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| author | fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> | 
|---|---|
| date | Mon, 06 Oct 2014 22:03:16 +0000 | 
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| children | bcc3911285a2 | 
| rev | line source | 
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239
 
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> | 
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2 <html> | 
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3 | 
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4 <head> | 
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5 <title>Lua 5.2 Reference Manual</title> | 
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6 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.lua.org/lua.css"> | 
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7 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.lua.org/manual/manual.css"> | 
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8 <META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> | 
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9 </head> | 
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10 | 
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11 <body> | 
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12 | 
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13 <hr> | 
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14 <h1> | 
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15 <a href="../../home.html"><img src="../../images/logo.gif" alt="" border="0"></a> | 
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16 Lua 5.2 Reference Manual | 
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17 </h1> | 
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18 | 
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19 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes | 
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20 <p> | 
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21 <small> | 
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22 Copyright © 2011–2013 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. | 
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23 Freely available under the terms of the | 
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24 <a href="../../license.html">Lua license</a>. | 
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25 </small> | 
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26 <hr> | 
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27 <p> | 
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28 | 
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29 <a href="contents.html#contents">contents</A> | 
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30 · | 
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31 <a href="contents.html#index">index</A> | 
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32 · | 
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33 <a href="../">other versions</A> | 
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34 | 
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35 <!-- ====================================================================== --> | 
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36 <p> | 
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37 | 
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38 <!-- $Id: manual.of,v 1.103 2013/03/14 18:51:56 roberto Exp $ --> | 
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39 | 
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40 | 
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41 <H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2> | 
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42 <UL style="padding: 0"> | 
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43 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#1">1 – Introduction</A> | 
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44 <P> | 
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45 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 – Basic Concepts</A> | 
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46 <UL> | 
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47 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 – Values and Types</A> | 
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48 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 – Environments and the Global Environment</A> | 
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49 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 – Error Handling</A> | 
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50 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 – Metatables and Metamethods</A> | 
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51 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 – Garbage Collection</A> | 
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52 <UL> | 
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53 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A> | 
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54 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 – Weak Tables</A> | 
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55 </UL> | 
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56 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 – Coroutines</A> | 
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57 </UL> | 
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58 <P> | 
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59 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 – The Language</A> | 
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60 <UL> | 
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61 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 – Lexical Conventions</A> | 
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62 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 – Variables</A> | 
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63 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 – Statements</A> | 
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64 <UL> | 
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65 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.1">3.3.1 – Blocks</A> | 
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66 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.2">3.3.2 – Chunks</A> | 
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67 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.3">3.3.3 – Assignment</A> | 
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68 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.4">3.3.4 – Control Structures</A> | 
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69 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.5">3.3.5 – For Statement</A> | 
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70 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.6">3.3.6 – Function Calls as Statements</A> | 
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71 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.7">3.3.7 – Local Declarations</A> | 
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72 </UL> | 
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73 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 – Expressions</A> | 
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74 <UL> | 
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75 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.1">3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators</A> | 
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76 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.2">3.4.2 – Coercion</A> | 
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77 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.3">3.4.3 – Relational Operators</A> | 
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78 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.4">3.4.4 – Logical Operators</A> | 
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79 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.5">3.4.5 – Concatenation</A> | 
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80 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.6">3.4.6 – The Length Operator</A> | 
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81 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.7">3.4.7 – Precedence</A> | 
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82 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.8">3.4.8 – Table Constructors</A> | 
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83 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.9">3.4.9 – Function Calls</A> | 
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84 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.10">3.4.10 – Function Definitions</A> | 
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85 </UL> | 
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86 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 – Visibility Rules</A> | 
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87 </UL> | 
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88 <P> | 
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89 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 – The Application Program Interface</A> | 
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90 <UL> | 
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91 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 – The Stack</A> | 
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92 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.2">4.2 – Stack Size</A> | 
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93 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.3">4.3 – Valid and Acceptable Indices</A> | 
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94 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.4">4.4 – C Closures</A> | 
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95 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.5">4.5 – Registry</A> | 
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96 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.6">4.6 – Error Handling in C</A> | 
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97 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.7">4.7 – Handling Yields in C</A> | 
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98 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.8">4.8 – Functions and Types</A> | 
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99 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.9">4.9 – The Debug Interface</A> | 
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100 </UL> | 
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101 <P> | 
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102 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 – The Auxiliary Library</A> | 
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103 <UL> | 
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104 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 – Functions and Types</A> | 
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105 </UL> | 
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106 <P> | 
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107 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 – Standard Libraries</A> | 
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108 <UL> | 
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109 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.1">6.1 – Basic Functions</A> | 
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110 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.2">6.2 – Coroutine Manipulation</A> | 
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111 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.3">6.3 – Modules</A> | 
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112 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4">6.4 – String Manipulation</A> | 
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113 <UL> | 
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114 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4.1">6.4.1 – Patterns</A> | 
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115 </UL> | 
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116 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.5">6.5 – Table Manipulation</A> | 
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117 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.6">6.6 – Mathematical Functions</A> | 
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118 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.7">6.7 – Bitwise Operations</A> | 
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119 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.8">6.8 – Input and Output Facilities</A> | 
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120 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.9">6.9 – Operating System Facilities</A> | 
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121 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.10">6.10 – The Debug Library</A> | 
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122 </UL> | 
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123 <P> | 
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124 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 – Lua Standalone</A> | 
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125 <P> | 
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126 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A> | 
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127 <UL> | 
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128 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.1">8.1 – Changes in the Language</A> | 
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129 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.2">8.2 – Changes in the Libraries</A> | 
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130 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.3">8.3 – Changes in the API</A> | 
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131 </UL> | 
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132 <P> | 
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133 <LI><A HREF="manual.html#9">9 – The Complete Syntax of Lua</A> | 
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134 </UL> | 
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135 | 
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136 | 
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137 <h1>1 – <a name="1">Introduction</a></h1> | 
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138 | 
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139 <p> | 
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140 Lua is an extension programming language designed to support | 
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141 general procedural programming with data description | 
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142 facilities. | 
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143 It also offers good support for object-oriented programming, | 
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144 functional programming, and data-driven programming. | 
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145 Lua is intended to be used as a powerful, lightweight, | 
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146 embeddable scripting language for any program that needs one. | 
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147 Lua is implemented as a library, written in <em>clean C</em>, | 
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148 the common subset of Standard C and C++. | 
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149 | 
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150 | 
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151 <p> | 
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152 Being an extension language, Lua has no notion of a "main" program: | 
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153 it only works <em>embedded</em> in a host client, | 
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154 called the <em>embedding program</em> or simply the <em>host</em>. | 
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155 The host program can invoke functions to execute a piece of Lua code, | 
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156 can write and read Lua variables, | 
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157 and can register C functions to be called by Lua code. | 
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158 Through the use of C functions, Lua can be augmented to cope with | 
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159 a wide range of different domains, | 
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160 thus creating customized programming languages sharing a syntactical framework. | 
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161 The Lua distribution includes a sample host program called <code>lua</code>, | 
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162 which uses the Lua library to offer a complete, standalone Lua interpreter, | 
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163 for interactive or batch use. | 
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164 | 
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165 | 
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166 <p> | 
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167 Lua is free software, | 
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168 and is provided as usual with no guarantees, | 
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169 as stated in its license. | 
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170 The implementation described in this manual is available | 
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171 at Lua's official web site, <code>www.lua.org</code>. | 
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172 | 
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173 | 
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174 <p> | 
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175 Like any other reference manual, | 
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176 this document is dry in places. | 
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177 For a discussion of the decisions behind the design of Lua, | 
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178 see the technical papers available at Lua's web site. | 
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179 For a detailed introduction to programming in Lua, | 
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180 see Roberto's book, <em>Programming in Lua</em>. | 
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181 | 
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182 | 
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183 | 
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184 <h1>2 – <a name="2">Basic Concepts</a></h1> | 
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185 | 
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186 <p> | 
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187 This section describes the basic concepts of the language. | 
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188 | 
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189 | 
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190 | 
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191 <h2>2.1 – <a name="2.1">Values and Types</a></h2> | 
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192 | 
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193 <p> | 
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194 Lua is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>. | 
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195 This means that | 
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196 variables do not have types; only values do. | 
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197 There are no type definitions in the language. | 
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198 All values carry their own type. | 
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199 | 
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200 | 
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201 <p> | 
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202 All values in Lua are <em>first-class values</em>. | 
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203 This means that all values can be stored in variables, | 
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204 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results. | 
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205 | 
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206 | 
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207 <p> | 
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208 There are eight basic types in Lua: | 
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209 <em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>, | 
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210 <em>string</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>userdata</em>, | 
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211 <em>thread</em>, and <em>table</em>. | 
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212 <em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>, | 
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213 whose main property is to be different from any other value; | 
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214 it usually represents the absence of a useful value. | 
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215 <em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>. | 
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216 Both <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> make a condition false; | 
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217 any other value makes it true. | 
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218 <em>Number</em> represents real (double-precision floating-point) numbers. | 
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219 Operations on numbers follow the same rules of | 
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220 the underlying C implementation, | 
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221 which, in turn, usually follows the IEEE 754 standard. | 
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222 (It is easy to build Lua interpreters that use other | 
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223 internal representations for numbers, | 
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224 such as single-precision floats or long integers; | 
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225 see file <code>luaconf.h</code>.) | 
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226 <em>String</em> represents immutable sequences of bytes. | 
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227 | 
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228 Lua is 8-bit clean: | 
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229 strings can contain any 8-bit value, | 
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230 including embedded zeros ('<code>\0</code>'). | 
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231 | 
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232 | 
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233 <p> | 
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234 Lua can call (and manipulate) functions written in Lua and | 
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235 functions written in C | 
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236 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). | 
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237 | 
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238 | 
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239 <p> | 
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240 The type <em>userdata</em> is provided to allow arbitrary C data to | 
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241 be stored in Lua variables. | 
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242 A userdata value is a pointer to a block of raw memory. | 
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243 There are two kinds of userdata: | 
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244 full userdata, where the block of memory is managed by Lua, | 
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245 and light userdata, where the block of memory is managed by the host. | 
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246 Userdata has no predefined operations in Lua, | 
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247 except assignment and identity test. | 
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248 By using <em>metatables</em>, | 
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249 the programmer can define operations for full userdata values | 
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250 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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251 Userdata values cannot be created or modified in Lua, | 
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252 only through the C API. | 
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253 This guarantees the integrity of data owned by the host program. | 
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254 | 
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255 | 
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256 <p> | 
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257 The type <em>thread</em> represents independent threads of execution | 
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258 and it is used to implement coroutines (see <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a>). | 
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259 Do not confuse Lua threads with operating-system threads. | 
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260 Lua supports coroutines on all systems, | 
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261 even those that do not support threads. | 
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262 | 
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263 | 
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264 <p> | 
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265 The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays, | 
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266 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, | 
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267 but with any Lua value except <b>nil</b> and NaN | 
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268 (<em>Not a Number</em>, a special numeric value used to represent | 
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269 undefined or unrepresentable results, such as <code>0/0</code>). | 
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270 Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>; | 
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271 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>). | 
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272 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table. | 
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273 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has | 
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274 an associated value <b>nil</b>. | 
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275 | 
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276 | 
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277 <p> | 
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278 Tables are the sole data structuring mechanism in Lua; | 
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279 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences, | 
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280 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc. | 
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281 To represent records, Lua uses the field name as an index. | 
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282 The language supports this representation by | 
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283 providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>. | 
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284 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Lua | 
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285 (see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>). | 
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286 | 
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287 | 
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288 <p> | 
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289 We use the term <em>sequence</em> to denote a table where | 
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290 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> | 
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291 for some integer <em>n</em>, | 
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292 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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293 | 
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294 | 
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295 <p> | 
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296 Like indices, | 
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297 the values of table fields can be of any type. | 
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298 In particular, | 
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299 because functions are first-class values, | 
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300 table fields can contain functions. | 
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301 Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). | 
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302 | 
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303 | 
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304 <p> | 
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305 The indexing of tables follows | 
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306 the definition of raw equality in the language. | 
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307 The expressions <code>a[i]</code> and <code>a[j]</code> | 
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308 denote the same table element | 
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309 if and only if <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> are raw equal | 
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310 (that is, equal without metamethods). | 
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311 | 
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312 | 
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313 <p> | 
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314 Tables, functions, threads, and (full) userdata values are <em>objects</em>: | 
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315 variables do not actually <em>contain</em> these values, | 
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316 only <em>references</em> to them. | 
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317 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns | 
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318 always manipulate references to such values; | 
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319 these operations do not imply any kind of copy. | 
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320 | 
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321 | 
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322 <p> | 
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323 The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> returns a string describing the type | 
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324 of a given value (see <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>). | 
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325 | 
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326 | 
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327 | 
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328 | 
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329 | 
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330 <h2>2.2 – <a name="2.2">Environments and the Global Environment</a></h2> | 
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331 | 
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332 <p> | 
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333 As will be discussed in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a> and <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>, | 
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334 any reference to a global name <code>var</code> is syntactically translated | 
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335 to <code>_ENV.var</code>. | 
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336 Moreover, every chunk is compiled in the scope of | 
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337 an external local variable called <code>_ENV</code> (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), | 
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338 so <code>_ENV</code> itself is never a global name in a chunk. | 
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339 | 
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340 | 
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341 <p> | 
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342 Despite the existence of this external <code>_ENV</code> variable and | 
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343 the translation of global names, | 
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344 <code>_ENV</code> is a completely regular name. | 
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345 In particular, | 
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346 you can define new variables and parameters with that name. | 
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347 Each reference to a global name uses the <code>_ENV</code> that is | 
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348 visible at that point in the program, | 
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349 following the usual visibility rules of Lua (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). | 
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350 | 
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351 | 
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352 <p> | 
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353 Any table used as the value of <code>_ENV</code> is called an <em>environment</em>. | 
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354 | 
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355 | 
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356 <p> | 
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357 Lua keeps a distinguished environment called the <em>global environment</em>. | 
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358 This value is kept at a special index in the C registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
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359 In Lua, the variable <a href="#pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a> is initialized with this same value. | 
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360 | 
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361 | 
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362 <p> | 
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363 When Lua compiles a chunk, | 
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364 it initializes the value of its <code>_ENV</code> upvalue | 
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365 with the global environment (see <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>). | 
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366 Therefore, by default, | 
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367 global variables in Lua code refer to entries in the global environment. | 
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368 Moreover, all standard libraries are loaded in the global environment | 
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369 and several functions there operate on that environment. | 
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370 You can use <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> (or <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>) | 
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371 to load a chunk with a different environment. | 
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372 (In C, you have to load the chunk and then change the value | 
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373 of its first upvalue.) | 
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374 | 
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375 | 
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376 <p> | 
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377 If you change the global environment in the registry | 
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378 (through C code or the debug library), | 
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379 all chunks loaded after the change will get the new environment. | 
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380 Previously loaded chunks are not affected, however, | 
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381 as each has its own reference to the environment in its <code>_ENV</code> variable. | 
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382 Moreover, the variable <a href="#pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a> | 
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383 (which is stored in the original global environment) | 
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384 is never updated by Lua. | 
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385 | 
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386 | 
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387 | 
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388 | 
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389 | 
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390 <h2>2.3 – <a name="2.3">Error Handling</a></h2> | 
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391 | 
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392 <p> | 
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393 Because Lua is an embedded extension language, | 
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394 all Lua actions start from C code in the host program | 
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395 calling a function from the Lua library (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). | 
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396 Whenever an error occurs during | 
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397 the compilation or execution of a Lua chunk, | 
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398 control returns to the host, | 
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399 which can take appropriate measures | 
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400 (such as printing an error message). | 
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401 | 
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402 | 
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403 <p> | 
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404 Lua code can explicitly generate an error by calling the | 
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405 <a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> function. | 
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406 If you need to catch errors in Lua, | 
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407 you can use <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall</code></a> | 
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408 to call a given function in <em>protected mode</em>. | 
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409 | 
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410 | 
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411 <p> | 
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412 Whenever there is an error, | 
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413 an <em>error object</em> (also called an <em>error message</em>) | 
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414 is propagated with information about the error. | 
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415 Lua itself only generates errors where the error object is a string, | 
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416 but programs may generate errors with | 
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417 any value for the error object. | 
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418 | 
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419 | 
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420 <p> | 
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421 When you use <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, | 
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422 you may give a <em>message handler</em> | 
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423 to be called in case of errors. | 
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424 This function is called with the original error message | 
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425 and returns a new error message. | 
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426 It is called before the error unwinds the stack, | 
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427 so that it can gather more information about the error, | 
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428 for instance by inspecting the stack and creating a stack traceback. | 
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429 This message handler is still protected by the protected call; | 
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430 so, an error inside the message handler | 
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431 will call the message handler again. | 
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432 If this loop goes on, Lua breaks it and returns an appropriate message. | 
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433 | 
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434 | 
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435 | 
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436 | 
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437 | 
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438 <h2>2.4 – <a name="2.4">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h2> | 
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439 | 
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440 <p> | 
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441 Every value in Lua can have a <em>metatable</em>. | 
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442 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Lua table | 
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443 that defines the behavior of the original value | 
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444 under certain special operations. | 
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445 You can change several aspects of the behavior | 
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446 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. | 
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447 For instance, when a non-numeric value is the operand of an addition, | 
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448 Lua checks for a function in the field "<code>__add</code>" of the value's metatable. | 
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449 If it finds one, | 
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450 Lua calls this function to perform the addition. | 
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451 | 
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452 | 
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453 <p> | 
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454 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <em>event</em> names; | 
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455 the corresponding values are called <em>metamethods</em>. | 
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456 In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code> | 
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457 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition. | 
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458 | 
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459 | 
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460 <p> | 
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461 You can query the metatable of any value | 
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462 using the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a> function. | 
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463 | 
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464 | 
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465 <p> | 
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466 You can replace the metatable of tables | 
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467 using the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable</code></a> function. | 
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468 You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua | 
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469 (except by using the debug library); | 
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470 you must use the C API for that. | 
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471 | 
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472 | 
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473 <p> | 
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474 Tables and full userdata have individual metatables | 
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475 (although multiple tables and userdata can share their metatables). | 
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476 Values of all other types share one single metatable per type; | 
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477 that is, there is one single metatable for all numbers, | 
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478 one for all strings, etc. | 
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479 By default, a value has no metatable, | 
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480 but the string library sets a metatable for the string type (see <a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>). | 
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481 | 
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482 | 
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483 <p> | 
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484 A metatable controls how an object behaves in arithmetic operations, | 
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485 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, and indexing. | 
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486 A metatable also can define a function to be called | 
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487 when a userdata or a table is garbage collected. | 
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488 When Lua performs one of these operations over a value, | 
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489 it checks whether this value has a metatable with the corresponding event. | 
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490 If so, the value associated with that key (the metamethod) | 
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491 controls how Lua will perform the operation. | 
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492 | 
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493 | 
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494 <p> | 
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495 Metatables control the operations listed next. | 
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496 Each operation is identified by its corresponding name. | 
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497 The key for each operation is a string with its name prefixed by | 
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498 two underscores, '<code>__</code>'; | 
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499 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the | 
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500 string "<code>__add</code>". | 
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501 | 
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502 | 
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503 <p> | 
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504 The semantics of these operations is better explained by a Lua function | 
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505 describing how the interpreter executes the operation. | 
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506 The code shown here in Lua is only illustrative; | 
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507 the real behavior is hard coded in the interpreter | 
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508 and it is much more efficient than this simulation. | 
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509 All functions used in these descriptions | 
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510 (<a href="#pdf-rawget"><code>rawget</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber</code></a>, etc.) | 
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511 are described in <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>. | 
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512 In particular, to retrieve the metamethod of a given object, | 
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513 we use the expression | 
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514 | 
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515 <pre> | 
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516 metatable(obj)[event] | 
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517 </pre><p> | 
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518 This should be read as | 
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519 | 
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520 <pre> | 
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521 rawget(getmetatable(obj) or {}, event) | 
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522 </pre><p> | 
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523 This means that the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods, | 
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524 and access to objects with no metatables does not fail | 
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525 (it simply results in <b>nil</b>). | 
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526 | 
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527 | 
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528 <p> | 
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529 For the unary <code>-</code> and <code>#</code> operators, | 
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530 the metamethod is called with a dummy second argument. | 
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531 This extra argument is only to simplify Lua's internals; | 
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532 it may be removed in future versions and therefore it is not present | 
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533 in the following code. | 
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534 (For most uses this extra argument is irrelevant.) | 
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535 | 
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536 | 
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537 | 
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538 <ul> | 
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539 | 
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540 <li><b>"add": </b> | 
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541 the <code>+</code> operation. | 
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542 | 
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543 | 
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544 | 
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545 <p> | 
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546 The function <code>getbinhandler</code> below defines how Lua chooses a handler | 
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547 for a binary operation. | 
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548 First, Lua tries the first operand. | 
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549 If its type does not define a handler for the operation, | 
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550 then Lua tries the second operand. | 
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551 | 
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552 <pre> | 
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553 function getbinhandler (op1, op2, event) | 
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554 return metatable(op1)[event] or metatable(op2)[event] | 
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555 end | 
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556 </pre><p> | 
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557 By using this function, | 
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558 the behavior of the <code>op1 + op2</code> is | 
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559 | 
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560 <pre> | 
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561 function add_event (op1, op2) | 
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562 local o1, o2 = tonumber(op1), tonumber(op2) | 
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563 if o1 and o2 then -- both operands are numeric? | 
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564 return o1 + o2 -- '+' here is the primitive 'add' | 
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565 else -- at least one of the operands is not numeric | 
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566 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__add") | 
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567 if h then | 
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568 -- call the handler with both operands | 
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569 return (h(op1, op2)) | 
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570 else -- no handler available: default behavior | 
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571 error(···) | 
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572 end | 
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573 end | 
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574 end | 
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575 </pre><p> | 
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576 </li> | 
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577 | 
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578 <li><b>"sub": </b> | 
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579 the <code>-</code> operation. | 
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580 | 
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581 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | 
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582 </li> | 
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583 | 
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584 <li><b>"mul": </b> | 
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585 the <code>*</code> operation. | 
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586 | 
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587 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | 
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588 </li> | 
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589 | 
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590 <li><b>"div": </b> | 
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591 the <code>/</code> operation. | 
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592 | 
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593 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. | 
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594 </li> | 
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595 | 
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596 <li><b>"mod": </b> | 
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597 the <code>%</code> operation. | 
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 | 
598 | 
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599 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, | 
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600 with the operation | 
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601 <code>o1 - floor(o1/o2)*o2</code> as the primitive operation. | 
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602 </li> | 
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603 | 
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604 <li><b>"pow": </b> | 
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605 the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation. | 
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606 | 
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607 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, | 
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608 with the function <code>pow</code> (from the C math library) | 
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609 as the primitive operation. | 
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610 </li> | 
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611 | 
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612 <li><b>"unm": </b> | 
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613 the unary <code>-</code> operation. | 
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614 | 
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615 | 
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616 <pre> | 
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617 function unm_event (op) | 
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618 local o = tonumber(op) | 
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619 if o then -- operand is numeric? | 
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620 return -o -- '-' here is the primitive 'unm' | 
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621 else -- the operand is not numeric. | 
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622 -- Try to get a handler from the operand | 
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623 local h = metatable(op).__unm | 
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624 if h then | 
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625 -- call the handler with the operand | 
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626 return (h(op)) | 
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627 else -- no handler available: default behavior | 
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628 error(···) | 
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629 end | 
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630 end | 
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631 end | 
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632 </pre><p> | 
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633 </li> | 
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634 | 
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635 <li><b>"concat": </b> | 
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636 the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation. | 
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637 | 
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638 | 
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639 <pre> | 
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640 function concat_event (op1, op2) | 
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641 if (type(op1) == "string" or type(op1) == "number") and | 
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642 (type(op2) == "string" or type(op2) == "number") then | 
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643 return op1 .. op2 -- primitive string concatenation | 
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644 else | 
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645 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__concat") | 
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646 if h then | 
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647 return (h(op1, op2)) | 
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648 else | 
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649 error(···) | 
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650 end | 
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651 end | 
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652 end | 
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653 </pre><p> | 
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654 </li> | 
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655 | 
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656 <li><b>"len": </b> | 
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657 the <code>#</code> operation. | 
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658 | 
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659 | 
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660 <pre> | 
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661 function len_event (op) | 
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662 if type(op) == "string" then | 
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663 return strlen(op) -- primitive string length | 
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664 else | 
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665 local h = metatable(op).__len | 
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666 if h then | 
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667 return (h(op)) -- call handler with the operand | 
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668 elseif type(op) == "table" then | 
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669 return #op -- primitive table length | 
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670 else -- no handler available: error | 
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671 error(···) | 
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672 end | 
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673 end | 
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674 end | 
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675 </pre><p> | 
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676 See <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a> for a description of the length of a table. | 
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677 </li> | 
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678 | 
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679 <li><b>"eq": </b> | 
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680 the <code>==</code> operation. | 
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681 | 
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682 The function <code>getequalhandler</code> defines how Lua chooses a metamethod | 
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683 for equality. | 
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684 A metamethod is selected only when both values | 
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685 being compared have the same type | 
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686 and the same metamethod for the selected operation, | 
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687 and the values are either tables or full userdata. | 
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688 | 
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689 <pre> | 
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690 function getequalhandler (op1, op2) | 
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691 if type(op1) ~= type(op2) or | 
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692 (type(op1) ~= "table" and type(op1) ~= "userdata") then | 
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693 return nil -- different values | 
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694 end | 
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695 local mm1 = metatable(op1).__eq | 
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696 local mm2 = metatable(op2).__eq | 
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697 if mm1 == mm2 then return mm1 else return nil end | 
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698 end | 
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699 </pre><p> | 
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700 The "eq" event is defined as follows: | 
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701 | 
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702 <pre> | 
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703 function eq_event (op1, op2) | 
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704 if op1 == op2 then -- primitive equal? | 
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705 return true -- values are equal | 
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706 end | 
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707 -- try metamethod | 
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708 local h = getequalhandler(op1, op2) | 
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709 if h then | 
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710 return not not h(op1, op2) | 
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711 else | 
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712 return false | 
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713 end | 
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714 end | 
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 | 
715 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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716 Note that the result is always a boolean. | 
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717 </li> | 
| 
 
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718 | 
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719 <li><b>"lt": </b> | 
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720 the <code><</code> operation. | 
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721 | 
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722 | 
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723 <pre> | 
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724 function lt_event (op1, op2) | 
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725 if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then | 
| 
 
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726 return op1 < op2 -- numeric comparison | 
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727 elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then | 
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728 return op1 < op2 -- lexicographic comparison | 
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729 else | 
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730 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__lt") | 
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731 if h then | 
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732 return not not h(op1, op2) | 
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733 else | 
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734 error(···) | 
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735 end | 
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736 end | 
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737 end | 
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 | 
738 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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739 Note that the result is always a boolean. | 
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740 </li> | 
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741 | 
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 | 
742 <li><b>"le": </b> | 
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 | 
743 the <code><=</code> operation. | 
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744 | 
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745 | 
| 
 
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746 <pre> | 
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 | 
747 function le_event (op1, op2) | 
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748 if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then | 
| 
 
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749 return op1 <= op2 -- numeric comparison | 
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750 elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then | 
| 
 
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751 return op1 <= op2 -- lexicographic comparison | 
| 
 
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752 else | 
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753 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__le") | 
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754 if h then | 
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 | 
755 return not not h(op1, op2) | 
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756 else | 
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757 h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__lt") | 
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758 if h then | 
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759 return not h(op2, op1) | 
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760 else | 
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761 error(···) | 
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762 end | 
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763 end | 
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764 end | 
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765 end | 
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 | 
766 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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767 Note that, in the absence of a "le" metamethod, | 
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768 Lua tries the "lt", assuming that <code>a <= b</code> is | 
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 | 
769 equivalent to <code>not (b < a)</code>. | 
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 | 
770 | 
| 
 
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 | 
771 | 
| 
 
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772 <p> | 
| 
 
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773 As with the other comparison operators, | 
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774 the result is always a boolean. | 
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 | 
775 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
776 | 
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 | 
777 <li><b>"index": </b> | 
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 | 
778 The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>. | 
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779 Note that the metamethod is tried only | 
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 | 
780 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>. | 
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781 (When <code>table</code> is not a table, | 
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782 no key is ever present, | 
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783 so the metamethod is always tried.) | 
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 | 
784 | 
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 | 
785 | 
| 
 
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 | 
786 <pre> | 
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 | 
787 function gettable_event (table, key) | 
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788 local h | 
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789 if type(table) == "table" then | 
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790 local v = rawget(table, key) | 
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791 -- if key is present, return raw value | 
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792 if v ~= nil then return v end | 
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793 h = metatable(table).__index | 
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794 if h == nil then return nil end | 
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795 else | 
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796 h = metatable(table).__index | 
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797 if h == nil then | 
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798 error(···) | 
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799 end | 
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800 end | 
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 | 
801 if type(h) == "function" then | 
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 | 
802 return (h(table, key)) -- call the handler | 
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803 else return h[key] -- or repeat operation on it | 
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804 end | 
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805 end | 
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 | 
806 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
807 </li> | 
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 | 
808 | 
| 
 
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 | 
809 <li><b>"newindex": </b> | 
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810 The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>. | 
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 | 
811 Note that the metamethod is tried only | 
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812 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>. | 
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 | 
813 | 
| 
 
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 | 
814 | 
| 
 
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 | 
815 <pre> | 
| 
 
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816 function settable_event (table, key, value) | 
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817 local h | 
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818 if type(table) == "table" then | 
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 | 
819 local v = rawget(table, key) | 
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820 -- if key is present, do raw assignment | 
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821 if v ~= nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end | 
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822 h = metatable(table).__newindex | 
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823 if h == nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end | 
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824 else | 
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825 h = metatable(table).__newindex | 
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 | 
826 if h == nil then | 
| 
 
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 | 
827 error(···) | 
| 
 
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828 end | 
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829 end | 
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 | 
830 if type(h) == "function" then | 
| 
 
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 | 
831 h(table, key,value) -- call the handler | 
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832 else h[key] = value -- or repeat operation on it | 
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833 end | 
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834 end | 
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 | 
835 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
836 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
837 | 
| 
 
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 | 
838 <li><b>"call": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
839 called when Lua calls a value. | 
| 
 
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 | 
840 | 
| 
 
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 | 
841 | 
| 
 
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 | 
842 <pre> | 
| 
 
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843 function function_event (func, ...) | 
| 
 
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844 if type(func) == "function" then | 
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845 return func(...) -- primitive call | 
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846 else | 
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 | 
847 local h = metatable(func).__call | 
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848 if h then | 
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 | 
849 return h(func, ...) | 
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850 else | 
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 | 
851 error(···) | 
| 
 
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852 end | 
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 | 
853 end | 
| 
 
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 | 
854 end | 
| 
 
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 | 
855 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
856 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
857 | 
| 
 
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 | 
858 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
859 | 
| 
 
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 | 
860 | 
| 
 
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 | 
861 | 
| 
 
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 | 
862 | 
| 
 
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 | 
863 <h2>2.5 – <a name="2.5">Garbage Collection</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
864 | 
| 
 
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 | 
865 <p> | 
| 
 
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866 Lua performs automatic memory management. | 
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867 This means that | 
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868 you have to worry neither about allocating memory for new objects | 
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869 nor about freeing it when the objects are no longer needed. | 
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870 Lua manages memory automatically by running | 
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871 a <em>garbage collector</em> to collect all <em>dead objects</em> | 
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872 (that is, objects that are no longer accessible from Lua). | 
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873 All memory used by Lua is subject to automatic management: | 
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874 strings, tables, userdata, functions, threads, internal structures, etc. | 
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875 | 
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876 | 
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877 <p> | 
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878 Lua implements an incremental mark-and-sweep collector. | 
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879 It uses two numbers to control its garbage-collection cycles: | 
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880 the <em>garbage-collector pause</em> and | 
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881 the <em>garbage-collector step multiplier</em>. | 
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882 Both use percentage points as units | 
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883 (e.g., a value of 100 means an internal value of 1). | 
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884 | 
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885 | 
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886 <p> | 
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887 The garbage-collector pause | 
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888 controls how long the collector waits before starting a new cycle. | 
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889 Larger values make the collector less aggressive. | 
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890 Values smaller than 100 mean the collector will not wait to | 
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891 start a new cycle. | 
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892 A value of 200 means that the collector waits for the total memory in use | 
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893 to double before starting a new cycle. | 
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894 | 
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895 | 
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896 <p> | 
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897 The garbage-collector step multiplier | 
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898 controls the relative speed of the collector relative to | 
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899 memory allocation. | 
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900 Larger values make the collector more aggressive but also increase | 
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901 the size of each incremental step. | 
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902 Values smaller than 100 make the collector too slow and | 
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903 can result in the collector never finishing a cycle. | 
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904 The default is 200, | 
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905 which means that the collector runs at "twice" | 
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906 the speed of memory allocation. | 
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907 | 
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908 | 
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909 <p> | 
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910 If you set the step multiplier to a very large number | 
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911 (larger than 10% of the maximum number of | 
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912 bytes that the program may use), | 
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913 the collector behaves like a stop-the-world collector. | 
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914 If you then set the pause to 200, | 
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915 the collector behaves as in old Lua versions, | 
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916 doing a complete collection every time Lua doubles its | 
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917 memory usage. | 
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918 | 
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919 | 
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920 <p> | 
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921 You can change these numbers by calling <a href="#lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a> in C | 
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922 or <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a> in Lua. | 
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923 You can also use these functions to control | 
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924 the collector directly (e.g., stop and restart it). | 
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925 | 
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926 | 
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927 <p> | 
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928 As an experimental feature in Lua 5.2, | 
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929 you can change the collector's operation mode | 
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930 from incremental to <em>generational</em>. | 
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931 A <em>generational collector</em> assumes that most objects die young, | 
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932 and therefore it traverses only young (recently created) objects. | 
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933 This behavior can reduce the time used by the collector, | 
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934 but also increases memory usage (as old dead objects may accumulate). | 
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935 To mitigate this second problem, | 
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936 from time to time the generational collector performs a full collection. | 
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937 Remember that this is an experimental feature; | 
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938 you are welcome to try it, | 
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939 but check your gains. | 
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940 | 
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941 | 
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942 | 
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943 <h3>2.5.1 – <a name="2.5.1">Garbage-Collection Metamethods</a></h3> | 
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944 | 
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945 <p> | 
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946 You can set garbage-collector metamethods for tables | 
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947 and, using the C API, | 
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948 for full userdata (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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949 These metamethods are also called <em>finalizers</em>. | 
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950 Finalizers allow you to coordinate Lua's garbage collection | 
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951 with external resource management | 
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952 (such as closing files, network or database connections, | 
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953 or freeing your own memory). | 
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954 | 
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955 | 
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956 <p> | 
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957 For an object (table or userdata) to be finalized when collected, | 
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958 you must <em>mark</em> it for finalization. | 
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959 | 
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960 You mark an object for finalization when you set its metatable | 
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961 and the metatable has a field indexed by the string "<code>__gc</code>". | 
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962 Note that if you set a metatable without a <code>__gc</code> field | 
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963 and later create that field in the metatable, | 
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964 the object will not be marked for finalization. | 
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965 However, after an object is marked, | 
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966 you can freely change the <code>__gc</code> field of its metatable. | 
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967 | 
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968 | 
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969 <p> | 
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970 When a marked object becomes garbage, | 
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971 it is not collected immediately by the garbage collector. | 
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972 Instead, Lua puts it in a list. | 
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973 After the collection, | 
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974 Lua does the equivalent of the following function | 
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975 for each object in that list: | 
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976 | 
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977 <pre> | 
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978 function gc_event (obj) | 
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979 local h = metatable(obj).__gc | 
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980 if type(h) == "function" then | 
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981 h(obj) | 
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982 end | 
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983 end | 
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984 </pre> | 
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985 | 
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986 <p> | 
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987 At the end of each garbage-collection cycle, | 
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988 the finalizers for objects are called in | 
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989 the reverse order that they were marked for collection, | 
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990 among those collected in that cycle; | 
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991 that is, the first finalizer to be called is the one associated | 
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992 with the object marked last in the program. | 
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993 The execution of each finalizer may occur at any point during | 
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994 the execution of the regular code. | 
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995 | 
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996 | 
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997 <p> | 
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998 Because the object being collected must still be used by the finalizer, | 
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999 it (and other objects accessible only through it) | 
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1000 must be <em>resurrected</em> by Lua. | 
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1001 Usually, this resurrection is transient, | 
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1002 and the object memory is freed in the next garbage-collection cycle. | 
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1003 However, if the finalizer stores the object in some global place | 
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1004 (e.g., a global variable), | 
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1005 then there is a permanent resurrection. | 
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1006 In any case, | 
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1007 the object memory is freed only when it becomes completely inaccessible; | 
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1008 its finalizer will never be called twice. | 
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1009 | 
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1010 | 
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1011 <p> | 
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1012 When you close a state (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>), | 
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1013 Lua calls the finalizers of all objects marked for finalization, | 
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1014 following the reverse order that they were marked. | 
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1015 If any finalizer marks new objects for collection during that phase, | 
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1016 these new objects will not be finalized. | 
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1017 | 
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1018 | 
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1019 | 
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1020 | 
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1021 | 
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1022 <h3>2.5.2 – <a name="2.5.2">Weak Tables</a></h3> | 
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1023 | 
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1024 <p> | 
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1025 A <em>weak table</em> is a table whose elements are | 
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1026 <em>weak references</em>. | 
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1027 A weak reference is ignored by the garbage collector. | 
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1028 In other words, | 
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1029 if the only references to an object are weak references, | 
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1030 then the garbage collector will collect that object. | 
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1031 | 
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1032 | 
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1033 <p> | 
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1034 A weak table can have weak keys, weak values, or both. | 
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1035 A table with weak keys allows the collection of its keys, | 
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1036 but prevents the collection of its values. | 
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1037 A table with both weak keys and weak values allows the collection of | 
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1038 both keys and values. | 
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1039 In any case, if either the key or the value is collected, | 
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1040 the whole pair is removed from the table. | 
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1041 The weakness of a table is controlled by the | 
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1042 <code>__mode</code> field of its metatable. | 
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1043 If the <code>__mode</code> field is a string containing the character '<code>k</code>', | 
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1044 the keys in the table are weak. | 
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1045 If <code>__mode</code> contains '<code>v</code>', | 
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1046 the values in the table are weak. | 
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1047 | 
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1048 | 
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1049 <p> | 
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1050 A table with weak keys and strong values | 
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1051 is also called an <em>ephemeron table</em>. | 
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1052 In an ephemeron table, | 
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1053 a value is considered reachable only if its key is reachable. | 
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1054 In particular, | 
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1055 if the only reference to a key comes through its value, | 
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1056 the pair is removed. | 
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1057 | 
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1058 | 
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1059 <p> | 
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1060 Any change in the weakness of a table may take effect only | 
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1061 at the next collect cycle. | 
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1062 In particular, if you change the weakness to a stronger mode, | 
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1063 Lua may still collect some items from that table | 
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1064 before the change takes effect. | 
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1065 | 
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1066 | 
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1067 <p> | 
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1068 Only objects that have an explicit construction | 
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1069 are removed from weak tables. | 
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1070 Values, such as numbers and light C functions, | 
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1071 are not subject to garbage collection, | 
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1072 and therefore are not removed from weak tables | 
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1073 (unless its associated value is collected). | 
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1074 Although strings are subject to garbage collection, | 
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1075 they do not have an explicit construction, | 
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1076 and therefore are not removed from weak tables. | 
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1077 | 
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1078 | 
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1079 <p> | 
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1080 Resurrected objects | 
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1081 (that is, objects being finalized | 
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1082 and objects accessible only through objects being finalized) | 
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1083 have a special behavior in weak tables. | 
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1084 They are removed from weak values before running their finalizers, | 
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1085 but are removed from weak keys only in the next collection | 
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1086 after running their finalizers, when such objects are actually freed. | 
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1087 This behavior allows the finalizer to access properties | 
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1088 associated with the object through weak tables. | 
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1089 | 
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1090 | 
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1091 <p> | 
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1092 If a weak table is among the resurrected objects in a collection cycle, | 
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1093 it may not be properly cleared until the next cycle. | 
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1094 | 
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1095 | 
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1096 | 
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1097 | 
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1098 | 
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1099 | 
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1100 | 
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1101 <h2>2.6 – <a name="2.6">Coroutines</a></h2> | 
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1102 | 
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1103 <p> | 
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1104 Lua supports coroutines, | 
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1105 also called <em>collaborative multithreading</em>. | 
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1106 A coroutine in Lua represents an independent thread of execution. | 
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1107 Unlike threads in multithread systems, however, | 
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1108 a coroutine only suspends its execution by explicitly calling | 
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1109 a yield function. | 
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1110 | 
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1111 | 
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1112 <p> | 
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1113 You create a coroutine by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>. | 
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1114 Its sole argument is a function | 
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1115 that is the main function of the coroutine. | 
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1116 The <code>create</code> function only creates a new coroutine and | 
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1117 returns a handle to it (an object of type <em>thread</em>); | 
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1118 it does not start the coroutine. | 
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1119 | 
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1120 | 
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1121 <p> | 
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1122 You execute a coroutine by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. | 
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1123 When you first call <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, | 
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1124 passing as its first argument | 
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1125 a thread returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>, | 
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1126 the coroutine starts its execution, | 
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1127 at the first line of its main function. | 
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1128 Extra arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> are passed on | 
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1129 to the coroutine main function. | 
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1130 After the coroutine starts running, | 
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1131 it runs until it terminates or <em>yields</em>. | 
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1132 | 
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1133 | 
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1134 <p> | 
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1135 A coroutine can terminate its execution in two ways: | 
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1136 normally, when its main function returns | 
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1137 (explicitly or implicitly, after the last instruction); | 
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1138 and abnormally, if there is an unprotected error. | 
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1139 In the first case, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>true</b>, | 
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1140 plus any values returned by the coroutine main function. | 
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1141 In case of errors, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>false</b> | 
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1142 plus an error message. | 
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1143 | 
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1144 | 
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1145 <p> | 
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1146 A coroutine yields by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>. | 
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1147 When a coroutine yields, | 
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1148 the corresponding <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns immediately, | 
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1149 even if the yield happens inside nested function calls | 
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1150 (that is, not in the main function, | 
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1151 but in a function directly or indirectly called by the main function). | 
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1152 In the case of a yield, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> also returns <b>true</b>, | 
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1153 plus any values passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>. | 
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1154 The next time you resume the same coroutine, | 
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1155 it continues its execution from the point where it yielded, | 
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1156 with the call to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a> returning any extra | 
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1157 arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. | 
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1158 | 
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1159 | 
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1160 <p> | 
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1161 Like <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>, | 
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1162 the <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> function also creates a coroutine, | 
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1163 but instead of returning the coroutine itself, | 
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1164 it returns a function that, when called, resumes the coroutine. | 
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1165 Any arguments passed to this function | 
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1166 go as extra arguments to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. | 
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1167 <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> returns all the values returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, | 
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1168 except the first one (the boolean error code). | 
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1169 Unlike <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, | 
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1170 <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> does not catch errors; | 
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1171 any error is propagated to the caller. | 
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1172 | 
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1173 | 
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1174 <p> | 
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1175 As an example of how coroutines work, | 
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1176 consider the following code: | 
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1177 | 
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1178 <pre> | 
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1179 function foo (a) | 
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1180 print("foo", a) | 
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1181 return coroutine.yield(2*a) | 
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1182 end | 
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1183 | 
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1184 co = coroutine.create(function (a,b) | 
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1185 print("co-body", a, b) | 
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1186 local r = foo(a+1) | 
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1187 print("co-body", r) | 
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1188 local r, s = coroutine.yield(a+b, a-b) | 
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1189 print("co-body", r, s) | 
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1190 return b, "end" | 
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1191 end) | 
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1192 | 
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1193 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, 1, 10)) | 
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1194 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "r")) | 
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1195 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y")) | 
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1196 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y")) | 
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1197 </pre><p> | 
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1198 When you run it, it produces the following output: | 
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1199 | 
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1200 <pre> | 
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1201 co-body 1 10 | 
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1202 foo 2 | 
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1203 main true 4 | 
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1204 co-body r | 
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1205 main true 11 -9 | 
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1206 co-body x y | 
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1207 main true 10 end | 
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1208 main false cannot resume dead coroutine | 
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1209 </pre> | 
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1210 | 
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1211 <p> | 
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1212 You can also create and manipulate coroutines through the C API: | 
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1213 see functions <a href="#lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a>, <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, | 
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1214 and <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>. | 
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1215 | 
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1216 | 
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1217 | 
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1218 | 
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1219 | 
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1220 <h1>3 – <a name="3">The Language</a></h1> | 
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1221 | 
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1222 <p> | 
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1223 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Lua. | 
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1224 In other words, | 
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1225 this section describes | 
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1226 which tokens are valid, | 
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1227 how they can be combined, | 
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1228 and what their combinations mean. | 
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1229 | 
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1230 | 
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1231 <p> | 
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1232 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation, | 
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1233 in which | 
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1234 {<em>a</em>} means 0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and | 
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1235 [<em>a</em>] means an optional <em>a</em>. | 
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1236 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal, | 
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1237 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>, | 
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1238 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’. | 
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1239 The complete syntax of Lua can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a> | 
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1240 at the end of this manual. | 
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1241 | 
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1242 | 
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1243 | 
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1244 <h2>3.1 – <a name="3.1">Lexical Conventions</a></h2> | 
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1245 | 
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1246 <p> | 
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1247 Lua is a free-form language. | 
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1248 It ignores spaces (including new lines) and comments | 
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1249 between lexical elements (tokens), | 
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1250 except as delimiters between names and keywords. | 
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1251 | 
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1252 | 
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1253 <p> | 
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1254 <em>Names</em> | 
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1255 (also called <em>identifiers</em>) | 
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1256 in Lua can be any string of letters, | 
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1257 digits, and underscores, | 
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1258 not beginning with a digit. | 
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1259 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels. | 
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1260 | 
| 
 
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1261 | 
| 
 
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1262 <p> | 
| 
 
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1263 The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved | 
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1264 and cannot be used as names: | 
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1265 | 
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1266 | 
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1267 <pre> | 
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1268 and break do else elseif end | 
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1269 false for function goto if in | 
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1270 local nil not or repeat return | 
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 | 
1271 then true until while | 
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1272 </pre> | 
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1273 | 
| 
 
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1274 <p> | 
| 
 
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1275 Lua is a case-sensitive language: | 
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1276 <code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code> | 
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 | 
1277 are two different, valid names. | 
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1278 As a convention, names starting with an underscore followed by | 
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1279 uppercase letters (such as <a href="#pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a>) | 
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1280 are reserved for variables used by Lua. | 
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1281 | 
| 
 
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1282 | 
| 
 
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1283 <p> | 
| 
 
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1284 The following strings denote other tokens: | 
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1285 | 
| 
 
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1286 <pre> | 
| 
 
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1287 + - * / % ^ # | 
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1288 == ~= <= >= < > = | 
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 | 
1289 ( ) { } [ ] :: | 
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 | 
1290 ; : , . .. ... | 
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 | 
1291 </pre> | 
| 
 
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1292 | 
| 
 
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1293 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1294 <em>Literal strings</em> | 
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 | 
1295 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes, | 
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 | 
1296 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: | 
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 | 
1297 '<code>\a</code>' (bell), | 
| 
 
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 | 
1298 '<code>\b</code>' (backspace), | 
| 
 
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1299 '<code>\f</code>' (form feed), | 
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1300 '<code>\n</code>' (newline), | 
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1301 '<code>\r</code>' (carriage return), | 
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1302 '<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab), | 
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1303 '<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab), | 
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1304 '<code>\\</code>' (backslash), | 
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1305 '<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]), | 
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1306 and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]). | 
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1307 A backslash followed by a real newline | 
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1308 results in a newline in the string. | 
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1309 The escape sequence '<code>\z</code>' skips the following span | 
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1310 of white-space characters, | 
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1311 including line breaks; | 
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1312 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string | 
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1313 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces | 
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1314 into the string contents. | 
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1315 | 
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1316 | 
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1317 <p> | 
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1318 A byte in a literal string can also be specified by its numerical value. | 
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1319 This can be done with the escape sequence <code>\x<em>XX</em></code>, | 
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1320 where <em>XX</em> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits, | 
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1321 or with the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>, | 
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1322 where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits. | 
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1323 (Note that if a decimal escape is to be followed by a digit, | 
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1324 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.) | 
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1325 Strings in Lua can contain any 8-bit value, including embedded zeros, | 
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1326 which can be specified as '<code>\0</code>'. | 
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1327 | 
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1328 | 
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1329 <p> | 
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1330 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format | 
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1331 enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>. | 
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1332 We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening | 
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1333 square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another | 
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1334 opening square bracket. | 
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1335 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>, | 
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1336 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>, | 
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1337 and so on. | 
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1338 A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly; | 
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1339 for instance, a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>. | 
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1340 A <em>long literal</em> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and | 
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1341 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level. | 
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1342 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the proper level. | 
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1343 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines, | 
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1344 do not interpret any escape sequences, | 
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1345 and ignore long brackets of any other level. | 
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1346 Any kind of end-of-line sequence | 
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1347 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline, | 
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1348 or newline followed by carriage return) | 
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1349 is converted to a simple newline. | 
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1350 | 
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1351 | 
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1352 <p> | 
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1353 Any byte in a literal string not | 
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1354 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. | 
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1355 However, Lua opens files for parsing in text mode, | 
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1356 and the system file functions may have problems with | 
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1357 some control characters. | 
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1358 So, it is safer to represent | 
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1359 non-text data as a quoted literal with | 
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1360 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters. | 
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1361 | 
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1362 | 
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1363 <p> | 
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1364 For convenience, | 
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1365 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, | 
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1366 the newline is not included in the string. | 
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1367 As an example, in a system using ASCII | 
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1368 (in which '<code>a</code>' is coded as 97, | 
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1369 newline is coded as 10, and '<code>1</code>' is coded as 49), | 
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1370 the five literal strings below denote the same string: | 
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1371 | 
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1372 <pre> | 
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1373 a = 'alo\n123"' | 
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1374 a = "alo\n123\"" | 
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1375 a = '\97lo\10\04923"' | 
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1376 a = [[alo | 
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1377 123"]] | 
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1378 a = [==[ | 
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1379 alo | 
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1380 123"]==] | 
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1381 </pre> | 
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1382 | 
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1383 <p> | 
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1384 A <em>numerical constant</em> can be written with an optional fractional part | 
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1385 and an optional decimal exponent, | 
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1386 marked by a letter '<code>e</code>' or '<code>E</code>'. | 
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1387 Lua also accepts hexadecimal constants, | 
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1388 which start with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>. | 
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1389 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part | 
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1390 plus an optional binary exponent, | 
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1391 marked by a letter '<code>p</code>' or '<code>P</code>'. | 
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1392 Examples of valid numerical constants are | 
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1393 | 
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1394 <pre> | 
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1395 3 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 | 
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1396 0xff 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1 | 
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1397 </pre> | 
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1398 | 
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1399 <p> | 
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1400 A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>) | 
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1401 anywhere outside a string. | 
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1402 If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket, | 
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1403 the comment is a <em>short comment</em>, | 
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1404 which runs until the end of the line. | 
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1405 Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>, | 
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1406 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket. | 
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1407 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily. | 
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1408 | 
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1409 | 
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1410 | 
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1411 | 
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1412 | 
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1413 <h2>3.2 – <a name="3.2">Variables</a></h2> | 
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1414 | 
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1415 <p> | 
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1416 Variables are places that store values. | 
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1417 There are three kinds of variables in Lua: | 
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1418 global variables, local variables, and table fields. | 
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1419 | 
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1420 | 
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1421 <p> | 
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1422 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable | 
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1423 (or a function's formal parameter, | 
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1424 which is a particular kind of local variable): | 
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1425 | 
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1426 <pre> | 
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1427 var ::= Name | 
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1428 </pre><p> | 
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1429 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>. | 
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1430 | 
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1431 | 
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1432 <p> | 
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1433 Any variable name is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared | 
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1434 as a local (see <a href="#3.3.7">§3.3.7</a>). | 
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1435 Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>: | 
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1436 local variables can be freely accessed by functions | 
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1437 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). | 
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1438 | 
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1439 | 
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1440 <p> | 
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1441 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>. | 
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1442 | 
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1443 | 
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1444 <p> | 
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1445 Square brackets are used to index a table: | 
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1446 | 
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1447 <pre> | 
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1448 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | 
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1449 </pre><p> | 
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1450 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables. | 
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1451 An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to | 
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1452 a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>. | 
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1453 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the | 
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1454 <code>gettable_event</code> function. | 
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1455 This function is not defined or callable in Lua. | 
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1456 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) | 
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1457 | 
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1458 | 
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1459 <p> | 
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1460 The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for | 
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1461 <code>var["Name"]</code>: | 
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1462 | 
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1463 <pre> | 
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1464 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name | 
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1465 </pre> | 
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1466 | 
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1467 <p> | 
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1468 An access to a global variable <code>x</code> | 
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1469 is equivalent to <code>_ENV.x</code>. | 
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1470 Due to the way that chunks are compiled, | 
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1471 <code>_ENV</code> is never a global name (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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1472 | 
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1473 | 
| 
 
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1474 | 
| 
 
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1475 | 
| 
 
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1476 | 
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1477 <h2>3.3 – <a name="3.3">Statements</a></h2> | 
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1478 | 
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1479 <p> | 
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1480 Lua supports an almost conventional set of statements, | 
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1481 similar to those in Pascal or C. | 
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 | 
1482 This set includes | 
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1483 assignments, control structures, function calls, | 
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1484 and variable declarations. | 
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1485 | 
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1486 | 
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1487 | 
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1488 <h3>3.3.1 – <a name="3.3.1">Blocks</a></h3> | 
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1489 | 
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1490 <p> | 
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1491 A block is a list of statements, | 
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1492 which are executed sequentially: | 
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1493 | 
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1494 <pre> | 
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1495 block ::= {stat} | 
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1496 </pre><p> | 
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1497 Lua has <em>empty statements</em> | 
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1498 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons, | 
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1499 start a block with a semicolon | 
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1500 or write two semicolons in sequence: | 
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1501 | 
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1502 <pre> | 
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1503 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | 
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1504 </pre> | 
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1505 | 
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1506 <p> | 
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1507 Function calls and assignments | 
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1508 can start with an open parenthesis. | 
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1509 This possibility leads to an ambiguity in Lua's grammar. | 
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1510 Consider the following fragment: | 
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1511 | 
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1512 <pre> | 
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1513 a = b + c | 
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1514 (print or io.write)('done') | 
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1515 </pre><p> | 
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1516 The grammar could see it in two ways: | 
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1517 | 
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1518 <pre> | 
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1519 a = b + c(print or io.write)('done') | 
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1520 | 
| 
 
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1521 a = b + c; (print or io.write)('done') | 
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1522 </pre><p> | 
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1523 The current parser always sees such constructions | 
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1524 in the first way, | 
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1525 interpreting the open parenthesis | 
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1526 as the start of the arguments to a call. | 
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1527 To avoid this ambiguity, | 
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1528 it is a good practice to always precede with a semicolon | 
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1529 statements that start with a parenthesis: | 
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1530 | 
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1531 <pre> | 
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1532 ;(print or io.write)('done') | 
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1533 </pre> | 
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1534 | 
| 
 
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1535 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1536 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement: | 
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1537 | 
| 
 
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1538 <pre> | 
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 | 
1539 stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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 | 
1540 </pre><p> | 
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 | 
1541 Explicit blocks are useful | 
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1542 to control the scope of variable declarations. | 
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1543 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to | 
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1544 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle | 
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1545 of another block (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). | 
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1546 | 
| 
 
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1547 | 
| 
 
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1548 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1550 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1551 <h3>3.3.2 – <a name="3.3.2">Chunks</a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1552 | 
| 
 
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1553 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1554 The unit of compilation of Lua is called a <em>chunk</em>. | 
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 | 
1555 Syntactically, | 
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 | 
1556 a chunk is simply a block: | 
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 | 
1557 | 
| 
 
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1558 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1559 chunk ::= block | 
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 | 
1560 </pre> | 
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1561 | 
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 | 
1562 <p> | 
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1563 Lua handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function | 
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1564 with a variable number of arguments | 
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 | 
1565 (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). | 
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1566 As such, chunks can define local variables, | 
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1567 receive arguments, and return values. | 
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1568 Moreover, such anonymous function is compiled as in the | 
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1569 scope of an external local variable called <code>_ENV</code> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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1570 The resulting function always has <code>_ENV</code> as its only upvalue, | 
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1571 even if it does not use that variable. | 
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1572 | 
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1573 | 
| 
 
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1574 <p> | 
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1575 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program. | 
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1576 To execute a chunk, | 
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1577 Lua first precompiles the chunk into instructions for a virtual machine, | 
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1578 and then it executes the compiled code | 
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1579 with an interpreter for the virtual machine. | 
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1580 | 
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1581 | 
| 
 
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1582 <p> | 
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1583 Chunks can also be precompiled into binary form; | 
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1584 see program <code>luac</code> for details. | 
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1585 Programs in source and compiled forms are interchangeable; | 
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1586 Lua automatically detects the file type and acts accordingly. | 
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1587 | 
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1588 | 
| 
 
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1589 | 
| 
 
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1590 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1591 | 
| 
 
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1592 | 
| 
 
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1593 <h3>3.3.3 – <a name="3.3.3">Assignment</a></h3> | 
| 
 
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1594 | 
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1595 <p> | 
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1596 Lua allows multiple assignments. | 
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1597 Therefore, the syntax for assignment | 
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1598 defines a list of variables on the left side | 
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1599 and a list of expressions on the right side. | 
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1600 The elements in both lists are separated by commas: | 
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1601 | 
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1602 <pre> | 
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1603 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | 
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1604 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} | 
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1605 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} | 
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 | 
1606 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1607 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>. | 
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1608 | 
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 | 
1609 | 
| 
 
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1610 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1611 Before the assignment, | 
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1612 the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of | 
| 
 
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1613 the list of variables. | 
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1614 If there are more values than needed, | 
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1615 the excess values are thrown away. | 
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1616 If there are fewer values than needed, | 
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1617 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed. | 
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1618 If the list of expressions ends with a function call, | 
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 | 
1619 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values, | 
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 | 
1620 before the adjustment | 
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 | 
1621 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>). | 
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1622 | 
| 
 
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1623 | 
| 
 
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1624 <p> | 
| 
 
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1625 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions | 
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1626 and only then are the assignments performed. | 
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 | 
1627 Thus the code | 
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1628 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1629 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1630 i = 3 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1631 i, a[i] = i+1, 20 | 
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 | 
1632 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1633 sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code> | 
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 | 
1634 because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3) | 
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1635 before it is assigned 4. | 
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 | 
1636 Similarly, the line | 
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 | 
1637 | 
| 
 
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1638 <pre> | 
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 | 
1639 x, y = y, x | 
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 | 
1640 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1641 exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, | 
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 | 
1642 and | 
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 | 
1643 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1644 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1645 x, y, z = y, z, x | 
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 | 
1646 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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1647 cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>. | 
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1648 | 
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1649 | 
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1650 <p> | 
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 | 
1651 The meaning of assignments to global variables | 
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1652 and table fields can be changed via metatables. | 
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1653 An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to | 
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1654 <code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>. | 
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1655 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the | 
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1656 <code>settable_event</code> function. | 
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1657 This function is not defined or callable in Lua. | 
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1658 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) | 
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1659 | 
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1660 | 
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1661 <p> | 
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 | 
1662 An assignment to a global variable <code>x = val</code> | 
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1663 is equivalent to the assignment | 
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1664 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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1665 | 
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 | 
1666 | 
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1667 | 
| 
 
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1668 | 
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1669 | 
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1670 <h3>3.3.4 – <a name="3.3.4">Control Structures</a></h3><p> | 
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1671 The control structures | 
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1672 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and | 
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1673 familiar syntax: | 
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1674 | 
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1675 | 
| 
 
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1676 | 
| 
 
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1677 | 
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 | 
1678 <pre> | 
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1679 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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1680 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | 
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1681 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | 
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1682 </pre><p> | 
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1683 Lua also has a <b>for</b> statement, in two flavors (see <a href="#3.3.5">§3.3.5</a>). | 
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1684 | 
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1685 | 
| 
 
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1686 <p> | 
| 
 
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1687 The condition expression of a | 
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1688 control structure can return any value. | 
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1689 Both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> are considered false. | 
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1690 All values different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> are considered true | 
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1691 (in particular, the number 0 and the empty string are also true). | 
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1692 | 
| 
 
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1693 | 
| 
 
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1694 <p> | 
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 | 
1695 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop, | 
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1696 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword, | 
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1697 but only after the condition. | 
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1698 So, the condition can refer to local variables | 
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1699 declared inside the loop block. | 
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1700 | 
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1701 | 
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1702 <p> | 
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1703 The <b>goto</b> statement transfers the program control to a label. | 
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1704 For syntactical reasons, | 
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1705 labels in Lua are considered statements too: | 
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1706 | 
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1707 | 
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1708 | 
| 
 
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1709 <pre> | 
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1710 stat ::= <b>goto</b> Name | 
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1711 stat ::= label | 
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1712 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ | 
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1713 </pre> | 
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1714 | 
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1715 <p> | 
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1716 A label is visible in the entire block where it is defined, | 
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1717 except | 
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1718 inside nested blocks where a label with the same name is defined and | 
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1719 inside nested functions. | 
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1720 A goto may jump to any visible label as long as it does not | 
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1721 enter into the scope of a local variable. | 
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1722 | 
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1723 | 
| 
 
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1724 <p> | 
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1725 Labels and empty statements are called <em>void statements</em>, | 
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1726 as they perform no actions. | 
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1727 | 
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1728 | 
| 
 
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1729 <p> | 
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1730 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a | 
| 
 
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1731 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop, | 
| 
 
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1732 skipping to the next statement after the loop: | 
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 | 
1733 | 
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1734 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1735 <pre> | 
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1736 stat ::= <b>break</b> | 
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1737 </pre><p> | 
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1738 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop. | 
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1739 | 
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1740 | 
| 
 
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1741 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
1742 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values | 
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1743 from a function or a chunk (which is a function in disguise). | 
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1744 | 
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1745 Functions can return more than one value, | 
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1746 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is | 
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1747 | 
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1748 <pre> | 
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1749 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] | 
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1750 </pre> | 
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1751 | 
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1752 <p> | 
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1753 The <b>return</b> statement can only be written | 
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1754 as the last statement of a block. | 
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1755 If it is really necessary to <b>return</b> in the middle of a block, | 
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1756 then an explicit inner block can be used, | 
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1757 as in the idiom <code>do return end</code>, | 
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1758 because now <b>return</b> is the last statement in its (inner) block. | 
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1759 | 
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1760 | 
| 
 
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1761 | 
| 
 
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1762 | 
| 
 
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1763 | 
| 
 
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1764 <h3>3.3.5 – <a name="3.3.5">For Statement</a></h3> | 
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1765 | 
| 
 
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1766 <p> | 
| 
 
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1767 | 
| 
 
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 | 
1768 The <b>for</b> statement has two forms: | 
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1769 one numeric and one generic. | 
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1770 | 
| 
 
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1771 | 
| 
 
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1772 <p> | 
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1773 The numeric <b>for</b> loop repeats a block of code while a | 
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 | 
1774 control variable runs through an arithmetic progression. | 
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1775 It has the following syntax: | 
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1776 | 
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1777 <pre> | 
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1778 stat ::= <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
| 
 
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1779 </pre><p> | 
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1780 The <em>block</em> is repeated for <em>name</em> starting at the value of | 
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 | 
1781 the first <em>exp</em>, until it passes the second <em>exp</em> by steps of the | 
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 | 
1782 third <em>exp</em>. | 
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1783 More precisely, a <b>for</b> statement like | 
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1784 | 
| 
 
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1785 <pre> | 
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1786 for v = <em>e1</em>, <em>e2</em>, <em>e3</em> do <em>block</em> end | 
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 | 
1787 </pre><p> | 
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1788 is equivalent to the code: | 
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1789 | 
| 
 
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1790 <pre> | 
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1791 do | 
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1792 local <em>var</em>, <em>limit</em>, <em>step</em> = tonumber(<em>e1</em>), tonumber(<em>e2</em>), tonumber(<em>e3</em>) | 
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1793 if not (<em>var</em> and <em>limit</em> and <em>step</em>) then error() end | 
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1794 while (<em>step</em> > 0 and <em>var</em> <= <em>limit</em>) or (<em>step</em> <= 0 and <em>var</em> >= <em>limit</em>) do | 
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1795 local v = <em>var</em> | 
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1796 <em>block</em> | 
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1797 <em>var</em> = <em>var</em> + <em>step</em> | 
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1798 end | 
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1799 end | 
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1800 </pre><p> | 
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1801 Note the following: | 
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1802 | 
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1803 <ul> | 
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1804 | 
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1805 <li> | 
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 | 
1806 All three control expressions are evaluated only once, | 
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1807 before the loop starts. | 
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1808 They must all result in numbers. | 
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1809 </li> | 
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1810 | 
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1811 <li> | 
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1812 <code><em>var</em></code>, <code><em>limit</em></code>, and <code><em>step</em></code> are invisible variables. | 
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1813 The names shown here are for explanatory purposes only. | 
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1814 </li> | 
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1815 | 
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1816 <li> | 
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1817 If the third expression (the step) is absent, | 
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1818 then a step of 1 is used. | 
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1819 </li> | 
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1820 | 
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1821 <li> | 
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1822 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. | 
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1823 </li> | 
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1824 | 
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1825 <li> | 
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1826 The loop variable <code>v</code> is local to the loop; | 
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1827 you cannot use its value after the <b>for</b> ends or is broken. | 
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1828 If you need this value, | 
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1829 assign it to another variable before breaking or exiting the loop. | 
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1830 </li> | 
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1831 | 
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1832 </ul> | 
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1833 | 
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1834 <p> | 
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1835 The generic <b>for</b> statement works over functions, | 
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1836 called <em>iterators</em>. | 
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1837 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value, | 
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1838 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>. | 
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1839 The generic <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax: | 
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1840 | 
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1841 <pre> | 
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1842 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | 
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1843 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} | 
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1844 </pre><p> | 
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1845 A <b>for</b> statement like | 
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1846 | 
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1847 <pre> | 
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1848 for <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> in <em>explist</em> do <em>block</em> end | 
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1849 </pre><p> | 
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1850 is equivalent to the code: | 
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1851 | 
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1852 <pre> | 
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1853 do | 
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1854 local <em>f</em>, <em>s</em>, <em>var</em> = <em>explist</em> | 
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1855 while true do | 
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1856 local <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>(<em>s</em>, <em>var</em>) | 
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1857 if <em>var_1</em> == nil then break end | 
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1858 <em>var</em> = <em>var_1</em> | 
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1859 <em>block</em> | 
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1860 end | 
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1861 end | 
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1862 </pre><p> | 
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1863 Note the following: | 
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1864 | 
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1865 <ul> | 
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1866 | 
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1867 <li> | 
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1868 <code><em>explist</em></code> is evaluated only once. | 
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1869 Its results are an <em>iterator</em> function, | 
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1870 a <em>state</em>, | 
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1871 and an initial value for the first <em>iterator variable</em>. | 
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1872 </li> | 
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1873 | 
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1874 <li> | 
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1875 <code><em>f</em></code>, <code><em>s</em></code>, and <code><em>var</em></code> are invisible variables. | 
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1876 The names are here for explanatory purposes only. | 
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1877 </li> | 
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1878 | 
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1879 <li> | 
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1880 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. | 
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1881 </li> | 
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1882 | 
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1883 <li> | 
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 | 
1884 The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop; | 
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1885 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends. | 
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1886 If you need these values, | 
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1887 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop. | 
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1888 </li> | 
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1889 | 
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1890 </ul> | 
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1891 | 
| 
 
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1892 | 
| 
 
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1893 | 
| 
 
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1894 | 
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1895 <h3>3.3.6 – <a name="3.3.6">Function Calls as Statements</a></h3><p> | 
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1896 To allow possible side-effects, | 
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1897 function calls can be executed as statements: | 
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1898 | 
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1899 <pre> | 
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1900 stat ::= functioncall | 
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 | 
1901 </pre><p> | 
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 | 
1902 In this case, all returned values are thrown away. | 
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1903 Function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>. | 
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1904 | 
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1905 | 
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1906 | 
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1907 | 
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1908 | 
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1909 <h3>3.3.7 – <a name="3.3.7">Local Declarations</a></h3><p> | 
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1910 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block. | 
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1911 The declaration can include an initial assignment: | 
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1912 | 
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1913 <pre> | 
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1914 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] | 
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1915 </pre><p> | 
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1916 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics | 
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1917 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>). | 
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1918 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>. | 
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1919 | 
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1920 | 
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1921 <p> | 
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1922 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), | 
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1923 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block. | 
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1924 | 
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1925 | 
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1926 <p> | 
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1927 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>. | 
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1928 | 
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1929 | 
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1930 | 
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1931 | 
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1932 | 
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1933 | 
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1934 | 
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1935 <h2>3.4 – <a name="3.4">Expressions</a></h2> | 
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1936 | 
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1937 <p> | 
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1938 The basic expressions in Lua are the following: | 
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1939 | 
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1940 <pre> | 
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1941 exp ::= prefixexp | 
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1942 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | 
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1943 exp ::= Number | 
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1944 exp ::= String | 
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1945 exp ::= functiondef | 
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1946 exp ::= tableconstructor | 
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1947 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’ | 
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1948 exp ::= exp binop exp | 
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1949 exp ::= unop exp | 
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1950 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ | 
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1951 </pre> | 
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1952 | 
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1953 <p> | 
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1954 Numbers and literal strings are explained in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>; | 
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1955 variables are explained in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a>; | 
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1956 function definitions are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>; | 
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1957 function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>; | 
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1958 table constructors are explained in <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>. | 
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1959 Vararg expressions, | 
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1960 denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when | 
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1961 directly inside a vararg function; | 
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1962 they are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>. | 
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1963 | 
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1964 | 
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1965 <p> | 
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1966 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), | 
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1967 relational operators (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), | 
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1968 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>). | 
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1969 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), | 
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1970 the unary <b>not</b> (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), | 
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1971 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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1972 | 
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1973 | 
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1974 <p> | 
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1975 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values. | 
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1976 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#3.3.6">§3.3.6</a>), | 
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1977 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements, | 
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1978 thus discarding all returned values. | 
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1979 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element | 
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1980 of a list of expressions, | 
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1981 then no adjustment is made | 
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1982 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses). | 
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1983 In all other contexts, | 
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1984 Lua adjusts the result list to one element, | 
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1985 either discarding all values except the first one | 
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1986 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values. | 
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1987 | 
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1988 | 
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1989 <p> | 
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1990 Here are some examples: | 
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1991 | 
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1992 <pre> | 
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1993 f() -- adjusted to 0 results | 
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1994 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result | 
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1995 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f() | 
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1996 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil) | 
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1997 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets | 
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1998 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there | 
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1999 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter) | 
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2000 | 
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2001 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results | 
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2002 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results | 
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2003 return f() -- returns all results from f() | 
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2004 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters | 
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2005 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f() | 
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2006 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f() | 
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2007 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters | 
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2008 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result | 
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2009 </pre> | 
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2010 | 
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2011 <p> | 
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2012 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value. | 
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2013 Thus, | 
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2014 <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value, | 
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2015 even if <code>f</code> returns several values. | 
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2016 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code> | 
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2017 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.) | 
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2018 | 
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2019 | 
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2020 | 
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2021 <h3>3.4.1 – <a name="3.4.1">Arithmetic Operators</a></h3><p> | 
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2022 Lua supports the usual arithmetic operators: | 
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2023 the binary <code>+</code> (addition), | 
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2024 <code>-</code> (subtraction), <code>*</code> (multiplication), | 
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2025 <code>/</code> (division), <code>%</code> (modulo), and <code>^</code> (exponentiation); | 
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2026 and unary <code>-</code> (mathematical negation). | 
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2027 If the operands are numbers, or strings that can be converted to | 
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2028 numbers (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>), | 
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2029 then all operations have the usual meaning. | 
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2030 Exponentiation works for any exponent. | 
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2031 For instance, <code>x^(-0.5)</code> computes the inverse of the square root of <code>x</code>. | 
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2032 Modulo is defined as | 
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2033 | 
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2034 <pre> | 
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2035 a % b == a - math.floor(a/b)*b | 
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2036 </pre><p> | 
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2037 That is, it is the remainder of a division that rounds | 
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2038 the quotient towards minus infinity. | 
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2039 | 
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2040 | 
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2041 | 
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2042 | 
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2043 | 
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2044 <h3>3.4.2 – <a name="3.4.2">Coercion</a></h3> | 
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2045 | 
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2046 <p> | 
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2047 Lua provides automatic conversion between | 
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2048 string and number values at run time. | 
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2049 Any arithmetic operation applied to a string tries to convert | 
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2050 this string to a number, following the rules of the Lua lexer. | 
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2051 (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) | 
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2052 Conversely, whenever a number is used where a string is expected, | 
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2053 the number is converted to a string, in a reasonable format. | 
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2054 For complete control over how numbers are converted to strings, | 
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2055 use the <code>format</code> function from the string library | 
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2056 (see <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>). | 
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2057 | 
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2058 | 
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2059 | 
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2060 | 
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2061 | 
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2062 <h3>3.4.3 – <a name="3.4.3">Relational Operators</a></h3><p> | 
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2063 The relational operators in Lua are | 
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2064 | 
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2065 <pre> | 
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2066 == ~= < > <= >= | 
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2067 </pre><p> | 
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2068 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. | 
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2069 | 
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2070 | 
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2071 <p> | 
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2072 Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands. | 
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2073 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>. | 
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2074 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared. | 
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2075 Numbers and strings are compared in the usual way. | 
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2076 Tables, userdata, and threads | 
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2077 are compared by reference: | 
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2078 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object. | 
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2079 Every time you create a new object | 
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2080 (a table, userdata, or thread), | 
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2081 this new object is different from any previously existing object. | 
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2082 Closures with the same reference are always equal. | 
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2083 Closures with any detectable difference | 
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2084 (different behavior, different definition) are always different. | 
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2085 | 
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2086 | 
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2087 <p> | 
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2088 You can change the way that Lua compares tables and userdata | 
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2089 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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2090 | 
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2091 | 
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2092 <p> | 
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2093 The conversion rules of <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a> | 
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2094 do not apply to equality comparisons. | 
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2095 Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>, | 
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2096 and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different | 
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2097 entries in a table. | 
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2098 | 
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2099 | 
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2100 <p> | 
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2101 The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>). | 
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2102 | 
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2103 | 
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2104 <p> | 
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2105 The order operators work as follows. | 
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2106 If both arguments are numbers, then they are compared as such. | 
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2107 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings, | 
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2108 then their values are compared according to the current locale. | 
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2109 Otherwise, Lua tries to call the "lt" or the "le" | 
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2110 metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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2111 A comparison <code>a > b</code> is translated to <code>b < a</code> | 
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2112 and <code>a >= b</code> is translated to <code>b <= a</code>. | 
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2113 | 
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2114 | 
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2115 | 
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2116 | 
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2117 | 
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2118 <h3>3.4.4 – <a name="3.4.4">Logical Operators</a></h3><p> | 
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2119 The logical operators in Lua are | 
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2120 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>. | 
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2121 Like the control structures (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>), | 
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2122 all logical operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false | 
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2123 and anything else as true. | 
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2124 | 
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2125 | 
| 
 
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2126 <p> | 
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2127 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. | 
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2128 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument | 
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2129 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>; | 
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2130 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument. | 
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2131 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument | 
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2132 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>; | 
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2133 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument. | 
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2134 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-cut evaluation; | 
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2135 that is, | 
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2136 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary. | 
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2137 Here are some examples: | 
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2138 | 
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2139 <pre> | 
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2140 10 or 20 --> 10 | 
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2141 10 or error() --> 10 | 
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2142 nil or "a" --> "a" | 
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2143 nil and 10 --> nil | 
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2144 false and error() --> false | 
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2145 false and nil --> false | 
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2146 false or nil --> nil | 
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2147 10 and 20 --> 20 | 
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2148 </pre><p> | 
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2149 (In this manual, | 
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2150 <code>--></code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) | 
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2151 | 
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2152 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2153 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2154 | 
| 
 
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2155 | 
| 
 
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2156 <h3>3.4.5 – <a name="3.4.5">Concatenation</a></h3><p> | 
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2157 The string concatenation operator in Lua is | 
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2158 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>'). | 
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2159 If both operands are strings or numbers, then they are converted to | 
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2160 strings according to the rules mentioned in <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>. | 
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2161 Otherwise, the <code>__concat</code> metamethod is called (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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2162 | 
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2163 | 
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2164 | 
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2165 | 
| 
 
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2166 | 
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2167 <h3>3.4.6 – <a name="3.4.6">The Length Operator</a></h3> | 
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2168 | 
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2169 <p> | 
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2170 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>. | 
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2171 The length of a string is its number of bytes | 
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2172 (that is, the usual meaning of string length when each | 
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2173 character is one byte). | 
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2174 | 
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2175 | 
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2176 <p> | 
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2177 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for | 
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2178 any value but strings through the <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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2179 | 
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2180 | 
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2181 <p> | 
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2182 Unless a <code>__len</code> metamethod is given, | 
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2183 the length of a table <code>t</code> is only defined if the | 
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2184 table is a <em>sequence</em>, | 
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2185 that is, | 
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2186 the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> | 
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2187 for some integer <em>n</em>. | 
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2188 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length. | 
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2189 Note that a table like | 
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2190 | 
| 
 
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2191 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2192 {10, 20, nil, 40} | 
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2193 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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2194 is not a sequence, because it has the key <code>4</code> | 
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2195 but does not have the key <code>3</code>. | 
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2196 (So, there is no <em>n</em> such that the set <em>{1..n}</em> is equal | 
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2197 to the set of positive numeric keys of that table.) | 
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2198 Note, however, that non-numeric keys do not interfere | 
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2199 with whether a table is a sequence. | 
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2200 | 
| 
 
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2201 | 
| 
 
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2202 | 
| 
 
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2203 | 
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2204 | 
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2205 <h3>3.4.7 – <a name="3.4.7">Precedence</a></h3><p> | 
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2206 Operator precedence in Lua follows the table below, | 
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2207 from lower to higher priority: | 
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2208 | 
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2209 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2210 or | 
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2211 and | 
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2212 < > <= >= ~= == | 
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2213 .. | 
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2214 + - | 
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2215 * / % | 
| 
 
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2216 not # - (unary) | 
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2217 ^ | 
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2218 </pre><p> | 
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2219 As usual, | 
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2220 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression. | 
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2221 The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>') | 
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2222 operators are right associative. | 
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2223 All other binary operators are left associative. | 
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2224 | 
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2225 | 
| 
 
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2226 | 
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2227 | 
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2228 | 
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2229 <h3>3.4.8 – <a name="3.4.8">Table Constructors</a></h3><p> | 
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2230 Table constructors are expressions that create tables. | 
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2231 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. | 
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2232 A constructor can be used to create an empty table | 
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2233 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields. | 
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2234 The general syntax for constructors is | 
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2235 | 
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2236 <pre> | 
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2237 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ | 
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2238 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] | 
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2239 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp | 
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2240 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ | 
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2241 </pre> | 
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2242 | 
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2243 <p> | 
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2244 Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry | 
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2245 with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>. | 
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2246 A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to | 
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2247 <code>["name"] = exp</code>. | 
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2248 Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to | 
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2249 <code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive numerical integers, | 
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2250 starting with 1. | 
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2251 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. | 
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2252 For example, | 
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2253 | 
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2254 <pre> | 
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2255 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 } | 
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2256 </pre><p> | 
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2257 is equivalent to | 
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2258 | 
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 | 
2259 <pre> | 
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2260 do | 
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2261 local t = {} | 
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2262 t[f(1)] = g | 
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2263 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp | 
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2264 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp | 
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2265 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1 | 
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2266 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp | 
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2267 t[30] = 23 | 
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2268 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp | 
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2269 a = t | 
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2270 end | 
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2271 </pre> | 
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2272 | 
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2273 <p> | 
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2274 If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code> | 
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2275 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression, | 
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2276 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively | 
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2277 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). | 
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2278 | 
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2279 | 
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2280 <p> | 
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2281 The field list can have an optional trailing separator, | 
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2282 as a convenience for machine-generated code. | 
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2283 | 
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2284 | 
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2285 | 
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2286 | 
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2287 | 
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2288 <h3>3.4.9 – <a name="3.4.9">Function Calls</a></h3><p> | 
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2289 A function call in Lua has the following syntax: | 
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2290 | 
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2291 <pre> | 
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2292 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | 
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2293 </pre><p> | 
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2294 In a function call, | 
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2295 first prefixexp and args are evaluated. | 
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2296 If the value of prefixexp has type <em>function</em>, | 
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2297 then this function is called | 
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2298 with the given arguments. | 
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2299 Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called, | 
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2300 having as first parameter the value of prefixexp, | 
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2301 followed by the original call arguments | 
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2302 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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2303 | 
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2304 | 
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2305 <p> | 
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2306 The form | 
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2307 | 
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2308 <pre> | 
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2309 functioncall ::= prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args | 
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2310 </pre><p> | 
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2311 can be used to call "methods". | 
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2312 A call <code>v:name(<em>args</em>)</code> | 
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2313 is syntactic sugar for <code>v.name(v,<em>args</em>)</code>, | 
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2314 except that <code>v</code> is evaluated only once. | 
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2315 | 
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2316 | 
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2317 <p> | 
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2318 Arguments have the following syntax: | 
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2319 | 
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2320 <pre> | 
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2321 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | 
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2322 args ::= tableconstructor | 
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2323 args ::= String | 
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2324 </pre><p> | 
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2325 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call. | 
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2326 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is | 
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2327 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>; | 
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2328 that is, the argument list is a single new table. | 
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2329 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code> | 
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2330 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>) | 
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 | 
2331 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>; | 
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2332 that is, the argument list is a single literal string. | 
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2333 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2334 | 
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2335 <p> | 
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2336 A call of the form <code>return <em>functioncall</em></code> is called | 
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 | 
2337 a <em>tail call</em>. | 
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2338 Lua implements <em>proper tail calls</em> | 
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 | 
2339 (or <em>proper tail recursion</em>): | 
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2340 in a tail call, | 
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2341 the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function. | 
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2342 Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that | 
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2343 a program can execute. | 
| 
 
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2344 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the | 
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2345 calling function. | 
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2346 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax, | 
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2347 where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument; | 
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2348 this syntax makes the calling function return exactly | 
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2349 the returns of the called function. | 
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2350 So, none of the following examples are tail calls: | 
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2351 | 
| 
 
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2352 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2353 return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1 | 
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2354 return 2 * f(x) | 
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2355 return x, f(x) -- additional results | 
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2356 f(x); return -- results discarded | 
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2357 return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1 | 
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2358 </pre> | 
| 
 
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2359 | 
| 
 
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2360 | 
| 
 
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2361 | 
| 
 
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2362 | 
| 
 
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2363 <h3>3.4.10 – <a name="3.4.10">Function Definitions</a></h3> | 
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2364 | 
| 
 
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2365 <p> | 
| 
 
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2366 The syntax for function definition is | 
| 
 
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2367 | 
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2368 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2369 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody | 
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2370 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> | 
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2371 </pre> | 
| 
 
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2372 | 
| 
 
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2373 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2374 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions: | 
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2375 | 
| 
 
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2376 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2377 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | 
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 | 
2378 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | 
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2379 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] | 
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2380 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2381 The statement | 
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2382 | 
| 
 
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2383 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2384 function f () <em>body</em> end | 
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 | 
2385 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2386 translates to | 
| 
 
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2387 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2388 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2389 f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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 | 
2390 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2391 The statement | 
| 
 
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2392 | 
| 
 
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2393 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2394 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end | 
| 
 
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 | 
2395 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2396 translates to | 
| 
 
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 | 
2397 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2398 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2399 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
| 
 
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 | 
2400 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2401 The statement | 
| 
 
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2402 | 
| 
 
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2403 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2404 local function f () <em>body</em> end | 
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2405 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2406 translates to | 
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2407 | 
| 
 
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2408 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2409 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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2410 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2411 not to | 
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 | 
2412 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2413 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2414 local f = function () <em>body</em> end | 
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 | 
2415 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2416 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function | 
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 | 
2417 contains references to <code>f</code>.) | 
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 | 
2418 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2419 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2420 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2421 A function definition is an executable expression, | 
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2422 whose value has type <em>function</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
2423 When Lua precompiles a chunk, | 
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2424 all its function bodies are precompiled too. | 
| 
 
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2425 Then, whenever Lua executes the function definition, | 
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2426 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>). | 
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2427 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>) | 
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2428 is the final value of the expression. | 
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2429 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2430 | 
| 
 
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2431 <p> | 
| 
 
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2432 Parameters act as local variables that are | 
| 
 
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2433 initialized with the argument values: | 
| 
 
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2434 | 
| 
 
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2435 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2436 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ | 
| 
 
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2437 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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2438 When a function is called, | 
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2439 the list of arguments is adjusted to | 
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2440 the length of the list of parameters, | 
| 
 
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2441 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>, | 
| 
 
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2442 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>') | 
| 
 
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2443 at the end of its parameter list. | 
| 
 
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2444 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list; | 
| 
 
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 | 
2445 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them | 
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 | 
2446 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
2447 which is also written as three dots. | 
| 
 
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2448 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments, | 
| 
 
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2449 similar to a function with multiple results. | 
| 
 
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2450 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression | 
| 
 
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2451 or in the middle of a list of expressions, | 
| 
 
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2452 then its return list is adjusted to one element. | 
| 
 
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2453 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions, | 
| 
 
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2454 then no adjustment is made | 
| 
 
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2455 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses). | 
| 
 
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 | 
2456 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2457 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2458 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2459 As an example, consider the following definitions: | 
| 
 
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 | 
2460 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2461 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2462 function f(a, b) end | 
| 
 
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 | 
2463 function g(a, b, ...) end | 
| 
 
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2464 function r() return 1,2,3 end | 
| 
 
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 | 
2465 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2466 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and | 
| 
 
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2467 to the vararg expression: | 
| 
 
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 | 
2468 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2469 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2470 CALL PARAMETERS | 
| 
 
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 | 
2471 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2472 f(3) a=3, b=nil | 
| 
 
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 | 
2473 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2474 f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2475 f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2476 f(r()) a=1, b=2 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2477 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2478 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing) | 
| 
 
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 | 
2479 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing) | 
| 
 
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2480 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2481 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2482 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2483 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2484 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2485 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). | 
| 
 
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2486 If control reaches the end of a function | 
| 
 
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2487 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement, | 
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2488 then the function returns with no results. | 
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 | 
2489 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2490 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2491 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2492 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2493 There is a system-dependent limit on the number of values | 
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2494 that a function may return. | 
| 
 
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 | 
2495 This limit is guaranteed to be larger than 1000. | 
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 | 
2496 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2497 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2498 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2499 The <em>colon</em> syntax | 
| 
 
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 | 
2500 is used for defining <em>methods</em>, | 
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 | 
2501 that is, functions that have an implicit extra parameter <code>self</code>. | 
| 
 
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2502 Thus, the statement | 
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2503 | 
| 
 
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2504 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2505 function t.a.b.c:f (<em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end | 
| 
 
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2506 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2507 is syntactic sugar for | 
| 
 
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 | 
2508 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2509 <pre> | 
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2510 t.a.b.c.f = function (self, <em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end | 
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2511 </pre> | 
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2512 | 
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2513 | 
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2514 | 
| 
 
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2515 | 
| 
 
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2516 | 
| 
 
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2517 | 
| 
 
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2518 <h2>3.5 – <a name="3.5">Visibility Rules</a></h2> | 
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2519 | 
| 
 
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2520 <p> | 
| 
 
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2521 | 
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2522 Lua is a lexically scoped language. | 
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2523 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after | 
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2524 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement | 
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2525 of the innermost block that includes the declaration. | 
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 | 
2526 Consider the following example: | 
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2527 | 
| 
 
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2528 <pre> | 
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2529 x = 10 -- global variable | 
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2530 do -- new block | 
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2531 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10 | 
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2532 print(x) --> 10 | 
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2533 x = x+1 | 
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2534 do -- another block | 
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2535 local x = x+1 -- another 'x' | 
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2536 print(x) --> 12 | 
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2537 end | 
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2538 print(x) --> 11 | 
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2539 end | 
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2540 print(x) --> 10 (the global one) | 
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2541 </pre> | 
| 
 
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2542 | 
| 
 
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2543 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2544 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>, | 
| 
 
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2545 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet, | 
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2546 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable. | 
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2547 | 
| 
 
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2548 | 
| 
 
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2549 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2550 Because of the lexical scoping rules, | 
| 
 
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2551 local variables can be freely accessed by functions | 
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 | 
2552 defined inside their scope. | 
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2553 A local variable used by an inner function is called | 
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2554 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>, | 
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2555 inside the inner function. | 
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 | 
2556 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2557 | 
| 
 
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2558 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2559 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement | 
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 | 
2560 defines new local variables. | 
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 | 
2561 Consider the following example: | 
| 
 
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 | 
2562 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2563 <pre> | 
| 
 
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2564 a = {} | 
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2565 local x = 20 | 
| 
 
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2566 for i=1,10 do | 
| 
 
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 | 
2567 local y = 0 | 
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2568 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end | 
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 | 
2569 end | 
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 | 
2570 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2571 The loop creates ten closures | 
| 
 
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 | 
2572 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function). | 
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 | 
2573 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable, | 
| 
 
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 | 
2574 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>. | 
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 | 
2575 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2576 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2577 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2578 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2579 | 
| 
 
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2580 <h1>4 – <a name="4">The Application Program Interface</a></h1> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2581 | 
| 
 
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2582 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2583 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2584 This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, | 
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2585 the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate | 
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 | 
2586 with Lua. | 
| 
 
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2587 All API functions and related types and constants | 
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2588 are declared in the header file <a name="pdf-lua.h"><code>lua.h</code></a>. | 
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 | 
2589 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2590 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2591 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
2592 Even when we use the term "function", | 
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2593 any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. | 
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 | 
2594 Except where stated otherwise, | 
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 | 
2595 all such macros use each of their arguments exactly once | 
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 | 
2596 (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), | 
| 
 
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 | 
2597 and so do not generate any hidden side-effects. | 
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2598 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2599 | 
| 
 
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2600 <p> | 
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2601 As in most C libraries, | 
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2602 the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. | 
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2603 However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua | 
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2604 with the macro <a name="pdf-LUA_USE_APICHECK"><code>LUA_USE_APICHECK</code></a> defined. | 
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2605 | 
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2606 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2607 | 
| 
 
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2608 <h2>4.1 – <a name="4.1">The Stack</a></h2> | 
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2609 | 
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2610 <p> | 
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2611 Lua uses a <em>virtual stack</em> to pass values to and from C. | 
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2612 Each element in this stack represents a Lua value | 
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2613 (<b>nil</b>, number, string, etc.). | 
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2614 | 
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2615 | 
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2616 <p> | 
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2617 Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack, | 
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2618 which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of | 
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2619 C functions that are still active. | 
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2620 This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function | 
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2621 and it is where the C function pushes its results | 
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2622 to be returned to the caller (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). | 
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2623 | 
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2624 | 
| 
 
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2625 <p> | 
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2626 For convenience, | 
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2627 most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. | 
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2628 Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack | 
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2629 by using an <em>index</em>: | 
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2630 A positive index represents an absolute stack position | 
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2631 (starting at 1); | 
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2632 a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack. | 
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2633 More specifically, if the stack has <em>n</em> elements, | 
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2634 then index 1 represents the first element | 
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2635 (that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first) | 
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2636 and | 
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2637 index <em>n</em> represents the last element; | 
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2638 index -1 also represents the last element | 
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2639 (that is, the element at the top) | 
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2640 and index <em>-n</em> represents the first element. | 
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2641 | 
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2642 | 
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2643 | 
| 
 
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2644 | 
| 
 
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2645 | 
| 
 
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2646 <h2>4.2 – <a name="4.2">Stack Size</a></h2> | 
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2647 | 
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2648 <p> | 
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2649 When you interact with the Lua API, | 
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2650 you are responsible for ensuring consistency. | 
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2651 In particular, | 
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2652 <em>you are responsible for controlling stack overflow</em>. | 
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2653 You can use the function <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a> | 
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2654 to ensure that the stack has extra slots when pushing new elements. | 
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2655 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2656 | 
| 
 
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2657 <p> | 
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2658 Whenever Lua calls C, | 
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2659 it ensures that the stack has at least <a name="pdf-LUA_MINSTACK"><code>LUA_MINSTACK</code></a> extra slots. | 
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2660 <code>LUA_MINSTACK</code> is defined as 20, | 
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2661 so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space | 
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2662 unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack. | 
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2663 | 
| 
 
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2664 | 
| 
 
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2665 <p> | 
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2666 When you call a Lua function | 
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2667 without a fixed number of results (see <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>), | 
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2668 Lua ensures that the stack has enough size for all results, | 
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2669 but it does not ensure any extra space. | 
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2670 So, before pushing anything in the stack after such a call | 
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2671 you should use <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>. | 
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2672 | 
| 
 
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2673 | 
| 
 
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2674 | 
| 
 
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2675 | 
| 
 
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2676 | 
| 
 
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2677 <h2>4.3 – <a name="4.3">Valid and Acceptable Indices</a></h2> | 
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2678 | 
| 
 
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2679 <p> | 
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2680 Any function in the API that receives stack indices | 
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2681 works only with <em>valid indices</em> or <em>acceptable indices</em>. | 
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2682 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2683 | 
| 
 
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2684 <p> | 
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2685 A <em>valid index</em> is an index that refers to a | 
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2686 real position within the stack, that is, | 
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2687 its position lies between 1 and the stack top | 
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2688 (<code>1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top</code>). | 
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2689 | 
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2690 Usually, functions that can modify the value at an index | 
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2691 require valid indices. | 
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2692 | 
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2693 | 
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2694 <p> | 
| 
 
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2695 Unless otherwise noted, | 
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2696 any function that accepts valid indices also accepts <em>pseudo-indices</em>, | 
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2697 which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code | 
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2698 but which are not in the stack. | 
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2699 Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry | 
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2700 and the upvalues of a C function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). | 
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2701 | 
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2702 | 
| 
 
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2703 <p> | 
| 
 
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2704 Functions that do not need a specific stack position, | 
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2705 but only a value in the stack (e.g., query functions), | 
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2706 can be called with acceptable indices. | 
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2707 An <em>acceptable index</em> can be any valid index, | 
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2708 including the pseudo-indices, | 
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2709 but it also can be any positive index after the stack top | 
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2710 within the space allocated for the stack, | 
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2711 that is, indices up to the stack size. | 
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2712 (Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.) | 
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2713 Except when noted otherwise, | 
| 
 
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2714 functions in the API work with acceptable indices. | 
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2715 | 
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2716 | 
| 
 
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2717 <p> | 
| 
 
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2718 Acceptable indices serve to avoid extra tests | 
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2719 against the stack top when querying the stack. | 
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2720 For instance, a C function can query its third argument | 
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2721 without the need to first check whether there is a third argument, | 
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2722 that is, without the need to check whether 3 is a valid index. | 
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2723 | 
| 
 
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2724 | 
| 
 
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2725 <p> | 
| 
 
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2726 For functions that can be called with acceptable indices, | 
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2727 any non-valid index is treated as if it | 
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2728 contains a value of a virtual type <a name="pdf-LUA_TNONE"><code>LUA_TNONE</code></a>, | 
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2729 which behaves like a nil value. | 
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2730 | 
| 
 
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2731 | 
| 
 
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2732 | 
| 
 
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2733 | 
| 
 
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2734 | 
| 
 
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2735 <h2>4.4 – <a name="4.4">C Closures</a></h2> | 
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2736 | 
| 
 
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2737 <p> | 
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2738 When a C function is created, | 
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2739 it is possible to associate some values with it, | 
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2740 thus creating a <em>C closure</em> | 
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2741 (see <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>); | 
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2742 these values are called <em>upvalues</em> and are | 
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2743 accessible to the function whenever it is called. | 
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2744 | 
| 
 
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2745 | 
| 
 
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2746 <p> | 
| 
 
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2747 Whenever a C function is called, | 
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2748 its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices. | 
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2749 These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro | 
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2750 <a href="#lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a>. | 
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2751 The first value associated with a function is at position | 
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2752 <code>lua_upvalueindex(1)</code>, and so on. | 
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2753 Any access to <code>lua_upvalueindex(<em>n</em>)</code>, | 
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2754 where <em>n</em> is greater than the number of upvalues of the | 
| 
 
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2755 current function (but not greater than 256), | 
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2756 produces an acceptable but invalid index. | 
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2757 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2758 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2759 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2760 | 
| 
 
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 | 
2761 | 
| 
 
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2762 <h2>4.5 – <a name="4.5">Registry</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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2763 | 
| 
 
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2764 <p> | 
| 
 
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2765 Lua provides a <em>registry</em>, | 
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2766 a predefined table that can be used by any C code to | 
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2767 store whatever Lua values it needs to store. | 
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2768 The registry table is always located at pseudo-index | 
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2769 <a name="pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX"><code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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2770 which is a valid index. | 
| 
 
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2771 Any C library can store data into this table, | 
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2772 but it should take care to choose keys | 
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2773 that are different from those used | 
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2774 by other libraries, to avoid collisions. | 
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2775 Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name, | 
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2776 or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code, | 
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2777 or any Lua object created by your code. | 
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2778 As with global names, | 
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2779 string keys starting with an underscore followed by | 
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2780 uppercase letters are reserved for Lua. | 
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2781 | 
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2782 | 
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2783 <p> | 
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2784 The integer keys in the registry are used by the reference mechanism, | 
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2785 implemented by the auxiliary library, | 
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2786 and by some predefined values. | 
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2787 Therefore, integer keys should not be used for other purposes. | 
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2788 | 
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2789 | 
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2790 <p> | 
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2791 When you create a new Lua state, | 
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2792 its registry comes with some predefined values. | 
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2793 These predefined values are indexed with integer keys | 
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2794 defined as constants in <code>lua.h</code>. | 
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2795 The following constants are defined: | 
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2796 | 
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2797 <ul> | 
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2798 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD"><code>LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has | 
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2799 the main thread of the state. | 
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2800 (The main thread is the one created together with the state.) | 
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2801 </li> | 
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2802 | 
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2803 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS"><code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has | 
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2804 the global environment. | 
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2805 </li> | 
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2806 </ul> | 
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2807 | 
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2808 | 
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2809 | 
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2810 | 
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2811 <h2>4.6 – <a name="4.6">Error Handling in C</a></h2> | 
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2812 | 
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2813 <p> | 
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2814 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to handle errors. | 
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2815 (You can also choose to use exceptions if you compile Lua as C++; | 
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2816 search for <code>LUAI_THROW</code> in the source code.) | 
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2817 When Lua faces any error | 
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2818 (such as a memory allocation error, type errors, syntax errors, | 
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2819 and runtime errors) | 
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2820 it <em>raises</em> an error; | 
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2821 that is, it does a long jump. | 
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2822 A <em>protected environment</em> uses <code>setjmp</code> | 
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2823 to set a recovery point; | 
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2824 any error jumps to the most recent active recovery point. | 
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2825 | 
| 
 
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2826 | 
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2827 <p> | 
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2828 If an error happens outside any protected environment, | 
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2829 Lua calls a <em>panic function</em> (see <a href="#lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a>) | 
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2830 and then calls <code>abort</code>, | 
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2831 thus exiting the host application. | 
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2832 Your panic function can avoid this exit by | 
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2833 never returning | 
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2834 (e.g., doing a long jump to your own recovery point outside Lua). | 
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2835 | 
| 
 
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2836 | 
| 
 
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2837 <p> | 
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2838 The panic function runs as if it were a message handler (see <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>); | 
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2839 in particular, the error message is at the top of the stack. | 
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2840 However, there is no guarantees about stack space. | 
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2841 To push anything on the stack, | 
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2842 the panic function should first check the available space (see <a href="#4.2">§4.2</a>). | 
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2843 | 
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2844 | 
| 
 
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2845 <p> | 
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2846 Most functions in the API can throw an error, | 
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2847 for instance due to a memory allocation error. | 
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2848 The documentation for each function indicates whether | 
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2849 it can throw errors. | 
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2850 | 
| 
 
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2851 | 
| 
 
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2852 <p> | 
| 
 
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2853 Inside a C function you can throw an error by calling <a href="#lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a>. | 
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2854 | 
| 
 
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2855 | 
| 
 
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2856 | 
| 
 
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2857 | 
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2858 | 
| 
 
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2859 <h2>4.7 – <a name="4.7">Handling Yields in C</a></h2> | 
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2860 | 
| 
 
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2861 <p> | 
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2862 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to yield a coroutine. | 
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2863 Therefore, if a function <code>foo</code> calls an API function | 
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2864 and this API function yields | 
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2865 (directly or indirectly by calling another function that yields), | 
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2866 Lua cannot return to <code>foo</code> any more, | 
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2867 because the <code>longjmp</code> removes its frame from the C stack. | 
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2868 | 
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2869 | 
| 
 
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2870 <p> | 
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2871 To avoid this kind of problem, | 
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2872 Lua raises an error whenever it tries to yield across an API call, | 
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2873 except for three functions: | 
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2874 <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, and <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. | 
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2875 All those functions receive a <em>continuation function</em> | 
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2876 (as a parameter called <code>k</code>) to continue execution after a yield. | 
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2877 | 
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2878 | 
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2879 <p> | 
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2880 We need to set some terminology to explain continuations. | 
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2881 We have a C function called from Lua which we will call | 
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2882 the <em>original function</em>. | 
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2883 This original function then calls one of those three functions in the C API, | 
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2884 which we will call the <em>callee function</em>, | 
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2885 that then yields the current thread. | 
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2886 (This can happen when the callee function is <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, | 
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2887 or when the callee function is either <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> | 
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2888 and the function called by them yields.) | 
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2889 | 
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2890 | 
| 
 
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2891 <p> | 
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2892 Suppose the running thread yields while executing the callee function. | 
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2893 After the thread resumes, | 
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2894 it eventually will finish running the callee function. | 
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2895 However, | 
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2896 the callee function cannot return to the original function, | 
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2897 because its frame in the C stack was destroyed by the yield. | 
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2898 Instead, Lua calls a <em>continuation function</em>, | 
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2899 which was given as an argument to the callee function. | 
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2900 As the name implies, | 
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2901 the continuation function should continue the task | 
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2902 of the original function. | 
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2903 | 
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2904 | 
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2905 <p> | 
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2906 Lua treats the continuation function as if it were the original function. | 
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2907 The continuation function receives the same Lua stack | 
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2908 from the original function, | 
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2909 in the same state it would be if the callee function had returned. | 
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2910 (For instance, | 
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2911 after a <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> the function and its arguments are | 
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2912 removed from the stack and replaced by the results from the call.) | 
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2913 It also has the same upvalues. | 
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2914 Whatever it returns is handled by Lua as if it were the return | 
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2915 of the original function. | 
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2916 | 
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2917 | 
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2918 <p> | 
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2919 The only difference in the Lua state between the original function | 
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2920 and its continuation is the result of a call to <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a>. | 
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2921 | 
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2922 | 
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2923 | 
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2924 | 
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2925 | 
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2926 <h2>4.8 – <a name="4.8">Functions and Types</a></h2> | 
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2927 | 
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2928 <p> | 
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2929 Here we list all functions and types from the C API in | 
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2930 alphabetical order. | 
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2931 Each function has an indicator like this: | 
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2932 <span class="apii">[-o, +p, <em>x</em>]</span> | 
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2933 | 
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2934 | 
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2935 <p> | 
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2936 The first field, <code>o</code>, | 
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2937 is how many elements the function pops from the stack. | 
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2938 The second field, <code>p</code>, | 
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2939 is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack. | 
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2940 (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) | 
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2941 A field in the form <code>x|y</code> means the function can push (or pop) | 
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2942 <code>x</code> or <code>y</code> elements, | 
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2943 depending on the situation; | 
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2944 an interrogation mark '<code>?</code>' means that | 
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2945 we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes | 
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2946 by looking only at its arguments | 
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2947 (e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack). | 
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2948 The third field, <code>x</code>, | 
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2949 tells whether the function may throw errors: | 
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2950 '<code>-</code>' means the function never throws any error; | 
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2951 '<code>e</code>' means the function may throw errors; | 
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2952 '<code>v</code>' means the function may throw an error on purpose. | 
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2953 | 
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2954 | 
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2955 | 
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2956 <hr><h3><a name="lua_absindex"><code>lua_absindex</code></a></h3><p> | 
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2957 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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2958 <pre>int lua_absindex (lua_State *L, int idx);</pre> | 
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2959 | 
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2960 <p> | 
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2961 Converts the acceptable index <code>idx</code> into an absolute index | 
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2962 (that is, one that does not depend on the stack top). | 
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2963 | 
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2964 | 
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2965 | 
| 
 
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2966 | 
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2967 | 
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2968 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a></h3> | 
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2969 <pre>typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, | 
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2970 void *ptr, | 
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2971 size_t osize, | 
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2972 size_t nsize);</pre> | 
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2973 | 
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2974 <p> | 
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2975 The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states. | 
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2976 The allocator function must provide a | 
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2977 functionality similar to <code>realloc</code>, | 
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2978 but not exactly the same. | 
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2979 Its arguments are | 
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2980 <code>ud</code>, an opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>; | 
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2981 <code>ptr</code>, a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; | 
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2982 <code>osize</code>, the original size of the block or some code about what | 
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2983 is being allocated; | 
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2984 <code>nsize</code>, the new size of the block. | 
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2985 | 
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2986 | 
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2987 <p> | 
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2988 When <code>ptr</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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2989 <code>osize</code> is the size of the block pointed by <code>ptr</code>, | 
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2990 that is, the size given when it was allocated or reallocated. | 
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2991 | 
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2992 | 
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2993 <p> | 
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2994 When <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code>, | 
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2995 <code>osize</code> encodes the kind of object that Lua is allocating. | 
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2996 <code>osize</code> is any of | 
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2997 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, | 
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2998 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, or <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a> when (and only when) | 
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2999 Lua is creating a new object of that type. | 
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3000 When <code>osize</code> is some other value, | 
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3001 Lua is allocating memory for something else. | 
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3002 | 
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3003 | 
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3004 <p> | 
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3005 Lua assumes the following behavior from the allocator function: | 
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3006 | 
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3007 | 
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3008 <p> | 
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3009 When <code>nsize</code> is zero, | 
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3010 the allocator should behave like <code>free</code> | 
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3011 and return <code>NULL</code>. | 
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3012 | 
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3013 | 
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3014 <p> | 
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3015 When <code>nsize</code> is not zero, | 
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3016 the allocator should behave like <code>realloc</code>. | 
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3017 The allocator returns <code>NULL</code> | 
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3018 if and only if it cannot fulfill the request. | 
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3019 Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when | 
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3020 <code>osize >= nsize</code>. | 
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3021 | 
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3022 | 
| 
 
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3023 <p> | 
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3024 Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. | 
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3025 It is used in the auxiliary library by <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a>. | 
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3026 | 
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3027 <pre> | 
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3028 static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, | 
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3029 size_t nsize) { | 
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3030 (void)ud; (void)osize; /* not used */ | 
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3031 if (nsize == 0) { | 
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3032 free(ptr); | 
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3033 return NULL; | 
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3034 } | 
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3035 else | 
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3036 return realloc(ptr, nsize); | 
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3037 } | 
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3038 </pre><p> | 
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3039 Note that Standard C ensures | 
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3040 that <code>free(NULL)</code> has no effect and that | 
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3041 <code>realloc(NULL, size)</code> is equivalent to <code>malloc(size)</code>. | 
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3042 This code assumes that <code>realloc</code> does not fail when shrinking a block. | 
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3043 (Although Standard C does not ensure this behavior, | 
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3044 it seems to be a safe assumption.) | 
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3045 | 
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3046 | 
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3047 | 
| 
 
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3048 | 
| 
 
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3049 | 
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3050 <hr><h3><a name="lua_arith"><code>lua_arith</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3051 <span class="apii">[-(2|1), +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3052 <pre>void lua_arith (lua_State *L, int op);</pre> | 
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3053 | 
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3054 <p> | 
| 
 
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3055 Performs an arithmetic operation over the two values | 
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3056 (or one, in the case of negation) | 
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3057 at the top of the stack, | 
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3058 with the value at the top being the second operand, | 
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3059 pops these values, and pushes the result of the operation. | 
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3060 The function follows the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator | 
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3061 (that is, it may call metamethods). | 
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3062 | 
| 
 
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3063 | 
| 
 
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3064 <p> | 
| 
 
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3065 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: | 
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3066 | 
| 
 
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3067 <ul> | 
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3068 | 
| 
 
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3069 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPADD"><code>LUA_OPADD</code></a>: </b> performs addition (<code>+</code>)</li> | 
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3070 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSUB"><code>LUA_OPSUB</code></a>: </b> performs subtraction (<code>-</code>)</li> | 
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3071 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMUL"><code>LUA_OPMUL</code></a>: </b> performs multiplication (<code>*</code>)</li> | 
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3072 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPDIV"><code>LUA_OPDIV</code></a>: </b> performs division (<code>/</code>)</li> | 
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3073 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMOD"><code>LUA_OPMOD</code></a>: </b> performs modulo (<code>%</code>)</li> | 
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3074 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPPOW"><code>LUA_OPPOW</code></a>: </b> performs exponentiation (<code>^</code>)</li> | 
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3075 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPUNM"><code>LUA_OPUNM</code></a>: </b> performs mathematical negation (unary <code>-</code>)</li> | 
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3076 | 
| 
 
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3077 </ul> | 
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3078 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3079 | 
| 
 
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3080 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3081 | 
| 
 
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3082 <hr><h3><a name="lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3083 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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3084 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);</pre> | 
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3085 | 
| 
 
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3086 <p> | 
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3087 Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>). | 
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3088 | 
| 
 
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3089 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3090 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3091 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3092 | 
| 
 
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3093 <hr><h3><a name="lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3094 <span class="apii">[-(nargs+1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3095 <pre>void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);</pre> | 
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3096 | 
| 
 
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3097 <p> | 
| 
 
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3098 Calls a function. | 
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3099 | 
| 
 
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3100 | 
| 
 
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3101 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3102 To call a function you must use the following protocol: | 
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3103 first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; | 
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3104 then, the arguments to the function are pushed | 
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3105 in direct order; | 
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3106 that is, the first argument is pushed first. | 
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3107 Finally you call <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>; | 
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3108 <code>nargs</code> is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack. | 
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3109 All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack | 
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3110 when the function is called. | 
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 | 
3111 The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns. | 
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3112 The number of results is adjusted to <code>nresults</code>, | 
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3113 unless <code>nresults</code> is <a name="pdf-LUA_MULTRET"><code>LUA_MULTRET</code></a>. | 
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3114 In this case, all results from the function are pushed. | 
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3115 Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. | 
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3116 The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order | 
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3117 (the first result is pushed first), | 
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3118 so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack. | 
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3119 | 
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3120 | 
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3121 <p> | 
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3122 Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards | 
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3123 (with a <code>longjmp</code>). | 
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3124 | 
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3125 | 
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3126 <p> | 
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3127 The following example shows how the host program can do the | 
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3128 equivalent to this Lua code: | 
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3129 | 
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3130 <pre> | 
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3131 a = f("how", t.x, 14) | 
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3132 </pre><p> | 
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3133 Here it is in C: | 
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3134 | 
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3135 <pre> | 
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3136 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* function to be called */ | 
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3137 lua_pushstring(L, "how"); /* 1st argument */ | 
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3138 lua_getglobal(L, "t"); /* table to be indexed */ | 
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3139 lua_getfield(L, -1, "x"); /* push result of t.x (2nd arg) */ | 
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3140 lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 't' from the stack */ | 
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3141 lua_pushinteger(L, 14); /* 3rd argument */ | 
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3142 lua_call(L, 3, 1); /* call 'f' with 3 arguments and 1 result */ | 
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3143 lua_setglobal(L, "a"); /* set global 'a' */ | 
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3144 </pre><p> | 
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3145 Note that the code above is "balanced": | 
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3146 at its end, the stack is back to its original configuration. | 
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3147 This is considered good programming practice. | 
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3148 | 
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 | 
3149 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3150 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3151 | 
| 
 
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3152 | 
| 
 
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3153 <hr><h3><a name="lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3154 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3155 <pre>void lua_callk (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int ctx, | 
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3156 lua_CFunction k);</pre> | 
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3157 | 
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3158 <p> | 
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 | 
3159 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, | 
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 | 
3160 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
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3161 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3162 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3163 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3164 | 
| 
 
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3165 | 
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3166 <hr><h3><a name="lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a></h3> | 
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3167 <pre>typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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3168 | 
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3169 <p> | 
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 | 
3170 Type for C functions. | 
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 | 
3171 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3172 | 
| 
 
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3173 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3174 In order to communicate properly with Lua, | 
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 | 
3175 a C function must use the following protocol, | 
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 | 
3176 which defines the way parameters and results are passed: | 
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 | 
3177 a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack | 
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 | 
3178 in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). | 
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 | 
3179 So, when the function starts, | 
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3180 <code>lua_gettop(L)</code> returns the number of arguments received by the function. | 
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 | 
3181 The first argument (if any) is at index 1 | 
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 | 
3182 and its last argument is at index <code>lua_gettop(L)</code>. | 
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 | 
3183 To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, | 
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 | 
3184 in direct order (the first result is pushed first), | 
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 | 
3185 and returns the number of results. | 
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3186 Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly | 
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 | 
3187 discarded by Lua. | 
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 | 
3188 Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return | 
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 | 
3189 many results. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3190 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3191 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3192 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3193 As an example, the following function receives a variable number | 
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 | 
3194 of numerical arguments and returns their average and sum: | 
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 | 
3195 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3196 <pre> | 
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 | 
3197 static int foo (lua_State *L) { | 
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3198 int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ | 
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3199 lua_Number sum = 0; | 
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3200 int i; | 
| 
 
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3201 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { | 
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3202 if (!lua_isnumber(L, i)) { | 
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3203 lua_pushstring(L, "incorrect argument"); | 
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3204 lua_error(L); | 
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3205 } | 
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3206 sum += lua_tonumber(L, i); | 
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3207 } | 
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3208 lua_pushnumber(L, sum/n); /* first result */ | 
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3209 lua_pushnumber(L, sum); /* second result */ | 
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3210 return 2; /* number of results */ | 
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3211 } | 
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3212 </pre> | 
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3213 | 
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3214 | 
| 
 
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3215 | 
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3216 | 
| 
 
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3217 <hr><h3><a name="lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3218 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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3219 <pre>int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int extra);</pre> | 
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3220 | 
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3221 <p> | 
| 
 
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3222 Ensures that there are at least <code>extra</code> free stack slots in the stack. | 
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3223 It returns false if it cannot fulfill the request, | 
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3224 because it would cause the stack to be larger than a fixed maximum size | 
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3225 (typically at least a few thousand elements) or | 
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3226 because it cannot allocate memory for the new stack size. | 
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3227 This function never shrinks the stack; | 
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3228 if the stack is already larger than the new size, | 
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3229 it is left unchanged. | 
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3230 | 
| 
 
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3231 | 
| 
 
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3232 | 
| 
 
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3233 | 
| 
 
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3234 | 
| 
 
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3235 <hr><h3><a name="lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3236 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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3237 <pre>void lua_close (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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3238 | 
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3239 <p> | 
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3240 Destroys all objects in the given Lua state | 
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3241 (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) | 
| 
 
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3242 and frees all dynamic memory used by this state. | 
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3243 On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, | 
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3244 because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends. | 
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3245 On the other hand, long-running programs that create multiple states, | 
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3246 such as daemons or web servers, | 
| 
 
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3247 might need to close states as soon as they are not needed. | 
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3248 | 
| 
 
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3249 | 
| 
 
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3250 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3251 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3252 | 
| 
 
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3253 <hr><h3><a name="lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3254 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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3255 <pre>int lua_compare (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2, int op);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3256 | 
| 
 
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3257 <p> | 
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3258 Compares two Lua values. | 
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3259 Returns 1 if the value at index <code>index1</code> satisfies <code>op</code> | 
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 | 
3260 when compared with the value at index <code>index2</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3261 following the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator | 
| 
 
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3262 (that is, it may call metamethods). | 
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3263 Otherwise returns 0. | 
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3264 Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid. | 
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 | 
3265 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3266 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3267 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3268 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: | 
| 
 
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 | 
3269 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3270 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3271 | 
| 
 
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3272 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPEQ"><code>LUA_OPEQ</code></a>: </b> compares for equality (<code>==</code>)</li> | 
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3273 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLT"><code>LUA_OPLT</code></a>: </b> compares for less than (<code><</code>)</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3274 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLE"><code>LUA_OPLE</code></a>: </b> compares for less or equal (<code><=</code>)</li> | 
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 | 
3275 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3276 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3277 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3278 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3279 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3280 | 
| 
 
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3281 <hr><h3><a name="lua_concat"><code>lua_concat</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3282 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3283 <pre>void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> | 
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 | 
3284 | 
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 | 
3285 <p> | 
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 | 
3286 Concatenates the <code>n</code> values at the top of the stack, | 
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 | 
3287 pops them, and leaves the result at the top. | 
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 | 
3288 If <code>n</code> is 1, the result is the single value on the stack | 
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 | 
3289 (that is, the function does nothing); | 
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 | 
3290 if <code>n</code> is 0, the result is the empty string. | 
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 | 
3291 Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua | 
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 | 
3292 (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>). | 
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 | 
3293 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3294 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3295 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3296 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3297 | 
| 
 
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3298 <hr><h3><a name="lua_copy"><code>lua_copy</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3299 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3300 <pre>void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);</pre> | 
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 | 
3301 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3302 <p> | 
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 | 
3303 Moves the element at index <code>fromidx</code> | 
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3304 into the valid index <code>toidx</code> | 
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 | 
3305 without shifting any element | 
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 | 
3306 (therefore replacing the value at that position). | 
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3307 | 
| 
 
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3308 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3309 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3310 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3311 | 
| 
 
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3312 <hr><h3><a name="lua_createtable"><code>lua_createtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3313 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3314 <pre>void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);</pre> | 
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 | 
3315 | 
| 
 
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3316 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3317 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. | 
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3318 Parameter <code>narr</code> is a hint for how many elements the table | 
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 | 
3319 will have as a sequence; | 
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3320 parameter <code>nrec</code> is a hint for how many other elements | 
| 
 
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 | 
3321 the table will have. | 
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3322 Lua may use these hints to preallocate memory for the new table. | 
| 
 
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3323 This pre-allocation is useful for performance when you know in advance | 
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3324 how many elements the table will have. | 
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3325 Otherwise you can use the function <a href="#lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a>. | 
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 | 
3326 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3327 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3328 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3329 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3330 | 
| 
 
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3331 <hr><h3><a name="lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3332 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3333 <pre>int lua_dump (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data);</pre> | 
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3334 | 
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3335 <p> | 
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3336 Dumps a function as a binary chunk. | 
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3337 Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack | 
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3338 and produces a binary chunk that, | 
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 | 
3339 if loaded again, | 
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3340 results in a function equivalent to the one dumped. | 
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3341 As it produces parts of the chunk, | 
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3342 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls function <code>writer</code> (see <a href="#lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a>) | 
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3343 with the given <code>data</code> | 
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 | 
3344 to write them. | 
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 | 
3345 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3346 | 
| 
 
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3347 <p> | 
| 
 
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3348 The value returned is the error code returned by the last | 
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 | 
3349 call to the writer; | 
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3350 0 means no errors. | 
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 | 
3351 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3352 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3353 <p> | 
| 
 
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3354 This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack. | 
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3355 | 
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 | 
3356 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3357 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3358 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3359 | 
| 
 
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3360 <hr><h3><a name="lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3361 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
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3362 <pre>int lua_error (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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 | 
3363 | 
| 
 
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3364 <p> | 
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3365 Generates a Lua error. | 
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3366 The error message (which can actually be a Lua value of any type) | 
| 
 
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3367 must be on the stack top. | 
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3368 This function does a long jump, | 
| 
 
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3369 and therefore never returns | 
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3370 (see <a href="#luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a>). | 
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3371 | 
| 
 
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3372 | 
| 
 
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3373 | 
| 
 
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3374 | 
| 
 
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3375 | 
| 
 
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3376 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3377 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3378 <pre>int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);</pre> | 
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3379 | 
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3380 <p> | 
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3381 Controls the garbage collector. | 
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3382 | 
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3383 | 
| 
 
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3384 <p> | 
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3385 This function performs several tasks, | 
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3386 according to the value of the parameter <code>what</code>: | 
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3387 | 
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3388 <ul> | 
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3389 | 
| 
 
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3390 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTOP</code>: </b> | 
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3391 stops the garbage collector. | 
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3392 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3393 | 
| 
 
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3394 <li><b><code>LUA_GCRESTART</code>: </b> | 
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3395 restarts the garbage collector. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3396 </li> | 
| 
 
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3397 | 
| 
 
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3398 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOLLECT</code>: </b> | 
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3399 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. | 
| 
 
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3400 </li> | 
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3401 | 
| 
 
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3402 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNT</code>: </b> | 
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3403 returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua. | 
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3404 </li> | 
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3405 | 
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3406 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNTB</code>: </b> | 
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3407 returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of | 
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3408 memory in use by Lua by 1024. | 
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3409 </li> | 
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3410 | 
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3411 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTEP</code>: </b> | 
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3412 performs an incremental step of garbage collection. | 
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3413 The step "size" is controlled by <code>data</code> | 
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3414 (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. | 
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3415 If you want to control the step size | 
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3416 you must experimentally tune the value of <code>data</code>. | 
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3417 The function returns 1 if the step finished a | 
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3418 garbage-collection cycle. | 
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3419 </li> | 
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3420 | 
| 
 
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3421 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETPAUSE</code>: </b> | 
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3422 sets <code>data</code> as the new value | 
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3423 for the <em>pause</em> of the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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3424 The function returns the previous value of the pause. | 
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3425 </li> | 
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3426 | 
| 
 
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3427 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL</code>: </b> | 
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 | 
3428 sets <code>data</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of | 
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3429 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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3430 The function returns the previous value of the step multiplier. | 
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3431 </li> | 
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3432 | 
| 
 
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3433 <li><b><code>LUA_GCISRUNNING</code>: </b> | 
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 | 
3434 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running | 
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3435 (i.e., not stopped). | 
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3436 </li> | 
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3437 | 
| 
 
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3438 <li><b><code>LUA_GCGEN</code>: </b> | 
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3439 changes the collector to generational mode | 
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3440 (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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3441 </li> | 
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 | 
3442 | 
| 
 
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3443 <li><b><code>LUA_GCINC</code>: </b> | 
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3444 changes the collector to incremental mode. | 
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3445 This is the default mode. | 
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3446 </li> | 
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 | 
3447 | 
| 
 
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3448 </ul> | 
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 | 
3449 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3450 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3451 For more details about these options, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3452 see <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a>. | 
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 | 
3453 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3454 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3455 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3456 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3457 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3458 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getallocf"><code>lua_getallocf</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3459 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3460 <pre>lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud);</pre> | 
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 | 
3461 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3462 <p> | 
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 | 
3463 Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state. | 
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3464 If <code>ud</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, Lua stores in <code>*ud</code> the | 
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3465 opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>. | 
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 | 
3466 | 
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 | 
3467 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3468 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3469 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3470 | 
| 
 
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3471 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3472 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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3473 <pre>int lua_getctx (lua_State *L, int *ctx);</pre> | 
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 | 
3474 | 
| 
 
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3475 <p> | 
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3476 This function is called by a continuation function (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>) | 
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3477 to retrieve the status of the thread and a context information. | 
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 | 
3478 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3479 | 
| 
 
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3480 <p> | 
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 | 
3481 When called in the original function, | 
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3482 <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> always returns <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> | 
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3483 and does not change the value of its argument <code>ctx</code>. | 
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3484 When called inside a continuation function, | 
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3485 <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> returns <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> and sets | 
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3486 the value of <code>ctx</code> to be the context information | 
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 | 
3487 (the value passed as the <code>ctx</code> argument | 
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3488 to the callee together with the continuation function). | 
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 | 
3489 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3490 | 
| 
 
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3491 <p> | 
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 | 
3492 When the callee is <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, | 
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3493 Lua may also call its continuation function | 
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 | 
3494 to handle errors during the call. | 
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3495 That is, upon an error in the function called by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, | 
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 | 
3496 Lua may not return to the original function | 
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3497 but instead may call the continuation function. | 
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3498 In that case, a call to <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> will return the error code | 
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3499 (the value that would be returned by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>); | 
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3500 the value of <code>ctx</code> will be set to the context information, | 
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 | 
3501 as in the case of a yield. | 
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3502 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3503 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3504 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3505 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3506 | 
| 
 
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3507 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getfield"><code>lua_getfield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3508 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3509 <pre>void lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> | 
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 | 
3510 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3511 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3512 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, | 
| 
 
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3513 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. | 
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 | 
3514 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
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 | 
3515 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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3516 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3517 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3518 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3519 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3520 | 
| 
 
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3521 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getglobal"><code>lua_getglobal</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3522 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3523 <pre>void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> | 
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 | 
3524 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3525 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3526 Pushes onto the stack the value of the global <code>name</code>. | 
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 | 
3527 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3528 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3529 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3530 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3531 | 
| 
 
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3532 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getmetatable"><code>lua_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3533 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3534 <pre>int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3535 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3536 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3537 Pushes onto the stack the metatable of the value at the given index. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3538 If the value does not have a metatable, | 
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 | 
3539 the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3540 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3541 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3542 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3543 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3544 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3545 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3546 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3547 <pre>void lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3548 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3549 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3550 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3551 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index | 
| 
 
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 | 
3552 and <code>k</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3553 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3554 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3555 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3556 This function pops the key from the stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
3557 (putting the resulting value in its place). | 
| 
 
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 | 
3558 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
| 
 
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 | 
3559 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
3560 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3561 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3562 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3563 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3564 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3565 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettop"><code>lua_gettop</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3566 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3567 <pre>int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3568 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3569 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3570 Returns the index of the top element in the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3571 Because indices start at 1, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3572 this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
3573 (and so 0 means an empty stack). | 
| 
 
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 | 
3574 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3575 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3576 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3577 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3578 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3579 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3580 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3581 <pre>void lua_getuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3582 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3583 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3584 Pushes onto the stack the Lua value associated with the userdata | 
| 
 
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 | 
3585 at the given index. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3586 This Lua value must be a table or <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3587 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3588 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3589 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3590 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3591 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3592 <hr><h3><a name="lua_insert"><code>lua_insert</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3593 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3594 <pre>void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3595 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3596 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3597 Moves the top element into the given valid index, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3598 shifting up the elements above this index to open space. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3599 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3600 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. | 
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 | 
3601 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3602 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3603 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3604 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3605 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3606 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3607 <pre>typedef ptrdiff_t lua_Integer;</pre> | 
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 | 
3608 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3609 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3610 The type used by the Lua API to represent signed integral values. | 
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 | 
3611 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3612 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3613 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3614 By default it is a <code>ptrdiff_t</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3615 which is usually the largest signed integral type the machine handles | 
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 | 
3616 "comfortably". | 
| 
 
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 | 
3617 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3618 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3619 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3620 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3621 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3622 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3623 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3624 <pre>int lua_isboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3625 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3626 <p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3627 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a boolean, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3628 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3629 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3630 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3631 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3632 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3633 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3634 <hr><h3><a name="lua_iscfunction"><code>lua_iscfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3635 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3636 <pre>int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3637 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3638 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3639 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a C function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3640 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3641 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3642 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3643 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3644 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3645 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3646 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isfunction"><code>lua_isfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3647 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3648 <pre>int lua_isfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3649 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3650 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3651 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a function | 
| 
 
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 | 
3652 (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3653 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3654 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3655 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3656 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3657 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3658 <hr><h3><a name="lua_islightuserdata"><code>lua_islightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3659 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3660 <pre>int lua_islightuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3661 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3662 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3663 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a light userdata, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3664 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3665 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3666 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3667 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3668 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3669 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3670 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnil"><code>lua_isnil</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3671 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3672 <pre>int lua_isnil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3673 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3674 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3675 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3676 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3677 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3678 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3679 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3680 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3681 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3682 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnone"><code>lua_isnone</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3683 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3684 <pre>int lua_isnone (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3685 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3686 <p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3687 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3688 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3689 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3690 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3691 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3692 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3693 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3694 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnoneornil"><code>lua_isnoneornil</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3695 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3696 <pre>int lua_isnoneornil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3697 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3698 <p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3699 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3700 or if the value at this index is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3701 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3702 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3703 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3704 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3705 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3706 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3707 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnumber"><code>lua_isnumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3708 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3709 <pre>int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3710 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3711 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3712 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a number | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3713 or a string convertible to a number, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3714 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3715 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
3716 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3717 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3718 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3719 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3720 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isstring"><code>lua_isstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3721 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3722 <pre>int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3723 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3724 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3725 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a string | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3726 or a number (which is always convertible to a string), | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3727 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3728 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3729 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3730 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3731 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3732 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3733 <hr><h3><a name="lua_istable"><code>lua_istable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3734 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3735 <pre>int lua_istable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3736 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3737 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3738 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a table, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3739 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3740 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3741 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3742 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3743 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3744 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3745 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isthread"><code>lua_isthread</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3746 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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changeset
 | 
3747 <pre>int lua_isthread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3748 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3749 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3750 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a thread, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3751 and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3752 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3753 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3754 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3755 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3756 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3757 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isuserdata"><code>lua_isuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3758 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3759 <pre>int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3760 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3761 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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changeset
 | 
3762 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a userdata | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3763 (either full or light), and 0 otherwise. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3764 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3765 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3766 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3767 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3768 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3769 <hr><h3><a name="lua_len"><code>lua_len</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3770 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3771 <pre>void lua_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3772 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3773 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3774 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index; | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3775 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3776 The result is pushed on the stack. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3777 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3778 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3779 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3780 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3781 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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changeset
 | 
3782 <hr><h3><a name="lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3783 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3784 <pre>int lua_load (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3785 lua_Reader reader, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3786 void *data, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3787 const char *source, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3788 const char *mode);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3789 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3790 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3791 Loads a Lua chunk (without running it). | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3792 If there are no errors, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3793 <code>lua_load</code> pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
3794 function on top of the stack. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3795 Otherwise, it pushes an error message. | 
| 
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
3796 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3797 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3798 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
3799 The return values of <code>lua_load</code> are: | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3800 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
3801 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3802 | 
| 
 
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3803 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>: </b> no errors;</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3805 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX"><code>LUA_ERRSYNTAX</code></a>: </b> | 
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 | 
3806 syntax error during precompilation;</li> | 
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 | 
3807 | 
| 
 
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3808 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> | 
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 | 
3809 memory allocation error;</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3810 | 
| 
 
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3811 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> | 
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 | 
3812 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. | 
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3813 (This error has no relation with the chunk being loaded. | 
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 | 
3814 It is generated by the garbage collector.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
3815 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3816 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3817 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3818 | 
| 
 
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3819 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3820 The <code>lua_load</code> function uses a user-supplied <code>reader</code> function | 
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 | 
3821 to read the chunk (see <a href="#lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a>). | 
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 | 
3822 The <code>data</code> argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3823 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3824 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3825 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3826 The <code>source</code> argument gives a name to the chunk, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3827 which is used for error messages and in debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
3828 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3829 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3830 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3831 <code>lua_load</code> automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary | 
| 
 
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3832 and loads it accordingly (see program <code>luac</code>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
3833 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3834 with the addition that | 
| 
 
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 | 
3835 a <code>NULL</code> value is equivalent to the string "<code>bt</code>". | 
| 
 
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 | 
3836 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3837 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3838 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3839 <code>lua_load</code> uses the stack internally, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3840 so the reader function should always leave the stack | 
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 | 
3841 unmodified when returning. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3842 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3843 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3844 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3845 If the resulting function has one upvalue, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3846 this upvalue is set to the value of the global environment | 
| 
 
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 | 
3847 stored at index <code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code> in the registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
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 | 
3848 When loading main chunks, | 
| 
 
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 | 
3849 this upvalue will be the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
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 | 
3850 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3851 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3852 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3853 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3854 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3855 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3856 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3857 <pre>lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3858 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3859 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3860 Creates a new thread running in a new, independent state. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3861 Returns <code>NULL</code> if cannot create the thread or the state | 
| 
 
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 | 
3862 (due to lack of memory). | 
| 
 
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 | 
3863 The argument <code>f</code> is the allocator function; | 
| 
 
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 | 
3864 Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. | 
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 | 
3865 The second argument, <code>ud</code>, is an opaque pointer that Lua | 
| 
 
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 | 
3866 passes to the allocator in every call. | 
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 | 
3867 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3868 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3869 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3870 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3871 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3872 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
3873 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3874 <pre>void lua_newtable (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3875 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3876 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3877 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. | 
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 | 
3878 It is equivalent to <code>lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
3879 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3880 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3881 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3882 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
3883 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3884 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3885 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3886 <pre>lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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 | 
3887 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3888 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3889 Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack, | 
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3890 and returns a pointer to a <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a> that represents this new thread. | 
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3891 The new thread returned by this function shares with the original thread | 
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3892 its global environment, | 
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 | 
3893 but has an independent execution stack. | 
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 | 
3894 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3895 | 
| 
 
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3896 <p> | 
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3897 There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread. | 
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3898 Threads are subject to garbage collection, | 
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3899 like any Lua object. | 
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3900 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3901 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3902 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3903 | 
| 
 
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3904 | 
| 
 
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3905 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newuserdata"><code>lua_newuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3906 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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3907 <pre>void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);</pre> | 
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 | 
3908 | 
| 
 
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3909 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3910 This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size, | 
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3911 pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address, | 
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3912 and returns this address. | 
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3913 The host program can freely use this memory. | 
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3914 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3915 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3916 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3917 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3918 | 
| 
 
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3919 <hr><h3><a name="lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3920 <span class="apii">[-1, +(2|0), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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3921 <pre>int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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3922 | 
| 
 
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3923 <p> | 
| 
 
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3924 Pops a key from the stack, | 
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3925 and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index | 
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3926 (the "next" pair after the given key). | 
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3927 If there are no more elements in the table, | 
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3928 then <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> returns 0 (and pushes nothing). | 
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 | 
3929 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3930 | 
| 
 
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3931 <p> | 
| 
 
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3932 A typical traversal looks like this: | 
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3933 | 
| 
 
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3934 <pre> | 
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3935 /* table is in the stack at index 't' */ | 
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3936 lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */ | 
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3937 while (lua_next(L, t) != 0) { | 
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3938 /* uses 'key' (at index -2) and 'value' (at index -1) */ | 
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3939 printf("%s - %s\n", | 
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3940 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -2)), | 
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3941 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1))); | 
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3942 /* removes 'value'; keeps 'key' for next iteration */ | 
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3943 lua_pop(L, 1); | 
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3944 } | 
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3945 </pre> | 
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 | 
3946 | 
| 
 
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3947 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3948 While traversing a table, | 
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3949 do not call <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> directly on a key, | 
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3950 unless you know that the key is actually a string. | 
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3951 Recall that <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> may change | 
| 
 
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 | 
3952 the value at the given index; | 
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 | 
3953 this confuses the next call to <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>. | 
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 | 
3954 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3955 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3956 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
3957 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying | 
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3958 the table during its traversal. | 
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 | 
3959 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3960 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3961 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3962 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3963 | 
| 
 
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3964 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a></h3> | 
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3965 <pre>typedef double lua_Number;</pre> | 
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 | 
3966 | 
| 
 
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3967 <p> | 
| 
 
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3968 The type of numbers in Lua. | 
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3969 By default, it is double, but that can be changed in <code>luaconf.h</code>. | 
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 | 
3970 Through this configuration file you can change | 
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3971 Lua to operate with another type for numbers (e.g., float or long). | 
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 | 
3972 | 
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 | 
3973 | 
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 | 
3974 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3975 | 
| 
 
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 | 
3976 | 
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3977 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a></h3><p> | 
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3978 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> | 
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3979 <pre>int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int msgh);</pre> | 
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 | 
3980 | 
| 
 
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3981 <p> | 
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3982 Calls a function in protected mode. | 
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3983 | 
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 | 
3984 | 
| 
 
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3985 <p> | 
| 
 
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3986 Both <code>nargs</code> and <code>nresults</code> have the same meaning as | 
| 
 
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 | 
3987 in <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. | 
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3988 If there are no errors during the call, | 
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 | 
3989 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. | 
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3990 However, if there is any error, | 
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3991 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> catches it, | 
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3992 pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), | 
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3993 and returns an error code. | 
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3994 Like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, | 
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3995 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> always removes the function | 
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3996 and its arguments from the stack. | 
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3997 | 
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 | 
3998 | 
| 
 
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3999 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4000 If <code>msgh</code> is 0, | 
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 | 
4001 then the error message returned on the stack | 
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 | 
4002 is exactly the original error message. | 
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4003 Otherwise, <code>msgh</code> is the stack index of a | 
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 | 
4004 <em>message handler</em>. | 
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4005 (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) | 
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4006 In case of runtime errors, | 
| 
 
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4007 this function will be called with the error message | 
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4008 and its return value will be the message | 
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 | 
4009 returned on the stack by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. | 
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4010 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4011 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4012 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4013 Typically, the message handler is used to add more debug | 
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 | 
4014 information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. | 
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4015 Such information cannot be gathered after the return of <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, | 
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 | 
4016 since by then the stack has unwound. | 
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4017 | 
| 
 
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4018 | 
| 
 
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4019 <p> | 
| 
 
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4020 The <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> function returns one of the following codes | 
| 
 
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 | 
4021 (defined in <code>lua.h</code>): | 
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4022 | 
| 
 
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4023 <ul> | 
| 
 
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4024 | 
| 
 
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4025 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> (0): </b> | 
| 
 
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4026 success.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4027 | 
| 
 
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4028 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRRUN"><code>LUA_ERRRUN</code></a>: </b> | 
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4029 a runtime error. | 
| 
 
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4030 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4031 | 
| 
 
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4032 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> | 
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 | 
4033 memory allocation error. | 
| 
 
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4034 For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler. | 
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4035 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4036 | 
| 
 
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4037 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRERR"><code>LUA_ERRERR</code></a>: </b> | 
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4038 error while running the message handler. | 
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4039 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4040 | 
| 
 
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4041 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> | 
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4042 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. | 
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4043 (This error typically has no relation with the function being called. | 
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4044 It is generated by the garbage collector.) | 
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4045 </li> | 
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 | 
4046 | 
| 
 
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4047 </ul> | 
| 
 
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4048 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4049 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4050 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4051 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4052 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4053 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4054 <pre>int lua_pcallk (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4055 int nargs, | 
| 
 
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4056 int nresults, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4057 int errfunc, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4058 int ctx, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4059 lua_CFunction k);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4060 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4061 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4062 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4063 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
4064 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4065 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4066 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4067 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4068 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4069 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pop"><code>lua_pop</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4070 <span class="apii">[-n, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4071 <pre>void lua_pop (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4072 | 
| 
 
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4073 <p> | 
| 
 
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4074 Pops <code>n</code> elements from the stack. | 
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4075 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4076 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4077 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4078 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4079 | 
| 
 
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4080 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushboolean"><code>lua_pushboolean</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4081 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4082 <pre>void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b);</pre> | 
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4083 | 
| 
 
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4084 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4085 Pushes a boolean value with value <code>b</code> onto the stack. | 
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 | 
4086 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4087 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4088 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4089 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4090 | 
| 
 
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4091 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4092 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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4093 <pre>void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);</pre> | 
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 | 
4094 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4095 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4096 Pushes a new C closure onto the stack. | 
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 | 
4097 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4098 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4099 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4100 When a C function is created, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4101 it is possible to associate some values with it, | 
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 | 
4102 thus creating a C closure (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>); | 
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4103 these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called. | 
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 | 
4104 To associate values with a C function, | 
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4105 first these values should be pushed onto the stack | 
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 | 
4106 (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). | 
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 | 
4107 Then <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> | 
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 | 
4108 is called to create and push the C function onto the stack, | 
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 | 
4109 with the argument <code>n</code> telling how many values should be | 
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 | 
4110 associated with the function. | 
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4111 <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> also pops these values from the stack. | 
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 | 
4112 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4113 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4114 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4115 The maximum value for <code>n</code> is 255. | 
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 | 
4116 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4117 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4118 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4119 When <code>n</code> is zero, | 
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 | 
4120 this function creates a <em>light C function</em>, | 
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 | 
4121 which is just a pointer to the C function. | 
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 | 
4122 In that case, it never throws a memory error. | 
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 | 
4123 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4124 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4125 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4126 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4127 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4128 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4129 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4130 <pre>void lua_pushcfunction (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f);</pre> | 
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 | 
4131 | 
| 
 
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4132 <p> | 
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 | 
4133 Pushes a C function onto the stack. | 
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4134 This function receives a pointer to a C function | 
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4135 and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type <code>function</code> that, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4136 when called, invokes the corresponding C function. | 
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 | 
4137 | 
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 | 
4138 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4139 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4140 Any function to be registered in Lua must | 
| 
 
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 | 
4141 follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters | 
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4142 and return its results (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
4143 | 
| 
 
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4144 | 
| 
 
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4145 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4146 <code>lua_pushcfunction</code> is defined as a macro: | 
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 | 
4147 | 
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 | 
4148 <pre> | 
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 | 
4149 #define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L,f,0) | 
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4150 </pre><p> | 
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 | 
4151 Note that <code>f</code> is used twice. | 
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4152 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4153 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4154 | 
| 
 
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4155 | 
| 
 
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4156 | 
| 
 
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4157 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4158 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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4159 <pre>const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> | 
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4160 | 
| 
 
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4161 <p> | 
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4162 Pushes onto the stack a formatted string | 
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4163 and returns a pointer to this string. | 
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4164 It is similar to the ANSI C function <code>sprintf</code>, | 
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4165 but has some important differences: | 
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4166 | 
| 
 
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4167 <ul> | 
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4168 | 
| 
 
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4169 <li> | 
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4170 You do not have to allocate space for the result: | 
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4171 the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation | 
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4172 (and deallocation, through garbage collection). | 
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4173 </li> | 
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4174 | 
| 
 
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4175 <li> | 
| 
 
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4176 The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. | 
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4177 There are no flags, widths, or precisions. | 
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 | 
4178 The conversion specifiers can only be | 
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4179 '<code>%%</code>' (inserts a '<code>%</code>' in the string), | 
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4180 '<code>%s</code>' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), | 
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4181 '<code>%f</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>), | 
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4182 '<code>%p</code>' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), | 
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4183 '<code>%d</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code>), and | 
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4184 '<code>%c</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code> as a byte). | 
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4185 </li> | 
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4186 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4187 </ul> | 
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 | 
4188 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4189 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4190 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4191 | 
| 
 
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4192 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushglobaltable"><code>lua_pushglobaltable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4193 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4194 <pre>void lua_pushglobaltable (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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4195 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4196 <p> | 
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4197 Pushes the global environment onto the stack. | 
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4198 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4199 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4200 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4201 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4202 | 
| 
 
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4203 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushinteger"><code>lua_pushinteger</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4204 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4205 <pre>void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);</pre> | 
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4206 | 
| 
 
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4207 <p> | 
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4208 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. | 
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4209 | 
| 
 
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4210 | 
| 
 
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4211 | 
| 
 
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4212 | 
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4213 | 
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4214 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlightuserdata"><code>lua_pushlightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4215 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4216 <pre>void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p);</pre> | 
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4217 | 
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4218 <p> | 
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4219 Pushes a light userdata onto the stack. | 
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4220 | 
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4221 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4222 <p> | 
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 | 
4223 Userdata represent C values in Lua. | 
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4224 A <em>light userdata</em> represents a pointer, a <code>void*</code>. | 
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4225 It is a value (like a number): | 
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4226 you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, | 
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4227 and it is not collected (as it was never created). | 
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4228 A light userdata is equal to "any" | 
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changeset
 | 
4229 light userdata with the same C address. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4230 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4231 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4232 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4233 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4234 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4235 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushliteral"><code>lua_pushliteral</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4236 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4237 <pre>const char *lua_pushliteral (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4238 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4239 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4240 This macro is equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4241 but can be used only when <code>s</code> is a literal string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4242 It automatically provides the string length. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4243 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4244 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4245 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4246 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4247 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4248 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4249 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4250 <pre>const char *lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4251 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4252 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4253 Pushes the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with size <code>len</code> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4254 onto the stack. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4255 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4256 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4257 the function returns. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4258 The string can contain any binary data, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4259 including embedded zeros. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4260 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4261 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4262 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4263 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4264 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4265 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4266 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4267 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4268 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4269 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnil"><code>lua_pushnil</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4270 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4271 <pre>void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4272 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4273 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4274 Pushes a nil value onto the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4275 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4276 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4277 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4278 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4279 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4280 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnumber"><code>lua_pushnumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4281 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4282 <pre>void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4283 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4284 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4285 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4286 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4287 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4288 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4289 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:  
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changeset
 | 
4290 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4291 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushstring"><code>lua_pushstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4292 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4293 <pre>const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4294 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4295 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4296 Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4297 onto the stack. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4298 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4299 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4300 the function returns. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4301 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4302 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4303 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4304 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4305 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4306 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4307 <p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4308 If <code>s</code> is <code>NULL</code>, pushes <b>nil</b> and returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4309 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4310 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4311 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4312 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4313 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4314 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushthread"><code>lua_pushthread</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4315 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4316 <pre>int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4317 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4318 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4319 Pushes the thread represented by <code>L</code> onto the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4320 Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4321 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4322 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4323 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4324 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4325 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4326 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushunsigned"><code>lua_pushunsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4327 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4328 <pre>void lua_pushunsigned (lua_State *L, lua_Unsigned n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4329 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4330 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4331 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4332 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4333 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4334 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4335 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4336 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4337 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvalue"><code>lua_pushvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4338 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4339 <pre>void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4340 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4341 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4342 Pushes a copy of the element at the given index | 
| 
 
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 | 
4343 onto the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4344 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4345 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4346 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4347 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4348 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4349 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvfstring"><code>lua_pushvfstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4350 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4351 <pre>const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4352 const char *fmt, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4353 va_list argp);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4354 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4355 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4356 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>, except that it receives a <code>va_list</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4357 instead of a variable number of arguments. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4358 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4359 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4360 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4361 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4362 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4363 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawequal"><code>lua_rawequal</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4364 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4365 <pre>int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4366 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4367 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4368 Returns 1 if the two values in indices <code>index1</code> and | 
| 
 
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 | 
4369 <code>index2</code> are primitively equal | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4370 (that is, without calling metamethods). | 
| 
 
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 | 
4371 Otherwise returns 0. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4372 Also returns 0 if any of the indices are non valid. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4373 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4374 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4375 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4376 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4377 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4378 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawget"><code>lua_rawget</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4379 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4380 <pre>void lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4381 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4382 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4383 Similar to <a href="#lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a>, but does a raw access | 
| 
 
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 | 
4384 (i.e., without metamethods). | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4385 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4386 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4387 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4388 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4389 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4390 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgeti"><code>lua_rawgeti</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4391 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4392 <pre>void lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4393 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4394 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4395 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[n]</code>, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4396 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4397 The access is raw; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4398 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4399 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4400 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4401 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4402 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4403 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4404 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgetp"><code>lua_rawgetp</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4405 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4406 <pre>void lua_rawgetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4407 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4408 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4409 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4410 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index and | 
| 
 
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 | 
4411 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4412 The access is raw; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4413 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4414 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4415 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4416 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4417 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4418 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4419 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4420 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4421 <pre>size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4422 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4423 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4424 Returns the raw "length" of the value at the given index: | 
| 
 
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 | 
4425 for strings, this is the string length; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4426 for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('<code>#</code>') | 
| 
 
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 | 
4427 with no metamethods; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4428 for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated | 
| 
 
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 | 
4429 for the userdata; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4430 for other values, it is 0. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4431 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4432 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4433 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4434 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4435 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4436 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawset"><code>lua_rawset</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4437 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4438 <pre>void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4439 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4440 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4441 Similar to <a href="#lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a>, but does a raw assignment | 
| 
 
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 | 
4442 (i.e., without metamethods). | 
| 
 
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 | 
4443 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4444 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4445 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4446 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4447 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4448 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawseti"><code>lua_rawseti</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4449 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4450 <pre>void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4451 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4452 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4453 Does the equivalent of <code>t[n] = v</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4454 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index | 
| 
 
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 | 
4455 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4456 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4457 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4458 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4459 This function pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4460 The assignment is raw; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4461 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4462 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4463 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4464 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4465 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4466 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4467 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawsetp"><code>lua_rawsetp</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4468 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4469 <pre>void lua_rawsetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4470 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4471 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4472 Does the equivalent of <code>t[k] = v</code>, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4473 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4474 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4475 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4476 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4477 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4478 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4479 This function pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4480 The assignment is raw; | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4481 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4482 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4483 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4484 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4485 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4486 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4487 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a></h3> | 
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4488 <pre>typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, | 
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4489 void *data, | 
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4490 size_t *size);</pre> | 
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4491 | 
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4492 <p> | 
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4493 The reader function used by <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
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4494 Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, | 
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4495 <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> calls the reader, | 
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4496 passing along its <code>data</code> parameter. | 
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4497 The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory | 
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4498 with a new piece of the chunk | 
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4499 and set <code>size</code> to the block size. | 
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4500 The block must exist until the reader function is called again. | 
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4501 To signal the end of the chunk, | 
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4502 the reader must return <code>NULL</code> or set <code>size</code> to zero. | 
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4503 The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero. | 
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4504 | 
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4505 | 
| 
 
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4506 | 
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4507 | 
| 
 
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4508 | 
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4509 <hr><h3><a name="lua_register"><code>lua_register</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4510 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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4511 <pre>void lua_register (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f);</pre> | 
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4512 | 
| 
 
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4513 <p> | 
| 
 
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4514 Sets the C function <code>f</code> as the new value of global <code>name</code>. | 
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4515 It is defined as a macro: | 
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4516 | 
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4517 <pre> | 
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4518 #define lua_register(L,n,f) \ | 
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4519 (lua_pushcfunction(L, f), lua_setglobal(L, n)) | 
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4520 </pre> | 
| 
 
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4521 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4522 | 
| 
 
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4523 | 
| 
 
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4524 | 
| 
 
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4525 <hr><h3><a name="lua_remove"><code>lua_remove</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4526 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4527 <pre>void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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4528 | 
| 
 
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4529 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4530 Removes the element at the given valid index, | 
| 
 
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4531 shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. | 
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4532 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, | 
| 
 
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4533 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. | 
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4534 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4535 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4536 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4537 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4538 | 
| 
 
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4539 <hr><h3><a name="lua_replace"><code>lua_replace</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4540 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4541 <pre>void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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4542 | 
| 
 
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4543 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4544 Moves the top element into the given valid index | 
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4545 without shifting any element | 
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 | 
4546 (therefore replacing the value at the given index), | 
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4547 and then pops the top element. | 
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 | 
4548 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4550 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4551 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4552 | 
| 
 
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4553 <hr><h3><a name="lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4554 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4555 <pre>int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs);</pre> | 
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 | 
4556 | 
| 
 
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4557 <p> | 
| 
 
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4558 Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread. | 
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4559 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4560 | 
| 
 
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4561 <p> | 
| 
 
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4562 To start a coroutine, | 
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4563 you push onto the thread stack the main function plus any arguments; | 
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4564 then you call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, | 
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4565 with <code>nargs</code> being the number of arguments. | 
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4566 This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. | 
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4567 When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, | 
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4568 or all values returned by the body function. | 
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4569 <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> returns | 
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4570 <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the coroutine yields, | 
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4571 <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> if the coroutine finishes its execution | 
| 
 
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 | 
4572 without errors, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4573 or an error code in case of errors (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
4574 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4575 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4576 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4577 In case of errors, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4578 the stack is not unwound, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4579 so you can use the debug API over it. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4580 The error message is on the top of the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4581 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4582 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4583 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4584 To resume a coroutine, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4585 you remove any results from the last <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4586 put on its stack only the values to | 
| 
 
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 | 
4587 be passed as results from <code>yield</code>, | 
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 | 
4588 and then call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. | 
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 | 
4589 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4590 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4591 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4592 The parameter <code>from</code> represents the coroutine that is resuming <code>L</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4593 If there is no such coroutine, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4594 this parameter can be <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4595 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4596 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4597 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4598 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4599 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4600 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setallocf"><code>lua_setallocf</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4601 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4602 <pre>void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4603 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4604 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4605 Changes the allocator function of a given state to <code>f</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4606 with user data <code>ud</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4607 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4608 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4609 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4610 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4611 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4612 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setfield"><code>lua_setfield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4613 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4614 <pre>void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4615 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4616 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4617 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4618 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index | 
| 
 
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 | 
4619 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. | 
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 | 
4620 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4621 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4622 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4623 This function pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4624 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
| 
 
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 | 
4625 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
4626 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4627 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4628 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
4629 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4630 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4631 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setglobal"><code>lua_setglobal</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4632 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4633 <pre>void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4634 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4635 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4636 Pops a value from the stack and | 
| 
 
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 | 
4637 sets it as the new value of global <code>name</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4638 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4639 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4640 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4641 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4642 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4643 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setmetatable"><code>lua_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4644 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4645 <pre>void lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4646 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4647 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4648 Pops a table from the stack and | 
| 
 
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 | 
4649 sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4650 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4651 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4652 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
4653 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4654 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
4655 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4656 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4657 <pre>void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4658 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4659 <p> | 
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 | 
4660 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4661 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index, | 
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 | 
4662 <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack, | 
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 | 
4663 and <code>k</code> is the value just below the top. | 
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 | 
4664 | 
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 | 
4665 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4666 <p> | 
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 | 
4667 This function pops both the key and the value from the stack. | 
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4668 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod | 
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 | 
4669 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). | 
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 | 
4670 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4671 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4672 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4673 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4674 | 
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4675 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settop"><code>lua_settop</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4676 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
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 | 
4677 <pre>void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4678 | 
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 | 
4679 <p> | 
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 | 
4680 Accepts any index, or 0, | 
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 | 
4681 and sets the stack top to this index. | 
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4682 If the new top is larger than the old one, | 
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4683 then the new elements are filled with <b>nil</b>. | 
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 | 
4684 If <code>index</code> is 0, then all stack elements are removed. | 
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 | 
4685 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4686 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4687 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4688 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4689 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4690 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4691 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4692 <pre>void lua_setuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4693 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4694 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4695 Pops a table or <b>nil</b> from the stack and sets it as | 
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 | 
4696 the new value associated to the userdata at the given index. | 
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 | 
4697 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4698 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4699 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4700 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4701 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4702 <hr><h3><a name="lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
4703 <pre>typedef struct lua_State lua_State;</pre> | 
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 | 
4704 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4705 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4706 An opaque structure that points to a thread and indirectly | 
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4707 (through the thread) to the whole state of a Lua interpreter. | 
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 | 
4708 The Lua library is fully reentrant: | 
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4709 it has no global variables. | 
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4710 All information about a state is accessible through this structure. | 
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 | 
4711 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4712 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4713 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4714 A pointer to this structure must be passed as the first argument to | 
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4715 every function in the library, except to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>, | 
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 | 
4716 which creates a Lua state from scratch. | 
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 | 
4717 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4718 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4719 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4720 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4721 | 
| 
 
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4722 <hr><h3><a name="lua_status"><code>lua_status</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4723 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4724 <pre>int lua_status (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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 | 
4725 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4726 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4727 Returns the status of the thread <code>L</code>. | 
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 | 
4728 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4729 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4730 <p> | 
| 
 
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4731 The status can be 0 (<a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>) for a normal thread, | 
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 | 
4732 an error code if the thread finished the execution | 
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4733 of a <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> with an error, | 
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4734 or <a name="pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the thread is suspended. | 
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 | 
4735 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4736 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4737 <p> | 
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4738 You can only call functions in threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>. | 
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4739 You can resume threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> | 
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 | 
4740 (to start a new coroutine) or <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> | 
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4741 (to resume a coroutine). | 
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 | 
4742 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4743 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4744 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4745 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4746 | 
| 
 
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4747 <hr><h3><a name="lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4748 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4749 <pre>int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4750 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4751 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4752 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C boolean | 
| 
 
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 | 
4753 value (0 or 1). | 
| 
 
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4754 Like all tests in Lua, | 
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4755 <a href="#lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a> returns true for any Lua value | 
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 | 
4756 different from <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b>; | 
| 
 
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4757 otherwise it returns false. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4758 (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, | 
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4759 use <a href="#lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a> to test the value's type.) | 
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 | 
4760 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4761 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4762 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4763 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4764 | 
| 
 
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4765 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tocfunction"><code>lua_tocfunction</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4766 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4767 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4768 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4769 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4770 Converts a value at the given index to a C function. | 
| 
 
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4771 That value must be a C function; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4772 otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
4773 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4774 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4775 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4776 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4777 | 
| 
 
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4778 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4779 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4780 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4781 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4782 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4783 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
4784 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4785 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4786 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4787 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4788 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4789 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4790 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4791 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4792 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4793 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4794 Converts the Lua value at the given index | 
| 
 
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 | 
4795 to the signed integral type <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4796 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number | 
| 
 
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 | 
4797 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); | 
| 
 
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 | 
4798 otherwise, <code>lua_tointegerx</code> returns 0. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4799 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4800 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4801 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4802 If the number is not an integer, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4803 it is truncated in some non-specified way. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4805 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4806 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4807 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4808 its referent is assigned a boolean value that | 
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 | 
4809 indicates whether the operation succeeded. | 
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 | 
4810 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4811 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4812 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4813 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4814 | 
| 
 
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4815 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4816 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4817 <pre>const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int index, size_t *len);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4818 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4819 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4820 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4821 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4822 it also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. | 
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 | 
4823 The Lua value must be a string or a number; | 
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 | 
4824 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
4825 If the value is a number, | 
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 | 
4826 then <code>lua_tolstring</code> also | 
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 | 
4827 <em>changes the actual value in the stack to a string</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4828 (This change confuses <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> | 
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 | 
4829 when <code>lua_tolstring</code> is applied to keys during a table traversal.) | 
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 | 
4830 | 
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 | 
4831 | 
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 | 
4832 <p> | 
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 | 
4833 <code>lua_tolstring</code> returns a fully aligned pointer | 
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4834 to a string inside the Lua state. | 
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4835 This string always has a zero ('<code>\0</code>') | 
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4836 after its last character (as in C), | 
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 | 
4837 but can contain other zeros in its body. | 
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 | 
4838 Because Lua has garbage collection, | 
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4839 there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by <code>lua_tolstring</code> | 
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 | 
4840 will be valid after the corresponding value is removed from the stack. | 
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 | 
4841 | 
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 | 
4842 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4843 | 
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 | 
4844 | 
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 | 
4845 | 
| 
 
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4846 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4847 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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 | 
4848 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4849 | 
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 | 
4850 <p> | 
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4851 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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4852 | 
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 | 
4853 | 
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 | 
4854 | 
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 | 
4855 | 
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 | 
4856 | 
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 | 
4857 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4858 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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4859 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> | 
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 | 
4860 | 
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4861 <p> | 
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 | 
4862 Converts the Lua value at the given index | 
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4863 to the C type <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a> (see <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>). | 
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4864 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number | 
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4865 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); | 
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4866 otherwise, <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> returns 0. | 
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 | 
4867 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4868 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4869 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4870 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
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 | 
4871 its referent is assigned a boolean value that | 
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 | 
4872 indicates whether the operation succeeded. | 
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 | 
4873 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4874 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4875 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4876 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4877 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4878 <hr><h3><a name="lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4879 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4880 <pre>const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4881 | 
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 | 
4882 <p> | 
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 | 
4883 Converts the value at the given index to a generic | 
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 | 
4884 C pointer (<code>void*</code>). | 
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 | 
4885 The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; | 
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 | 
4886 otherwise, <code>lua_topointer</code> returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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4887 Different objects will give different pointers. | 
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 | 
4888 There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value. | 
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 | 
4889 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4890 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4891 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4892 Typically this function is used only for debug information. | 
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 | 
4893 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4894 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4895 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4896 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4897 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4898 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tostring"><code>lua_tostring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4899 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4900 <pre>const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4901 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4902 <p> | 
| 
 
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4903 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> with <code>len</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
4904 | 
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 | 
4905 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4906 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4907 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4908 | 
| 
 
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4909 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tothread"><code>lua_tothread</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4910 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4911 <pre>lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4912 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4913 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4914 Converts the value at the given index to a Lua thread | 
| 
 
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 | 
4915 (represented as <code>lua_State*</code>). | 
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 | 
4916 This value must be a thread; | 
| 
 
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 | 
4917 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
4918 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4919 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4920 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4921 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4922 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4923 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tounsigned"><code>lua_tounsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4924 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4925 <pre>lua_Unsigned lua_tounsigned (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4926 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4927 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4928 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tounsignedx"><code>lua_tounsignedx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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4929 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4930 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4931 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4932 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4933 | 
| 
 
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4934 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tounsignedx"><code>lua_tounsignedx</code></a></h3><p> | 
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4935 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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4936 <pre>lua_Unsigned lua_tounsignedx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> | 
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4937 | 
| 
 
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4938 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4939 Converts the Lua value at the given index | 
| 
 
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 | 
4940 to the unsigned integral type <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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4941 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number | 
| 
 
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4942 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); | 
| 
 
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4943 otherwise, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code> returns 0. | 
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 | 
4944 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4945 | 
| 
 
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4946 <p> | 
| 
 
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4947 If the number is not an integer, | 
| 
 
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4948 it is truncated in some non-specified way. | 
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4949 If the number is outside the range of representable values, | 
| 
 
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4950 it is normalized to the remainder of its division by | 
| 
 
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4951 one more than the maximum representable value. | 
| 
 
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4952 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4953 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4954 <p> | 
| 
 
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4955 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4956 its referent is assigned a boolean value that | 
| 
 
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 | 
4957 indicates whether the operation succeeded. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4958 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4959 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4960 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4961 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4962 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4963 <hr><h3><a name="lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4964 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4965 <pre>void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4966 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4967 <p> | 
| 
 
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4968 If the value at the given index is a full userdata, | 
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 | 
4969 returns its block address. | 
| 
 
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4970 If the value is a light userdata, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4971 returns its pointer. | 
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4972 Otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
4973 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4974 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4975 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4976 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4977 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4978 <hr><h3><a name="lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
4979 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4980 <pre>int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
4981 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4982 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
4983 Returns the type of the value in the given valid index, | 
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 | 
4984 or <code>LUA_TNONE</code> for a non-valid (but acceptable) index. | 
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4985 The types returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> are coded by the following constants | 
| 
 
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 | 
4986 defined in <code>lua.h</code>: | 
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 | 
4987 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNIL"><code>LUA_TNIL</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4988 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNUMBER"><code>LUA_TNUMBER</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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4989 <a name="pdf-LUA_TBOOLEAN"><code>LUA_TBOOLEAN</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4990 <a name="pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4991 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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4992 <a name="pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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4993 <a name="pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
4994 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a>, | 
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 | 
4995 and | 
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 | 
4996 <a name="pdf-LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
4997 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4998 | 
| 
 
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 | 
4999 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5000 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5001 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5002 <hr><h3><a name="lua_typename"><code>lua_typename</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5003 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5004 <pre>const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int tp);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5005 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5006 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5007 Returns the name of the type encoded by the value <code>tp</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5008 which must be one the values returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a>. | 
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 | 
5009 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5010 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5011 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5012 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5013 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5014 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
5015 <pre>typedef unsigned long lua_Unsigned;</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5016 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5017 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5018 The type used by the Lua API to represent unsigned integral values. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5019 It must have at least 32 bits. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5020 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5021 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5022 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5023 By default it is an <code>unsigned int</code> or an <code>unsigned long</code>, | 
| 
 
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5024 whichever can hold 32-bit values. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5025 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5026 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5027 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5028 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5029 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5030 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5031 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5032 <pre>int lua_upvalueindex (int i);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5033 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5034 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5035 Returns the pseudo-index that represents the <code>i</code>-th upvalue of | 
| 
 
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 | 
5036 the running function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5037 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5038 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5039 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5040 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5041 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5042 <hr><h3><a name="lua_version"><code>lua_version</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5043 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5044 <pre>const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5045 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5046 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5047 Returns the address of the version number stored in the Lua core. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5048 When called with a valid <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5049 returns the address of the version used to create that state. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5050 When called with <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5051 returns the address of the version running the call. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5052 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5053 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5054 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5055 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5056 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5057 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5058 <pre>typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5059 const void* p, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5060 size_t sz, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5061 void* ud);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5062 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5063 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5064 The type of the writer function used by <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5065 Every time it produces another piece of chunk, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5066 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls the writer, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5067 passing along the buffer to be written (<code>p</code>), | 
| 
 
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 | 
5068 its size (<code>sz</code>), | 
| 
 
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 | 
5069 and the <code>data</code> parameter supplied to <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5070 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5071 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5072 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5073 The writer returns an error code: | 
| 
 
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 | 
5074 0 means no errors; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5075 any other value means an error and stops <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> from | 
| 
 
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 | 
5076 calling the writer again. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5077 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5078 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5079 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5080 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5081 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5082 <hr><h3><a name="lua_xmove"><code>lua_xmove</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5083 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5084 <pre>void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5085 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5086 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5087 Exchange values between different threads of the same state. | 
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 | 
5088 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5089 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5090 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5091 This function pops <code>n</code> values from the stack <code>from</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5092 and pushes them onto the stack <code>to</code>. | 
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 | 
5093 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5094 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5095 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5096 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5097 | 
| 
 
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5098 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5099 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
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 | 
5100 <pre>int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);</pre> | 
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 | 
5101 | 
| 
 
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5102 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5103 This function is equivalent to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, | 
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 | 
5104 but it has no continuation (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
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5105 Therefore, when the thread resumes, | 
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5106 it returns to the function that called | 
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 | 
5107 the function calling <code>lua_yield</code>. | 
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 | 
5108 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5109 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5110 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5111 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5112 | 
| 
 
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5113 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5114 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5115 <pre>int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L, int nresults, int ctx, lua_CFunction k);</pre> | 
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 | 
5116 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5117 <p> | 
| 
 
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5118 Yields a coroutine. | 
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 | 
5119 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5120 | 
| 
 
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5121 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5122 This function should only be called as the | 
| 
 
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 | 
5123 return expression of a C function, as follows: | 
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 | 
5124 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5125 <pre> | 
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 | 
5126 return lua_yieldk (L, n, i, k); | 
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 | 
5127 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5128 When a C function calls <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> in that way, | 
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 | 
5129 the running coroutine suspends its execution, | 
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5130 and the call to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> that started this coroutine returns. | 
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 | 
5131 The parameter <code>nresults</code> is the number of values from the stack | 
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 | 
5132 that are passed as results to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. | 
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 | 
5133 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5134 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5135 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5136 When the coroutine is resumed again, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5137 Lua calls the given continuation function <code>k</code> to continue | 
| 
 
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 | 
5138 the execution of the C function that yielded (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5139 This continuation function receives the same stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
5140 from the previous function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5141 with the results removed and | 
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 | 
5142 replaced by the arguments passed to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. | 
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 | 
5143 Moreover, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5144 the continuation function may access the value <code>ctx</code> | 
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 | 
5145 by calling <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5146 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5147 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5148 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5149 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5150 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5151 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5152 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5153 <h2>4.9 – <a name="4.9">The Debug Interface</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5154 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5155 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5156 Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5157 Instead, it offers a special interface | 
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 | 
5158 by means of functions and <em>hooks</em>. | 
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5159 This interface allows the construction of different | 
| 
 
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5160 kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools | 
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5161 that need "inside information" from the interpreter. | 
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 | 
5162 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5163 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5164 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5165 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5166 <pre>typedef struct lua_Debug { | 
| 
 
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 | 
5167 int event; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5168 const char *name; /* (n) */ | 
| 
 
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5169 const char *namewhat; /* (n) */ | 
| 
 
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5170 const char *what; /* (S) */ | 
| 
 
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5171 const char *source; /* (S) */ | 
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5172 int currentline; /* (l) */ | 
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5173 int linedefined; /* (S) */ | 
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5174 int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */ | 
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5175 unsigned char nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */ | 
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5176 unsigned char nparams; /* (u) number of parameters */ | 
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5177 char isvararg; /* (u) */ | 
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5178 char istailcall; /* (t) */ | 
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5179 char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */ | 
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5180 /* private part */ | 
| 
 
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5181 <em>other fields</em> | 
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5182 } lua_Debug;</pre> | 
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5183 | 
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5184 <p> | 
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5185 A structure used to carry different pieces of | 
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5186 information about a function or an activation record. | 
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5187 <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> fills only the private part | 
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5188 of this structure, for later use. | 
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5189 To fill the other fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> with useful information, | 
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5190 call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. | 
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5191 | 
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5192 | 
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5193 <p> | 
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5194 The fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> have the following meaning: | 
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5195 | 
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5196 <ul> | 
| 
 
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5197 | 
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5198 <li><b><code>source</code>: </b> | 
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5199 the source of the chunk that created the function. | 
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5200 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>@</code>', | 
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5201 it means that the function was defined in a file where | 
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5202 the file name follows the '<code>@</code>'. | 
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5203 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>=</code>', | 
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5204 the remainder of its contents describe the source in a user-dependent manner. | 
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5205 Otherwise, | 
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5206 the function was defined in a string where | 
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5207 <code>source</code> is that string. | 
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5208 </li> | 
| 
 
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5209 | 
| 
 
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5210 <li><b><code>short_src</code>: </b> | 
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5211 a "printable" version of <code>source</code>, to be used in error messages. | 
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5212 </li> | 
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5213 | 
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5214 <li><b><code>linedefined</code>: </b> | 
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5215 the line number where the definition of the function starts. | 
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5216 </li> | 
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5217 | 
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5218 <li><b><code>lastlinedefined</code>: </b> | 
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5219 the line number where the definition of the function ends. | 
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5220 </li> | 
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5221 | 
| 
 
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5222 <li><b><code>what</code>: </b> | 
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5223 the string <code>"Lua"</code> if the function is a Lua function, | 
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5224 <code>"C"</code> if it is a C function, | 
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5225 <code>"main"</code> if it is the main part of a chunk. | 
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5226 </li> | 
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5227 | 
| 
 
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5228 <li><b><code>currentline</code>: </b> | 
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5229 the current line where the given function is executing. | 
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5230 When no line information is available, | 
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5231 <code>currentline</code> is set to -1. | 
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5232 </li> | 
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5233 | 
| 
 
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5234 <li><b><code>name</code>: </b> | 
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5235 a reasonable name for the given function. | 
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5236 Because functions in Lua are first-class values, | 
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5237 they do not have a fixed name: | 
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5238 some functions can be the value of multiple global variables, | 
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5239 while others can be stored only in a table field. | 
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5240 The <code>lua_getinfo</code> function checks how the function was | 
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5241 called to find a suitable name. | 
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5242 If it cannot find a name, | 
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5243 then <code>name</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>. | 
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5244 </li> | 
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5245 | 
| 
 
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5246 <li><b><code>namewhat</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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5247 explains the <code>name</code> field. | 
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5248 The value of <code>namewhat</code> can be | 
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5249 <code>"global"</code>, <code>"local"</code>, <code>"method"</code>, | 
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5250 <code>"field"</code>, <code>"upvalue"</code>, or <code>""</code> (the empty string), | 
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5251 according to how the function was called. | 
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5252 (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) | 
| 
 
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5253 </li> | 
| 
 
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5254 | 
| 
 
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5255 <li><b><code>istailcall</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5256 true if this function invocation was called by a tail call. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5257 In this case, the caller of this level is not in the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5258 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5259 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5260 <li><b><code>nups</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5261 the number of upvalues of the function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5262 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5263 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5264 <li><b><code>nparams</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5265 the number of fixed parameters of the function | 
| 
 
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 | 
5266 (always 0 for C functions). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5267 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5268 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5269 <li><b><code>isvararg</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5270 true if the function is a vararg function | 
| 
 
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 | 
5271 (always true for C functions). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5272 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5273 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5274 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5275 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5276 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5277 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5278 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5279 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethook"><code>lua_gethook</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5280 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5281 <pre>lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5282 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5283 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5284 Returns the current hook function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5285 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5286 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5287 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
5288 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5289 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5290 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookcount"><code>lua_gethookcount</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5291 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5292 <pre>int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5293 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5294 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5295 Returns the current hook count. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5296 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5297 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5298 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5299 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5300 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5301 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookmask"><code>lua_gethookmask</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5302 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5303 <pre>int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5304 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5305 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5306 Returns the current hook mask. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5307 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5308 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5309 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5310 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5311 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5312 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5313 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5314 <pre>int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5315 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5316 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5317 Gets information about a specific function or function invocation. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5318 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5319 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5320 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5321 To get information about a function invocation, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5322 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was | 
| 
 
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 | 
5323 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or | 
| 
 
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 | 
5324 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5325 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5326 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5327 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5328 To get information about a function you push it onto the stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
5329 and start the <code>what</code> string with the character '<code>></code>'. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5330 (In that case, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5331 <code>lua_getinfo</code> pops the function from the top of the stack.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5332 For instance, to know in which line a function <code>f</code> was defined, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5333 you can write the following code: | 
| 
 
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 | 
5334 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5335 <pre> | 
| 
 
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5336 lua_Debug ar; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5337 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* get global 'f' */ | 
| 
 
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 | 
5338 lua_getinfo(L, ">S", &ar); | 
| 
 
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 | 
5339 printf("%d\n", ar.linedefined); | 
| 
 
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 | 
5340 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5341 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5342 <p> | 
| 
 
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5343 Each character in the string <code>what</code> | 
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5344 selects some fields of the structure <code>ar</code> to be filled or | 
| 
 
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 | 
5345 a value to be pushed on the stack: | 
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5346 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5347 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5348 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5349 <li><b>'<code>n</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>name</code> and <code>namewhat</code>; | 
| 
 
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5350 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5351 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5352 <li><b>'<code>S</code>': </b> | 
| 
 
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5353 fills in the fields <code>source</code>, <code>short_src</code>, | 
| 
 
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5354 <code>linedefined</code>, <code>lastlinedefined</code>, and <code>what</code>; | 
| 
 
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5355 </li> | 
| 
 
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5356 | 
| 
 
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5357 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>currentline</code>; | 
| 
 
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5358 </li> | 
| 
 
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5359 | 
| 
 
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5360 <li><b>'<code>t</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>istailcall</code>; | 
| 
 
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5361 </li> | 
| 
 
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5362 | 
| 
 
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5363 <li><b>'<code>u</code>': </b> fills in the fields | 
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5364 <code>nups</code>, <code>nparams</code>, and <code>isvararg</code>; | 
| 
 
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5365 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5366 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5367 <li><b>'<code>f</code>': </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5368 pushes onto the stack the function that is | 
| 
 
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 | 
5369 running at the given level; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5370 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5371 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5372 <li><b>'<code>L</code>': </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5373 pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the | 
| 
 
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5374 numbers of the lines that are valid on the function. | 
| 
 
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5375 (A <em>valid line</em> is a line with some associated code, | 
| 
 
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5376 that is, a line where you can put a break point. | 
| 
 
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5377 Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.) | 
| 
 
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5378 </li> | 
| 
 
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5379 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5380 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5381 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5382 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5383 This function returns 0 on error | 
| 
 
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 | 
5384 (for instance, an invalid option in <code>what</code>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5385 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5386 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5387 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5388 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5389 | 
| 
 
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5390 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5391 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> | 
| 
 
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5392 <pre>const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5393 | 
| 
 
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5394 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5395 Gets information about a local variable of | 
| 
 
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 | 
5396 a given activation record or a given function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5397 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5398 | 
| 
 
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5399 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5400 In the first case, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5401 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was | 
| 
 
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5402 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or | 
| 
 
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5403 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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5404 The index <code>n</code> selects which local variable to inspect; | 
| 
 
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5405 see <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for details about variable indices | 
| 
 
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5406 and names. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5407 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5408 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5409 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5410 <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> pushes the variable's value onto the stack | 
| 
 
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5411 and returns its name. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5412 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5413 | 
| 
 
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5414 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5415 In the second case, <code>ar</code> should be <code>NULL</code> and the function | 
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5416 to be inspected must be at the top of the stack. | 
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5417 In this case, only parameters of Lua functions are visible | 
| 
 
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5418 (as there is no information about what variables are active) | 
| 
 
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5419 and no values are pushed onto the stack. | 
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 | 
5420 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5421 | 
| 
 
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5422 <p> | 
| 
 
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5423 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) | 
| 
 
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5424 when the index is greater than | 
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5425 the number of active local variables. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5426 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5427 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5428 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5429 | 
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 | 
5430 | 
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5431 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5432 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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5433 <pre>int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> | 
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 | 
5434 | 
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 | 
5435 <p> | 
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 | 
5436 Gets information about the interpreter runtime stack. | 
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 | 
5437 | 
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 | 
5438 | 
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5439 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5440 This function fills parts of a <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> structure with | 
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 | 
5441 an identification of the <em>activation record</em> | 
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 | 
5442 of the function executing at a given level. | 
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 | 
5443 Level 0 is the current running function, | 
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5444 whereas level <em>n+1</em> is the function that has called level <em>n</em> | 
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 | 
5445 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack). | 
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5446 When there are no errors, <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> returns 1; | 
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5447 when called with a level greater than the stack depth, | 
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5448 it returns 0. | 
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 | 
5449 | 
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 | 
5450 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5451 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5452 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5453 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5454 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5455 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> | 
| 
 
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5456 <pre>const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> | 
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 | 
5457 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5458 <p> | 
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 | 
5459 Gets information about a closure's upvalue. | 
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 | 
5460 (For Lua functions, | 
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5461 upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, | 
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5462 and that are consequently included in its closure.) | 
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5463 <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> gets the index <code>n</code> of an upvalue, | 
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5464 pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack, | 
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5465 and returns its name. | 
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 | 
5466 <code>funcindex</code> points to the closure in the stack. | 
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 | 
5467 (Upvalues have no particular order, | 
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 | 
5468 as they are active through the whole function. | 
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5469 So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.) | 
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 | 
5470 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5471 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5472 <p> | 
| 
 
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5473 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) | 
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 | 
5474 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. | 
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5475 For C functions, this function uses the empty string <code>""</code> | 
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 | 
5476 as a name for all upvalues. | 
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 | 
5477 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5478 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5479 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5480 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5481 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5482 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
5483 <pre>typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> | 
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 | 
5484 | 
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 | 
5485 <p> | 
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 | 
5486 Type for debugging hook functions. | 
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 | 
5487 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5488 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5489 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5490 Whenever a hook is called, its <code>ar</code> argument has its field | 
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 | 
5491 <code>event</code> set to the specific event that triggered the hook. | 
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 | 
5492 Lua identifies these events with the following constants: | 
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 | 
5493 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKRET"><code>LUA_HOOKRET</code></a>, | 
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5494 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE"><code>LUA_HOOKLINE</code></a>, | 
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 | 
5495 and <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT"><code>LUA_HOOKCOUNT</code></a>. | 
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5496 Moreover, for line events, the field <code>currentline</code> is also set. | 
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5497 To get the value of any other field in <code>ar</code>, | 
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5498 the hook must call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. | 
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 | 
5499 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5500 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5501 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5502 For call events, <code>event</code> can be <code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code>, | 
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5503 the normal value, or <code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code>, for a tail call; | 
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5504 in this case, there will be no corresponding return event. | 
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 | 
5505 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5506 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5507 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5508 While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. | 
| 
 
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5509 Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, | 
| 
 
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5510 this execution occurs without any calls to hooks. | 
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 | 
5511 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5512 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5513 <p> | 
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5514 Hook functions cannot have continuations, | 
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 | 
5515 that is, they cannot call <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, | 
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5516 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, or <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> with a non-null <code>k</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5517 | 
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 | 
5518 | 
| 
 
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5519 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5520 Hook functions can yield under the following conditions: | 
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5521 Only count and line events can yield | 
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5522 and they cannot yield any value; | 
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5523 to yield a hook function must finish its execution | 
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5524 calling <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a> with <code>nresults</code> equal to zero. | 
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5525 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5526 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5527 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5528 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5529 | 
| 
 
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5530 <hr><h3><a name="lua_sethook"><code>lua_sethook</code></a></h3><p> | 
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5531 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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5532 <pre>int lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);</pre> | 
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5533 | 
| 
 
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5534 <p> | 
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 | 
5535 Sets the debugging hook function. | 
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5536 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5537 | 
| 
 
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5538 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5539 Argument <code>f</code> is the hook function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5540 <code>mask</code> specifies on which events the hook will be called: | 
| 
 
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 | 
5541 it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants | 
| 
 
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 | 
5542 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCALL"><code>LUA_MASKCALL</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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5543 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKRET"><code>LUA_MASKRET</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5544 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKLINE"><code>LUA_MASKLINE</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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5545 and <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT"><code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5546 The <code>count</code> argument is only meaningful when the mask | 
| 
 
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 | 
5547 includes <code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code>. | 
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5548 For each event, the hook is called as explained below: | 
| 
 
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 | 
5549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5550 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5551 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5552 <li><b>The call hook: </b> is called when the interpreter calls a function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5553 The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, | 
| 
 
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5554 before the function gets its arguments. | 
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 | 
5555 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5556 | 
| 
 
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5557 <li><b>The return hook: </b> is called when the interpreter returns from a function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5558 The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. | 
| 
 
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5559 There is no standard way to access the values | 
| 
 
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5560 to be returned by the function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5561 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5562 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5563 <li><b>The line hook: </b> is called when the interpreter is about to | 
| 
 
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 | 
5564 start the execution of a new line of code, | 
| 
 
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5565 or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5566 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5567 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5568 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5569 <li><b>The count hook: </b> is called after the interpreter executes every | 
| 
 
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 | 
5570 <code>count</code> instructions. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5571 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5572 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5573 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5574 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5575 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5576 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5577 A hook is disabled by setting <code>mask</code> to zero. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5578 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5579 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5580 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5581 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5582 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5583 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5584 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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5585 <pre>const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5586 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5587 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5588 Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. | 
| 
 
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5589 Parameters <code>ar</code> and <code>n</code> are as in <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5590 (see <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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5591 <a href="#lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a> assigns the value at the top of the stack | 
| 
 
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5592 to the variable and returns its name. | 
| 
 
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5593 It also pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5594 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5595 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5596 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5597 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5598 when the index is greater than | 
| 
 
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 | 
5599 the number of active local variables. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5600 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5601 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5602 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5603 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5604 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5605 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setupvalue"><code>lua_setupvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5606 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5607 <pre>const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5608 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5609 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5610 Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5611 It assigns the value at the top of the stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
5612 to the upvalue and returns its name. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5613 It also pops the value from the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5614 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5615 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5616 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5617 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5618 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5619 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5620 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5621 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5622 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5623 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5624 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5625 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5626 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueid"><code>lua_upvalueid</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5627 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5628 <pre>void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5629 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5630 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5631 Returns an unique identifier for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5632 from the closure at index <code>funcindex</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5633 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5634 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5635 (but <code>n</code> cannot be greater than the number of upvalues). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5636 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5637 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5638 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5639 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different | 
| 
 
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 | 
5640 closures share upvalues. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5641 Lua closures that share an upvalue | 
| 
 
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 | 
5642 (that is, that access a same external local variable) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5643 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5644 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5645 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5646 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5647 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5648 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5649 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvaluejoin"><code>lua_upvaluejoin</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5650 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5651 <pre>void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int funcindex1, int n1, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5652 int funcindex2, int n2);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5653 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5654 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5655 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex1</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5656 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex2</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5657 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5658 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5659 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5660 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5661 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5662 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5663 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5664 <h1>5 – <a name="5">The Auxiliary Library</a></h1> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5665 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5666 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5667 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5668 The <em>auxiliary library</em> provides several convenient functions | 
| 
 
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 | 
5669 to interface C with Lua. | 
| 
 
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5670 While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all | 
| 
 
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 | 
5671 interactions between C and Lua, | 
| 
 
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5672 the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some | 
| 
 
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 | 
5673 common tasks. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5674 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5675 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5676 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5677 All functions and types from the auxiliary library | 
| 
 
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 | 
5678 are defined in header file <code>lauxlib.h</code> and | 
| 
 
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 | 
5679 have a prefix <code>luaL_</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5680 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5681 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5682 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5683 All functions in the auxiliary library are built on | 
| 
 
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 | 
5684 top of the basic API, | 
| 
 
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5685 and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with that API. | 
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 | 
5686 Nevertheless, the use of the auxiliary library ensures | 
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 | 
5687 more consistency to your code. | 
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 | 
5688 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5689 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5690 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5691 Several functions in the auxiliary library use internally some | 
| 
 
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 | 
5692 extra stack slots. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5693 When a function in the auxiliary library uses less than five slots, | 
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 | 
5694 it does not check the stack size; | 
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 | 
5695 it simply assumes that there are enough slots. | 
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 | 
5696 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5697 | 
| 
 
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5698 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5699 Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to | 
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 | 
5700 check C function arguments. | 
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5701 Because the error message is formatted for arguments | 
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 | 
5702 (e.g., "<code>bad argument #1</code>"), | 
| 
 
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 | 
5703 you should not use these functions for other stack values. | 
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 | 
5704 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5705 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5706 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5707 Functions called <code>luaL_check*</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5708 always throw an error if the check is not satisfied. | 
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 | 
5709 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5710 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5711 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5712 <h2>5.1 – <a name="5.1">Functions and Types</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5713 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5714 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5715 Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library | 
| 
 
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 | 
5716 in alphabetical order. | 
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 | 
5717 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5718 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5719 | 
| 
 
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5720 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addchar"><code>luaL_addchar</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5721 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5722 <pre>void luaL_addchar (luaL_Buffer *B, char c);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5723 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5724 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5725 Adds the byte <code>c</code> to the buffer <code>B</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5726 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5727 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5728 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5729 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5730 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5731 | 
| 
 
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5732 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addlstring"><code>luaL_addlstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5733 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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5734 <pre>void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5735 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5736 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5737 Adds the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with length <code>l</code> to | 
| 
 
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 | 
5738 the buffer <code>B</code> | 
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 | 
5739 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5740 The string can contain embedded zeros. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5741 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5742 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5743 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5744 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5745 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5746 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5747 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5748 <pre>void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5749 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5750 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5751 Adds to the buffer <code>B</code> (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>) | 
| 
 
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5752 a string of length <code>n</code> previously copied to the | 
| 
 
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 | 
5753 buffer area (see <a href="#luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5754 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5755 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5756 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5757 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5758 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5759 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addstring"><code>luaL_addstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5760 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5761 <pre>void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5762 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5763 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5764 Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5765 to the buffer <code>B</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5766 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5767 The string cannot contain embedded zeros. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5768 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
5769 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5770 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5771 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5772 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5773 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5774 <span class="apii">[-1, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5775 <pre>void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5776 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5777 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5778 Adds the value at the top of the stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
5779 to the buffer <code>B</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5780 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5781 Pops the value. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5782 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5783 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5784 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5785 This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) | 
| 
 
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 | 
5786 be called with an extra element on the stack, | 
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 | 
5787 which is the value to be added to the buffer. | 
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 | 
5788 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5789 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5790 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5791 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5792 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5793 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argcheck"><code>luaL_argcheck</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5794 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5795 <pre>void luaL_argcheck (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5796 int cond, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5797 int arg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5798 const char *extramsg);</pre> | 
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 | 
5799 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5800 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5801 Checks whether <code>cond</code> is true. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5802 If not, raises an error with a standard message. | 
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 | 
5803 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5805 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5806 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5807 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5808 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5809 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5810 <pre>int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5811 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5812 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5813 Raises an error with a standard message | 
| 
 
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 | 
5814 that includes <code>extramsg</code> as a comment. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5815 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5816 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5817 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5818 This function never returns, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5819 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions | 
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 | 
5820 as <code>return luaL_argerror(<em>args</em>)</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5821 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5822 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5823 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5824 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5825 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5826 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5827 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5828 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5829 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5830 Type for a <em>string buffer</em>. | 
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 | 
5831 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5832 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5833 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5834 A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5835 Its pattern of use is as follows: | 
| 
 
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 | 
5836 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5837 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5838 | 
| 
 
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5839 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> | 
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 | 
5840 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5841 <li>Then initialize it with a call <code>luaL_buffinit(L, &b)</code>.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5842 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5843 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5844 Then add string pieces to the buffer calling any of | 
| 
 
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 | 
5845 the <code>luaL_add*</code> functions. | 
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 | 
5846 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5847 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5848 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5849 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresult(&b)</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5850 This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5851 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5852 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5853 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5854 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5855 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5856 If you know beforehand the total size of the resulting string, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5857 you can use the buffer like this: | 
| 
 
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 | 
5858 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5859 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5860 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5861 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> | 
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 | 
5862 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5863 <li>Then initialize it and preallocate a space of | 
| 
 
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 | 
5864 size <code>sz</code> with a call <code>luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, sz)</code>.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5865 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5866 <li>Then copy the string into that space.</li> | 
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 | 
5867 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5868 <li> | 
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 | 
5869 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresultsize(&b, sz)</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5870 where <code>sz</code> is the total size of the resulting string | 
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 | 
5871 copied into that space. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5872 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5873 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5874 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5875 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5876 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5877 During its normal operation, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5878 a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5879 So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where | 
| 
 
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 | 
5880 the top of the stack is. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5881 You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations | 
| 
 
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 | 
5882 as long as that use is balanced; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5883 that is, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5884 when you call a buffer operation, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5885 the stack is at the same level | 
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 | 
5886 it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. | 
| 
 
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5887 (The only exception to this rule is <a href="#luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a>.) | 
| 
 
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5888 After calling <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a> the stack is back to its | 
| 
 
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 | 
5889 level when the buffer was initialized, | 
| 
 
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 | 
5890 plus the final string on its top. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5891 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5892 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5893 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5894 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5895 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5896 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5897 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5898 <pre>void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5899 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5900 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5901 Initializes a buffer <code>B</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5902 This function does not allocate any space; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5903 the buffer must be declared as a variable | 
| 
 
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 | 
5904 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
5905 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5906 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5907 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5908 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5909 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5910 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinitsize"><code>luaL_buffinitsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5911 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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5912 <pre>char *luaL_buffinitsize (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5913 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5914 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5915 Equivalent to the sequence | 
| 
 
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 | 
5916 <a href="#luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5917 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5918 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5919 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5920 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5921 | 
| 
 
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5922 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_callmeta"><code>luaL_callmeta</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5923 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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5924 <pre>int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5925 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5926 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5927 Calls a metamethod. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5928 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5929 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5930 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5931 If the object at index <code>obj</code> has a metatable and this | 
| 
 
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5932 metatable has a field <code>e</code>, | 
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5933 this function calls this field passing the object as its only argument. | 
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5934 In this case this function returns true and pushes onto the | 
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 | 
5935 stack the value returned by the call. | 
| 
 
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5936 If there is no metatable or no metamethod, | 
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5937 this function returns false (without pushing any value on the stack). | 
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 | 
5938 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5939 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5940 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5941 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5942 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5943 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkany"><code>luaL_checkany</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5944 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5945 <pre>void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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 | 
5946 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5947 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5948 Checks whether the function has an argument | 
| 
 
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 | 
5949 of any type (including <b>nil</b>) at position <code>arg</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5950 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5951 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5952 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5953 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5954 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5955 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkint"><code>luaL_checkint</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5956 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5957 <pre>int luaL_checkint (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
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 | 
5958 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5959 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5960 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
| 
 
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 | 
5961 and returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5962 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5963 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5964 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5965 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5966 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5967 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkinteger"><code>luaL_checkinteger</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5968 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5969 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5970 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5971 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5972 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
| 
 
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 | 
5973 and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. | 
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 | 
5974 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5975 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5976 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5977 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5978 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5979 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklong"><code>luaL_checklong</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
5980 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5981 <pre>long luaL_checklong (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5982 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5983 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5984 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
| 
 
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 | 
5985 and returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
5986 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5987 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5988 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5989 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5990 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5991 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklstring"><code>luaL_checklstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5992 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5993 <pre>const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int arg, size_t *l);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5994 | 
| 
 
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 | 
5995 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
5996 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string | 
| 
 
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 | 
5997 and returns this string; | 
| 
 
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 | 
5998 if <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code> fills <code>*l</code> | 
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 | 
5999 with the string's length. | 
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 | 
6000 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6001 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6002 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6003 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6004 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. | 
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 | 
6005 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6006 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6007 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6008 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6009 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6010 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checknumber"><code>luaL_checknumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6011 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6012 <pre>lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6013 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6014 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6015 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
| 
 
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 | 
6016 and returns this number. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6017 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6018 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6019 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6020 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6021 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6022 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkoption"><code>luaL_checkoption</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6023 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6024 <pre>int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6025 int arg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6026 const char *def, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6027 const char *const lst[]);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6028 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6029 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6030 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string and | 
| 
 
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 | 
6031 searches for this string in the array <code>lst</code> | 
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 | 
6032 (which must be NULL-terminated). | 
| 
 
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 | 
6033 Returns the index in the array where the string was found. | 
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 | 
6034 Raises an error if the argument is not a string or | 
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 | 
6035 if the string cannot be found. | 
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 | 
6036 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6037 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6038 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6039 If <code>def</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6040 the function uses <code>def</code> as a default value when | 
| 
 
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 | 
6041 there is no argument <code>arg</code> or when this argument is <b>nil</b>. | 
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 | 
6042 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6043 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6044 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6045 This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums. | 
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 | 
6046 (The usual convention in Lua libraries is | 
| 
 
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 | 
6047 to use strings instead of numbers to select options.) | 
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 | 
6048 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6049 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6050 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6051 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6052 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6053 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstack"><code>luaL_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6054 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6055 <pre>void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6056 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6057 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6058 Grows the stack size to <code>top + sz</code> elements, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6059 raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. | 
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 | 
6060 <code>msg</code> is an additional text to go into the error message | 
| 
 
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 | 
6061 (or <code>NULL</code> for no additional text). | 
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 | 
6062 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6063 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6064 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6065 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6066 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6067 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstring"><code>luaL_checkstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6068 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6069 <pre>const char *luaL_checkstring (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6070 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6071 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6072 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string | 
| 
 
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 | 
6073 and returns this string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6074 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6075 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6076 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6077 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6078 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. | 
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changeset
 | 
6079 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6080 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6081 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6082 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6083 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6084 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checktype"><code>luaL_checktype</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6085 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6086 <pre>void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int arg, int t);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6087 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6088 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6089 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> has type <code>t</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6090 See <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> for the encoding of types for <code>t</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6091 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6092 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6093 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6094 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6095 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6096 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6097 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6098 <pre>void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6099 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6100 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6101 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a userdata | 
| 
 
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 | 
6102 of the type <code>tname</code> (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>) and | 
| 
 
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 | 
6103 returns the userdata address (see <a href="#lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
6104 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6105 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6106 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6107 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6108 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6109 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkunsigned"><code>luaL_checkunsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6110 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6111 <pre>lua_Unsigned luaL_checkunsigned (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6112 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6113 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6114 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number | 
| 
 
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 | 
6115 and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. | 
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 | 
6116 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6117 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6118 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6119 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6120 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6121 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkversion"><code>luaL_checkversion</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6122 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6123 <pre>void luaL_checkversion (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
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 | 
6124 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6125 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6126 Checks whether the core running the call, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6127 the core that created the Lua state, | 
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 | 
6128 and the code making the call are all using the same version of Lua. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6129 Also checks whether the core running the call | 
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 | 
6130 and the core that created the Lua state | 
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 | 
6131 are using the same address space. | 
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 | 
6132 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6133 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6134 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6135 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6136 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6137 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dofile"><code>luaL_dofile</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6138 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6139 <pre>int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6140 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6141 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6142 Loads and runs the given file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6143 It is defined as the following macro: | 
| 
 
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 | 
6144 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6145 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6146 (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) | 
| 
 
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 | 
6147 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6148 It returns false if there are no errors | 
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 | 
6149 or true in case of errors. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6150 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6151 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6152 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6153 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6154 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6155 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dostring"><code>luaL_dostring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6156 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6157 <pre>int luaL_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6158 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6159 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6160 Loads and runs the given string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6161 It is defined as the following macro: | 
| 
 
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 | 
6162 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6163 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6164 (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) | 
| 
 
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 | 
6165 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6166 It returns false if there are no errors | 
| 
 
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 | 
6167 or true in case of errors. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6168 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6169 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6170 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6171 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6172 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6173 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6174 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6175 <pre>int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6176 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6177 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6178 Raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6179 The error message format is given by <code>fmt</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6180 plus any extra arguments, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6181 following the same rules of <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6182 It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and | 
| 
 
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 | 
6183 the line number where the error occurred, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6184 if this information is available. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6185 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6186 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6187 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6188 This function never returns, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6189 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions | 
| 
 
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 | 
6190 as <code>return luaL_error(<em>args</em>)</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6191 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6192 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6193 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6194 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6195 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6196 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_execresult"><code>luaL_execresult</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6197 <span class="apii">[-0, +3, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6198 <pre>int luaL_execresult (lua_State *L, int stat);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6199 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6200 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6201 This function produces the return values for | 
| 
 
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 | 
6202 process-related functions in the standard library | 
| 
 
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 | 
6203 (<a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.close"><code>io.close</code></a>). | 
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 | 
6204 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6205 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6206 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6207 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6208 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6209 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_fileresult"><code>luaL_fileresult</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6210 <span class="apii">[-0, +(1|3), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6211 <pre>int luaL_fileresult (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6212 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6213 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6214 This function produces the return values for | 
| 
 
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 | 
6215 file-related functions in the standard library | 
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 | 
6216 (<a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek</code></a>, etc.). | 
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 | 
6217 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6218 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6219 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6220 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6221 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6222 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetafield"><code>luaL_getmetafield</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6223 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6224 <pre>int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6225 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6226 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6227 Pushes onto the stack the field <code>e</code> from the metatable | 
| 
 
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 | 
6228 of the object at index <code>obj</code>. | 
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 | 
6229 If the object does not have a metatable, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6230 or if the metatable does not have this field, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6231 returns false and pushes nothing. | 
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 | 
6232 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6233 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6234 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6235 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6236 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6237 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetatable"><code>luaL_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6238 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6239 <pre>void luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6240 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6241 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6242 Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6243 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
6244 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6245 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6246 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6247 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6248 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6249 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getsubtable"><code>luaL_getsubtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6250 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6251 <pre>int luaL_getsubtable (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6252 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6253 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6254 Ensures that the value <code>t[fname]</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6255 where <code>t</code> is the value at index <code>idx</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6256 is a table, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6257 and pushes that table onto the stack. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6258 Returns true if it finds a previous table there | 
| 
 
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 | 
6259 and false if it creates a new table. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6260 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6261 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6262 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6263 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6264 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6265 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_gsub"><code>luaL_gsub</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6266 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6267 <pre>const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6268 const char *s, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6269 const char *p, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6270 const char *r);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6271 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6272 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6273 Creates a copy of string <code>s</code> by replacing | 
| 
 
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 | 
6274 any occurrence of the string <code>p</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6275 with the string <code>r</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6276 Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6277 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6278 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6279 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6280 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6281 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6282 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_len"><code>luaL_len</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6283 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
6284 <pre>int luaL_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6285 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6286 <p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6287 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6288 as a number; | 
| 
 
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 | 
6289 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6290 Raises an error if the result of the operation is not a number. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6291 (This case only can happen through metamethods.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
6292 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6293 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6294 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6295 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6296 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6297 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbuffer"><code>luaL_loadbuffer</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6298 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6299 <pre>int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6300 const char *buff, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6301 size_t sz, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6302 const char *name);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6303 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6304 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6305 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6306 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6307 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6308 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6309 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6310 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6311 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6312 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6313 <pre>int luaL_loadbufferx (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6314 const char *buff, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6315 size_t sz, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6316 const char *name, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6317 const char *mode);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6318 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6319 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6320 Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6321 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the | 
| 
 
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 | 
6322 buffer pointed to by <code>buff</code> with size <code>sz</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6323 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6324 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6325 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6326 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6327 <code>name</code> is the chunk name, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6328 used for debug information and error messages. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6329 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6330 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6331 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6332 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6333 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6334 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6335 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfile"><code>luaL_loadfile</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6336 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6337 <pre>int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6338 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6339 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6340 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6341 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6342 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6343 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6344 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6345 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6346 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6347 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6348 <pre>int luaL_loadfilex (lua_State *L, const char *filename, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6349 const char *mode);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6350 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6351 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6352 Loads a file as a Lua chunk. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6353 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the file | 
| 
 
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 | 
6354 named <code>filename</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6355 If <code>filename</code> is <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6356 then it loads from the standard input. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6357 The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a <code>#</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6358 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6359 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6360 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6361 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6362 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6363 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6364 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6365 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6366 but it has an extra error code <a name="pdf-LUA_ERRFILE"><code>LUA_ERRFILE</code></a> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6367 if it cannot open/read the file or the file has a wrong mode. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6368 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6369 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6370 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6371 As <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6372 it does not run it. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6373 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6374 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6375 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6376 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6377 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6378 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadstring"><code>luaL_loadstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6379 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6380 <pre>int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6381 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6382 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6383 Loads a string as a Lua chunk. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6384 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in | 
| 
 
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 | 
6385 the zero-terminated string <code>s</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6386 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6387 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6388 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6389 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6390 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6391 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6392 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6393 Also as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; | 
| 
 
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 | 
6394 it does not run it. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6395 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6396 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6397 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6398 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6399 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6400 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6401 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6402 <pre>void luaL_newlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6403 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6404 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6405 Creates a new table and registers there | 
| 
 
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 | 
6406 the functions in list <code>l</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6407 It is implemented as the following macro: | 
| 
 
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 | 
6408 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6409 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6410 (luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0)) | 
| 
 
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 | 
6411 </pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6412 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
6413 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
6414 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6415 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6416 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlibtable"><code>luaL_newlibtable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6417 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6418 <pre>void luaL_newlibtable (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6419 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6420 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6421 Creates a new table with a size optimized | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6422 to store all entries in the array <code>l</code> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6423 (but does not actually store them). | 
| 
 
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 | 
6424 It is intended to be used in conjunction with <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6425 (see <a href="#luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a>). | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6426 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
6427 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6428 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6429 It is implemented as a macro. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6430 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6431 not a pointer to it. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6432 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
6433 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6434 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
6435 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6436 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6437 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6438 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6439 <pre>int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6440 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6441 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6442 If the registry already has the key <code>tname</code>, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6443 returns 0. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6444 Otherwise, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6445 creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6446 adds it to the registry with key <code>tname</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6447 and returns 1. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6448 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6449 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6450 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6451 In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6452 with <code>tname</code> in the registry. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6453 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
6454 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6455 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6456 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6457 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6458 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6459 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6460 <pre>lua_State *luaL_newstate (void);</pre> | 
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 | 
6461 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6462 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6463 Creates a new Lua state. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6464 It calls <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> with an | 
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 | 
6465 allocator based on the standard C <code>realloc</code> function | 
| 
 
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 | 
6466 and then sets a panic function (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>) that prints | 
| 
 
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 | 
6467 an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal | 
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 | 
6468 errors. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6469 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6470 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6471 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6472 Returns the new state, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6473 or <code>NULL</code> if there is a memory allocation error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6474 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6475 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6476 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6477 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6478 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6479 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6480 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6481 <pre>void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6482 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6483 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6484 Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6485 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6486 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6487 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6488 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6489 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6490 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optint"><code>luaL_optint</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6491 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6492 <pre>int luaL_optint (lua_State *L, int arg, int d);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6493 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6494 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6495 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6496 returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6497 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6498 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6499 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6500 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6501 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6502 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6503 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6504 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
6505 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optinteger"><code>luaL_optinteger</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6506 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6507 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6508 int arg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6509 lua_Integer d);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6510 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6511 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6512 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6513 returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6514 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6515 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6516 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6517 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6518 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6519 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6520 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6521 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6522 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlong"><code>luaL_optlong</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6523 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6524 <pre>long luaL_optlong (lua_State *L, int arg, long d);</pre> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6525 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6526 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6527 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6528 returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6529 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6530 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6531 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6532 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6533 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6534 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6535 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6536 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6537 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlstring"><code>luaL_optlstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6538 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6539 <pre>const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6540 int arg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6541 const char *d, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6542 size_t *l);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6543 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6544 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6545 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6546 returns this string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6547 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6548 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6549 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6550 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6551 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6552 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6553 If <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6554 fills the position <code>*l</code> with the result's length. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6555 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6556 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6557 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6558 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6559 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6560 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optnumber"><code>luaL_optnumber</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6561 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6562 <pre>lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number d);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6563 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6564 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6565 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6566 returns this number. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6567 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6568 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6569 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6570 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6571 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6572 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6573 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6574 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6575 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optstring"><code>luaL_optstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6576 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6577 <pre>const char *luaL_optstring (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6578 int arg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6579 const char *d);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6580 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6581 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6582 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6583 returns this string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6584 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6585 returns <code>d</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6586 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6587 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6588 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6589 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6590 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6591 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6592 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optunsigned"><code>luaL_optunsigned</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6593 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6594 <pre>lua_Unsigned luaL_optunsigned (lua_State *L, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6595 int arg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6596 lua_Unsigned u);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6597 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6598 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6599 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6600 returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6601 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6602 returns <code>u</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6603 Otherwise, raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6604 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6605 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6606 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6607 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6608 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6609 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6610 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6611 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6612 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6613 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6614 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6615 with the predefined size <a name="pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE"><code>LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6616 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6617 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6618 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6619 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6620 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6621 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6622 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6623 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6624 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6625 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6626 Returns an address to a space of size <code>sz</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6627 where you can copy a string to be added to buffer <code>B</code> | 
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 | 
6628 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). | 
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6629 After copying the string into this space you must call | 
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6630 <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a> with the size of the string to actually add | 
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 | 
6631 it to the buffer. | 
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6632 | 
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 | 
6633 | 
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 | 
6634 | 
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 | 
6635 | 
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6636 | 
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6637 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a></h3><p> | 
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6638 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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6639 <pre>void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> | 
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6640 | 
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6641 <p> | 
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6642 Finishes the use of buffer <code>B</code> leaving the final string on | 
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6643 the top of the stack. | 
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6644 | 
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 | 
6645 | 
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 | 
6646 | 
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 | 
6647 | 
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 | 
6648 | 
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6649 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresultsize"><code>luaL_pushresultsize</code></a></h3><p> | 
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6650 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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6651 <pre>void luaL_pushresultsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> | 
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6652 | 
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6653 <p> | 
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6654 Equivalent to the sequence <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a>. | 
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 | 
6655 | 
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 | 
6656 | 
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 | 
6657 | 
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 | 
6658 | 
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 | 
6659 | 
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6660 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a></h3><p> | 
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6661 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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6662 <pre>int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t);</pre> | 
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6663 | 
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 | 
6664 <p> | 
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 | 
6665 Creates and returns a <em>reference</em>, | 
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6666 in the table at index <code>t</code>, | 
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6667 for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object). | 
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6668 | 
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 | 
6669 | 
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 | 
6670 <p> | 
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 | 
6671 A reference is a unique integer key. | 
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6672 As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table <code>t</code>, | 
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6673 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. | 
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 | 
6674 You can retrieve an object referred by reference <code>r</code> | 
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6675 by calling <code>lua_rawgeti(L, t, r)</code>. | 
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6676 Function <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> frees a reference and its associated object. | 
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 | 
6677 | 
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 | 
6678 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6679 <p> | 
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 | 
6680 If the object at the top of the stack is <b>nil</b>, | 
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6681 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> returns the constant <a name="pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>. | 
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6682 The constant <a name="pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> is guaranteed to be different | 
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6683 from any reference returned by <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>. | 
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 | 
6684 | 
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 | 
6685 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6686 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6687 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6688 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6689 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
6690 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Reg { | 
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 | 
6691 const char *name; | 
| 
 
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 | 
6692 lua_CFunction func; | 
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 | 
6693 } luaL_Reg;</pre> | 
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 | 
6694 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6695 <p> | 
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 | 
6696 Type for arrays of functions to be registered by | 
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 | 
6697 <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a>. | 
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6698 <code>name</code> is the function name and <code>func</code> is a pointer to | 
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 | 
6699 the function. | 
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6700 Any array of <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a> must end with an sentinel entry | 
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6701 in which both <code>name</code> and <code>func</code> are <code>NULL</code>. | 
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 | 
6702 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6703 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6704 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6705 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6706 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6707 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6708 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6709 <pre>void luaL_requiref (lua_State *L, const char *modname, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6710 lua_CFunction openf, int glb);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6711 | 
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 | 
6712 <p> | 
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6713 Calls function <code>openf</code> with string <code>modname</code> as an argument | 
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 | 
6714 and sets the call result in <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, | 
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 | 
6715 as if that function has been called through <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
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 | 
6716 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6717 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6718 <p> | 
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6719 If <code>glb</code> is true, | 
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6720 also stores the result into global <code>modname</code>. | 
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6721 | 
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 | 
6722 | 
| 
 
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6723 <p> | 
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6724 Leaves a copy of that result on the stack. | 
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6725 | 
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 | 
6726 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6727 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6728 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6729 | 
| 
 
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6730 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a></h3><p> | 
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6731 <span class="apii">[-nup, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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6732 <pre>void luaL_setfuncs (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);</pre> | 
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 | 
6733 | 
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6734 <p> | 
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 | 
6735 Registers all functions in the array <code>l</code> | 
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6736 (see <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a>) into the table on the top of the stack | 
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 | 
6737 (below optional upvalues, see next). | 
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 | 
6738 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6739 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6740 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6741 When <code>nup</code> is not zero, | 
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 | 
6742 all functions are created sharing <code>nup</code> upvalues, | 
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 | 
6743 which must be previously pushed on the stack | 
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 | 
6744 on top of the library table. | 
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6745 These values are popped from the stack after the registration. | 
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6746 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6747 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6748 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6749 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6750 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6751 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setmetatable"><code>luaL_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> | 
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6752 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
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6753 <pre>void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> | 
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 | 
6754 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6755 <p> | 
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 | 
6756 Sets the metatable of the object at the top of the stack | 
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 | 
6757 as the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> | 
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6758 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). | 
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 | 
6759 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6760 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6761 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6762 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6763 | 
| 
 
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6764 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_testudata"><code>luaL_testudata</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6765 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
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6766 <pre>void *luaL_testudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> | 
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 | 
6767 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6768 <p> | 
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 | 
6769 This function works like <a href="#luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a>, | 
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 | 
6770 except that, when the test fails, | 
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 | 
6771 it returns <code>NULL</code> instead of throwing an error. | 
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 | 
6772 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6773 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6774 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6775 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6776 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6777 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_tolstring"><code>luaL_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6778 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6779 <pre>const char *luaL_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6780 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6781 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6782 Converts any Lua value at the given index to a C string | 
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 | 
6783 in a reasonable format. | 
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 | 
6784 The resulting string is pushed onto the stack and also | 
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 | 
6785 returned by the function. | 
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 | 
6786 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6787 the function also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. | 
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 | 
6788 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6789 | 
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 | 
6790 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6791 If the value has a metatable with a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6792 then <code>luaL_tolstring</code> calls the corresponding metamethod | 
| 
 
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 | 
6793 with the value as argument, | 
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 | 
6794 and uses the result of the call as its result. | 
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 | 
6795 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6796 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6797 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6798 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6799 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6800 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_traceback"><code>luaL_traceback</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6801 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6802 <pre>void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6803 int level);</pre> | 
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 | 
6804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6805 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6806 Creates and pushes a traceback of the stack <code>L1</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6807 If <code>msg</code> is not <code>NULL</code> it is appended | 
| 
 
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 | 
6808 at the beginning of the traceback. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6809 The <code>level</code> parameter tells at which level | 
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 | 
6810 to start the traceback. | 
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 | 
6811 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6812 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6813 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6814 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6815 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6816 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_typename"><code>luaL_typename</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6817 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6818 <pre>const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> | 
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 | 
6819 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6820 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6821 Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. | 
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 | 
6822 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6823 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6824 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6825 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6826 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6827 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6828 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> | 
| 
 
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6829 <pre>void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);</pre> | 
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 | 
6830 | 
| 
 
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6831 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6832 Releases reference <code>ref</code> from the table at index <code>t</code> | 
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 | 
6833 (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>). | 
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 | 
6834 The entry is removed from the table, | 
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 | 
6835 so that the referred object can be collected. | 
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 | 
6836 The reference <code>ref</code> is also freed to be used again. | 
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 | 
6837 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6838 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6839 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6840 If <code>ref</code> is <a href="#pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>, | 
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 | 
6841 <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> does nothing. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6842 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6843 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6844 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6845 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6846 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6847 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a></h3><p> | 
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 | 
6848 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6849 <pre>void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int lvl);</pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6850 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6851 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6852 Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position | 
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 | 
6853 of the control at level <code>lvl</code> in the call stack. | 
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 | 
6854 Typically this string has the following format: | 
| 
 
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 | 
6855 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6856 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6857 <em>chunkname</em>:<em>currentline</em>: | 
| 
 
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 | 
6858 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6859 Level 0 is the running function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6860 level 1 is the function that called the running function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6861 etc. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6862 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6863 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6864 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6865 This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. | 
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 | 
6866 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6867 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6868 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6869 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6870 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
6871 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6872 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6873 <h1>6 – <a name="6">Standard Libraries</a></h1> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6874 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6875 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
6876 The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions | 
| 
 
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 | 
6877 that are implemented directly through the C API. | 
| 
 
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 | 
6878 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language | 
| 
 
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 | 
6879 (e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>); | 
| 
 
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 | 
6880 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O); | 
| 
 
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 | 
6881 and others could be implemented in Lua itself, | 
| 
 
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 | 
6882 but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that | 
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 | 
6883 deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>). | 
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 | 
6884 | 
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 | 
6885 | 
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6886 <p> | 
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6887 All libraries are implemented through the official C API | 
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6888 and are provided as separate C modules. | 
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6889 Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries: | 
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6890 | 
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6891 <ul> | 
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6892 | 
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6893 <li>basic library (<a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>);</li> | 
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6894 | 
| 
 
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6895 <li>coroutine library (<a href="#6.2">§6.2</a>);</li> | 
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6896 | 
| 
 
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6897 <li>package library (<a href="#6.3">§6.3</a>);</li> | 
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6898 | 
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6899 <li>string manipulation (<a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>);</li> | 
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6900 | 
| 
 
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6901 <li>table manipulation (<a href="#6.5">§6.5</a>);</li> | 
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6902 | 
| 
 
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6903 <li>mathematical functions (<a href="#6.6">§6.6</a>) (sin, log, etc.);</li> | 
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6904 | 
| 
 
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6905 <li>bitwise operations (<a href="#6.7">§6.7</a>);</li> | 
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6906 | 
| 
 
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6907 <li>input and output (<a href="#6.8">§6.8</a>);</li> | 
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6908 | 
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6909 <li>operating system facilities (<a href="#6.9">§6.9</a>);</li> | 
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6910 | 
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6911 <li>debug facilities (<a href="#6.10">§6.10</a>).</li> | 
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6912 | 
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6913 </ul><p> | 
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6914 Except for the basic and the package libraries, | 
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6915 each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table | 
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6916 or as methods of its objects. | 
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6917 | 
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6918 | 
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6919 <p> | 
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6920 To have access to these libraries, | 
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6921 the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function, | 
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6922 which opens all standard libraries. | 
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6923 Alternatively, | 
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6924 the host program can open them individually by using | 
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6925 <a href="#luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a> to call | 
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6926 <a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library), | 
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6927 <a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library), | 
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6928 <a name="pdf-luaopen_coroutine"><code>luaopen_coroutine</code></a> (for the coroutine library), | 
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6929 <a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library), | 
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6930 <a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library), | 
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6931 <a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library), | 
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6932 <a name="pdf-luaopen_bit32"><code>luaopen_bit32</code></a> (for the bit library), | 
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6933 <a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library), | 
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6934 <a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the Operating System library), | 
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6935 and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library). | 
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6936 These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>. | 
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6937 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6938 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6939 | 
| 
 
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6940 <h2>6.1 – <a name="6.1">Basic Functions</a></h2> | 
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6941 | 
| 
 
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6942 <p> | 
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 | 
6943 The basic library provides core functions to Lua. | 
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6944 If you do not include this library in your application, | 
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6945 you should check carefully whether you need to provide | 
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 | 
6946 implementations for some of its facilities. | 
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 | 
6947 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6948 | 
| 
 
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6949 <p> | 
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6950 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
6951 Issues an error when | 
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 | 
6952 the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>); | 
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6953 otherwise, returns all its arguments. | 
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 | 
6954 <code>message</code> is an error message; | 
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6955 when absent, it defaults to "assertion failed!" | 
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6956 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6957 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6958 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6959 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6960 <p> | 
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6961 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
6962 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6963 | 
| 
 
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 | 
6964 <p> | 
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6965 This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. | 
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6966 It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>: | 
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6967 | 
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6968 <ul> | 
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6969 | 
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6970 <li><b>"<code>collect</code>": </b> | 
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 | 
6971 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. | 
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6972 This is the default option. | 
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6973 </li> | 
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 | 
6974 | 
| 
 
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6975 <li><b>"<code>stop</code>": </b> | 
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6976 stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. | 
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6977 The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, | 
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6978 until a call to restart it. | 
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6979 </li> | 
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6980 | 
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6981 <li><b>"<code>restart</code>": </b> | 
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6982 restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector. | 
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6983 </li> | 
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6984 | 
| 
 
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6985 <li><b>"<code>count</code>": </b> | 
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6986 returns the total memory in use by Lua (in Kbytes) and | 
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6987 a second value with the total memory in bytes modulo 1024. | 
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6988 The first value has a fractional part, | 
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6989 so the following equality is always true: | 
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6990 | 
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 | 
6991 <pre> | 
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6992 k, b = collectgarbage("count") | 
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6993 assert(k*1024 == math.floor(k)*1024 + b) | 
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6994 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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6995 (The second result is useful when Lua is compiled | 
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6996 with a non floating-point type for numbers.) | 
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6997 </li> | 
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6998 | 
| 
 
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6999 <li><b>"<code>step</code>": </b> | 
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7000 performs a garbage-collection step. | 
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7001 The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code> | 
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7002 (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. | 
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7003 If you want to control the step size | 
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7004 you must experimentally tune the value of <code>arg</code>. | 
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7005 Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle. | 
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7006 </li> | 
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7007 | 
| 
 
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7008 <li><b>"<code>setpause</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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7009 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of | 
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7010 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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7011 Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>. | 
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7012 </li> | 
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7013 | 
| 
 
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7014 <li><b>"<code>setstepmul</code>": </b> | 
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7015 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of | 
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7016 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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7017 Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>. | 
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7018 </li> | 
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7019 | 
| 
 
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7020 <li><b>"<code>isrunning</code>": </b> | 
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7021 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running | 
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7022 (i.e., not stopped). | 
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7023 </li> | 
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 | 
7024 | 
| 
 
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7025 <li><b>"<code>generational</code>": </b> | 
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7026 changes the collector to generational mode. | 
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7027 This is an experimental feature (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). | 
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7028 </li> | 
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 | 
7029 | 
| 
 
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7030 <li><b>"<code>incremental</code>": </b> | 
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7031 changes the collector to incremental mode. | 
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7032 This is the default mode. | 
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7033 </li> | 
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 | 
7034 | 
| 
 
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7035 </ul> | 
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 | 
7036 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7037 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7038 | 
| 
 
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7039 <p> | 
| 
 
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7040 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile ([filename])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7041 Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk. | 
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7042 When called without arguments, | 
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7043 <code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>). | 
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7044 Returns all values returned by the chunk. | 
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7045 In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error | 
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7046 to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode). | 
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 | 
7047 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7048 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7049 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7050 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7051 <p> | 
| 
 
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7052 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7053 Terminates the last protected function called | 
| 
 
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7054 and returns <code>message</code> as the error message. | 
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7055 Function <code>error</code> never returns. | 
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 | 
7056 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7057 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7058 <p> | 
| 
 
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7059 Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position | 
| 
 
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 | 
7060 at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string. | 
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7061 The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position. | 
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7062 With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the | 
| 
 
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7063 <code>error</code> function was called. | 
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7064 Level 2 points the error to where the function | 
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 | 
7065 that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on. | 
| 
 
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7066 Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information | 
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7067 to the message. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7068 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7069 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7070 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7071 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7072 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7073 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7074 A global variable (not a function) that | 
| 
 
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 | 
7075 holds the global environment (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7076 Lua itself does not use this variable; | 
| 
 
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7077 changing its value does not affect any environment, | 
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 | 
7078 nor vice-versa. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7079 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7080 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7081 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7082 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7083 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7084 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7085 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7086 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7087 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7088 If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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 | 
7089 Otherwise, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7090 if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7091 returns the associated value. | 
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7092 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object. | 
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 | 
7093 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7094 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7095 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7096 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7097 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7098 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7099 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7100 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7101 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7102 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__ipairs</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7103 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three | 
| 
 
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 | 
7104 results from the call. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7105 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7106 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7107 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7108 Otherwise, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7109 returns three values: an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7110 so that the construction | 
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 | 
7111 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7112 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7113 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end | 
| 
 
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 | 
7114 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7115 will iterate over the pairs (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ..., | 
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 | 
7116 up to the first integer key absent from the table. | 
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 | 
7117 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7118 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7119 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7120 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7121 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7122 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (ld [, source [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7123 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7124 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7125 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7126 Loads a chunk. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7127 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7128 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7129 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7130 If <code>ld</code> is a string, the chunk is this string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7131 If <code>ld</code> is a function, | 
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 | 
7132 <code>load</code> calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces. | 
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 | 
7133 Each call to <code>ld</code> must return a string that concatenates | 
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 | 
7134 with previous results. | 
| 
 
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7135 A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk. | 
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 | 
7136 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7137 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7138 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7139 If there are no syntactic errors, | 
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 | 
7140 returns the compiled chunk as a function; | 
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 | 
7141 otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message. | 
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 | 
7142 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7143 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7144 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7145 If the resulting function has upvalues, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7146 the first upvalue is set to the value of <code>env</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7147 if that parameter is given, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7148 or to the value of the global environment. | 
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 | 
7149 (When you load a main chunk, | 
| 
 
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7150 the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7151 the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). | 
| 
 
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7152 When you load a binary chunk created from a function (see <a href="#pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump</code></a>), | 
| 
 
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 | 
7153 the resulting function can have arbitrary upvalues.) | 
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 | 
7154 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7155 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7156 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7157 <code>source</code> is used as the source of the chunk for error messages | 
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 | 
7158 and debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). | 
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 | 
7159 When absent, | 
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 | 
7160 it defaults to <code>ld</code>, if <code>ld</code> is a string, | 
| 
 
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7161 or to "<code>=(load)</code>" otherwise. | 
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 | 
7162 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7163 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7164 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7165 The string <code>mode</code> controls whether the chunk can be text or binary | 
| 
 
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 | 
7166 (that is, a precompiled chunk). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7167 It may be the string "<code>b</code>" (only binary chunks), | 
| 
 
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 | 
7168 "<code>t</code>" (only text chunks), | 
| 
 
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 | 
7169 or "<code>bt</code>" (both binary and text). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7170 The default is "<code>bt</code>". | 
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 | 
7171 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7172 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7173 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7174 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7175 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7176 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7177 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7178 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7179 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7180 Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7181 but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code> | 
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 | 
7182 or from the standard input, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7183 if no file name is given. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7184 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7185 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7186 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7187 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7188 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7189 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7190 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7191 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7192 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7193 Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7194 Its first argument is a table and its second argument | 
| 
 
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7195 is an index in this table. | 
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 | 
7196 <code>next</code> returns the next index of the table | 
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 | 
7197 and its associated value. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7198 When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7199 <code>next</code> returns an initial index | 
| 
 
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 | 
7200 and its associated value. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7201 When called with the last index, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7202 or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7203 <code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7204 If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7205 In particular, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7206 you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7207 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7208 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7209 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7210 The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7211 <em>even for numeric indices</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7212 (To traverse a table in numeric order, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7213 use a numerical <b>for</b>.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
7214 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7215 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7216 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7217 The behavior of <code>next</code> is undefined if, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7218 during the traversal, | 
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7219 you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. | 
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7220 You may however modify existing fields. | 
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7221 In particular, you may clear existing fields. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7222 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7223 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7224 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7225 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7226 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7227 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3> | 
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7228 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7229 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7230 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7231 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>, | 
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 | 
7232 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three | 
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 | 
7233 results from the call. | 
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 | 
7234 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7235 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7236 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7237 Otherwise, | 
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 | 
7238 returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>, | 
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7239 so that the construction | 
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 | 
7240 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7241 <pre> | 
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7242 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end | 
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 | 
7243 </pre><p> | 
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 | 
7244 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>. | 
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 | 
7245 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7246 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7247 <p> | 
| 
 
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7248 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying | 
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 | 
7249 the table during its traversal. | 
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 | 
7250 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7251 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7252 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7253 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7254 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7255 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7256 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7257 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7258 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7259 Calls function <code>f</code> with | 
| 
 
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 | 
7260 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>. | 
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 | 
7261 This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated; | 
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 | 
7262 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error | 
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7263 and returns a status code. | 
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7264 Its first result is the status code (a boolean), | 
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 | 
7265 which is true if the call succeeds without errors. | 
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7266 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call, | 
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 | 
7267 after this first result. | 
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7268 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. | 
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 | 
7269 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7270 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7271 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7272 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7273 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7274 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7275 Receives any number of arguments | 
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 | 
7276 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>, | 
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 | 
7277 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string. | 
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 | 
7278 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7279 but only as a quick way to show a value, | 
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 | 
7280 for instance for debugging. | 
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 | 
7281 For complete control over the output, | 
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 | 
7282 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7283 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7284 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7285 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7286 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7287 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7288 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7289 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>, | 
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 | 
7290 without invoking any metamethod. | 
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7291 Returns a boolean. | 
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 | 
7292 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7293 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7294 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7295 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7296 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7297 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7298 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>, | 
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 | 
7299 without invoking any metamethod. | 
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 | 
7300 <code>table</code> must be a table; | 
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7301 <code>index</code> may be any value. | 
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 | 
7302 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7303 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7304 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7305 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7306 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7307 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawlen"><code>rawlen (v)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7308 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7309 which must be a table or a string, | 
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 | 
7310 without invoking any metamethod. | 
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 | 
7311 Returns an integer number. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7312 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7313 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7314 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7315 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7316 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7317 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7318 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7319 without invoking any metamethod. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7320 <code>table</code> must be a table, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7321 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b> and NaN, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7322 and <code>value</code> any Lua value. | 
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 | 
7323 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7324 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7325 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7326 This function returns <code>table</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7327 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7328 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7329 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7330 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7331 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7332 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7333 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7334 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7335 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7336 If <code>index</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7337 returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
7338 a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7339 Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7340 and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7341 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7342 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7343 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7344 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7345 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7346 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7347 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7348 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7349 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7350 Sets the metatable for the given table. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7351 (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
7352 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7353 removes the metatable of the given table. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7354 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7355 raises an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7356 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7357 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7358 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7359 This function returns <code>table</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7360 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7361 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7362 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7363 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7364 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7365 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7366 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7367 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7368 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7369 When called with no <code>base</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7370 <code>tonumber</code> tries to convert its argument to a number. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7371 If the argument is already a number or | 
| 
 
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 | 
7372 a string convertible to a number (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>), | 
| 
 
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 | 
7373 then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number; | 
| 
 
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 | 
7374 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7375 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7376 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7377 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7378 When called with <code>base</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7379 then <code>e</code> should be a string to be interpreted as | 
| 
 
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 | 
7380 an integer numeral in that base. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7381 The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7382 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case) | 
| 
 
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 | 
7383 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7384 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7385 If the string <code>e</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7386 the function returns <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7387 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7388 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7389 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7390 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7391 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7392 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (v)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7393 Receives a value of any type and | 
| 
 
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 | 
7394 converts it to a string in a reasonable format. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7395 (For complete control of how numbers are converted, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7396 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.) | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7397 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7398 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7399 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7400 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, | 
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 | 
7401 then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value | 
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 | 
7402 with <code>v</code> as argument, | 
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 | 
7403 and uses the result of the call as its result. | 
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 | 
7404 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7405 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7406 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7407 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7408 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7409 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7410 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. | 
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 | 
7411 The possible results of this function are | 
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7412 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>), | 
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7413 "<code>number</code>", | 
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 | 
7414 "<code>string</code>", | 
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7415 "<code>boolean</code>", | 
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7416 "<code>table</code>", | 
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 | 
7417 "<code>function</code>", | 
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 | 
7418 "<code>thread</code>", | 
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 | 
7419 and "<code>userdata</code>". | 
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 | 
7420 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7421 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7422 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7423 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7424 <p> | 
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 | 
7425 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7426 A global variable (not a function) that | 
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 | 
7427 holds a string containing the current interpreter version. | 
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 | 
7428 The current contents of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.2</code>". | 
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 | 
7429 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7430 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7431 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7432 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7433 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7434 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7435 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7436 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7437 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7438 This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7439 except that it sets a new message handler <code>msgh</code>. | 
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 | 
7440 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7441 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7442 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7443 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7444 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7445 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7446 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7447 <h2>6.2 – <a name="6.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7448 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7449 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7450 The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of | 
| 
 
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 | 
7451 the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7452 See <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a> for a general description of coroutines. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7453 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7454 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7455 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7456 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7457 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7458 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7459 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7460 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7461 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. | 
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 | 
7462 Returns this new coroutine, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7463 an object with type <code>"thread"</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7464 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7465 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7466 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7467 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7468 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7469 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7470 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7471 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7472 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7473 Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7474 The first time you resume a coroutine, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7475 it starts running its body. | 
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 | 
7476 The values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed | 
| 
 
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 | 
7477 as the arguments to the body function. | 
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 | 
7478 If the coroutine has yielded, | 
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 | 
7479 <code>resume</code> restarts it; | 
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 | 
7480 the values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed | 
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 | 
7481 as the results from the yield. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7482 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7483 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7484 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7485 If the coroutine runs without any errors, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7486 <code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7487 (if the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function | 
| 
 
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 | 
7488 (if the coroutine terminates). | 
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7489 If there is any error, | 
| 
 
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7490 <code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7491 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7492 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7493 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7494 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7495 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7496 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7497 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7498 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7499 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7500 Returns the running coroutine plus a boolean, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7501 true when the running coroutine is the main one. | 
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 | 
7502 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7503 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7504 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7505 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7506 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7507 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7508 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7509 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7510 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7511 Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string: | 
| 
 
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 | 
7512 <code>"running"</code>, | 
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 | 
7513 if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>); | 
| 
 
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 | 
7514 <code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>, | 
| 
 
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7515 or if it has not started running yet; | 
| 
 
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 | 
7516 <code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running | 
| 
 
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 | 
7517 (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); | 
| 
 
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7518 and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function, | 
| 
 
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7519 or if it has stopped with an error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7520 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7521 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7522 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7523 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7524 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7525 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7526 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7527 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7528 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7529 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. | 
| 
 
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7530 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. | 
| 
 
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7531 Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called. | 
| 
 
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7532 Any arguments passed to the function behave as the | 
| 
 
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 | 
7533 extra arguments to <code>resume</code>. | 
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7534 Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>, | 
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 | 
7535 except the first boolean. | 
| 
 
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7536 In case of error, propagates the error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7537 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7538 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7539 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7540 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7541 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7542 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7543 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7544 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7545 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7546 Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7547 Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7548 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7550 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7551 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7552 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7553 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7554 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7555 <h2>6.3 – <a name="6.3">Modules</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7556 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7557 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7558 The package library provides basic | 
| 
 
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 | 
7559 facilities for loading modules in Lua. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7560 It exports one function directly in the global environment: | 
| 
 
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 | 
7561 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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7562 Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7563 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7564 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7565 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7566 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7567 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7568 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7569 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7570 Loads the given module. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7571 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table | 
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 | 
7572 to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded. | 
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 | 
7573 If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored | 
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 | 
7574 at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. | 
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 | 
7575 Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module. | 
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 | 
7576 | 
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 | 
7577 | 
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 | 
7578 <p> | 
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 | 
7579 To find a loader, | 
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 | 
7580 <code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a> sequence. | 
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7581 By changing this sequence, | 
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 | 
7582 we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module. | 
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7583 The following explanation is based on the default configuration | 
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7584 for <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7585 | 
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 | 
7586 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7587 <p> | 
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 | 
7588 First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>. | 
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 | 
7589 If it has a value, | 
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 | 
7590 this value (which should be a function) is the loader. | 
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 | 
7591 Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the | 
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 | 
7592 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7593 If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the | 
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 | 
7594 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7595 If that also fails, | 
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 | 
7596 it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>). | 
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 | 
7597 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7598 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7599 <p> | 
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 | 
7600 Once a loader is found, | 
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 | 
7601 <code>require</code> calls the loader with two arguments: | 
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 | 
7602 <code>modname</code> and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7603 (If the loader came from a file, | 
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 | 
7604 this extra value is the file name.) | 
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 | 
7605 If the loader returns any non-nil value, | 
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 | 
7606 <code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. | 
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 | 
7607 If the loader does not return a non-nil value and | 
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 | 
7608 has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, | 
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7609 then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry. | 
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7610 In any case, <code>require</code> returns the | 
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 | 
7611 final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. | 
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 | 
7612 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7613 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7614 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7615 If there is any error loading or running the module, | 
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7616 or if it cannot find any loader for the module, | 
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 | 
7617 then <code>require</code> raises an error. | 
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 | 
7618 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7619 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7620 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7621 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7622 <p> | 
| 
 
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7623 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.config"><code>package.config</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7624 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7625 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7626 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7627 A string describing some compile-time configurations for packages. | 
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 | 
7628 This string is a sequence of lines: | 
| 
 
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 | 
7629 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7630 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7631 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7632 <li>The first line is the directory separator string. | 
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 | 
7633 Default is '<code>\</code>' for Windows and '<code>/</code>' for all other systems.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7634 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7635 <li>The second line is the character that separates templates in a path. | 
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 | 
7636 Default is '<code>;</code>'.</li> | 
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 | 
7637 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7638 <li>The third line is the string that marks the | 
| 
 
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 | 
7639 substitution points in a template. | 
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 | 
7640 Default is '<code>?</code>'.</li> | 
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 | 
7641 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7642 <li>The fourth line is a string that, in a path in Windows, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7643 is replaced by the executable's directory. | 
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 | 
7644 Default is '<code>!</code>'.</li> | 
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 | 
7645 | 
| 
 
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7646 <li>The fifth line is a mark to ignore all text before it | 
| 
 
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 | 
7647 when building the <code>luaopen_</code> function name. | 
| 
 
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7648 Default is '<code>-</code>'.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7649 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7650 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7651 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7652 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7653 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7654 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7655 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7656 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7657 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7658 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7659 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7660 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7661 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7662 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7663 Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way | 
| 
 
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 | 
7664 it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>, | 
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 | 
7665 using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_2"><code>LUA_CPATH_5_2</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7666 or the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7667 or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. | 
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 | 
7668 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7669 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7670 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7671 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7672 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7674 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7675 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7676 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7677 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which | 
| 
 
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 | 
7678 modules are already loaded. | 
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 | 
7679 When you require a module <code>modname</code> and | 
| 
 
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 | 
7680 <code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7681 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7682 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7683 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7684 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7685 This variable is only a reference to the real table; | 
| 
 
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 | 
7686 assignments to this variable do not change the | 
| 
 
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 | 
7687 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7688 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7689 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7690 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7691 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7692 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7693 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7694 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7695 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7696 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7697 Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7698 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7699 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7700 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7701 If <code>funcname</code> is "<code>*</code>", | 
| 
 
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 | 
7702 then it only links with the library, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7703 making the symbols exported by the library | 
| 
 
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 | 
7704 available to other dynamically linked libraries. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7705 Otherwise, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7706 it looks for a function <code>funcname</code> inside the library | 
| 
 
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 | 
7707 and returns this function as a C function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7708 So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a> prototype | 
| 
 
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 | 
7709 (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7710 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7711 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7712 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7713 This is a low-level function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7714 It completely bypasses the package and module system. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7715 Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7716 it does not perform any path searching and | 
| 
 
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 | 
7717 does not automatically adds extensions. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7718 <code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7719 including if necessary a path and an extension. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7720 <code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library | 
| 
 
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 | 
7721 (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used). | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7722 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7723 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7724 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7725 This function is not supported by Standard C. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7726 As such, it is only available on some platforms | 
| 
 
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 | 
7727 (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7728 plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard). | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7729 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7730 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7731 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7732 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7733 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7734 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7735 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7736 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
7737 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7738 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7739 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
7740 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7741 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7742 At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with | 
| 
 
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 | 
7743 the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH_5_2"><code>LUA_PATH_5_2</code></a> or | 
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 | 
7744 the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or | 
| 
 
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 | 
7745 with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7746 if those environment variables are not defined. | 
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 | 
7747 Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable | 
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 | 
7748 is replaced by the default path. | 
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 | 
7749 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7750 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7751 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7752 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7753 <p> | 
| 
 
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7754 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7755 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7756 | 
| 
 
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7757 <p> | 
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 | 
7758 A table to store loaders for specific modules | 
| 
 
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 | 
7759 (see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7760 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7761 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7762 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7763 This variable is only a reference to the real table; | 
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 | 
7764 assignments to this variable do not change the | 
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 | 
7765 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7766 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7767 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7768 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7769 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7770 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7771 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7772 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7773 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7774 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7775 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules. | 
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 | 
7776 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7777 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7778 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7779 Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>. | 
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 | 
7780 When looking for a module, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7781 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order, | 
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 | 
7782 with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its | 
| 
 
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 | 
7783 sole parameter. | 
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 | 
7784 The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>) | 
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 | 
7785 plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader, | 
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7786 or a string explaining why it did not find that module | 
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 | 
7787 (or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7788 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7789 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7790 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7791 Lua initializes this table with four searcher functions. | 
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 | 
7792 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7793 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7794 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7795 The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the | 
| 
 
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 | 
7796 <a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7797 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7798 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7799 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7800 The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7801 using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7802 The search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7803 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7805 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7806 The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7807 using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7808 Again, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7809 the search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. | 
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 | 
7810 For instance, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7811 if the C path is the string | 
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 | 
7812 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7813 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7814 "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so" | 
| 
 
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 | 
7815 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7816 the searcher for module <code>foo</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7817 will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>, | 
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 | 
7818 and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7819 Once it finds a C library, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7820 this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the | 
| 
 
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 | 
7821 application with the library. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7822 Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to | 
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 | 
7823 be used as the loader. | 
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 | 
7824 The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>" | 
| 
 
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 | 
7825 concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot | 
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 | 
7826 is replaced by an underscore. | 
| 
 
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7827 Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen, | 
| 
 
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7828 its prefix up to (and including) the first hyphen is removed. | 
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 | 
7829 For instance, if the module name is <code>a.v1-b.c</code>, | 
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 | 
7830 the function name will be <code>luaopen_b_c</code>. | 
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 | 
7831 | 
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 | 
7832 | 
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7833 <p> | 
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 | 
7834 The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>. | 
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7835 It searches the C path for a library for | 
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 | 
7836 the root name of the given module. | 
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 | 
7837 For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>, | 
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 | 
7838 it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>. | 
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7839 If found, it looks into it for an open function for | 
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 | 
7840 the submodule; | 
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 | 
7841 in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. | 
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 | 
7842 With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules | 
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 | 
7843 into one single library, | 
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7844 with each submodule keeping its original open function. | 
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 | 
7845 | 
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 | 
7846 | 
| 
 
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7847 <p> | 
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7848 All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value | 
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7849 the file name where the module was found, | 
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7850 as returned by <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. | 
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7851 The first searcher returns no extra value. | 
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 | 
7852 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7853 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7854 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7855 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7856 <p> | 
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7857 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath (name, path [, sep [, rep]])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7858 | 
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 | 
7859 | 
| 
 
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7860 <p> | 
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 | 
7861 Searches for the given <code>name</code> in the given <code>path</code>. | 
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 | 
7862 | 
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 | 
7863 | 
| 
 
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7864 <p> | 
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 | 
7865 A path is a string containing a sequence of | 
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7866 <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons. | 
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7867 For each template, | 
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 | 
7868 the function replaces each interrogation mark (if any) | 
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 | 
7869 in the template with a copy of <code>name</code> | 
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 | 
7870 wherein all occurrences of <code>sep</code> | 
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 | 
7871 (a dot, by default) | 
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 | 
7872 were replaced by <code>rep</code> | 
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 | 
7873 (the system's directory separator, by default), | 
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 | 
7874 and then tries to open the resulting file name. | 
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 | 
7875 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7876 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7877 <p> | 
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 | 
7878 For instance, if the path is the string | 
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 | 
7879 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7880 <pre> | 
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 | 
7881 "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua" | 
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 | 
7882 </pre><p> | 
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 | 
7883 the search for the name <code>foo.a</code> | 
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 | 
7884 will try to open the files | 
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 | 
7885 <code>./foo/a.lua</code>, <code>./foo/a.lc</code>, and | 
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 | 
7886 <code>/usr/local/foo/a/init.lua</code>, in that order. | 
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 | 
7887 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7888 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7889 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7890 Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can | 
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 | 
7891 open in read mode (after closing the file), | 
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 | 
7892 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message if none succeeds. | 
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 | 
7893 (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.) | 
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 | 
7894 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7895 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7896 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7897 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7898 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7899 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7900 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7901 <h2>6.4 – <a name="6.4">String Manipulation</a></h2> | 
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 | 
7902 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7903 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7904 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, | 
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 | 
7905 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. | 
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 | 
7906 When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1 | 
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 | 
7907 (not at 0, as in C). | 
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 | 
7908 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, | 
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 | 
7909 from the end of the string. | 
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 | 
7910 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on. | 
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 | 
7911 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7912 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7913 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7914 The string library provides all its functions inside the table | 
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 | 
7915 <a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>. | 
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7916 It also sets a metatable for strings | 
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 | 
7917 where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table. | 
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 | 
7918 Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style. | 
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7919 For instance, <code>string.byte(s,i)</code> | 
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 | 
7920 can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>. | 
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 | 
7921 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7922 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7923 <p> | 
| 
 
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7924 The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. | 
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 | 
7925 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7926 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7927 <p> | 
| 
 
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7928 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
7929 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>, | 
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 | 
7930 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>. | 
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7931 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1; | 
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7932 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. | 
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 | 
7933 These indices are corrected | 
| 
 
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 | 
7934 following the same rules of function <a href="#pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7935 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7936 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7937 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7938 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7939 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7940 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7941 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7942 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7943 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7944 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7945 Receives zero or more integers. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7946 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, | 
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 | 
7947 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal | 
| 
 
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 | 
7948 to its corresponding argument. | 
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 | 
7949 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7950 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7951 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7952 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7953 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7954 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7955 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7956 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7957 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7958 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7959 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7960 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7961 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7962 Returns a string containing a binary representation of the given function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7963 so that a later <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> on this string returns | 
| 
 
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 | 
7964 a copy of the function (but with new upvalues). | 
| 
 
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 | 
7965 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7966 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7967 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7968 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7969 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7970 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7971 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7972 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7973 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7974 Looks for the first match of | 
| 
 
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 | 
7975 <code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7976 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code> | 
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 | 
7977 where this occurrence starts and ends; | 
| 
 
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 | 
7978 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7979 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies | 
| 
 
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 | 
7980 where to start the search; | 
| 
 
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 | 
7981 its default value is 1 and can be negative. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7982 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7983 turns off the pattern matching facilities, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7984 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7985 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7986 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7987 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7988 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7989 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7990 If the pattern has captures, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7991 then in a successful match | 
| 
 
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 | 
7992 the captured values are also returned, | 
| 
 
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 | 
7993 after the two indices. | 
| 
 
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 | 
7994 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7995 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7996 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7997 | 
| 
 
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 | 
7998 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
7999 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8000 | 
| 
 
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8001 | 
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8002 <p> | 
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8003 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments | 
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8004 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). | 
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8005 The format string follows the same rules as the ANSI C function <code>sprintf</code>. | 
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8006 The only differences are that the options/modifiers | 
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8007 <code>*</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>n</code>, | 
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8008 and <code>p</code> are not supported | 
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8009 and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>. | 
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8010 The <code>q</code> option formats a string between double quotes, | 
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8011 using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that | 
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8012 it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter. | 
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8013 For instance, the call | 
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8014 | 
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8015 <pre> | 
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8016 string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line') | 
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8017 </pre><p> | 
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8018 may produce the string: | 
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8019 | 
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8020 <pre> | 
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8021 "a string with \"quotes\" and \ | 
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8022 new line" | 
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8023 </pre> | 
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8024 | 
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8025 <p> | 
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8026 Options | 
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8027 <code>A</code> and <code>a</code> (when available), | 
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8028 <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>, | 
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8029 <code>G</code>, and <code>g</code> all expect a number as argument. | 
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8030 Options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, | 
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8031 <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code> | 
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8032 also expect a number, | 
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8033 but the range of that number may be limited by | 
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8034 the underlying C implementation. | 
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8035 For options <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code>, | 
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8036 the number cannot be negative. | 
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8037 Option <code>q</code> expects a string; | 
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8038 option <code>s</code> expects a string without embedded zeros. | 
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8039 If the argument to option <code>s</code> is not a string, | 
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8040 it is converted to one following the same rules of <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a>. | 
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8041 | 
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8042 | 
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8043 | 
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8044 | 
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8045 <p> | 
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8046 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3> | 
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8047 Returns an iterator function that, | 
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8048 each time it is called, | 
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8049 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> over the string <code>s</code>. | 
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8050 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, | 
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8051 then the whole match is produced in each call. | 
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8052 | 
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8053 | 
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8054 <p> | 
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8055 As an example, the following loop | 
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8056 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>, | 
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8057 printing one per line: | 
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8058 | 
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8059 <pre> | 
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8060 s = "hello world from Lua" | 
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8061 for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do | 
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8062 print(w) | 
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8063 end | 
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8064 </pre><p> | 
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8065 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the | 
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8066 given string into a table: | 
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8067 | 
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8068 <pre> | 
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8069 t = {} | 
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8070 s = "from=world, to=Lua" | 
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8071 for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do | 
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8072 t[k] = v | 
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8073 end | 
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8074 </pre> | 
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8075 | 
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8076 <p> | 
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8077 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not | 
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8078 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. | 
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8079 | 
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8080 | 
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8081 | 
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 | 
8082 | 
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8083 <p> | 
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8084 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3> | 
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8085 Returns a copy of <code>s</code> | 
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8086 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given) | 
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 | 
8087 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> have been | 
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8088 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>, | 
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 | 
8089 which can be a string, a table, or a function. | 
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 | 
8090 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value, | 
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 | 
8091 the total number of matches that occurred. | 
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8092 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>. | 
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8093 | 
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8094 | 
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 | 
8095 <p> | 
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8096 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement. | 
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 | 
8097 The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character: | 
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8098 any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>d</em></code>, | 
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8099 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9, | 
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8100 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring. | 
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8101 The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match. | 
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8102 The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>. | 
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8103 | 
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8104 | 
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8105 <p> | 
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8106 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match, | 
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 | 
8107 using the first capture as the key. | 
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8108 | 
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 | 
8109 | 
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8110 <p> | 
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 | 
8111 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a | 
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 | 
8112 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, | 
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 | 
8113 in order. | 
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8114 | 
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8115 | 
| 
 
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8116 <p> | 
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8117 In any case, | 
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 | 
8118 if the pattern specifies no captures, | 
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8119 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture. | 
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 | 
8120 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8121 | 
| 
 
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8122 <p> | 
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 | 
8123 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call | 
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 | 
8124 is a string or a number, | 
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 | 
8125 then it is used as the replacement string; | 
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8126 otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>, | 
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 | 
8127 then there is no replacement | 
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 | 
8128 (that is, the original match is kept in the string). | 
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 | 
8129 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8130 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8131 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8132 Here are some examples: | 
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8133 | 
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 | 
8134 <pre> | 
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 | 
8135 x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1") | 
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 | 
8136 --> x="hello hello world world" | 
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 | 
8137 | 
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 | 
8138 x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1) | 
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 | 
8139 --> x="hello hello world" | 
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 | 
8140 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8141 x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1") | 
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 | 
8142 --> x="world hello Lua from" | 
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 | 
8143 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8144 x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv) | 
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 | 
8145 --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto" | 
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 | 
8146 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8147 x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s) | 
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 | 
8148 return load(s)() | 
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 | 
8149 end) | 
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 | 
8150 --> x="4+5 = 9" | 
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 | 
8151 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8152 local t = {name="lua", version="5.2"} | 
| 
 
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 | 
8153 x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) | 
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 | 
8154 --> x="lua-5.2.tar.gz" | 
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 | 
8155 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8156 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8157 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8158 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8159 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8160 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8161 Receives a string and returns its length. | 
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 | 
8162 The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0. | 
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 | 
8163 Embedded zeros are counted, | 
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 | 
8164 so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8165 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8166 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8167 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8168 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8169 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8170 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8171 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all | 
| 
 
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 | 
8172 uppercase letters changed to lowercase. | 
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 | 
8173 All other characters are left unchanged. | 
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8174 The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale. | 
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8175 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8176 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8177 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8178 | 
| 
 
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8179 <p> | 
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8180 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8181 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of | 
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 | 
8182 <code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>. | 
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8183 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns | 
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 | 
8184 the captures from the pattern; | 
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8185 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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8186 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, | 
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8187 then the whole match is returned. | 
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8188 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies | 
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8189 where to start the search; | 
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 | 
8190 its default value is 1 and can be negative. | 
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 | 
8191 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8192 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8193 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8194 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8195 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8196 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8197 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of | 
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 | 
8198 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>. | 
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8199 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string | 
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 | 
8200 (that is, no separator). | 
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 | 
8201 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8202 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8203 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8204 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8205 <p> | 
| 
 
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8206 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8207 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8208 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8209 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8210 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8211 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8212 <p> | 
| 
 
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8213 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8214 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that | 
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 | 
8215 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>; | 
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 | 
8216 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative. | 
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8217 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 | 
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8218 (which is the same as the string length). | 
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 | 
8219 In particular, | 
| 
 
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8220 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8221 with length <code>j</code>, | 
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 | 
8222 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code> | 
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 | 
8223 with length <code>i</code>. | 
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 | 
8224 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8225 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8226 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8227 If, after the translation of negative indices, | 
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 | 
8228 <code>i</code> is less than 1, | 
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 | 
8229 it is corrected to 1. | 
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 | 
8230 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length, | 
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 | 
8231 it is corrected to that length. | 
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 | 
8232 If, after these corrections, | 
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 | 
8233 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8234 the function returns the empty string. | 
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 | 
8235 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8236 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8237 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8238 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8239 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8240 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8241 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all | 
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 | 
8242 lowercase letters changed to uppercase. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8243 All other characters are left unchanged. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8244 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8245 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8246 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8247 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8248 <h3>6.4.1 – <a name="6.4.1">Patterns</a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8249 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8250 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8251 <h4>Character Class:</h4><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8252 A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8253 The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: | 
| 
 
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 | 
8254 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8255 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8256 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8257 <li><b><em>x</em>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8258 (where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8259 <code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8260 represents the character <em>x</em> itself. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8261 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8262 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8263 <li><b><code>.</code>: </b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8264 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8265 <li><b><code>%a</code>: </b> represents all letters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8266 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8267 <li><b><code>%c</code>: </b> represents all control characters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8268 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8269 <li><b><code>%d</code>: </b> represents all digits.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8270 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8271 <li><b><code>%g</code>: </b> represents all printable characters except space.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8272 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8273 <li><b><code>%l</code>: </b> represents all lowercase letters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8274 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8275 <li><b><code>%p</code>: </b> represents all punctuation characters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8276 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8277 <li><b><code>%s</code>: </b> represents all space characters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8278 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8279 <li><b><code>%u</code>: </b> represents all uppercase letters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8280 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8281 <li><b><code>%w</code>: </b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8282 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8283 <li><b><code>%x</code>: </b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8284 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8285 <li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>: </b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8286 represents the character <em>x</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8287 This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8288 Any punctuation character (even the non magic) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8289 can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>' | 
| 
 
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 | 
8290 when used to represent itself in a pattern. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8291 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8292 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8293 <li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8294 represents the class which is the union of all | 
| 
 
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 | 
8295 characters in <em>set</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8296 A range of characters can be specified by | 
| 
 
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 | 
8297 separating the end characters of the range, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8298 in ascending order, with a '<code>-</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
8299 All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as | 
| 
 
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 | 
8300 components in <em>set</em>. | 
| 
 
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8301 All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8302 For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8303 represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8304 <code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8305 and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus | 
| 
 
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 | 
8306 the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8307 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8308 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8309 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8310 The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8311 Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8312 have no meaning. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8313 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8314 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8315 <li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8316 represents the complement of <em>set</em>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8317 where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8318 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8319 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8320 </ul><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8321 For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.), | 
| 
 
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 | 
8322 the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8323 For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8324 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8325 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8326 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8327 The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups | 
| 
 
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 | 
8328 depend on the current locale. | 
| 
 
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8329 In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8330 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8331 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8332 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8333 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8334 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8335 <h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8336 A <em>pattern item</em> can be | 
| 
 
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 | 
8337 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8338 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8339 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8340 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8341 a single character class, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8342 which matches any single character in the class; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8343 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8344 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8345 <li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8346 a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
8347 which matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8348 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8349 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8350 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8351 <li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8352 a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
8353 which matches 1 or more repetitions of characters in the class. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8354 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8355 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8356 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8357 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8358 a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
8359 which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8360 Unlike '<code>*</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
8361 these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8362 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8363 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8364 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8365 a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
8366 which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8367 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8368 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8369 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8370 <code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8371 such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string | 
| 
 
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 | 
8372 (see below); | 
| 
 
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 | 
8373 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8374 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8375 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8376 <code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8377 such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>, | 
| 
 
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8378 and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8379 This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8380 counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8381 the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8382 For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with | 
| 
 
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 | 
8383 balanced parentheses. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8384 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8385 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8386 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8387 <code>%f[<em>set</em>]</code>, a <em>frontier pattern</em>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8388 such item matches an empty string at any position such that | 
| 
 
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 | 
8389 the next character belongs to <em>set</em> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8390 and the previous character does not belong to <em>set</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8391 The set <em>set</em> is interpreted as previously described. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8392 The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if | 
| 
 
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 | 
8393 they were the character '<code>\0</code>'. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8394 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8395 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8396 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8397 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8398 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8399 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8400 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8401 <h4>Pattern:</h4><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8402 A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8403 A caret '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the | 
| 
 
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 | 
8404 beginning of the subject string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8405 A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the | 
| 
 
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 | 
8406 end of the subject string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8407 At other positions, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8408 '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8409 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8410 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8411 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8412 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8413 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8414 <h4>Captures:</h4><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8415 A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8416 they describe <em>captures</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8417 When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string | 
| 
 
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 | 
8418 that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8419 Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8420 For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a*(.)%w(%s*))"</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8421 the part of the string matching <code>"a*(.)%w(%s*)"</code> is | 
| 
 
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 | 
8422 stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); | 
| 
 
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 | 
8423 the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8424 and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8425 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8426 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8427 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8428 As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures | 
| 
 
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8429 the current string position (a number). | 
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8430 For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the | 
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8431 string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5. | 
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8432 | 
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 | 
8433 | 
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 | 
8434 | 
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 | 
8435 | 
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 | 
8436 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8437 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8438 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8439 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8440 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8441 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8442 | 
| 
 
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8443 <h2>6.5 – <a name="6.5">Table Manipulation</a></h2> | 
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8444 | 
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8445 <p> | 
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8446 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. | 
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8447 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>. | 
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8448 | 
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 | 
8449 | 
| 
 
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8450 <p> | 
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8451 Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table, | 
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8452 the table should be a proper sequence | 
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8453 or have a <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). | 
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8454 All functions ignore non-numeric keys | 
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8455 in tables given as arguments. | 
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 | 
8456 | 
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 | 
8457 | 
| 
 
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8458 <p> | 
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8459 For performance reasons, | 
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8460 all table accesses (get/set) performed by these functions are raw. | 
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8461 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8462 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8463 <p> | 
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 | 
8464 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8465 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8466 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8467 <p> | 
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8468 Given a list where all elements are strings or numbers, | 
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8469 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>. | 
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8470 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string, | 
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8471 the default for <code>i</code> is 1, | 
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8472 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. | 
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8473 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string. | 
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 | 
8474 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8475 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8476 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8477 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8478 <p> | 
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 | 
8479 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (list, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8480 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8481 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8482 <p> | 
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8483 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>, | 
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8484 shifting up the elements | 
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 | 
8485 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>. | 
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8486 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list+1</code>, | 
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8487 so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end | 
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8488 of list <code>t</code>. | 
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 | 
8489 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8490 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8491 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8492 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8493 <p> | 
| 
 
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8494 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.pack"><code>table.pack (···)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8495 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8496 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8497 <p> | 
| 
 
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8498 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc. | 
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8499 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters. | 
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8500 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence. | 
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 | 
8501 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8502 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8503 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8504 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8505 <p> | 
| 
 
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8506 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (list [, pos])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8507 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8508 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8509 <p> | 
| 
 
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8510 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>, | 
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8511 returning the value of the removed element. | 
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8512 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>, | 
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8513 it shifts down the elements | 
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8514 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code> | 
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8515 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8516 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0, | 
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8517 or <code>#list + 1</code>; | 
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 | 
8518 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>. | 
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 | 
8519 | 
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 | 
8520 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8521 <p> | 
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 | 
8522 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list</code>, | 
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 | 
8523 so that a call <code>table.remove(t)</code> removes the last element | 
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8524 of list <code>t</code>. | 
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 | 
8525 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8526 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8527 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8528 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8529 <p> | 
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 | 
8530 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8531 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8532 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8533 <p> | 
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 | 
8534 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>, | 
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 | 
8535 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>. | 
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8536 If <code>comp</code> is given, | 
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 | 
8537 then it must be a function that receives two list elements | 
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8538 and returns true when the first element must come | 
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 | 
8539 before the second in the final order | 
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 | 
8540 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort). | 
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 | 
8541 If <code>comp</code> is not given, | 
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8542 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead. | 
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 | 
8543 | 
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 | 
8544 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8545 <p> | 
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 | 
8546 The sort algorithm is not stable; | 
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 | 
8547 that is, elements considered equal by the given order | 
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8548 may have their relative positions changed by the sort. | 
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 | 
8549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8550 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8551 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8552 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8553 <p> | 
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 | 
8554 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8555 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8556 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8557 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8558 Returns the elements from the given table. | 
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 | 
8559 This function is equivalent to | 
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 | 
8560 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8561 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8562 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j] | 
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 | 
8563 </pre><p> | 
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8564 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. | 
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 | 
8565 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8566 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8567 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8568 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8569 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8570 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8571 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8572 <h2>6.6 – <a name="6.6">Mathematical Functions</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8573 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8574 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8575 This library is an interface to the standard C math library. | 
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 | 
8576 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>. | 
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 | 
8577 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8578 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8579 <p> | 
| 
 
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8580 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8581 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8582 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8583 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8584 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>. | 
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 | 
8585 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8586 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8587 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8588 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8589 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8590 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8591 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8592 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8593 <p> | 
| 
 
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8594 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians). | 
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 | 
8595 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8596 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8597 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8598 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8599 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8600 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8601 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8602 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8603 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8604 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8605 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8606 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8607 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8608 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8609 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8610 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8611 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8612 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8613 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8614 Returns the arc tangent of <code>x</code> (in radians). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8615 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8616 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8617 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8618 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8619 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8620 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan2"><code>math.atan2 (y, x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8621 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8622 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8623 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8624 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians), | 
| 
 
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 | 
8625 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the | 
| 
 
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 | 
8626 quadrant of the result. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8627 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.) | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8628 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8629 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8630 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8631 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8632 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8633 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8634 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8635 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8636 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8637 Returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8638 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8639 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8640 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8641 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8642 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8643 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8644 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
8645 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8646 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8647 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8648 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8649 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8650 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8651 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8652 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8653 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cosh"><code>math.cosh (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8654 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8655 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8656 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8657 Returns the hyperbolic cosine of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8658 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8659 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8660 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8661 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8662 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8663 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8664 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8665 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8666 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8667 Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in radians) in degrees. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8668 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8669 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8670 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8671 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8672 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8674 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8675 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8676 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8677 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8678 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8679 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8680 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8681 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8682 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8683 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8684 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8685 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8686 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8687 Returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8688 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8689 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8690 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8691 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8692 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8693 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8694 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8695 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8696 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8697 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8698 that rounds the quotient towards zero. | 
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 | 
8699 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8700 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8701 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8702 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8703 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8704 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.frexp"><code>math.frexp (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8705 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8706 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8707 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8708 Returns <code>m</code> and <code>e</code> such that <em>x = m2<sup>e</sup></em>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8709 <code>e</code> is an integer and the absolute value of <code>m</code> is | 
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 | 
8710 in the range <em>[0.5, 1)</em> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8711 (or zero when <code>x</code> is zero). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8712 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8713 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8714 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8715 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8716 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8717 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8718 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8719 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8720 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8721 The value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8722 a value larger than or equal to any other numerical value. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8723 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8724 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8725 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8726 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8727 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8728 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ldexp"><code>math.ldexp (m, e)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8729 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8730 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8731 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8732 Returns <em>m2<sup>e</sup></em> (<code>e</code> should be an integer). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8733 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8734 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8735 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8736 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8737 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8738 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8739 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8740 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8741 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8742 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8743 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8744 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8745 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8746 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8747 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8748 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8749 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8750 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8751 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8752 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8753 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8754 Returns the maximum value among its arguments. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8755 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8756 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8757 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8758 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8759 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8760 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8761 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8762 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8763 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8764 Returns the minimum value among its arguments. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8765 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8766 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8767 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8768 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8769 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8770 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8771 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8772 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8773 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
8774 Returns two numbers, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8775 the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8776 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8777 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8778 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8779 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
8780 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8781 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8782 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8783 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8784 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8785 The value of <em>π</em>. | 
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 | 
8786 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8787 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8788 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8789 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8790 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8791 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pow"><code>math.pow (x, y)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8792 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8793 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8794 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8795 Returns <em>x<sup>y</sup></em>. | 
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 | 
8796 (You can also use the expression <code>x^y</code> to compute this value.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8797 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8798 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8799 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8800 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8801 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8802 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8803 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8805 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8806 Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in degrees) in radians. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8807 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8808 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8809 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8810 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8811 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8812 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8813 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8814 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8815 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8816 This function is an interface to the simple | 
| 
 
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 | 
8817 pseudo-random generator function <code>rand</code> provided by Standard C. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8818 (No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.) | 
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 | 
8819 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8820 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8821 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8822 When called without arguments, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8823 returns a uniform pseudo-random real number | 
| 
 
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 | 
8824 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>. | 
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 | 
8825 When called with an integer number <code>m</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8826 <code>math.random</code> returns | 
| 
 
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 | 
8827 a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range <em>[1, m]</em>. | 
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 | 
8828 When called with two integer numbers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8829 <code>math.random</code> returns a uniform pseudo-random | 
| 
 
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 | 
8830 integer in the range <em>[m, n]</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8831 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8832 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8833 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8834 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8835 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8836 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8837 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8838 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8839 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8840 Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed" | 
| 
 
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 | 
8841 for the pseudo-random generator: | 
| 
 
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 | 
8842 equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8843 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8844 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8845 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8846 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8847 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8848 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8849 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8850 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8851 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8852 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8853 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8854 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8855 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8856 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8857 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8858 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sinh"><code>math.sinh (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8859 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8860 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8861 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8862 Returns the hyperbolic sine of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8863 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8864 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8865 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8866 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8867 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8868 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8869 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8870 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8871 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8872 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8873 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8874 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8875 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8876 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8877 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8878 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8879 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8880 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8881 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8882 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8883 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8884 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8885 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8886 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8887 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8888 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8889 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tanh"><code>math.tanh (x)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
8890 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8891 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8892 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8893 Returns the hyperbolic tangent of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8894 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8895 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8896 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8897 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8898 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8899 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8900 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8901 <h2>6.7 – <a name="6.7">Bitwise Operations</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8902 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8903 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8904 This library provides bitwise operations. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8905 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-bit32"><code>bit32</code></a>. | 
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 | 
8906 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8907 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8908 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8909 Unless otherwise stated, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8910 all functions accept numeric arguments in the range | 
| 
 
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 | 
8911 <em>(-2<sup>51</sup>,+2<sup>51</sup>)</em>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8912 each argument is normalized to | 
| 
 
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 | 
8913 the remainder of its division by <em>2<sup>32</sup></em> | 
| 
 
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8914 and truncated to an integer (in some unspecified way), | 
| 
 
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 | 
8915 so that its final value falls in the range <em>[0,2<sup>32</sup> - 1]</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8916 Similarly, all results are in the range <em>[0,2<sup>32</sup> - 1]</em>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8917 Note that <code>bit32.bnot(0)</code> is <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8918 which is different from <code>-1</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8919 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8920 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8921 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8922 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.arshift"><code>bit32.arshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8923 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8924 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8925 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8926 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the right. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8927 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8928 Negative displacements shift to the left. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8929 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8930 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8931 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8932 This shift operation is what is called arithmetic shift. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8933 Vacant bits on the left are filled | 
| 
 
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 | 
8934 with copies of the higher bit of <code>x</code>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
8935 vacant bits on the right are filled with zeros. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8936 In particular, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8937 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8938 result in zero or <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code> (all original bits are shifted out). | 
| 
 
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 | 
8939 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8940 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8941 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8942 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8943 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8944 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.band"><code>bit32.band (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8945 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8946 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8947 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8948 Returns the bitwise <em>and</em> of its operands. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8949 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8950 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8951 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8952 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8953 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8954 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bnot"><code>bit32.bnot (x)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8955 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
8956 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8957 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8958 Returns the bitwise negation of <code>x</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8959 For any integer <code>x</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
8960 the following identity holds: | 
| 
 
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 | 
8961 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8962 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8963 assert(bit32.bnot(x) == (-1 - x) % 2^32) | 
| 
 
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 | 
8964 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8965 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8966 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8967 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8968 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8969 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bor"><code>bit32.bor (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8970 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8971 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8972 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8973 Returns the bitwise <em>or</em> of its operands. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8974 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8975 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8976 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8977 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8978 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8979 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.btest"><code>bit32.btest (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8980 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8981 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8982 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8983 Returns a boolean signaling | 
| 
 
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 | 
8984 whether the bitwise <em>and</em> of its operands is different from zero. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8985 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8986 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8987 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8988 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8989 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8990 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bxor"><code>bit32.bxor (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8991 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8992 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8993 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
8994 Returns the bitwise <em>exclusive or</em> of its operands. | 
| 
 
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 | 
8995 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8996 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8997 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8998 | 
| 
 
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 | 
8999 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9000 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.extract"><code>bit32.extract (n, field [, width])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9001 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9002 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9003 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9004 Returns the unsigned number formed by the bits | 
| 
 
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 | 
9005 <code>field</code> to <code>field + width - 1</code> from <code>n</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9006 Bits are numbered from 0 (least significant) to 31 (most significant). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9007 All accessed bits must be in the range <em>[0, 31]</em>. | 
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 | 
9008 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9009 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9010 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9011 The default for <code>width</code> is 1. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9012 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9013 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9014 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9015 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9016 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9017 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.replace"><code>bit32.replace (n, v, field [, width])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9018 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9019 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9020 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9021 Returns a copy of <code>n</code> with | 
| 
 
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 | 
9022 the bits <code>field</code> to <code>field + width - 1</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9023 replaced by the value <code>v</code>. | 
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 | 
9024 See <a href="#pdf-bit32.extract"><code>bit32.extract</code></a> for details about <code>field</code> and <code>width</code>. | 
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 | 
9025 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9026 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9027 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9028 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9029 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9030 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.lrotate"><code>bit32.lrotate (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9031 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9032 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9033 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9034 Returns the number <code>x</code> rotated <code>disp</code> bits to the left. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9035 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
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 | 
9036 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9037 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9038 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9039 For any valid displacement, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9040 the following identity holds: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9041 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9042 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9043 assert(bit32.lrotate(x, disp) == bit32.lrotate(x, disp % 32)) | 
| 
 
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 | 
9044 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9045 In particular, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9046 negative displacements rotate to the right. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9047 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9048 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9049 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9050 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9051 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9052 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.lshift"><code>bit32.lshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9053 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9054 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9055 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9056 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the left. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9057 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9058 Negative displacements shift to the right. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9059 In any direction, vacant bits are filled with zeros. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9060 In particular, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9061 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9062 result in zero (all bits are shifted out). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9063 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9064 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9065 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9066 For positive displacements, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9067 the following equality holds: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9068 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9069 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9070 assert(bit32.lshift(b, disp) == (b * 2^disp) % 2^32) | 
| 
 
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 | 
9071 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9072 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9073 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9074 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9075 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9076 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.rrotate"><code>bit32.rrotate (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9077 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9078 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9079 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9080 Returns the number <code>x</code> rotated <code>disp</code> bits to the right. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9081 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9082 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9083 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9084 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9085 For any valid displacement, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9086 the following identity holds: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9087 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9088 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9089 assert(bit32.rrotate(x, disp) == bit32.rrotate(x, disp % 32)) | 
| 
 
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 | 
9090 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9091 In particular, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9092 negative displacements rotate to the left. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9093 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9094 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9095 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9096 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9097 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9098 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.rshift"><code>bit32.rshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9099 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9100 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9101 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9102 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the right. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9103 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9104 Negative displacements shift to the left. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9105 In any direction, vacant bits are filled with zeros. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9106 In particular, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9107 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9108 result in zero (all bits are shifted out). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9109 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9110 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9111 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9112 For positive displacements, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9113 the following equality holds: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9114 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9115 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9116 assert(bit32.rshift(b, disp) == math.floor(b % 2^32 / 2^disp)) | 
| 
 
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 | 
9117 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9118 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9119 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9120 This shift operation is what is called logical shift. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9121 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9122 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9123 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9124 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9125 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9126 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9127 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9128 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9129 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9130 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9131 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9132 The first one uses implicit file descriptors; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9133 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a | 
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 | 
9134 default output file, | 
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9135 and all input/output operations are over these default files. | 
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9136 The second style uses explicit file descriptors. | 
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 | 
9137 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9138 | 
| 
 
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9139 <p> | 
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 | 
9140 When using implicit file descriptors, | 
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 | 
9141 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>. | 
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 | 
9142 When using explicit file descriptors, | 
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 | 
9143 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file descriptor | 
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9144 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file descriptor. | 
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 | 
9145 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9146 | 
| 
 
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9147 <p> | 
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 | 
9148 The table <code>io</code> also provides | 
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 | 
9149 three predefined file descriptors with their usual meanings from C: | 
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9150 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>. | 
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9151 The I/O library never closes these files. | 
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 | 
9152 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9153 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9154 <p> | 
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9155 Unless otherwise stated, | 
| 
 
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9156 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure | 
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 | 
9157 (plus an error message as a second result and | 
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 | 
9158 a system-dependent error code as a third result) | 
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 | 
9159 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success. | 
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 | 
9160 On non-Posix systems, | 
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 | 
9161 the computation of the error message and error code | 
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9162 in case of errors | 
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9163 may be not thread safe, | 
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 | 
9164 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>. | 
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 | 
9165 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9166 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9167 <p> | 
| 
 
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9168 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9169 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9170 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9171 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9172 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>. | 
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9173 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file. | 
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 | 
9174 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9175 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9176 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9177 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9178 <p> | 
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9179 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9180 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9181 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9182 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9183 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>. | 
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 | 
9184 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9185 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9186 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9187 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9188 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9189 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9190 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9191 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9192 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9193 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), | 
| 
 
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 | 
9194 and sets its handle as the default input file. | 
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 | 
9195 When called with a file handle, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9196 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. | 
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 | 
9197 When called without parameters, | 
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 | 
9198 it returns the current default input file. | 
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 | 
9199 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9200 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9201 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9202 In case of errors this function raises the error, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9203 instead of returning an error code. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9204 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9205 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9206 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9207 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9208 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9209 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9210 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9211 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9212 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9213 Opens the given file name in read mode | 
| 
 
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 | 
9214 and returns an iterator function that | 
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 | 
9215 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9216 When the iterator function detects the end of file, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9217 it returns <b>nil</b> (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9218 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9219 | 
| 
 
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parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9220 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9221 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9222 to <code>io.input():lines()</code>; | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9223 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9224 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9225 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9226 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9227 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9228 In case of errors this function raises the error, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9229 instead of returning an error code. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9230 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9231 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9232 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9233 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9234 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9235 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9236 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9237 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9238 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9239 This function opens a file, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9240 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9241 It returns a new file handle, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9242 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9243 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9244 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9245 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9246 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following: | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9247 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9248 <ul> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9249 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9250 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9251 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9252 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9253 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9254 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9255 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9256 </ul><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9257 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9258 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9259 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9260 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9261 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9262 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9263 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9264 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9265 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9266 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9267 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9268 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9269 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9270 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9271 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9272 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9273 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9274 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9275 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9276 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9277 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9278 This function is system dependent and is not available | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9279 on all platforms. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9280 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9281 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9282 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9283 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9284 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9285 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default) | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9286 or to write data to this program | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9287 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>). | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9288 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9289 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9290 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9291 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9292 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9293 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9294 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9295 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9296 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9297 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9298 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9299 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9300 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9301 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9302 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9303 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9304 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9305 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
parents:  
diff
changeset
 | 
9306 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
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 | 
9307 Returns a handle for a temporary file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9308 This file is opened in update mode | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9309 and it is automatically removed when the program ends. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9310 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9311 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9312 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9313 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9314 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9315 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9316 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9317 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9318 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9319 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9320 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9321 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9322 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9323 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9324 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9325 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9326 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9327 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9328 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9329 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9330 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9331 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9332 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9333 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9334 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9335 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9336 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9337 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9338 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9339 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9340 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9341 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9342 Closes <code>file</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9343 Note that files are automatically closed when | 
| 
 
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 | 
9344 their handles are garbage collected, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9345 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9346 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9347 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9348 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9349 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9350 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9351 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9352 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9353 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9354 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9355 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9356 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9357 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9358 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
9359 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9360 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9361 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9362 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9363 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9364 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9365 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9366 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9367 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9368 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9369 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9370 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9371 Returns an iterator function that, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9372 each time it is called, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9373 reads the file according to the given formats. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9374 When no format is given, | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9375 uses "*l" as a default. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9376 As an example, the construction | 
| 
 
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 | 
9377 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9378 <pre> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9379 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9380 </pre><p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9381 will iterate over all characters of the file, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9382 starting at the current position. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9383 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file | 
| 
 
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 | 
9384 when the loop ends. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9385 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
 | 
9386 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9387 <p> | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9388 In case of errors this function raises the error, | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9389 instead of returning an error code. | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
 | 
9390 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
9391 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
9392 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
9393 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
add unedited Lua manual
 
fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> 
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diff
changeset
 | 
9394 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9395 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9396 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9397 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9398 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9399 Reads the file <code>file</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9400 according to the given formats, which specify what to read. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9401 For each format, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9402 the function returns a string (or a number) with the characters read, | 
| 
 
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9403 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9404 When called without formats, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9405 it uses a default format that reads the next line | 
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 | 
9406 (see below). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9407 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9408 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9409 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9410 The available formats are | 
| 
 
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 | 
9411 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9412 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9413 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9414 <li><b>"<code>*n</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9415 reads a number; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9416 this is the only format that returns a number instead of a string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9417 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9418 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9419 <li><b>"<code>*a</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9420 reads the whole file, starting at the current position. | 
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 | 
9421 On end of file, it returns the empty string. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9422 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9423 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9424 <li><b>"<code>*l</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9425 reads the next line skipping the end of line, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9426 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9427 This is the default format. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9428 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9429 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9430 <li><b>"<code>*L</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9431 reads the next line keeping the end of line (if present), | 
| 
 
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 | 
9432 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9433 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9434 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9435 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9436 reads a string with up to this number of bytes, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9437 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9438 If number is zero, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9439 it reads nothing and returns an empty string, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9440 or <b>nil</b> on end of file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9441 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9442 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9443 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9444 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9445 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9446 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9447 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9448 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9449 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9450 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9451 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9452 Sets and gets the file position, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9453 measured from the beginning of the file, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9454 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base | 
| 
 
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 | 
9455 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9456 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9457 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9458 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9459 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9460 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9461 </ul><p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9462 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9463 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9464 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9465 plus a string describing the error. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9466 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9467 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9468 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9469 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9470 and for <code>offset</code> is 0. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9471 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current | 
| 
 
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 | 
9472 file position, without changing it; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9473 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the | 
| 
 
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 | 
9474 beginning of the file (and returns 0); | 
| 
 
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 | 
9475 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the | 
| 
 
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 | 
9476 end of the file, and returns its size. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9477 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9478 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9479 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9480 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9481 <p> | 
| 
 
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9482 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9483 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9484 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9485 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9486 Sets the buffering mode for an output file. | 
| 
 
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9487 There are three available modes: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9488 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9489 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9490 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9491 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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9492 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. | 
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 | 
9493 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9494 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9495 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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9496 full buffering; output operation is performed only | 
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 | 
9497 when the buffer is full or when | 
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9498 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>). | 
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9499 </li> | 
| 
 
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9500 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9501 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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9502 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output | 
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9503 or there is any input from some special files | 
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 | 
9504 (such as a terminal device). | 
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 | 
9505 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9506 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9507 </ul><p> | 
| 
 
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9508 For the last two cases, <code>size</code> | 
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9509 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. | 
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9510 The default is an appropriate size. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9511 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9512 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9513 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9514 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9515 <p> | 
| 
 
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9516 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9517 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9518 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9519 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9520 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>. | 
| 
 
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9521 The arguments must be strings or numbers. | 
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 | 
9522 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9523 | 
| 
 
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9524 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9525 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>. | 
| 
 
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9526 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error. | 
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 | 
9527 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9528 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9529 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9530 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9531 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9532 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9533 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9534 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9535 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9536 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9537 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>. | 
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 | 
9538 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9539 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9540 <p> | 
| 
 
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9541 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9542 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9543 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9544 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9545 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time | 
| 
 
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 | 
9546 used by the program. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9547 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9548 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9550 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9551 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9552 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9553 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9554 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9555 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9556 Returns a string or a table containing date and time, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9557 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9558 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9559 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9560 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9561 If the <code>time</code> argument is present, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9562 this is the time to be formatted | 
| 
 
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 | 
9563 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9564 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9565 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9566 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9567 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9568 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>', | 
| 
 
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 | 
9569 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. | 
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 | 
9570 After this optional character, | 
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 | 
9571 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>", | 
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 | 
9572 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields: | 
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9573 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31), | 
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9574 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61), | 
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 | 
9575 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1), | 
| 
 
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 | 
9576 <code>yday</code> (day of the year), | 
| 
 
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9577 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean). | 
| 
 
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9578 This last field may be absent | 
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 | 
9579 if the information is not available. | 
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 | 
9580 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9581 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9582 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9583 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>", | 
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 | 
9584 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string, | 
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9585 formatted according to the same rules as the ANSI C function <code>strftime</code>. | 
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9586 | 
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 | 
9587 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9588 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9589 When called without arguments, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9590 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on | 
| 
 
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 | 
9591 the host system and on the current locale | 
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 | 
9592 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9593 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9594 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9595 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9596 On non-Posix systems, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9597 this function may be not thread safe | 
| 
 
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 | 
9598 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9599 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9600 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9601 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9602 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9603 <p> | 
| 
 
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9604 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9605 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9606 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9607 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9608 Returns the number of seconds from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>. | 
| 
 
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9609 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, | 
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9610 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>. | 
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 | 
9611 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9612 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9613 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9614 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9615 <p> | 
| 
 
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9616 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9617 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9618 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9619 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9620 This function is equivalent to the ANSI C function <code>system</code>. | 
| 
 
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9621 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell. | 
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 | 
9622 Its first result is <b>true</b> | 
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 | 
9623 if the command terminated successfully, | 
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9624 or <b>nil</b> otherwise. | 
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 | 
9625 After this first result | 
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 | 
9626 the function returns a string and a number, | 
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 | 
9627 as follows: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9628 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9629 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9630 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9631 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9632 the command terminated normally; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9633 the following number is the exit status of the command. | 
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 | 
9634 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9635 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9636 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9637 the command was terminated by a signal; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9638 the following number is the signal that terminated the command. | 
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 | 
9639 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9640 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9641 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9642 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9643 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9644 When called without a <code>command</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9645 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9646 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9647 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9648 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9649 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9650 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9651 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9652 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9653 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9654 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9655 Calls the ANSI C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9656 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9657 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9658 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9659 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9660 if <code>code</code> is a number, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9661 the returned status is this number. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9662 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9663 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9664 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9665 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9666 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9667 closes the Lua state before exiting. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9668 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9669 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9670 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9671 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9672 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9673 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9674 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9675 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9676 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9677 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9678 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9679 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9680 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9681 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9682 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9683 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9684 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9685 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9686 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9687 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9688 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems) | 
| 
 
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 | 
9689 with the given name. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9690 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9691 plus a string describing the error and the error code. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9692 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9693 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
9694 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9695 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9696 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9697 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9698 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9699 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9700 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9701 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9702 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9703 plus a string describing the error and the error code. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9704 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9705 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9706 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9707 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9708 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9709 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9710 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9711 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9712 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9713 Sets the current locale of the program. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9714 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9715 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9716 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9717 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9718 the default category is <code>"all"</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9719 The function returns the name of the new locale, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9720 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9721 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9722 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9723 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9724 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9725 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9726 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>", | 
| 
 
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 | 
9727 the current locale is set to the standard C locale. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9728 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9729 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9730 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9731 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9732 this function only returns the name of the current locale | 
| 
 
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 | 
9733 for the given category. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9734 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9735 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9736 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9737 This function may be not thread safe | 
| 
 
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 | 
9738 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9739 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9740 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
9741 | 
| 
 
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diff
changeset
 | 
9742 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9743 <p> | 
| 
 
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9744 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9745 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9746 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9747 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9748 Returns the current time when called without arguments, | 
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9749 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table. | 
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9750 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>, | 
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9751 and may have fields | 
| 
 
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 | 
9752 <code>hour</code> (default is 12), | 
| 
 
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 | 
9753 <code>min</code> (default is 0), | 
| 
 
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 | 
9754 <code>sec</code> (default is 0), | 
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9755 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>). | 
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9756 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function. | 
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 | 
9757 | 
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 | 
9758 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9759 <p> | 
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 | 
9760 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. | 
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 | 
9761 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, | 
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 | 
9762 this number counts the number | 
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 | 
9763 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch"). | 
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9764 In other systems, the meaning is not specified, | 
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9765 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to | 
| 
 
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 | 
9766 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>. | 
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 | 
9767 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9768 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9769 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9770 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9771 <p> | 
| 
 
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9772 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9773 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9774 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9775 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9776 Returns a string with a file name that can | 
| 
 
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 | 
9777 be used for a temporary file. | 
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 | 
9778 The file must be explicitly opened before its use | 
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 | 
9779 and explicitly removed when no longer needed. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9780 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9781 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9782 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9783 On POSIX systems, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9784 this function also creates a file with that name, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9785 to avoid security risks. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9786 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions | 
| 
 
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 | 
9787 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.) | 
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 | 
9788 You still have to open the file to use it | 
| 
 
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 | 
9789 and to remove it (even if you do not use it). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9790 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9791 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9792 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9793 When possible, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9794 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9795 which automatically removes the file when the program ends. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9796 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9797 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9798 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9799 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9800 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9801 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9802 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9803 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9804 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9805 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9806 This library provides | 
| 
 
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 | 
9807 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9808 You should exert care when using this library. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9809 Several of its functions | 
| 
 
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 | 
9810 violate basic assumptions about Lua code | 
| 
 
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 | 
9811 (e.g., that variables local to a function | 
| 
 
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 | 
9812 cannot be accessed from outside; | 
| 
 
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9813 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code; | 
| 
 
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 | 
9814 that Lua programs do not crash) | 
| 
 
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 | 
9815 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9816 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9817 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9818 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9819 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9820 All functions in this library are provided | 
| 
 
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 | 
9821 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9822 All functions that operate over a thread | 
| 
 
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 | 
9823 have an optional first argument which is the | 
| 
 
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 | 
9824 thread to operate over. | 
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 | 
9825 The default is always the current thread. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9826 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9827 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9828 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9829 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9830 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9831 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9832 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9833 Enters an interactive mode with the user, | 
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 | 
9834 running each string that the user enters. | 
| 
 
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9835 Using simple commands and other debug facilities, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9836 the user can inspect global and local variables, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9837 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. | 
| 
 
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9838 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9839 so that the caller continues its execution. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9840 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9841 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9842 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9843 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested | 
| 
 
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 | 
9844 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9845 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9846 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9847 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9848 | 
| 
 
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9849 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9850 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9851 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9852 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9853 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9854 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9855 the current hook function, the current hook mask, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9856 and the current hook count | 
| 
 
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 | 
9857 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9858 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9859 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9860 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9861 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9862 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9863 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9864 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9865 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9866 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9867 Returns a table with information about a function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9868 You can give the function directly | 
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 | 
9869 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9870 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack | 
| 
 
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 | 
9871 of the given thread: | 
| 
 
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 | 
9872 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself); | 
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 | 
9873 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code> | 
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 | 
9874 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack); | 
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 | 
9875 and so on. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9876 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9877 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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 | 
9878 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9879 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9880 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9881 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9882 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9883 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9884 except the table of valid lines. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9885 If present, | 
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 | 
9886 the option '<code>f</code>' | 
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 | 
9887 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9888 If present, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9889 the option '<code>L</code>' | 
| 
 
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 | 
9890 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of | 
| 
 
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 | 
9891 valid lines. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9892 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9893 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9894 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9895 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns | 
| 
 
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 | 
9896 a table with a name for the current function, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9897 if a reasonable name can be found, | 
| 
 
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 | 
9898 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9899 returns a table with all available information | 
| 
 
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 | 
9900 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9901 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9902 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9903 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9904 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9905 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9906 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9907 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9908 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9909 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9910 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable | 
| 
 
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 | 
9911 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack. | 
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 | 
9912 This function accesses not only explicit local variables, | 
| 
 
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9913 but also parameters, temporaries, etc. | 
| 
 
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 | 
9914 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9915 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9916 <p> | 
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9917 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, | 
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9918 until the last active variable. | 
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9919 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters; | 
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9920 -1 is the first vararg parameter. | 
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9921 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index, | 
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9922 and raises an error when called with a level out of range. | 
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9923 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.) | 
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9924 | 
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 | 
9925 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9926 <p> | 
| 
 
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9927 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) | 
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 | 
9928 represent internal variables | 
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9929 (loop control variables, temporaries, varargs, and C function locals). | 
| 
 
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 | 
9930 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9931 | 
| 
 
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9932 <p> | 
| 
 
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9933 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function. | 
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9934 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters. | 
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 | 
9935 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9936 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9937 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9938 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9939 <p> | 
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 | 
9940 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9941 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9942 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9943 <p> | 
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 | 
9944 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code> | 
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 | 
9945 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable. | 
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 | 
9946 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9947 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9948 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9949 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9950 <p> | 
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9951 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9952 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9953 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9954 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9955 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
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 | 
9956 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9957 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9958 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9959 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9960 <p> | 
| 
 
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9961 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9962 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9963 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9964 <p> | 
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 | 
9965 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue | 
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 | 
9966 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. | 
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9967 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index. | 
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9968 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9969 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9970 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9971 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9972 <p> | 
| 
 
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9973 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9974 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9975 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9976 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9977 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>. | 
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9978 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata, | 
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9979 returns <b>nil</b>. | 
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 | 
9980 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9981 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9982 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9983 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9984 <p> | 
| 
 
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9985 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
9986 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9987 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9988 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
9989 Sets the given function as a hook. | 
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9990 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe | 
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 | 
9991 when the hook will be called. | 
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9992 The string mask may have the following characters, | 
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 | 
9993 with the given meaning: | 
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 | 
9994 | 
| 
 
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 | 
9995 <ul> | 
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9996 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li> | 
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9997 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li> | 
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9998 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li> | 
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 | 
9999 </ul><p> | 
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10000 With a <code>count</code> different from zero, | 
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10001 the hook is called after every <code>count</code> instructions. | 
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 | 
10002 | 
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10003 | 
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 | 
10004 <p> | 
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 | 
10005 When called without arguments, | 
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10006 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook. | 
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 | 
10007 | 
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10008 | 
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10009 <p> | 
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10010 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string | 
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10011 describing the event that has triggered its call: | 
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10012 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>), | 
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10013 <code>"return"</code>, | 
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10014 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>. | 
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10015 For line events, | 
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10016 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. | 
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10017 Inside a hook, | 
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10018 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about | 
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10019 the running function | 
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10020 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function, | 
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10021 and level 1 is the hook function). | 
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 | 
10022 | 
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 | 
10023 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10024 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10025 | 
| 
 
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10026 <p> | 
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10027 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
10028 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10029 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10030 <p> | 
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 | 
10031 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable | 
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 | 
10032 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack. | 
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10033 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local | 
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 | 
10034 variable with the given index, | 
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10035 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range. | 
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10036 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.) | 
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10037 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable. | 
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 | 
10038 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10039 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10040 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10041 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about | 
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 | 
10042 variable indices and names. | 
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 | 
10043 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10044 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10045 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10046 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10047 <p> | 
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10048 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
10049 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10050 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10051 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10052 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code> | 
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 | 
10053 (which can be <b>nil</b>). | 
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 | 
10054 Returns <code>value</code>. | 
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 | 
10055 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10056 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10057 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10058 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10059 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10060 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
10061 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10062 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10063 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10064 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue | 
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 | 
10065 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. | 
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 | 
10066 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue | 
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 | 
10067 with the given index. | 
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 | 
10068 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. | 
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 | 
10069 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10070 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10071 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10072 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10073 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10074 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3> | 
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 | 
10075 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10076 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10077 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10078 Sets the given <code>value</code> as | 
| 
 
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 | 
10079 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>. | 
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 | 
10080 <code>value</code> must be a table or <b>nil</b>; | 
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10081 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10082 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10083 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10084 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10085 Returns <code>udata</code>. | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10086 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10087 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10088 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10089 | 
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10090 <p> | 
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10091 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3> | 
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10092 | 
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10093 | 
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10094 <p> | 
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10095 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>, | 
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10096 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing. | 
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10097 Otherwise, | 
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10098 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. | 
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10099 An optional <code>message</code> string is appended | 
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10100 at the beginning of the traceback. | 
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10101 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level | 
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10102 to start the traceback | 
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10103 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>). | 
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10104 | 
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10105 | 
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10106 | 
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10107 | 
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10108 <p> | 
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10109 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3> | 
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10110 | 
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10111 | 
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10112 <p> | 
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10113 Returns an unique identifier (as a light userdata) | 
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10114 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> | 
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10115 from the given function. | 
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10116 | 
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10117 | 
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10118 <p> | 
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10119 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different | 
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10120 closures share upvalues. | 
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10121 Lua closures that share an upvalue | 
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10122 (that is, that access a same external local variable) | 
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10123 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. | 
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10124 | 
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10125 | 
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10126 | 
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10127 | 
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10128 <p> | 
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10129 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3> | 
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10130 | 
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10131 | 
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10132 <p> | 
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10133 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code> | 
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10134 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>. | 
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10135 | 
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10136 | 
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10137 | 
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10138 | 
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10139 | 
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10140 | 
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10141 | 
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10142 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1> | 
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10143 | 
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10144 <p> | 
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10145 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language, | 
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10146 to be embedded in a host C program, | 
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10147 it is also frequently used as a standalone language. | 
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10148 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language, | 
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10149 called simply <code>lua</code>, | 
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10150 is provided with the standard distribution. | 
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10151 The standalone interpreter includes | 
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10152 all standard libraries, including the debug library. | 
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10153 Its usage is: | 
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10154 | 
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10155 <pre> | 
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10156 lua [options] [script [args]] | 
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10157 </pre><p> | 
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10158 The options are: | 
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10159 | 
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10160 <ul> | 
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10161 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li> | 
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10162 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li> | 
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10163 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li> | 
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10164 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li> | 
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10165 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li> | 
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10166 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li> | 
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10167 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li> | 
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10168 </ul><p> | 
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10169 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>, | 
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10170 passing to it the given <em>args</em> as string arguments. | 
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10171 When called without arguments, | 
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10172 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code> | 
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10173 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal, | 
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10174 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise. | 
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10175 | 
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10176 | 
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10177 <p> | 
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10178 When called without option <code>-E</code>, | 
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10179 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_2"><code>LUA_INIT_5_2</code></a> | 
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10180 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if it is not defined) | 
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10181 before running any argument. | 
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10182 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>, | 
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10183 then <code>lua</code> executes the file. | 
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10184 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself. | 
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10185 | 
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10186 | 
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10187 <p> | 
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10188 When called with option <code>-E</code>, | 
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10189 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>, | 
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10190 Lua also ignores | 
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10191 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>, | 
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10192 setting the values of | 
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10193 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> | 
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10194 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. | 
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10195 | 
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10196 | 
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10197 <p> | 
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10198 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>. | 
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10199 For instance, an invocation like | 
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10200 | 
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10201 <pre> | 
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10202 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua | 
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10203 </pre><p> | 
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10204 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>, | 
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10205 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments. | 
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10206 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.) | 
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10207 | 
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10208 | 
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10209 <p> | 
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10210 Before starting to run the script, | 
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10211 <code>lua</code> collects all arguments in the command line | 
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10212 in a global table called <code>arg</code>. | 
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10213 The script name is stored at index 0, | 
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10214 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1, | 
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10215 and so on. | 
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10216 Any arguments before the script name | 
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10217 (that is, the interpreter name plus the options) | 
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10218 go to negative indices. | 
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10219 For instance, in the call | 
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10220 | 
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10221 <pre> | 
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10222 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2 | 
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10223 </pre><p> | 
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10224 the interpreter first runs the file <code>a.lua</code>, | 
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10225 then creates a table | 
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10226 | 
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10227 <pre> | 
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10228 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la", | 
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10229 [0] = "b.lua", | 
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10230 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" } | 
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10231 </pre><p> | 
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10232 and finally runs the file <code>b.lua</code>. | 
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10233 The script is called with <code>arg[1]</code>, <code>arg[2]</code>, ... | 
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10234 as arguments; | 
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10235 it can also access these arguments with the vararg expression '<code>...</code>'. | 
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10236 | 
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10237 | 
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10238 <p> | 
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10239 In interactive mode, | 
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10240 if you write an incomplete statement, | 
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10241 the interpreter waits for its completion | 
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10242 by issuing a different prompt. | 
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10243 | 
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10244 | 
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10245 <p> | 
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10246 In case of unprotected errors in the script, | 
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10247 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream. | 
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10248 If the error object is a string, | 
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10249 the interpreter adds a stack traceback to it. | 
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10250 Otherwise, if the error object has a metamethod <code>__tostring</code>, | 
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10251 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message. | 
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10252 Finally, if the error object is <b>nil</b>, | 
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10253 the interpreter does not report the error. | 
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10254 | 
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10255 | 
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10256 <p> | 
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10257 When finishing normally, | 
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10258 the interpreter closes its main Lua state | 
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10259 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>). | 
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10260 The script can avoid this step by | 
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 | 
10261 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate. | 
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10262 | 
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10263 | 
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10264 <p> | 
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10265 To allow the use of Lua as a | 
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10266 script interpreter in Unix systems, | 
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10267 the standalone interpreter skips | 
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10268 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>. | 
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10269 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs | 
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10270 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form, | 
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10271 as in | 
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10272 | 
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10273 <pre> | 
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10274 #!/usr/local/bin/lua | 
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10275 </pre><p> | 
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10276 (Of course, | 
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10277 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. | 
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10278 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>, | 
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10279 then | 
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10280 | 
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10281 <pre> | 
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10282 #!/usr/bin/env lua | 
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10283 </pre><p> | 
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10284 is a more portable solution.) | 
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10285 | 
| 
 
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10286 | 
| 
 
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10287 | 
| 
 
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10288 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1> | 
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10289 | 
| 
 
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10290 <p> | 
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10291 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program | 
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10292 from Lua 5.1 to Lua 5.2. | 
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10293 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with | 
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10294 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>). | 
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10295 However, | 
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10296 all these compatibility options will be removed in the next version of Lua. | 
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10297 Similarly, | 
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10298 all features marked as deprecated in Lua 5.1 | 
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 | 
10299 have been removed in Lua 5.2. | 
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10300 | 
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10301 | 
| 
 
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10302 | 
| 
 
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10303 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2> | 
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10304 <ul> | 
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10305 | 
| 
 
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10306 <li> | 
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10307 The concept of <em>environment</em> changed. | 
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10308 Only Lua functions have environments. | 
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10309 To set the environment of a Lua function, | 
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10310 use the variable <code>_ENV</code> or the function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>. | 
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10311 | 
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10312 | 
| 
 
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10313 <p> | 
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 | 
10314 C functions no longer have environments. | 
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10315 Use an upvalue with a shared table if you need to keep | 
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 | 
10316 shared state among several C functions. | 
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10317 (You may use <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> to open a C library | 
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 | 
10318 with all functions sharing a common upvalue.) | 
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10319 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10320 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10321 <p> | 
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 | 
10322 To manipulate the "environment" of a userdata | 
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 | 
10323 (which is now called user value), | 
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 | 
10324 use the new functions | 
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10325 <a href="#lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a> and <a href="#lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a>. | 
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10326 </li> | 
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 | 
10327 | 
| 
 
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10328 <li> | 
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10329 Lua identifiers cannot use locale-dependent letters. | 
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10330 </li> | 
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 | 
10331 | 
| 
 
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10332 <li> | 
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 | 
10333 Doing a step or a full collection in the garbage collector | 
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 | 
10334 does not restart the collector if it has been stopped. | 
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 | 
10335 </li> | 
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 | 
10336 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10337 <li> | 
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 | 
10338 Weak tables with weak keys now perform like <em>ephemeron tables</em>. | 
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10339 </li> | 
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 | 
10340 | 
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 | 
10341 <li> | 
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 | 
10342 The event <em>tail return</em> in debug hooks was removed. | 
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10343 Instead, tail calls generate a special new event, | 
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 | 
10344 <em>tail call</em>, so that the debugger can know that | 
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 | 
10345 there will not be a corresponding return event. | 
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 | 
10346 </li> | 
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 | 
10347 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10348 <li> | 
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 | 
10349 Equality between function values has changed. | 
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10350 Now, a function definition may not create a new value; | 
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10351 it may reuse some previous value if there is no | 
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 | 
10352 observable difference to the new function. | 
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10353 </li> | 
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 | 
10354 | 
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 | 
10355 </ul> | 
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 | 
10356 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10357 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10358 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10359 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10360 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2> | 
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10361 <ul> | 
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 | 
10362 | 
| 
 
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10363 <li> | 
| 
 
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10364 Function <code>module</code> is deprecated. | 
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10365 It is easy to set up a module with regular Lua code. | 
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10366 Modules are not expected to set global variables. | 
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10367 </li> | 
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 | 
10368 | 
| 
 
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10369 <li> | 
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 | 
10370 Functions <code>setfenv</code> and <code>getfenv</code> were removed, | 
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10371 because of the changes in environments. | 
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 | 
10372 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10373 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10374 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10375 Function <code>math.log10</code> is deprecated. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10376 Use <a href="#pdf-math.log"><code>math.log</code></a> with 10 as its second argument, instead. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10377 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10378 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10379 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10380 Function <code>loadstring</code> is deprecated. | 
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10381 Use <code>load</code> instead; it now accepts string arguments | 
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10382 and are exactly equivalent to <code>loadstring</code>. | 
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 | 
10383 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10384 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10385 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10386 Function <code>table.maxn</code> is deprecated. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10387 Write it in Lua if you really need it. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10388 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10389 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10390 <li> | 
| 
 
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10391 Function <code>os.execute</code> now returns <b>true</b> when command | 
| 
 
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 | 
10392 terminates successfully and <b>nil</b> plus error information | 
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 | 
10393 otherwise. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10394 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10395 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10396 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10397 Function <code>unpack</code> was moved into the table library | 
| 
 
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10398 and therefore must be called as <a href="#pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack</code></a>. | 
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 | 
10399 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10400 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10401 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10402 Character class <code>%z</code> in patterns is deprecated, | 
| 
 
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10403 as now patterns may contain '<code>\0</code>' as a regular character. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10404 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10405 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10406 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10407 The table <code>package.loaders</code> was renamed <code>package.searchers</code>. | 
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 | 
10408 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10409 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10410 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10411 Lua does not have bytecode verification anymore. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10412 So, all functions that load code | 
| 
 
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 | 
10413 (<a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>) | 
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 | 
10414 are potentially insecure when loading untrusted binary data. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10415 (Actually, those functions were already insecure because | 
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10416 of flaws in the verification algorithm.) | 
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 | 
10417 When in doubt, | 
| 
 
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10418 use the <code>mode</code> argument of those functions | 
| 
 
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10419 to restrict them to loading textual chunks. | 
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 | 
10420 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10421 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10422 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10423 The standard paths in the official distribution may | 
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 | 
10424 change between versions. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10425 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10426 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10427 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10428 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10429 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10430 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10431 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10432 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2> | 
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 | 
10433 <ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10434 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10435 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10436 Pseudoindex <code>LUA_GLOBALSINDEX</code> was removed. | 
| 
 
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10437 You must get the global environment from the registry | 
| 
 
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 | 
10438 (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). | 
| 
 
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 | 
10439 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10440 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10441 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10442 Pseudoindex <code>LUA_ENVIRONINDEX</code> | 
| 
 
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10443 and functions <code>lua_getfenv</code>/<code>lua_setfenv</code> | 
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 | 
10444 were removed, | 
| 
 
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 | 
10445 as C functions no longer have environments. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10446 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10447 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10448 <li> | 
| 
 
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10449 Function <code>luaL_register</code> is deprecated. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10450 Use <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> so that your module does not create globals. | 
| 
 
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10451 (Modules are not expected to set global variables anymore.) | 
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10452 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10453 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10454 <li> | 
| 
 
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10455 The <code>osize</code> argument to the allocation function | 
| 
 
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 | 
10456 may not be zero when creating a new block, | 
| 
 
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 | 
10457 that is, when <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10458 (see <a href="#lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a>). | 
| 
 
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10459 Use only the test <code>ptr == NULL</code> to check whether | 
| 
 
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 | 
10460 the block is new. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10461 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10462 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10463 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10464 Finalizers (<code>__gc</code> metamethods) for userdata are called in the | 
| 
 
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 | 
10465 reverse order that they were marked for finalization, | 
| 
 
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 | 
10466 not that they were created (see <a href="#2.5.1">§2.5.1</a>). | 
| 
 
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10467 (Most userdata are marked immediately after they are created.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
10468 Moreover, | 
| 
 
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 | 
10469 if the metatable does not have a <code>__gc</code> field when set, | 
| 
 
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 | 
10470 the finalizer will not be called, | 
| 
 
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 | 
10471 even if it is set later. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10472 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10473 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10474 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10475 <code>luaL_typerror</code> was removed. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10476 Write your own version if you need it. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10477 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10478 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10479 <li> | 
| 
 
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10480 Function <code>lua_cpcall</code> is deprecated. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10481 You can simply push the function with <a href="#lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a> | 
| 
 
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10482 and call it with <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10483 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10484 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10485 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10486 Functions <code>lua_equal</code> and <code>lua_lessthan</code> are deprecated. | 
| 
 
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10487 Use the new <a href="#lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a> with appropriate options instead. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10488 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10489 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10490 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10491 Function <code>lua_objlen</code> was renamed <a href="#lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10492 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10493 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10494 <li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10495 Function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>mode</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10496 Pass <code>NULL</code> to simulate the old behavior. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10497 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10498 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10499 <li> | 
| 
 
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10500 Function <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>from</code>. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10501 Pass <code>NULL</code> or the thread doing the call. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10502 </li> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10503 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10504 </ul> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10505 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10506 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10507 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10508 | 
| 
 
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10509 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10510 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10511 <p> | 
| 
 
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10512 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. | 
| 
 
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 | 
10513 (It does not describe operator precedences.) | 
| 
 
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 | 
10514 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10515 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10516 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10517 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10518 <pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10519 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10520 chunk ::= block | 
| 
 
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 | 
10521 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10522 block ::= {stat} [retstat] | 
| 
 
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 | 
10523 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10524 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | | 
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 | 
10525 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | | 
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 | 
10526 functioncall | | 
| 
 
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 | 
10527 label | | 
| 
 
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10528 <b>break</b> | | 
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10529 <b>goto</b> Name | | 
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10530 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
| 
 
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 | 
10531 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
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10532 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | | 
| 
 
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 | 
10533 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | | 
| 
 
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10534 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
| 
 
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10535 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | | 
| 
 
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10536 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | | 
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 | 
10537 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | | 
| 
 
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 | 
10538 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] | 
| 
 
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 | 
10539 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10540 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] | 
| 
 
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 | 
10541 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10542 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ | 
| 
 
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 | 
10543 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10544 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] | 
| 
 
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 | 
10545 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10546 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} | 
| 
 
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 | 
10547 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10548 var ::= Name | prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name | 
| 
 
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 | 
10549 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10550 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} | 
| 
 
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 | 
10551 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10552 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} | 
| 
 
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 | 
10553 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10554 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Number | String | ‘<b>...</b>’ | functiondef | | 
| 
 
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10555 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp | 
| 
 
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 | 
10556 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10557 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ | 
| 
 
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 | 
10558 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10559 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args | 
| 
 
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 | 
10560 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10561 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | tableconstructor | String | 
| 
 
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 | 
10562 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10563 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody | 
| 
 
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 | 
10564 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10565 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10566 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10567 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ | 
| 
 
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 | 
10568 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10569 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ | 
| 
 
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 | 
10570 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10571 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] | 
| 
 
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 | 
10572 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10573 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp | 
| 
 
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 | 
10574 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10575 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ | 
| 
 
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 | 
10576 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10577 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ | ‘<b>-</b>’ | ‘<b>*</b>’ | ‘<b>/</b>’ | ‘<b>^</b>’ | ‘<b>%</b>’ | ‘<b>..</b>’ | | 
| 
 
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 | 
10578 ‘<b><</b>’ | ‘<b><=</b>’ | ‘<b>></b>’ | ‘<b>>=</b>’ | ‘<b>==</b>’ | ‘<b>~=</b>’ | | 
| 
 
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 | 
10579 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10580 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10581 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ | <b>not</b> | ‘<b>#</b>’ | 
| 
 
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 | 
10582 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10583 </pre> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10584 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10585 <p> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10586 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10587 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10588 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10589 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10590 | 
| 
 
aa7bc9c1df22
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 | 
10591 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10592 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10593 <HR> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10594 <SMALL CLASS="footer"> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10595 Last update: | 
| 
 
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 | 
10596 Thu Mar 21 13:01:53 BRT 2013 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10597 </SMALL> | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10598 <!-- | 
| 
 
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 | 
10599 Last change: revised for Lua 5.2.2 | 
| 
 
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 | 
10600 --> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10601 | 
| 
 
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changeset
 | 
10602 </body></html> | 
| 
 
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 | 
10603 | 
