset | 10439 </li> | 
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changeset | 10440 | 
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changeset | 10441 <li> | 
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changeset | 10442 Pseudoindex <code>LUA_ENVIRONINDEX</code> | 
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changeset | 10443 and functions <code>lua_getfenv</code>/<code>lua_setfenv</code> | 
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changeset | 10444 were removed, | 
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changeset | 10445 as C functions no longer have environments. | 
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changeset | 10446 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 10447 | 
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changeset | 10448 <li> | 
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changeset | 10449 Function <code>luaL_register</code> is deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10450 Use <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> so that your module does not create globals. | 
| 
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changeset | 10451 (Modules are not expected to set global variables anymore.) | 
| 
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changeset | 10452 </li> | 
| 
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changeset | 10453 | 
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changeset | 10454 <li> | 
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changeset | 10455 The <code>osize</code> argument to the allocation function | 
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changeset | 10456 may not be zero when creating a new block, | 
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changeset | 10457 that is, when <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code> | 
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changeset | 10458 (see <a href="#lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a>). | 
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changeset | 10459 Use only the test <code>ptr == NULL</code> to check whether | 
| 
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changeset | 10460 the block is new. | 
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changeset | 10461 </li> | 
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changeset | 10462 | 
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changeset | 10463 <li> | 
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changeset | 10464 Finalizers (<code>__gc</code> metamethods) for userdata are called in the | 
| 
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changeset | 10465 reverse order that they were marked for finalization, | 
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changeset | 10466 not that they were created (see <a href="#2.5.1">§2.5.1</a>). | 
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changeset | 10467 (Most userdata are marked immediately after they are created.) | 
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changeset | 10468 Moreover, | 
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changeset | 10469 if the metatable does not have a <code>__gc</code> field when set, | 
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changeset | 10470 the finalizer will not be called, | 
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changeset | 10471 even if it is set later. | 
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changeset | 10472 </li> | 
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changeset | 10473 | 
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changeset | 10474 <li> | 
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changeset | 10475 <code>luaL_typerror</code> was removed. | 
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changeset | 10476 Write your own version if you need it. | 
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changeset | 10477 </li> | 
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changeset | 10478 | 
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changeset | 10479 <li> | 
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changeset | 10480 Function <code>lua_cpcall</code> is deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10481 You can simply push the function with <a href="#lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a> | 
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changeset | 10482 and call it with <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 10483 </li> | 
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changeset | 10484 | 
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changeset | 10485 <li> | 
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changeset | 10486 Functions <code>lua_equal</code> and <code>lua_lessthan</code> are deprecated. | 
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changeset | 10487 Use the new <a href="#lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a> with appropriate options instead. | 
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changeset | 10488 </li> | 
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changeset | 10489 | 
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changeset | 10490 <li> | 
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changeset | 10491 Function <code>lua_objlen</code> was renamed <a href="#lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a>. | 
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changeset | 10492 </li> | 
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changeset | 10493 | 
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changeset | 10494 <li> | 
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changeset | 10495 Function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>mode</code>. | 
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changeset | 10496 Pass <code>NULL</code> to simulate the old behavior. | 
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changeset | 10497 </li> | 
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changeset | 10498 | 
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changeset | 10499 <li> | 
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changeset | 10500 Function <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>from</code>. | 
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changeset | 10501 Pass <code>NULL</code> or the thread doing the call. | 
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changeset | 10502 </li> | 
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changeset | 10503 | 
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changeset | 10504 </ul> | 
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changeset | 10505 | 
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changeset | 10506 | 
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changeset | 10507 | 
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changeset | 10508 | 
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changeset | 10509 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1> | 
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changeset | 10510 | 
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changeset | 10511 <p> | 
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changeset | 10512 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. | 
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changeset | 10513 (It does not describe operator precedences.) | 
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changeset | 10514 | 
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changeset | 10515 | 
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changeset | 10516 | 
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changeset | 10517 | 
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changeset | 10518 <pre> | 
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changeset | 10519 | 
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changeset | 10520 chunk ::= block | 
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changeset | 10521 | 
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changeset | 10522 block ::= {stat} [retstat] | 
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changeset | 10523 | 
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changeset | 10524 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | | 
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changeset | 10525 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | | 
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changeset | 10526 functioncall | | 
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changeset | 10527 label | | 
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changeset | 10528 <b>break</b> | | 
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changeset | 10529 <b>goto</b> Name | | 
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changeset | 10530 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
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changeset | 10531 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
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changeset | 10532 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | | 
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changeset | 10533 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | | 
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changeset | 10534 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
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changeset | 10535 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
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changeset | 10536 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | | 
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changeset | 10537 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | | 
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changeset | 10538 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] | 
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changeset | 10539 | 
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changeset | 10540 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] | 
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changeset | 10541 | 
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changeset | 10542 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ | 
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changeset | 10543 | 
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changeset | 10544 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] | 
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changeset | 10545 | 
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changeset | 10546 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} | 
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changeset | 10547 | 
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changeset | 10548 var ::= Name | prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name | 
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changeset | 10549 | 
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changeset | 10550 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} | 
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changeset | 10551 | 
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changeset | 10552 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} | 
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changeset | 10553 | 
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changeset | 10554 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Number | String | ‘<b>...</b>’ | functiondef | | 
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changeset | 10555 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp | 
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changeset | 10556 | 
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changeset | 10557 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ | 
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changeset | 10558 | 
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changeset | 10559 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args | 
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changeset | 10560 | 
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changeset | 10561 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | tableconstructor | String | 
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changeset | 10562 | 
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changeset | 10563 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody | 
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changeset | 10564 | 
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changeset | 10565 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> | 
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changeset | 10566 | 
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changeset | 10567 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ | 
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changeset | 10568 | 
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changeset | 10569 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ | 
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changeset | 10570 | 
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changeset | 10571 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] | 
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changeset | 10572 | 
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changeset | 10573 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp | 
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changeset | 10574 | 
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changeset | 10575 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ | 
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changeset | 10576 | 
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changeset | 10577 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ | ‘<b>-</b>’ | ‘<b>*</b>’ | ‘<b>/</b>’ | ‘<b>^</b>’ | ‘<b>%</b>’ | ‘<b>..</b>’ | | 
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changeset | 10578 ‘<b><</b>’ | ‘<b><=</b>’ | ‘<b>></b>’ | ‘<b>>=</b>’ | ‘<b>==</b>’ | ‘<b>~=</b>’ | | 
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changeset | 10579 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b> | 
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changeset | 10580 | 
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changeset | 10581 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ | <b>not</b> | ‘<b>#</b>’ | 
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changeset | 10582 | 
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changeset | 10583 </pre> | 
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changeset | 10584 | 
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changeset | 10585 <p> | 
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changeset | 10589 | 
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changeset | 10590 | 
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changeset | 10591 | 
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changeset | 10592 | 
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changeset | 10593 <HR> | 
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changeset | 10594 <SMALL CLASS="footer"> | 
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changeset | 10595 Last update: | 
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changeset | 10596 Thu Mar 21 13:01:53 BRT 2013 | 
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changeset | 10597 </SMALL> | 
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changeset | 10598 <!-- | 
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changeset | 10599 Last change: revised for Lua 5.2.2 | 
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changeset | 10600 --> | 
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changeset | 10601 | 
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changeset | 10602 </body></html> | 
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changeset | 10603 | 
