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annotate docs/manual.html @ 242:b5a926c481a5
Handle first h1 tag differently.
git-svn-id: https://luan-java.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@243 21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9
| author | hugo.tech@gmail.com <hugo.tech@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9> |
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| date | Tue, 07 Oct 2014 01:43:07 +0000 |
| parents | 852840d64a7f |
| children | c912f6de2053 |
| rev | line source |
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> |
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2 <html> |
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3 |
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4 <head> |
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5 <title>Luan Reference Manual</title> |
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6 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lua.css"> |
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7 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="manual.css"> |
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8 <META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> |
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9 </head> |
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10 |
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11 <body> |
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12 |
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13 <hr> |
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14 <h1 class="main"> |
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15 Luan Reference Manual |
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16 </h1> |
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17 |
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18 <P> |
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19 The reference manual is the official definition of the Luan language. |
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20 |
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21 <p> |
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22 <small> |
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23 Original Copyright © 2011–2013 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. |
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24 Freely available under the terms of the |
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25 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>. |
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26 Modified for Luan in 2014. |
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27 </small> |
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28 <hr> |
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29 <p> |
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30 |
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32 <!-- ====================================================================== --> |
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33 <p> |
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34 |
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35 <!-- $Id: manual.of,v 1.103 2013/03/14 18:51:56 roberto Exp $ --> |
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36 |
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37 |
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38 <H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2> |
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39 <UL style="padding: 0"> |
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40 <LI><A HREF="#1">1 – Introduction</A> |
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41 <P> |
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42 <LI><A HREF="#2">2 – Basic Concepts</A> |
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43 <UL> |
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44 <LI><A HREF="#2.1">2.1 – Values and Types</A> |
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45 <LI><A HREF="#2.2">2.2 – Environments and the Global Environment</A> |
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46 <LI><A HREF="#2.3">2.3 – Error Handling</A> |
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47 <LI><A HREF="#2.4">2.4 – Metatables and Metamethods</A> |
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48 <LI><A HREF="#2.5">2.5 – Garbage Collection</A> |
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49 <UL> |
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50 <LI><A HREF="#2.5.1">2.5.1 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A> |
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51 <LI><A HREF="#2.5.2">2.5.2 – Weak Tables</A> |
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52 </UL> |
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53 <LI><A HREF="#2.6">2.6 – Coroutines</A> |
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54 </UL> |
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55 <P> |
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56 <LI><A HREF="#3">3 – The Language</A> |
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57 <UL> |
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58 <LI><A HREF="#3.1">3.1 – Lexical Conventions</A> |
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59 <LI><A HREF="#3.2">3.2 – Variables</A> |
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60 <LI><A HREF="#3.3">3.3 – Statements</A> |
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61 <UL> |
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62 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.1">3.3.1 – Blocks</A> |
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63 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.2">3.3.2 – Chunks</A> |
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64 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.3">3.3.3 – Assignment</A> |
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65 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.4">3.3.4 – Control Structures</A> |
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66 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.5">3.3.5 – For Statement</A> |
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67 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.6">3.3.6 – Function Calls as Statements</A> |
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68 <LI><A HREF="#3.3.7">3.3.7 – Local Declarations</A> |
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69 </UL> |
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70 <LI><A HREF="#3.4">3.4 – Expressions</A> |
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71 <UL> |
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72 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.1">3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators</A> |
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73 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.2">3.4.2 – Coercion</A> |
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74 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.3">3.4.3 – Relational Operators</A> |
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75 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.4">3.4.4 – Logical Operators</A> |
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76 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.5">3.4.5 – Concatenation</A> |
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77 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.6">3.4.6 – The Length Operator</A> |
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78 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.7">3.4.7 – Precedence</A> |
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79 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.8">3.4.8 – Table Constructors</A> |
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80 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.9">3.4.9 – Function Calls</A> |
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81 <LI><A HREF="#3.4.10">3.4.10 – Function Definitions</A> |
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82 </UL> |
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83 <LI><A HREF="#3.5">3.5 – Visibility Rules</A> |
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84 </UL> |
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85 <P> |
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86 <LI><A HREF="#4">4 – The Application Program Interface</A> |
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87 <UL> |
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88 <LI><A HREF="#4.1">4.1 – The Stack</A> |
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89 <LI><A HREF="#4.2">4.2 – Stack Size</A> |
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90 <LI><A HREF="#4.3">4.3 – Valid and Acceptable Indices</A> |
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91 <LI><A HREF="#4.4">4.4 – C Closures</A> |
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92 <LI><A HREF="#4.5">4.5 – Registry</A> |
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93 <LI><A HREF="#4.6">4.6 – Error Handling in C</A> |
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94 <LI><A HREF="#4.7">4.7 – Handling Yields in C</A> |
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95 <LI><A HREF="#4.8">4.8 – Functions and Types</A> |
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96 <LI><A HREF="#4.9">4.9 – The Debug Interface</A> |
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97 </UL> |
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98 <P> |
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99 <LI><A HREF="#5">5 – The Auxiliary Library</A> |
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100 <UL> |
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101 <LI><A HREF="#5.1">5.1 – Functions and Types</A> |
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102 </UL> |
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103 <P> |
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104 <LI><A HREF="#6">6 – Standard Libraries</A> |
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105 <UL> |
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106 <LI><A HREF="#6.1">6.1 – Basic Functions</A> |
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107 <LI><A HREF="#6.2">6.2 – Coroutine Manipulation</A> |
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108 <LI><A HREF="#6.3">6.3 – Modules</A> |
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109 <LI><A HREF="#6.4">6.4 – String Manipulation</A> |
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110 <UL> |
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111 <LI><A HREF="#6.4.1">6.4.1 – Patterns</A> |
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112 </UL> |
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113 <LI><A HREF="#6.5">6.5 – Table Manipulation</A> |
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114 <LI><A HREF="#6.6">6.6 – Mathematical Functions</A> |
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115 <LI><A HREF="#6.7">6.7 – Bitwise Operations</A> |
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116 <LI><A HREF="#6.8">6.8 – Input and Output Facilities</A> |
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117 <LI><A HREF="#6.9">6.9 – Operating System Facilities</A> |
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118 <LI><A HREF="#6.10">6.10 – The Debug Library</A> |
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119 </UL> |
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120 <P> |
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121 <LI><A HREF="#7">7 – Lua Standalone</A> |
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122 <P> |
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123 <LI><A HREF="#8">8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A> |
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124 <UL> |
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125 <LI><A HREF="#8.1">8.1 – Changes in the Language</A> |
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126 <LI><A HREF="#8.2">8.2 – Changes in the Libraries</A> |
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127 <LI><A HREF="#8.3">8.3 – Changes in the API</A> |
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128 </UL> |
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129 <P> |
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130 <LI><A HREF="#9">9 – The Complete Syntax of Lua</A> |
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131 </UL> |
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132 |
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133 |
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134 <h1>1 – <a name="1">Introduction</a></h1> |
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135 |
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136 <p> |
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137 Lua is an extension programming language designed to support |
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138 general procedural programming with data description |
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139 facilities. |
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140 It also offers good support for object-oriented programming, |
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141 functional programming, and data-driven programming. |
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142 Lua is intended to be used as a powerful, lightweight, |
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143 embeddable scripting language for any program that needs one. |
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144 Lua is implemented as a library, written in <em>clean C</em>, |
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145 the common subset of Standard C and C++. |
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146 |
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147 |
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148 <p> |
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149 Being an extension language, Lua has no notion of a "main" program: |
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150 it only works <em>embedded</em> in a host client, |
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151 called the <em>embedding program</em> or simply the <em>host</em>. |
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152 The host program can invoke functions to execute a piece of Lua code, |
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153 can write and read Lua variables, |
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154 and can register C functions to be called by Lua code. |
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155 Through the use of C functions, Lua can be augmented to cope with |
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156 a wide range of different domains, |
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157 thus creating customized programming languages sharing a syntactical framework. |
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158 The Lua distribution includes a sample host program called <code>lua</code>, |
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159 which uses the Lua library to offer a complete, standalone Lua interpreter, |
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160 for interactive or batch use. |
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161 |
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162 |
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163 <p> |
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164 Lua is free software, |
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165 and is provided as usual with no guarantees, |
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166 as stated in its license. |
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167 The implementation described in this manual is available |
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168 at Lua's official web site, <code>www.lua.org</code>. |
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169 |
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170 |
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171 <p> |
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172 Like any other reference manual, |
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173 this document is dry in places. |
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174 For a discussion of the decisions behind the design of Lua, |
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175 see the technical papers available at Lua's web site. |
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176 For a detailed introduction to programming in Lua, |
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177 see Roberto's book, <em>Programming in Lua</em>. |
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178 |
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179 <h1>2 – <a name="2">Basic Concepts</a></h1> |
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180 |
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181 <p> |
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182 This section describes the basic concepts of the language. |
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183 |
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184 |
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185 |
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186 <h2>2.1 – <a name="2.1">Values and Types</a></h2> |
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187 |
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188 <p> |
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189 Lua is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>. |
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190 This means that |
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191 variables do not have types; only values do. |
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192 There are no type definitions in the language. |
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193 All values carry their own type. |
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194 |
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195 |
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196 <p> |
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197 All values in Lua are <em>first-class values</em>. |
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198 This means that all values can be stored in variables, |
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199 passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results. |
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200 |
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201 |
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202 <p> |
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203 There are eight basic types in Lua: |
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204 <em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>, |
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205 <em>string</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>userdata</em>, |
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206 <em>thread</em>, and <em>table</em>. |
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207 <em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>, |
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208 whose main property is to be different from any other value; |
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209 it usually represents the absence of a useful value. |
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210 <em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>. |
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211 Both <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> make a condition false; |
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212 any other value makes it true. |
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213 <em>Number</em> represents real (double-precision floating-point) numbers. |
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214 Operations on numbers follow the same rules of |
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215 the underlying C implementation, |
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216 which, in turn, usually follows the IEEE 754 standard. |
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217 (It is easy to build Lua interpreters that use other |
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218 internal representations for numbers, |
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219 such as single-precision floats or long integers; |
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220 see file <code>luaconf.h</code>.) |
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221 <em>String</em> represents immutable sequences of bytes. |
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222 |
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223 Lua is 8-bit clean: |
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224 strings can contain any 8-bit value, |
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225 including embedded zeros ('<code>\0</code>'). |
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226 |
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227 |
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228 <p> |
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229 Lua can call (and manipulate) functions written in Lua and |
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230 functions written in C |
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231 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). |
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232 |
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233 |
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234 <p> |
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235 The type <em>userdata</em> is provided to allow arbitrary C data to |
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236 be stored in Lua variables. |
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237 A userdata value is a pointer to a block of raw memory. |
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238 There are two kinds of userdata: |
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239 full userdata, where the block of memory is managed by Lua, |
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240 and light userdata, where the block of memory is managed by the host. |
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241 Userdata has no predefined operations in Lua, |
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242 except assignment and identity test. |
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243 By using <em>metatables</em>, |
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244 the programmer can define operations for full userdata values |
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245 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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246 Userdata values cannot be created or modified in Lua, |
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247 only through the C API. |
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248 This guarantees the integrity of data owned by the host program. |
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249 |
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250 |
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251 <p> |
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252 The type <em>thread</em> represents independent threads of execution |
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253 and it is used to implement coroutines (see <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a>). |
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254 Do not confuse Lua threads with operating-system threads. |
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255 Lua supports coroutines on all systems, |
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256 even those that do not support threads. |
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257 |
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258 |
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259 <p> |
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260 The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays, |
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261 that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers, |
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262 but with any Lua value except <b>nil</b> and NaN |
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263 (<em>Not a Number</em>, a special numeric value used to represent |
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264 undefined or unrepresentable results, such as <code>0/0</code>). |
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265 Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>; |
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266 that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>). |
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267 Any key with value <b>nil</b> is not considered part of the table. |
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268 Conversely, any key that is not part of a table has |
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269 an associated value <b>nil</b>. |
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270 |
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271 |
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272 <p> |
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273 Tables are the sole data structuring mechanism in Lua; |
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274 they can be used to represent ordinary arrays, sequences, |
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275 symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc. |
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276 To represent records, Lua uses the field name as an index. |
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277 The language supports this representation by |
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278 providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>. |
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279 There are several convenient ways to create tables in Lua |
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280 (see <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>). |
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281 |
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282 |
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283 <p> |
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284 We use the term <em>sequence</em> to denote a table where |
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285 the set of all positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> |
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286 for some integer <em>n</em>, |
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287 which is called the length of the sequence (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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288 |
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289 |
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290 <p> |
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291 Like indices, |
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292 the values of table fields can be of any type. |
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293 In particular, |
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294 because functions are first-class values, |
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295 table fields can contain functions. |
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296 Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). |
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297 |
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298 |
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299 <p> |
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300 The indexing of tables follows |
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301 the definition of raw equality in the language. |
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302 The expressions <code>a[i]</code> and <code>a[j]</code> |
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303 denote the same table element |
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304 if and only if <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> are raw equal |
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305 (that is, equal without metamethods). |
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306 |
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307 |
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308 <p> |
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309 Tables, functions, threads, and (full) userdata values are <em>objects</em>: |
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310 variables do not actually <em>contain</em> these values, |
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311 only <em>references</em> to them. |
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312 Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns |
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313 always manipulate references to such values; |
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314 these operations do not imply any kind of copy. |
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315 |
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316 |
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317 <p> |
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318 The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> returns a string describing the type |
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319 of a given value (see <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>). |
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320 |
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321 |
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322 |
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323 |
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324 |
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325 <h2>2.2 – <a name="2.2">Environments and the Global Environment</a></h2> |
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326 |
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327 <p> |
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328 As will be discussed in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a> and <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>, |
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329 any reference to a global name <code>var</code> is syntactically translated |
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330 to <code>_ENV.var</code>. |
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331 Moreover, every chunk is compiled in the scope of |
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332 an external local variable called <code>_ENV</code> (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), |
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333 so <code>_ENV</code> itself is never a global name in a chunk. |
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334 |
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335 |
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336 <p> |
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337 Despite the existence of this external <code>_ENV</code> variable and |
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338 the translation of global names, |
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339 <code>_ENV</code> is a completely regular name. |
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340 In particular, |
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341 you can define new variables and parameters with that name. |
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342 Each reference to a global name uses the <code>_ENV</code> that is |
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343 visible at that point in the program, |
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344 following the usual visibility rules of Lua (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). |
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345 |
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346 |
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347 <p> |
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348 Any table used as the value of <code>_ENV</code> is called an <em>environment</em>. |
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349 |
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350 |
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351 <p> |
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352 Lua keeps a distinguished environment called the <em>global environment</em>. |
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353 This value is kept at a special index in the C registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
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354 In Lua, the variable <a href="#pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a> is initialized with this same value. |
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355 |
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356 |
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357 <p> |
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358 When Lua compiles a chunk, |
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359 it initializes the value of its <code>_ENV</code> upvalue |
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360 with the global environment (see <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>). |
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361 Therefore, by default, |
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362 global variables in Lua code refer to entries in the global environment. |
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363 Moreover, all standard libraries are loaded in the global environment |
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364 and several functions there operate on that environment. |
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365 You can use <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> (or <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>) |
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366 to load a chunk with a different environment. |
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367 (In C, you have to load the chunk and then change the value |
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368 of its first upvalue.) |
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369 |
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370 |
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371 <p> |
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372 If you change the global environment in the registry |
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373 (through C code or the debug library), |
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374 all chunks loaded after the change will get the new environment. |
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375 Previously loaded chunks are not affected, however, |
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376 as each has its own reference to the environment in its <code>_ENV</code> variable. |
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377 Moreover, the variable <a href="#pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a> |
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378 (which is stored in the original global environment) |
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379 is never updated by Lua. |
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380 |
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381 |
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382 |
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383 |
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384 |
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385 <h2>2.3 – <a name="2.3">Error Handling</a></h2> |
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386 |
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387 <p> |
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388 Because Lua is an embedded extension language, |
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389 all Lua actions start from C code in the host program |
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390 calling a function from the Lua library (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). |
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391 Whenever an error occurs during |
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392 the compilation or execution of a Lua chunk, |
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393 control returns to the host, |
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394 which can take appropriate measures |
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395 (such as printing an error message). |
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396 |
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397 |
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398 <p> |
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399 Lua code can explicitly generate an error by calling the |
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400 <a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> function. |
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401 If you need to catch errors in Lua, |
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402 you can use <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall</code></a> |
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403 to call a given function in <em>protected mode</em>. |
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404 |
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405 |
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406 <p> |
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407 Whenever there is an error, |
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408 an <em>error object</em> (also called an <em>error message</em>) |
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409 is propagated with information about the error. |
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410 Lua itself only generates errors where the error object is a string, |
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411 but programs may generate errors with |
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412 any value for the error object. |
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413 |
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414 |
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415 <p> |
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416 When you use <a href="#pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
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417 you may give a <em>message handler</em> |
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418 to be called in case of errors. |
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419 This function is called with the original error message |
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420 and returns a new error message. |
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421 It is called before the error unwinds the stack, |
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422 so that it can gather more information about the error, |
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423 for instance by inspecting the stack and creating a stack traceback. |
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424 This message handler is still protected by the protected call; |
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425 so, an error inside the message handler |
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426 will call the message handler again. |
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427 If this loop goes on, Lua breaks it and returns an appropriate message. |
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428 |
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429 |
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430 |
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431 |
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432 |
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433 <h2>2.4 – <a name="2.4">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h2> |
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434 |
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435 <p> |
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436 Every value in Lua can have a <em>metatable</em>. |
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437 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Lua table |
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438 that defines the behavior of the original value |
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439 under certain special operations. |
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440 You can change several aspects of the behavior |
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441 of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable. |
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442 For instance, when a non-numeric value is the operand of an addition, |
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443 Lua checks for a function in the field "<code>__add</code>" of the value's metatable. |
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444 If it finds one, |
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445 Lua calls this function to perform the addition. |
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446 |
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447 |
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448 <p> |
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449 The keys in a metatable are derived from the <em>event</em> names; |
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450 the corresponding values are called <em>metamethods</em>. |
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451 In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code> |
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452 and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition. |
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453 |
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454 |
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455 <p> |
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456 You can query the metatable of any value |
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457 using the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a> function. |
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458 |
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459 |
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460 <p> |
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461 You can replace the metatable of tables |
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462 using the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable</code></a> function. |
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463 You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua |
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464 (except by using the debug library); |
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465 you must use the C API for that. |
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466 |
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467 |
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468 <p> |
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469 Tables and full userdata have individual metatables |
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470 (although multiple tables and userdata can share their metatables). |
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471 Values of all other types share one single metatable per type; |
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472 that is, there is one single metatable for all numbers, |
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473 one for all strings, etc. |
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474 By default, a value has no metatable, |
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475 but the string library sets a metatable for the string type (see <a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>). |
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476 |
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477 |
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478 <p> |
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479 A metatable controls how an object behaves in arithmetic operations, |
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480 order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, and indexing. |
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481 A metatable also can define a function to be called |
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482 when a userdata or a table is garbage collected. |
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483 When Lua performs one of these operations over a value, |
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484 it checks whether this value has a metatable with the corresponding event. |
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485 If so, the value associated with that key (the metamethod) |
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486 controls how Lua will perform the operation. |
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487 |
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488 |
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489 <p> |
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490 Metatables control the operations listed next. |
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491 Each operation is identified by its corresponding name. |
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492 The key for each operation is a string with its name prefixed by |
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493 two underscores, '<code>__</code>'; |
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494 for instance, the key for operation "add" is the |
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495 string "<code>__add</code>". |
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496 |
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497 |
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498 <p> |
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499 The semantics of these operations is better explained by a Lua function |
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500 describing how the interpreter executes the operation. |
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501 The code shown here in Lua is only illustrative; |
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502 the real behavior is hard coded in the interpreter |
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503 and it is much more efficient than this simulation. |
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504 All functions used in these descriptions |
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505 (<a href="#pdf-rawget"><code>rawget</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber</code></a>, etc.) |
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506 are described in <a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>. |
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507 In particular, to retrieve the metamethod of a given object, |
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508 we use the expression |
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509 |
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510 <pre> |
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511 metatable(obj)[event] |
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512 </pre><p> |
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513 This should be read as |
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514 |
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515 <pre> |
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516 rawget(getmetatable(obj) or {}, event) |
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517 </pre><p> |
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518 This means that the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods, |
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519 and access to objects with no metatables does not fail |
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520 (it simply results in <b>nil</b>). |
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521 |
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522 |
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523 <p> |
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524 For the unary <code>-</code> and <code>#</code> operators, |
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525 the metamethod is called with a dummy second argument. |
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526 This extra argument is only to simplify Lua's internals; |
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527 it may be removed in future versions and therefore it is not present |
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528 in the following code. |
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529 (For most uses this extra argument is irrelevant.) |
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530 |
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531 |
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532 |
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533 <ul> |
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534 |
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535 <li><b>"add": </b> |
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536 the <code>+</code> operation. |
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537 |
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538 |
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539 |
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540 <p> |
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541 The function <code>getbinhandler</code> below defines how Lua chooses a handler |
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542 for a binary operation. |
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543 First, Lua tries the first operand. |
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544 If its type does not define a handler for the operation, |
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545 then Lua tries the second operand. |
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546 |
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547 <pre> |
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548 function getbinhandler (op1, op2, event) |
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549 return metatable(op1)[event] or metatable(op2)[event] |
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550 end |
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551 </pre><p> |
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552 By using this function, |
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553 the behavior of the <code>op1 + op2</code> is |
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554 |
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555 <pre> |
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556 function add_event (op1, op2) |
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557 local o1, o2 = tonumber(op1), tonumber(op2) |
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558 if o1 and o2 then -- both operands are numeric? |
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559 return o1 + o2 -- '+' here is the primitive 'add' |
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560 else -- at least one of the operands is not numeric |
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561 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__add") |
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562 if h then |
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563 -- call the handler with both operands |
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564 return (h(op1, op2)) |
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565 else -- no handler available: default behavior |
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566 error(···) |
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567 end |
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568 end |
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569 end |
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570 </pre><p> |
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571 </li> |
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572 |
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573 <li><b>"sub": </b> |
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574 the <code>-</code> operation. |
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575 |
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576 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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577 </li> |
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578 |
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579 <li><b>"mul": </b> |
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580 the <code>*</code> operation. |
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581 |
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582 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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583 </li> |
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584 |
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585 <li><b>"div": </b> |
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586 the <code>/</code> operation. |
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587 |
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588 Behavior similar to the "add" operation. |
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589 </li> |
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590 |
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591 <li><b>"mod": </b> |
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592 the <code>%</code> operation. |
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593 |
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594 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, |
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595 with the operation |
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596 <code>o1 - floor(o1/o2)*o2</code> as the primitive operation. |
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597 </li> |
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598 |
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599 <li><b>"pow": </b> |
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600 the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation. |
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601 |
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602 Behavior similar to the "add" operation, |
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603 with the function <code>pow</code> (from the C math library) |
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604 as the primitive operation. |
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605 </li> |
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606 |
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607 <li><b>"unm": </b> |
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608 the unary <code>-</code> operation. |
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609 |
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610 |
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611 <pre> |
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612 function unm_event (op) |
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613 local o = tonumber(op) |
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614 if o then -- operand is numeric? |
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615 return -o -- '-' here is the primitive 'unm' |
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616 else -- the operand is not numeric. |
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617 -- Try to get a handler from the operand |
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618 local h = metatable(op).__unm |
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619 if h then |
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620 -- call the handler with the operand |
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621 return (h(op)) |
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622 else -- no handler available: default behavior |
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623 error(···) |
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624 end |
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625 end |
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626 end |
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627 </pre><p> |
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628 </li> |
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629 |
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630 <li><b>"concat": </b> |
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631 the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation. |
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632 |
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633 |
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634 <pre> |
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635 function concat_event (op1, op2) |
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636 if (type(op1) == "string" or type(op1) == "number") and |
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637 (type(op2) == "string" or type(op2) == "number") then |
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638 return op1 .. op2 -- primitive string concatenation |
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639 else |
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640 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__concat") |
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641 if h then |
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642 return (h(op1, op2)) |
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643 else |
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644 error(···) |
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645 end |
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646 end |
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647 end |
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648 </pre><p> |
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649 </li> |
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650 |
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651 <li><b>"len": </b> |
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652 the <code>#</code> operation. |
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653 |
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654 |
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655 <pre> |
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656 function len_event (op) |
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657 if type(op) == "string" then |
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658 return strlen(op) -- primitive string length |
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659 else |
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660 local h = metatable(op).__len |
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661 if h then |
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662 return (h(op)) -- call handler with the operand |
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663 elseif type(op) == "table" then |
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664 return #op -- primitive table length |
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665 else -- no handler available: error |
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666 error(···) |
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667 end |
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668 end |
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669 end |
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670 </pre><p> |
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671 See <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a> for a description of the length of a table. |
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672 </li> |
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673 |
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674 <li><b>"eq": </b> |
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675 the <code>==</code> operation. |
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676 |
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677 The function <code>getequalhandler</code> defines how Lua chooses a metamethod |
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678 for equality. |
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679 A metamethod is selected only when both values |
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680 being compared have the same type |
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681 and the same metamethod for the selected operation, |
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682 and the values are either tables or full userdata. |
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683 |
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684 <pre> |
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685 function getequalhandler (op1, op2) |
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686 if type(op1) ~= type(op2) or |
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687 (type(op1) ~= "table" and type(op1) ~= "userdata") then |
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688 return nil -- different values |
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689 end |
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690 local mm1 = metatable(op1).__eq |
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691 local mm2 = metatable(op2).__eq |
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692 if mm1 == mm2 then return mm1 else return nil end |
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693 end |
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694 </pre><p> |
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695 The "eq" event is defined as follows: |
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696 |
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697 <pre> |
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698 function eq_event (op1, op2) |
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699 if op1 == op2 then -- primitive equal? |
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700 return true -- values are equal |
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701 end |
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702 -- try metamethod |
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703 local h = getequalhandler(op1, op2) |
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704 if h then |
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705 return not not h(op1, op2) |
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706 else |
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707 return false |
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708 end |
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709 end |
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710 </pre><p> |
|
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711 Note that the result is always a boolean. |
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712 </li> |
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713 |
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714 <li><b>"lt": </b> |
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715 the <code><</code> operation. |
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716 |
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717 |
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718 <pre> |
|
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719 function lt_event (op1, op2) |
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720 if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then |
|
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721 return op1 < op2 -- numeric comparison |
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722 elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then |
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723 return op1 < op2 -- lexicographic comparison |
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724 else |
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725 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__lt") |
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726 if h then |
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727 return not not h(op1, op2) |
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728 else |
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729 error(···) |
|
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730 end |
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731 end |
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732 end |
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733 </pre><p> |
|
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734 Note that the result is always a boolean. |
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735 </li> |
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736 |
|
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737 <li><b>"le": </b> |
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738 the <code><=</code> operation. |
|
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739 |
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740 |
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741 <pre> |
|
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742 function le_event (op1, op2) |
|
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743 if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then |
|
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744 return op1 <= op2 -- numeric comparison |
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745 elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then |
|
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746 return op1 <= op2 -- lexicographic comparison |
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747 else |
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748 local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__le") |
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749 if h then |
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750 return not not h(op1, op2) |
|
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751 else |
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752 h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__lt") |
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753 if h then |
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754 return not h(op2, op1) |
|
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|
755 else |
|
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|
756 error(···) |
|
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757 end |
|
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758 end |
|
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759 end |
|
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760 end |
|
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761 </pre><p> |
|
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762 Note that, in the absence of a "le" metamethod, |
|
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763 Lua tries the "lt", assuming that <code>a <= b</code> is |
|
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764 equivalent to <code>not (b < a)</code>. |
|
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|
765 |
|
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|
766 |
|
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767 <p> |
|
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768 As with the other comparison operators, |
|
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|
769 the result is always a boolean. |
|
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|
770 </li> |
|
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|
771 |
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|
772 <li><b>"index": </b> |
|
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773 The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>. |
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774 Note that the metamethod is tried only |
|
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|
775 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>. |
|
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|
776 (When <code>table</code> is not a table, |
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777 no key is ever present, |
|
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778 so the metamethod is always tried.) |
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|
779 |
|
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|
780 |
|
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781 <pre> |
|
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782 function gettable_event (table, key) |
|
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783 local h |
|
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784 if type(table) == "table" then |
|
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785 local v = rawget(table, key) |
|
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786 -- if key is present, return raw value |
|
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787 if v ~= nil then return v end |
|
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788 h = metatable(table).__index |
|
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|
789 if h == nil then return nil end |
|
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790 else |
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791 h = metatable(table).__index |
|
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792 if h == nil then |
|
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|
793 error(···) |
|
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|
794 end |
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795 end |
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796 if type(h) == "function" then |
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797 return (h(table, key)) -- call the handler |
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798 else return h[key] -- or repeat operation on it |
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799 end |
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800 end |
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801 </pre><p> |
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802 </li> |
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803 |
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804 <li><b>"newindex": </b> |
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805 The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>. |
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806 Note that the metamethod is tried only |
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807 when <code>key</code> is not present in <code>table</code>. |
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808 |
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809 |
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810 <pre> |
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811 function settable_event (table, key, value) |
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812 local h |
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813 if type(table) == "table" then |
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814 local v = rawget(table, key) |
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815 -- if key is present, do raw assignment |
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816 if v ~= nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end |
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817 h = metatable(table).__newindex |
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818 if h == nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end |
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819 else |
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820 h = metatable(table).__newindex |
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821 if h == nil then |
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822 error(···) |
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823 end |
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824 end |
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825 if type(h) == "function" then |
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826 h(table, key,value) -- call the handler |
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827 else h[key] = value -- or repeat operation on it |
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828 end |
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829 end |
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830 </pre><p> |
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831 </li> |
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832 |
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833 <li><b>"call": </b> |
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834 called when Lua calls a value. |
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835 |
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836 |
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837 <pre> |
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838 function function_event (func, ...) |
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839 if type(func) == "function" then |
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840 return func(...) -- primitive call |
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841 else |
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842 local h = metatable(func).__call |
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843 if h then |
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844 return h(func, ...) |
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845 else |
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846 error(···) |
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847 end |
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848 end |
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849 end |
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850 </pre><p> |
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851 </li> |
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852 |
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853 </ul> |
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854 |
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855 |
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856 |
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857 |
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858 <h2>2.5 – <a name="2.5">Garbage Collection</a></h2> |
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859 |
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860 <p> |
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861 Lua performs automatic memory management. |
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862 This means that |
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863 you have to worry neither about allocating memory for new objects |
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864 nor about freeing it when the objects are no longer needed. |
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865 Lua manages memory automatically by running |
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866 a <em>garbage collector</em> to collect all <em>dead objects</em> |
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867 (that is, objects that are no longer accessible from Lua). |
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868 All memory used by Lua is subject to automatic management: |
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869 strings, tables, userdata, functions, threads, internal structures, etc. |
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870 |
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871 |
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872 <p> |
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873 Lua implements an incremental mark-and-sweep collector. |
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874 It uses two numbers to control its garbage-collection cycles: |
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875 the <em>garbage-collector pause</em> and |
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876 the <em>garbage-collector step multiplier</em>. |
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877 Both use percentage points as units |
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878 (e.g., a value of 100 means an internal value of 1). |
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879 |
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880 |
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881 <p> |
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882 The garbage-collector pause |
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883 controls how long the collector waits before starting a new cycle. |
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884 Larger values make the collector less aggressive. |
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885 Values smaller than 100 mean the collector will not wait to |
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886 start a new cycle. |
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887 A value of 200 means that the collector waits for the total memory in use |
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888 to double before starting a new cycle. |
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889 |
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890 |
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891 <p> |
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892 The garbage-collector step multiplier |
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893 controls the relative speed of the collector relative to |
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894 memory allocation. |
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895 Larger values make the collector more aggressive but also increase |
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896 the size of each incremental step. |
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897 Values smaller than 100 make the collector too slow and |
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898 can result in the collector never finishing a cycle. |
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899 The default is 200, |
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900 which means that the collector runs at "twice" |
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901 the speed of memory allocation. |
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902 |
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903 |
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904 <p> |
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905 If you set the step multiplier to a very large number |
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906 (larger than 10% of the maximum number of |
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907 bytes that the program may use), |
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908 the collector behaves like a stop-the-world collector. |
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909 If you then set the pause to 200, |
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910 the collector behaves as in old Lua versions, |
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911 doing a complete collection every time Lua doubles its |
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912 memory usage. |
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913 |
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914 |
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915 <p> |
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916 You can change these numbers by calling <a href="#lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a> in C |
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917 or <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a> in Lua. |
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918 You can also use these functions to control |
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919 the collector directly (e.g., stop and restart it). |
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920 |
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921 |
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922 <p> |
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923 As an experimental feature in Lua 5.2, |
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924 you can change the collector's operation mode |
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925 from incremental to <em>generational</em>. |
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926 A <em>generational collector</em> assumes that most objects die young, |
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927 and therefore it traverses only young (recently created) objects. |
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928 This behavior can reduce the time used by the collector, |
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929 but also increases memory usage (as old dead objects may accumulate). |
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930 To mitigate this second problem, |
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931 from time to time the generational collector performs a full collection. |
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932 Remember that this is an experimental feature; |
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933 you are welcome to try it, |
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934 but check your gains. |
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935 |
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936 |
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937 |
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938 <h3>2.5.1 – <a name="2.5.1">Garbage-Collection Metamethods</a></h3> |
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939 |
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940 <p> |
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941 You can set garbage-collector metamethods for tables |
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942 and, using the C API, |
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943 for full userdata (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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944 These metamethods are also called <em>finalizers</em>. |
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945 Finalizers allow you to coordinate Lua's garbage collection |
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946 with external resource management |
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947 (such as closing files, network or database connections, |
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948 or freeing your own memory). |
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949 |
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950 |
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951 <p> |
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952 For an object (table or userdata) to be finalized when collected, |
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953 you must <em>mark</em> it for finalization. |
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954 |
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955 You mark an object for finalization when you set its metatable |
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956 and the metatable has a field indexed by the string "<code>__gc</code>". |
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957 Note that if you set a metatable without a <code>__gc</code> field |
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958 and later create that field in the metatable, |
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959 the object will not be marked for finalization. |
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960 However, after an object is marked, |
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961 you can freely change the <code>__gc</code> field of its metatable. |
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962 |
|
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963 |
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964 <p> |
|
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965 When a marked object becomes garbage, |
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966 it is not collected immediately by the garbage collector. |
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967 Instead, Lua puts it in a list. |
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968 After the collection, |
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969 Lua does the equivalent of the following function |
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970 for each object in that list: |
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971 |
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972 <pre> |
|
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973 function gc_event (obj) |
|
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974 local h = metatable(obj).__gc |
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975 if type(h) == "function" then |
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976 h(obj) |
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977 end |
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978 end |
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979 </pre> |
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980 |
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981 <p> |
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982 At the end of each garbage-collection cycle, |
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983 the finalizers for objects are called in |
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984 the reverse order that they were marked for collection, |
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985 among those collected in that cycle; |
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986 that is, the first finalizer to be called is the one associated |
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987 with the object marked last in the program. |
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988 The execution of each finalizer may occur at any point during |
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989 the execution of the regular code. |
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990 |
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991 |
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992 <p> |
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993 Because the object being collected must still be used by the finalizer, |
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994 it (and other objects accessible only through it) |
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995 must be <em>resurrected</em> by Lua. |
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996 Usually, this resurrection is transient, |
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997 and the object memory is freed in the next garbage-collection cycle. |
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998 However, if the finalizer stores the object in some global place |
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999 (e.g., a global variable), |
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1000 then there is a permanent resurrection. |
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1001 In any case, |
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1002 the object memory is freed only when it becomes completely inaccessible; |
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1003 its finalizer will never be called twice. |
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1004 |
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1005 |
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1006 <p> |
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1007 When you close a state (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>), |
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1008 Lua calls the finalizers of all objects marked for finalization, |
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1009 following the reverse order that they were marked. |
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1010 If any finalizer marks new objects for collection during that phase, |
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1011 these new objects will not be finalized. |
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1012 |
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1013 |
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1014 |
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1015 |
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1016 |
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1017 <h3>2.5.2 – <a name="2.5.2">Weak Tables</a></h3> |
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1018 |
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1019 <p> |
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1020 A <em>weak table</em> is a table whose elements are |
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1021 <em>weak references</em>. |
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1022 A weak reference is ignored by the garbage collector. |
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1023 In other words, |
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1024 if the only references to an object are weak references, |
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1025 then the garbage collector will collect that object. |
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1026 |
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1027 |
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1028 <p> |
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1029 A weak table can have weak keys, weak values, or both. |
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1030 A table with weak keys allows the collection of its keys, |
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1031 but prevents the collection of its values. |
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1032 A table with both weak keys and weak values allows the collection of |
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1033 both keys and values. |
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1034 In any case, if either the key or the value is collected, |
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1035 the whole pair is removed from the table. |
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1036 The weakness of a table is controlled by the |
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1037 <code>__mode</code> field of its metatable. |
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1038 If the <code>__mode</code> field is a string containing the character '<code>k</code>', |
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1039 the keys in the table are weak. |
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1040 If <code>__mode</code> contains '<code>v</code>', |
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1041 the values in the table are weak. |
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1042 |
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1043 |
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1044 <p> |
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1045 A table with weak keys and strong values |
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1046 is also called an <em>ephemeron table</em>. |
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1047 In an ephemeron table, |
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1048 a value is considered reachable only if its key is reachable. |
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1049 In particular, |
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1050 if the only reference to a key comes through its value, |
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1051 the pair is removed. |
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1052 |
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1053 |
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1054 <p> |
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1055 Any change in the weakness of a table may take effect only |
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1056 at the next collect cycle. |
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1057 In particular, if you change the weakness to a stronger mode, |
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1058 Lua may still collect some items from that table |
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1059 before the change takes effect. |
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1060 |
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1061 |
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1062 <p> |
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1063 Only objects that have an explicit construction |
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1064 are removed from weak tables. |
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1065 Values, such as numbers and light C functions, |
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1066 are not subject to garbage collection, |
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1067 and therefore are not removed from weak tables |
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1068 (unless its associated value is collected). |
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1069 Although strings are subject to garbage collection, |
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1070 they do not have an explicit construction, |
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1071 and therefore are not removed from weak tables. |
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1072 |
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1073 |
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1074 <p> |
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1075 Resurrected objects |
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1076 (that is, objects being finalized |
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1077 and objects accessible only through objects being finalized) |
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1078 have a special behavior in weak tables. |
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1079 They are removed from weak values before running their finalizers, |
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1080 but are removed from weak keys only in the next collection |
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1081 after running their finalizers, when such objects are actually freed. |
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1082 This behavior allows the finalizer to access properties |
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1083 associated with the object through weak tables. |
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1084 |
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1085 |
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1086 <p> |
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1087 If a weak table is among the resurrected objects in a collection cycle, |
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1088 it may not be properly cleared until the next cycle. |
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1089 |
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1090 |
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1091 |
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1092 |
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1093 |
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1094 |
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1095 |
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1096 <h2>2.6 – <a name="2.6">Coroutines</a></h2> |
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1097 |
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1098 <p> |
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1099 Lua supports coroutines, |
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1100 also called <em>collaborative multithreading</em>. |
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1101 A coroutine in Lua represents an independent thread of execution. |
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1102 Unlike threads in multithread systems, however, |
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1103 a coroutine only suspends its execution by explicitly calling |
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1104 a yield function. |
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1105 |
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1106 |
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1107 <p> |
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1108 You create a coroutine by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>. |
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1109 Its sole argument is a function |
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1110 that is the main function of the coroutine. |
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1111 The <code>create</code> function only creates a new coroutine and |
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1112 returns a handle to it (an object of type <em>thread</em>); |
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1113 it does not start the coroutine. |
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1114 |
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1115 |
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1116 <p> |
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1117 You execute a coroutine by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. |
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1118 When you first call <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, |
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1119 passing as its first argument |
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1120 a thread returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>, |
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1121 the coroutine starts its execution, |
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1122 at the first line of its main function. |
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1123 Extra arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> are passed on |
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1124 to the coroutine main function. |
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1125 After the coroutine starts running, |
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1126 it runs until it terminates or <em>yields</em>. |
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1127 |
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1128 |
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1129 <p> |
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1130 A coroutine can terminate its execution in two ways: |
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1131 normally, when its main function returns |
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1132 (explicitly or implicitly, after the last instruction); |
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1133 and abnormally, if there is an unprotected error. |
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1134 In the first case, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>true</b>, |
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1135 plus any values returned by the coroutine main function. |
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1136 In case of errors, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>false</b> |
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1137 plus an error message. |
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1138 |
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1139 |
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1140 <p> |
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1141 A coroutine yields by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>. |
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1142 When a coroutine yields, |
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1143 the corresponding <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns immediately, |
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1144 even if the yield happens inside nested function calls |
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1145 (that is, not in the main function, |
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1146 but in a function directly or indirectly called by the main function). |
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1147 In the case of a yield, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> also returns <b>true</b>, |
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1148 plus any values passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>. |
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1149 The next time you resume the same coroutine, |
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1150 it continues its execution from the point where it yielded, |
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1151 with the call to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a> returning any extra |
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1152 arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. |
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1153 |
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1154 |
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1155 <p> |
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1156 Like <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>, |
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1157 the <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> function also creates a coroutine, |
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1158 but instead of returning the coroutine itself, |
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1159 it returns a function that, when called, resumes the coroutine. |
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1160 Any arguments passed to this function |
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1161 go as extra arguments to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>. |
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1162 <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> returns all the values returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, |
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1163 except the first one (the boolean error code). |
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1164 Unlike <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>, |
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1165 <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> does not catch errors; |
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1166 any error is propagated to the caller. |
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1167 |
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1168 |
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1169 <p> |
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1170 As an example of how coroutines work, |
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1171 consider the following code: |
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1172 |
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1173 <pre> |
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1174 function foo (a) |
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1175 print("foo", a) |
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1176 return coroutine.yield(2*a) |
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1177 end |
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1178 |
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1179 co = coroutine.create(function (a,b) |
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1180 print("co-body", a, b) |
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1181 local r = foo(a+1) |
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1182 print("co-body", r) |
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1183 local r, s = coroutine.yield(a+b, a-b) |
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1184 print("co-body", r, s) |
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1185 return b, "end" |
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1186 end) |
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1187 |
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1188 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, 1, 10)) |
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1189 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "r")) |
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1190 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y")) |
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1191 print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y")) |
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1192 </pre><p> |
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1193 When you run it, it produces the following output: |
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1194 |
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1195 <pre> |
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1196 co-body 1 10 |
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1197 foo 2 |
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1198 main true 4 |
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1199 co-body r |
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1200 main true 11 -9 |
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1201 co-body x y |
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1202 main true 10 end |
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1203 main false cannot resume dead coroutine |
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1204 </pre> |
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1205 |
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1206 <p> |
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1207 You can also create and manipulate coroutines through the C API: |
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1208 see functions <a href="#lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a>, <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, |
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1209 and <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>. |
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1210 |
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1211 |
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1212 |
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1213 |
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1214 |
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1215 <h1>3 – <a name="3">The Language</a></h1> |
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1216 |
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1217 <p> |
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1218 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Lua. |
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1219 In other words, |
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1220 this section describes |
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1221 which tokens are valid, |
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1222 how they can be combined, |
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1223 and what their combinations mean. |
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1224 |
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1225 |
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1226 <p> |
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1227 Language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation, |
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1228 in which |
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1229 {<em>a</em>} means 0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and |
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1230 [<em>a</em>] means an optional <em>a</em>. |
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1231 Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal, |
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1232 keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>, |
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1233 and other terminal symbols are shown like ‘<b>=</b>’. |
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1234 The complete syntax of Lua can be found in <a href="#9">§9</a> |
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1235 at the end of this manual. |
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1236 |
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1237 |
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1238 |
|
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1239 <h2>3.1 – <a name="3.1">Lexical Conventions</a></h2> |
|
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1240 |
|
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1241 <p> |
|
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1242 Lua is a free-form language. |
|
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1243 It ignores spaces (including new lines) and comments |
|
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1244 between lexical elements (tokens), |
|
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1245 except as delimiters between names and keywords. |
|
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1246 |
|
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1247 |
|
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1248 <p> |
|
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1249 <em>Names</em> |
|
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1250 (also called <em>identifiers</em>) |
|
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1251 in Lua can be any string of letters, |
|
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1252 digits, and underscores, |
|
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1253 not beginning with a digit. |
|
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1254 Identifiers are used to name variables, table fields, and labels. |
|
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1255 |
|
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1256 |
|
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1257 <p> |
|
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1258 The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved |
|
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1259 and cannot be used as names: |
|
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1260 |
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1261 |
|
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1262 <pre> |
|
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1263 and break do else elseif end |
|
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1264 false for function goto if in |
|
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1265 local nil not or repeat return |
|
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1266 then true until while |
|
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|
1267 </pre> |
|
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1268 |
|
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1269 <p> |
|
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1270 Lua is a case-sensitive language: |
|
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1271 <code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code> |
|
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1272 are two different, valid names. |
|
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1273 As a convention, names starting with an underscore followed by |
|
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1274 uppercase letters (such as <a href="#pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a>) |
|
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1275 are reserved for variables used by Lua. |
|
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1276 |
|
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1277 |
|
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1278 <p> |
|
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1279 The following strings denote other tokens: |
|
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1280 |
|
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1281 <pre> |
|
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|
1282 + - * / % ^ # |
|
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1283 == ~= <= >= < > = |
|
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1284 ( ) { } [ ] :: |
|
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1285 ; : , . .. ... |
|
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1286 </pre> |
|
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1287 |
|
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1288 <p> |
|
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1289 <em>Literal strings</em> |
|
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1290 can be delimited by matching single or double quotes, |
|
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1291 and can contain the following C-like escape sequences: |
|
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1292 '<code>\a</code>' (bell), |
|
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1293 '<code>\b</code>' (backspace), |
|
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1294 '<code>\f</code>' (form feed), |
|
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1295 '<code>\n</code>' (newline), |
|
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1296 '<code>\r</code>' (carriage return), |
|
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1297 '<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab), |
|
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1298 '<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab), |
|
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1299 '<code>\\</code>' (backslash), |
|
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1300 '<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]), |
|
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1301 and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]). |
|
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1302 A backslash followed by a real newline |
|
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1303 results in a newline in the string. |
|
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1304 The escape sequence '<code>\z</code>' skips the following span |
|
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1305 of white-space characters, |
|
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1306 including line breaks; |
|
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1307 it is particularly useful to break and indent a long literal string |
|
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1308 into multiple lines without adding the newlines and spaces |
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1309 into the string contents. |
|
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1310 |
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1311 |
|
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1312 <p> |
|
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1313 A byte in a literal string can also be specified by its numerical value. |
|
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1314 This can be done with the escape sequence <code>\x<em>XX</em></code>, |
|
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1315 where <em>XX</em> is a sequence of exactly two hexadecimal digits, |
|
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1316 or with the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>, |
|
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1317 where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits. |
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1318 (Note that if a decimal escape is to be followed by a digit, |
|
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1319 it must be expressed using exactly three digits.) |
|
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1320 Strings in Lua can contain any 8-bit value, including embedded zeros, |
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1321 which can be specified as '<code>\0</code>'. |
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1322 |
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1323 |
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1324 <p> |
|
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1325 Literal strings can also be defined using a long format |
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1326 enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>. |
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1327 We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening |
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1328 square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another |
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1329 opening square bracket. |
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1330 So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>, |
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1331 an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>, |
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1332 and so on. |
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1333 A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly; |
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1334 for instance, a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>. |
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1335 A <em>long literal</em> starts with an opening long bracket of any level and |
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1336 ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level. |
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1337 It can contain any text except a closing bracket of the proper level. |
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1338 Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines, |
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1339 do not interpret any escape sequences, |
|
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1340 and ignore long brackets of any other level. |
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1341 Any kind of end-of-line sequence |
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1342 (carriage return, newline, carriage return followed by newline, |
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1343 or newline followed by carriage return) |
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1344 is converted to a simple newline. |
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1345 |
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1346 |
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1347 <p> |
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1348 Any byte in a literal string not |
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1349 explicitly affected by the previous rules represents itself. |
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1350 However, Lua opens files for parsing in text mode, |
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1351 and the system file functions may have problems with |
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1352 some control characters. |
|
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1353 So, it is safer to represent |
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1354 non-text data as a quoted literal with |
|
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1355 explicit escape sequences for non-text characters. |
|
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1356 |
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1357 |
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1358 <p> |
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1359 For convenience, |
|
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1360 when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline, |
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1361 the newline is not included in the string. |
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1362 As an example, in a system using ASCII |
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1363 (in which '<code>a</code>' is coded as 97, |
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1364 newline is coded as 10, and '<code>1</code>' is coded as 49), |
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1365 the five literal strings below denote the same string: |
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1366 |
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1367 <pre> |
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1368 a = 'alo\n123"' |
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1369 a = "alo\n123\"" |
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1370 a = '\97lo\10\04923"' |
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1371 a = [[alo |
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1372 123"]] |
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1373 a = [==[ |
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1374 alo |
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1375 123"]==] |
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1376 </pre> |
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1377 |
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1378 <p> |
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1379 A <em>numerical constant</em> can be written with an optional fractional part |
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1380 and an optional decimal exponent, |
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1381 marked by a letter '<code>e</code>' or '<code>E</code>'. |
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1382 Lua also accepts hexadecimal constants, |
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1383 which start with <code>0x</code> or <code>0X</code>. |
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1384 Hexadecimal constants also accept an optional fractional part |
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1385 plus an optional binary exponent, |
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1386 marked by a letter '<code>p</code>' or '<code>P</code>'. |
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1387 Examples of valid numerical constants are |
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1388 |
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1389 <pre> |
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1390 3 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 |
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1391 0xff 0x0.1E 0xA23p-4 0X1.921FB54442D18P+1 |
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1392 </pre> |
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1393 |
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1394 <p> |
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1395 A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>) |
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1396 anywhere outside a string. |
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1397 If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket, |
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1398 the comment is a <em>short comment</em>, |
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1399 which runs until the end of the line. |
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1400 Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>, |
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1401 which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket. |
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1402 Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily. |
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1403 |
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1404 |
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1405 |
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1406 |
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1407 |
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1408 <h2>3.2 – <a name="3.2">Variables</a></h2> |
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1409 |
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1410 <p> |
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1411 Variables are places that store values. |
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1412 There are three kinds of variables in Lua: |
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1413 global variables, local variables, and table fields. |
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1414 |
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1415 |
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1416 <p> |
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1417 A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable |
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1418 (or a function's formal parameter, |
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1419 which is a particular kind of local variable): |
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1420 |
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1421 <pre> |
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1422 var ::= Name |
|
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1423 </pre><p> |
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1424 Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>. |
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1425 |
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1426 |
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1427 <p> |
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1428 Any variable name is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared |
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1429 as a local (see <a href="#3.3.7">§3.3.7</a>). |
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1430 Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>: |
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1431 local variables can be freely accessed by functions |
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1432 defined inside their scope (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>). |
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1433 |
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1434 |
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1435 <p> |
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1436 Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>. |
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1437 |
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1438 |
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1439 <p> |
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1440 Square brackets are used to index a table: |
|
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1441 |
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1442 <pre> |
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1443 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ |
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1444 </pre><p> |
|
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1445 The meaning of accesses to table fields can be changed via metatables. |
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1446 An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to |
|
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1447 a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>. |
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1448 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the |
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1449 <code>gettable_event</code> function. |
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1450 This function is not defined or callable in Lua. |
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1451 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) |
|
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1452 |
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1453 |
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1454 <p> |
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1455 The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for |
|
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1456 <code>var["Name"]</code>: |
|
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1457 |
|
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1458 <pre> |
|
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1459 var ::= prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name |
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1460 </pre> |
|
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1461 |
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1462 <p> |
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1463 An access to a global variable <code>x</code> |
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1464 is equivalent to <code>_ENV.x</code>. |
|
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1465 Due to the way that chunks are compiled, |
|
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1466 <code>_ENV</code> is never a global name (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
|
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1467 |
|
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1468 |
|
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1469 |
|
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1470 |
|
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1471 |
|
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1472 <h2>3.3 – <a name="3.3">Statements</a></h2> |
|
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1473 |
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1474 <p> |
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1475 Lua supports an almost conventional set of statements, |
|
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1476 similar to those in Pascal or C. |
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1477 This set includes |
|
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1478 assignments, control structures, function calls, |
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1479 and variable declarations. |
|
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1480 |
|
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1481 |
|
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1482 |
|
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1483 <h3>3.3.1 – <a name="3.3.1">Blocks</a></h3> |
|
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1484 |
|
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1485 <p> |
|
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1486 A block is a list of statements, |
|
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1487 which are executed sequentially: |
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1488 |
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1489 <pre> |
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1490 block ::= {stat} |
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1491 </pre><p> |
|
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1492 Lua has <em>empty statements</em> |
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1493 that allow you to separate statements with semicolons, |
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1494 start a block with a semicolon |
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1495 or write two semicolons in sequence: |
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1496 |
|
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1497 <pre> |
|
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1498 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ |
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1499 </pre> |
|
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1500 |
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1501 <p> |
|
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1502 Function calls and assignments |
|
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1503 can start with an open parenthesis. |
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1504 This possibility leads to an ambiguity in Lua's grammar. |
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1505 Consider the following fragment: |
|
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1506 |
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1507 <pre> |
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1508 a = b + c |
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1509 (print or io.write)('done') |
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1510 </pre><p> |
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1511 The grammar could see it in two ways: |
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1512 |
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1513 <pre> |
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1514 a = b + c(print or io.write)('done') |
|
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1515 |
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239
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1516 a = b + c; (print or io.write)('done') |
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1517 </pre><p> |
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1518 The current parser always sees such constructions |
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1519 in the first way, |
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1520 interpreting the open parenthesis |
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1521 as the start of the arguments to a call. |
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1522 To avoid this ambiguity, |
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1523 it is a good practice to always precede with a semicolon |
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1524 statements that start with a parenthesis: |
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1525 |
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1526 <pre> |
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1527 ;(print or io.write)('done') |
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1528 </pre> |
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1529 |
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1530 <p> |
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1531 A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement: |
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1532 |
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1533 <pre> |
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1534 stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
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1535 </pre><p> |
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1536 Explicit blocks are useful |
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1537 to control the scope of variable declarations. |
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1538 Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to |
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1539 add a <b>return</b> statement in the middle |
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1540 of another block (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). |
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1541 |
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1542 |
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1543 |
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1544 |
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1545 |
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1546 <h3>3.3.2 – <a name="3.3.2">Chunks</a></h3> |
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1547 |
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1548 <p> |
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1549 The unit of compilation of Lua is called a <em>chunk</em>. |
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1550 Syntactically, |
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1551 a chunk is simply a block: |
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1552 |
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1553 <pre> |
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1554 chunk ::= block |
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1555 </pre> |
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1556 |
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1557 <p> |
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1558 Lua handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function |
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1559 with a variable number of arguments |
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1560 (see <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>). |
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1561 As such, chunks can define local variables, |
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1562 receive arguments, and return values. |
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1563 Moreover, such anonymous function is compiled as in the |
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1564 scope of an external local variable called <code>_ENV</code> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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1565 The resulting function always has <code>_ENV</code> as its only upvalue, |
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1566 even if it does not use that variable. |
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1567 |
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1568 |
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1569 <p> |
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1570 A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program. |
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1571 To execute a chunk, |
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1572 Lua first precompiles the chunk into instructions for a virtual machine, |
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1573 and then it executes the compiled code |
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1574 with an interpreter for the virtual machine. |
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1575 |
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1576 |
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1577 <p> |
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1578 Chunks can also be precompiled into binary form; |
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1579 see program <code>luac</code> for details. |
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1580 Programs in source and compiled forms are interchangeable; |
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1581 Lua automatically detects the file type and acts accordingly. |
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1582 |
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1583 |
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1584 |
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1585 |
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1586 |
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1587 |
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1588 <h3>3.3.3 – <a name="3.3.3">Assignment</a></h3> |
|
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1589 |
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1590 <p> |
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1591 Lua allows multiple assignments. |
|
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1592 Therefore, the syntax for assignment |
|
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1593 defines a list of variables on the left side |
|
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1594 and a list of expressions on the right side. |
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1595 The elements in both lists are separated by commas: |
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1596 |
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1597 <pre> |
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1598 stat ::= varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist |
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1599 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} |
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1600 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} |
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1601 </pre><p> |
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1602 Expressions are discussed in <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>. |
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1603 |
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1604 |
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1605 <p> |
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1606 Before the assignment, |
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1607 the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of |
|
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1608 the list of variables. |
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1609 If there are more values than needed, |
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1610 the excess values are thrown away. |
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1611 If there are fewer values than needed, |
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1612 the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed. |
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1613 If the list of expressions ends with a function call, |
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1614 then all values returned by that call enter the list of values, |
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1615 before the adjustment |
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1616 (except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>). |
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1617 |
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1618 |
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1619 <p> |
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1620 The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions |
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1621 and only then are the assignments performed. |
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1622 Thus the code |
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1623 |
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1624 <pre> |
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1625 i = 3 |
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1626 i, a[i] = i+1, 20 |
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1627 </pre><p> |
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1628 sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code> |
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1629 because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3) |
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1630 before it is assigned 4. |
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1631 Similarly, the line |
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1632 |
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1633 <pre> |
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1634 x, y = y, x |
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1635 </pre><p> |
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1636 exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, |
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1637 and |
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1638 |
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1639 <pre> |
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1640 x, y, z = y, z, x |
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1641 </pre><p> |
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1642 cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>. |
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1643 |
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1644 |
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1645 <p> |
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1646 The meaning of assignments to global variables |
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1647 and table fields can be changed via metatables. |
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1648 An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to |
|
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1649 <code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>. |
|
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1650 (See <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a> for a complete description of the |
|
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1651 <code>settable_event</code> function. |
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1652 This function is not defined or callable in Lua. |
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1653 We use it here only for explanatory purposes.) |
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1654 |
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1655 |
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1656 <p> |
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1657 An assignment to a global variable <code>x = val</code> |
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1658 is equivalent to the assignment |
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1659 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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1660 |
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1661 |
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1662 |
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1663 |
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1664 |
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1665 <h3>3.3.4 – <a name="3.3.4">Control Structures</a></h3><p> |
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1666 The control structures |
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1667 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and |
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1668 familiar syntax: |
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1669 |
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1670 |
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1671 |
|
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1672 |
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1673 <pre> |
|
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1674 stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
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1675 stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp |
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1676 stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> |
|
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1677 </pre><p> |
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1678 Lua also has a <b>for</b> statement, in two flavors (see <a href="#3.3.5">§3.3.5</a>). |
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1679 |
|
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1680 |
|
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1681 <p> |
|
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1682 The condition expression of a |
|
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|
1683 control structure can return any value. |
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1684 Both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> are considered false. |
|
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1685 All values different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> are considered true |
|
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|
1686 (in particular, the number 0 and the empty string are also true). |
|
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|
1687 |
|
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|
1688 |
|
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|
1689 <p> |
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1690 In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop, |
|
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1691 the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword, |
|
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1692 but only after the condition. |
|
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1693 So, the condition can refer to local variables |
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1694 declared inside the loop block. |
|
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1695 |
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1696 |
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1697 <p> |
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1698 The <b>goto</b> statement transfers the program control to a label. |
|
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1699 For syntactical reasons, |
|
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1700 labels in Lua are considered statements too: |
|
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1701 |
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1702 |
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1703 |
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1704 <pre> |
|
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1705 stat ::= <b>goto</b> Name |
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1706 stat ::= label |
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1707 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ |
|
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1708 </pre> |
|
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1709 |
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1710 <p> |
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1711 A label is visible in the entire block where it is defined, |
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1712 except |
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1713 inside nested blocks where a label with the same name is defined and |
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1714 inside nested functions. |
|
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1715 A goto may jump to any visible label as long as it does not |
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1716 enter into the scope of a local variable. |
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1717 |
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1718 |
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1719 <p> |
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1720 Labels and empty statements are called <em>void statements</em>, |
|
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1721 as they perform no actions. |
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1722 |
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1723 |
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1724 <p> |
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1725 The <b>break</b> statement terminates the execution of a |
|
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1726 <b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop, |
|
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1727 skipping to the next statement after the loop: |
|
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1728 |
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1729 |
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1730 <pre> |
|
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1731 stat ::= <b>break</b> |
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1732 </pre><p> |
|
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1733 A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop. |
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1734 |
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1735 |
|
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1736 <p> |
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1737 The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values |
|
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1738 from a function or a chunk (which is a function in disguise). |
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1739 |
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1740 Functions can return more than one value, |
|
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1741 so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is |
|
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1742 |
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1743 <pre> |
|
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1744 stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] |
|
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|
1745 </pre> |
|
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1746 |
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1747 <p> |
|
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1748 The <b>return</b> statement can only be written |
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1749 as the last statement of a block. |
|
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1750 If it is really necessary to <b>return</b> in the middle of a block, |
|
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1751 then an explicit inner block can be used, |
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1752 as in the idiom <code>do return end</code>, |
|
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1753 because now <b>return</b> is the last statement in its (inner) block. |
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1754 |
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1755 |
|
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1756 |
|
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1757 |
|
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1758 |
|
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1759 <h3>3.3.5 – <a name="3.3.5">For Statement</a></h3> |
|
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1760 |
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1761 <p> |
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1762 |
|
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1763 The <b>for</b> statement has two forms: |
|
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1764 one numeric and one generic. |
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1765 |
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1766 |
|
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1767 <p> |
|
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1768 The numeric <b>for</b> loop repeats a block of code while a |
|
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1769 control variable runs through an arithmetic progression. |
|
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1770 It has the following syntax: |
|
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1771 |
|
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1772 <pre> |
|
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|
1773 stat ::= <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
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1774 </pre><p> |
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1775 The <em>block</em> is repeated for <em>name</em> starting at the value of |
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1776 the first <em>exp</em>, until it passes the second <em>exp</em> by steps of the |
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1777 third <em>exp</em>. |
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1778 More precisely, a <b>for</b> statement like |
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1779 |
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1780 <pre> |
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1781 for v = <em>e1</em>, <em>e2</em>, <em>e3</em> do <em>block</em> end |
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1782 </pre><p> |
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1783 is equivalent to the code: |
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1784 |
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1785 <pre> |
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1786 do |
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1787 local <em>var</em>, <em>limit</em>, <em>step</em> = tonumber(<em>e1</em>), tonumber(<em>e2</em>), tonumber(<em>e3</em>) |
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1788 if not (<em>var</em> and <em>limit</em> and <em>step</em>) then error() end |
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1789 while (<em>step</em> > 0 and <em>var</em> <= <em>limit</em>) or (<em>step</em> <= 0 and <em>var</em> >= <em>limit</em>) do |
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1790 local v = <em>var</em> |
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1791 <em>block</em> |
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1792 <em>var</em> = <em>var</em> + <em>step</em> |
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1793 end |
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1794 end |
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1795 </pre><p> |
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1796 Note the following: |
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1797 |
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1798 <ul> |
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1799 |
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1800 <li> |
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1801 All three control expressions are evaluated only once, |
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1802 before the loop starts. |
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1803 They must all result in numbers. |
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1804 </li> |
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1805 |
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1806 <li> |
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1807 <code><em>var</em></code>, <code><em>limit</em></code>, and <code><em>step</em></code> are invisible variables. |
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1808 The names shown here are for explanatory purposes only. |
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1809 </li> |
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1810 |
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1811 <li> |
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1812 If the third expression (the step) is absent, |
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1813 then a step of 1 is used. |
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1814 </li> |
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1815 |
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1816 <li> |
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1817 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. |
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1818 </li> |
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1819 |
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1820 <li> |
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1821 The loop variable <code>v</code> is local to the loop; |
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1822 you cannot use its value after the <b>for</b> ends or is broken. |
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1823 If you need this value, |
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1824 assign it to another variable before breaking or exiting the loop. |
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1825 </li> |
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1826 |
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1827 </ul> |
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1828 |
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1829 <p> |
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1830 The generic <b>for</b> statement works over functions, |
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1831 called <em>iterators</em>. |
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1832 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value, |
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1833 stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>. |
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1834 The generic <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax: |
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1835 |
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1836 <pre> |
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1837 stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
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1838 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} |
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1839 </pre><p> |
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1840 A <b>for</b> statement like |
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1841 |
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1842 <pre> |
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1843 for <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> in <em>explist</em> do <em>block</em> end |
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1844 </pre><p> |
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1845 is equivalent to the code: |
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1846 |
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1847 <pre> |
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1848 do |
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1849 local <em>f</em>, <em>s</em>, <em>var</em> = <em>explist</em> |
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1850 while true do |
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1851 local <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>(<em>s</em>, <em>var</em>) |
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1852 if <em>var_1</em> == nil then break end |
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1853 <em>var</em> = <em>var_1</em> |
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1854 <em>block</em> |
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1855 end |
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1856 end |
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1857 </pre><p> |
|
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1858 Note the following: |
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1859 |
|
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1860 <ul> |
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1861 |
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1862 <li> |
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1863 <code><em>explist</em></code> is evaluated only once. |
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1864 Its results are an <em>iterator</em> function, |
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1865 a <em>state</em>, |
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1866 and an initial value for the first <em>iterator variable</em>. |
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1867 </li> |
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1868 |
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1869 <li> |
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1870 <code><em>f</em></code>, <code><em>s</em></code>, and <code><em>var</em></code> are invisible variables. |
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1871 The names are here for explanatory purposes only. |
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1872 </li> |
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1873 |
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1874 <li> |
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1875 You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop. |
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1876 </li> |
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1877 |
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1878 <li> |
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1879 The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop; |
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1880 you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends. |
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1881 If you need these values, |
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1882 then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop. |
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1883 </li> |
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1884 |
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1885 </ul> |
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1886 |
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1887 |
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1888 |
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1889 |
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1890 <h3>3.3.6 – <a name="3.3.6">Function Calls as Statements</a></h3><p> |
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1891 To allow possible side-effects, |
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1892 function calls can be executed as statements: |
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1893 |
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1894 <pre> |
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1895 stat ::= functioncall |
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1896 </pre><p> |
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1897 In this case, all returned values are thrown away. |
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1898 Function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>. |
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1899 |
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1900 |
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1901 |
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1902 |
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1903 |
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1904 <h3>3.3.7 – <a name="3.3.7">Local Declarations</a></h3><p> |
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1905 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block. |
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1906 The declaration can include an initial assignment: |
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1907 |
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1908 <pre> |
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1909 stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] |
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1910 </pre><p> |
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1911 If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics |
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1912 of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#3.3.3">§3.3.3</a>). |
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1913 Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>. |
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1914 |
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1915 |
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1916 <p> |
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1917 A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#3.3.2">§3.3.2</a>), |
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1918 and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block. |
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1919 |
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1920 |
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1921 <p> |
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1922 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>. |
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1923 |
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1924 |
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1925 |
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1926 |
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1927 |
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1928 |
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1929 |
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1930 <h2>3.4 – <a name="3.4">Expressions</a></h2> |
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1931 |
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1932 <p> |
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1933 The basic expressions in Lua are the following: |
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1934 |
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1935 <pre> |
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1936 exp ::= prefixexp |
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1937 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> |
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1938 exp ::= Number |
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1939 exp ::= String |
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1940 exp ::= functiondef |
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1941 exp ::= tableconstructor |
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1942 exp ::= ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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1943 exp ::= exp binop exp |
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1944 exp ::= unop exp |
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1945 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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1946 </pre> |
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1947 |
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1948 <p> |
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1949 Numbers and literal strings are explained in <a href="#3.1">§3.1</a>; |
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1950 variables are explained in <a href="#3.2">§3.2</a>; |
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1951 function definitions are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>; |
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1952 function calls are explained in <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>; |
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1953 table constructors are explained in <a href="#3.4.8">§3.4.8</a>. |
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1954 Vararg expressions, |
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1955 denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when |
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1956 directly inside a vararg function; |
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1957 they are explained in <a href="#3.4.10">§3.4.10</a>. |
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1958 |
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1959 |
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1960 <p> |
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1961 Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), |
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1962 relational operators (see <a href="#3.4.3">§3.4.3</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), |
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1963 and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>). |
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1964 Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#3.4.1">§3.4.1</a>), |
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1965 the unary <b>not</b> (see <a href="#3.4.4">§3.4.4</a>), |
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1966 and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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1967 |
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1968 |
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1969 <p> |
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1970 Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values. |
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1971 If a function call is used as a statement (see <a href="#3.3.6">§3.3.6</a>), |
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1972 then its return list is adjusted to zero elements, |
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1973 thus discarding all returned values. |
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1974 If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element |
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1975 of a list of expressions, |
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1976 then no adjustment is made |
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1977 (unless the expression is enclosed in parentheses). |
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1978 In all other contexts, |
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1979 Lua adjusts the result list to one element, |
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1980 either discarding all values except the first one |
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1981 or adding a single <b>nil</b> if there are no values. |
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1982 |
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1983 |
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1984 <p> |
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1985 Here are some examples: |
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1986 |
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1987 <pre> |
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1988 f() -- adjusted to 0 results |
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1989 g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result |
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1990 g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f() |
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1991 a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil) |
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1992 a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets |
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1993 -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there |
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1994 -- is no corresponding vararg parameter) |
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242
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1995 |
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239
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1996 a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results |
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1997 a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results |
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1998 return f() -- returns all results from f() |
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1999 return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters |
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2000 return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f() |
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2001 {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f() |
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2002 {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters |
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2003 {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result |
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2004 </pre> |
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2005 |
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2006 <p> |
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2007 Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value. |
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2008 Thus, |
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2009 <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value, |
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2010 even if <code>f</code> returns several values. |
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2011 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code> |
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2012 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.) |
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2013 |
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2014 |
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2015 |
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2016 <h3>3.4.1 – <a name="3.4.1">Arithmetic Operators</a></h3><p> |
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2017 Lua supports the usual arithmetic operators: |
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2018 the binary <code>+</code> (addition), |
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2019 <code>-</code> (subtraction), <code>*</code> (multiplication), |
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2020 <code>/</code> (division), <code>%</code> (modulo), and <code>^</code> (exponentiation); |
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2021 and unary <code>-</code> (mathematical negation). |
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2022 If the operands are numbers, or strings that can be converted to |
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2023 numbers (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>), |
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2024 then all operations have the usual meaning. |
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2025 Exponentiation works for any exponent. |
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2026 For instance, <code>x^(-0.5)</code> computes the inverse of the square root of <code>x</code>. |
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2027 Modulo is defined as |
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2028 |
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2029 <pre> |
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2030 a % b == a - math.floor(a/b)*b |
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2031 </pre><p> |
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2032 That is, it is the remainder of a division that rounds |
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2033 the quotient towards minus infinity. |
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2034 |
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2035 |
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2036 |
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2037 |
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2038 |
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2039 <h3>3.4.2 – <a name="3.4.2">Coercion</a></h3> |
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2040 |
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2041 <p> |
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2042 Lua provides automatic conversion between |
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2043 string and number values at run time. |
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2044 Any arithmetic operation applied to a string tries to convert |
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2045 this string to a number, following the rules of the Lua lexer. |
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2046 (The string may have leading and trailing spaces and a sign.) |
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2047 Conversely, whenever a number is used where a string is expected, |
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2048 the number is converted to a string, in a reasonable format. |
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2049 For complete control over how numbers are converted to strings, |
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2050 use the <code>format</code> function from the string library |
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2051 (see <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>). |
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2052 |
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2053 |
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2054 |
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2055 |
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2056 |
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2057 <h3>3.4.3 – <a name="3.4.3">Relational Operators</a></h3><p> |
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2058 The relational operators in Lua are |
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2059 |
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2060 <pre> |
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2061 == ~= < > <= >= |
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2062 </pre><p> |
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2063 These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. |
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2064 |
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2065 |
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2066 <p> |
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2067 Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands. |
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2068 If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>. |
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2069 Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared. |
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2070 Numbers and strings are compared in the usual way. |
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2071 Tables, userdata, and threads |
|
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2072 are compared by reference: |
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2073 two objects are considered equal only if they are the same object. |
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2074 Every time you create a new object |
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2075 (a table, userdata, or thread), |
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2076 this new object is different from any previously existing object. |
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2077 Closures with the same reference are always equal. |
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2078 Closures with any detectable difference |
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2079 (different behavior, different definition) are always different. |
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2080 |
|
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2081 |
|
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2082 <p> |
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2083 You can change the way that Lua compares tables and userdata |
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2084 by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2085 |
|
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2086 |
|
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2087 <p> |
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2088 The conversion rules of <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a> |
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2089 do not apply to equality comparisons. |
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2090 Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>, |
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2091 and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different |
|
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2092 entries in a table. |
|
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2093 |
|
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2094 |
|
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2095 <p> |
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2096 The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>). |
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2097 |
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2098 |
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2099 <p> |
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2100 The order operators work as follows. |
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2101 If both arguments are numbers, then they are compared as such. |
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2102 Otherwise, if both arguments are strings, |
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2103 then their values are compared according to the current locale. |
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2104 Otherwise, Lua tries to call the "lt" or the "le" |
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2105 metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2106 A comparison <code>a > b</code> is translated to <code>b < a</code> |
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2107 and <code>a >= b</code> is translated to <code>b <= a</code>. |
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2108 |
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2109 |
|
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2110 |
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2111 |
|
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2112 |
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2113 <h3>3.4.4 – <a name="3.4.4">Logical Operators</a></h3><p> |
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2114 The logical operators in Lua are |
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2115 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>. |
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2116 Like the control structures (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>), |
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2117 all logical operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false |
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2118 and anything else as true. |
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2119 |
|
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2120 |
|
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2121 <p> |
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2122 The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>. |
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2123 The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument |
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2124 if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>; |
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2125 otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument. |
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2126 The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument |
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2127 if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>; |
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2128 otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument. |
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2129 Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-cut evaluation; |
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2130 that is, |
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2131 the second operand is evaluated only if necessary. |
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2132 Here are some examples: |
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2133 |
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2134 <pre> |
|
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2135 10 or 20 --> 10 |
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2136 10 or error() --> 10 |
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2137 nil or "a" --> "a" |
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2138 nil and 10 --> nil |
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2139 false and error() --> false |
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2140 false and nil --> false |
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2141 false or nil --> nil |
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2142 10 and 20 --> 20 |
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2143 </pre><p> |
|
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2144 (In this manual, |
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2145 <code>--></code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) |
|
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2146 |
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2147 |
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2148 |
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2149 |
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2150 |
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2151 <h3>3.4.5 – <a name="3.4.5">Concatenation</a></h3><p> |
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2152 The string concatenation operator in Lua is |
|
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2153 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>'). |
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2154 If both operands are strings or numbers, then they are converted to |
|
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2155 strings according to the rules mentioned in <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>. |
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2156 Otherwise, the <code>__concat</code> metamethod is called (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2157 |
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2158 |
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2159 |
|
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2160 |
|
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2161 |
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2162 <h3>3.4.6 – <a name="3.4.6">The Length Operator</a></h3> |
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2163 |
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2164 <p> |
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2165 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>. |
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2166 The length of a string is its number of bytes |
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2167 (that is, the usual meaning of string length when each |
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2168 character is one byte). |
|
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2169 |
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2170 |
|
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2171 <p> |
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2172 A program can modify the behavior of the length operator for |
|
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2173 any value but strings through the <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2174 |
|
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2175 |
|
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2176 <p> |
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2177 Unless a <code>__len</code> metamethod is given, |
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2178 the length of a table <code>t</code> is only defined if the |
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2179 table is a <em>sequence</em>, |
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2180 that is, |
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2181 the set of its positive numeric keys is equal to <em>{1..n}</em> |
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2182 for some integer <em>n</em>. |
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2183 In that case, <em>n</em> is its length. |
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2184 Note that a table like |
|
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2185 |
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2186 <pre> |
|
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2187 {10, 20, nil, 40} |
|
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2188 </pre><p> |
|
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2189 is not a sequence, because it has the key <code>4</code> |
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2190 but does not have the key <code>3</code>. |
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2191 (So, there is no <em>n</em> such that the set <em>{1..n}</em> is equal |
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2192 to the set of positive numeric keys of that table.) |
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2193 Note, however, that non-numeric keys do not interfere |
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2194 with whether a table is a sequence. |
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2195 |
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2196 |
|
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2197 |
|
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2198 |
|
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2199 |
|
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2200 <h3>3.4.7 – <a name="3.4.7">Precedence</a></h3><p> |
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2201 Operator precedence in Lua follows the table below, |
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2202 from lower to higher priority: |
|
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2203 |
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2204 <pre> |
|
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2205 or |
|
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2206 and |
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2207 < > <= >= ~= == |
|
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2208 .. |
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2209 + - |
|
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2210 * / % |
|
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2211 not # - (unary) |
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2212 ^ |
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2213 </pre><p> |
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2214 As usual, |
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2215 you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression. |
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2216 The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>') |
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2217 operators are right associative. |
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2218 All other binary operators are left associative. |
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2219 |
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2220 |
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2221 |
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2222 |
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2223 |
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2224 <h3>3.4.8 – <a name="3.4.8">Table Constructors</a></h3><p> |
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2225 Table constructors are expressions that create tables. |
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2226 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. |
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2227 A constructor can be used to create an empty table |
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2228 or to create a table and initialize some of its fields. |
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2229 The general syntax for constructors is |
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2230 |
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2231 <pre> |
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2232 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ |
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2233 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] |
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2234 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp |
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2235 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ |
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2236 </pre> |
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2237 |
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2238 <p> |
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2239 Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry |
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2240 with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>. |
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2241 A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to |
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2242 <code>["name"] = exp</code>. |
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2243 Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to |
|
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2244 <code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive numerical integers, |
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2245 starting with 1. |
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2246 Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting. |
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2247 For example, |
|
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2248 |
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2249 <pre> |
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2250 a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 } |
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2251 </pre><p> |
|
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2252 is equivalent to |
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2253 |
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2254 <pre> |
|
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2255 do |
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2256 local t = {} |
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2257 t[f(1)] = g |
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2258 t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp |
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2259 t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp |
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2260 t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1 |
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2261 t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp |
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2262 t[30] = 23 |
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2263 t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp |
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2264 a = t |
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2265 end |
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2266 </pre> |
|
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2267 |
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2268 <p> |
|
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2269 If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code> |
|
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2270 and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression, |
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2271 then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively |
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2272 (see <a href="#3.4.9">§3.4.9</a>). |
|
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2273 |
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2274 |
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2275 <p> |
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2276 The field list can have an optional trailing separator, |
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2277 as a convenience for machine-generated code. |
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2278 |
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2279 |
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2280 |
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2281 |
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2282 |
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2283 <h3>3.4.9 – <a name="3.4.9">Function Calls</a></h3><p> |
|
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2284 A function call in Lua has the following syntax: |
|
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2285 |
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2286 <pre> |
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2287 functioncall ::= prefixexp args |
|
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2288 </pre><p> |
|
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2289 In a function call, |
|
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2290 first prefixexp and args are evaluated. |
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2291 If the value of prefixexp has type <em>function</em>, |
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2292 then this function is called |
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2293 with the given arguments. |
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2294 Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called, |
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2295 having as first parameter the value of prefixexp, |
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2296 followed by the original call arguments |
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2297 (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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2298 |
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2299 |
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2300 <p> |
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2301 The form |
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2302 |
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2303 <pre> |
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2304 functioncall ::= prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args |
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2305 </pre><p> |
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2306 can be used to call "methods". |
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2307 A call <code>v:name(<em>args</em>)</code> |
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2308 is syntactic sugar for <code>v.name(v,<em>args</em>)</code>, |
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2309 except that <code>v</code> is evaluated only once. |
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2310 |
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2311 |
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2312 <p> |
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2313 Arguments have the following syntax: |
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2314 |
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2315 <pre> |
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2316 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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2317 args ::= tableconstructor |
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2318 args ::= String |
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2319 </pre><p> |
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2320 All argument expressions are evaluated before the call. |
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2321 A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is |
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2322 syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>; |
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2323 that is, the argument list is a single new table. |
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2324 A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code> |
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2325 (or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>) |
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2326 is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>; |
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2327 that is, the argument list is a single literal string. |
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2328 |
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2329 |
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2330 <p> |
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2331 A call of the form <code>return <em>functioncall</em></code> is called |
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2332 a <em>tail call</em>. |
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2333 Lua implements <em>proper tail calls</em> |
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2334 (or <em>proper tail recursion</em>): |
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2335 in a tail call, |
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2336 the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function. |
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2337 Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that |
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2338 a program can execute. |
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2339 However, a tail call erases any debug information about the |
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2340 calling function. |
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2341 Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax, |
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2342 where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument; |
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2343 this syntax makes the calling function return exactly |
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2344 the returns of the called function. |
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2345 So, none of the following examples are tail calls: |
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2346 |
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2347 <pre> |
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2348 return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1 |
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2349 return 2 * f(x) |
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2350 return x, f(x) -- additional results |
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2351 f(x); return -- results discarded |
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2352 return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1 |
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2353 </pre> |
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2354 |
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2355 |
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2356 |
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2357 |
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2358 <h3>3.4.10 – <a name="3.4.10">Function Definitions</a></h3> |
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2359 |
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2360 <p> |
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2361 The syntax for function definition is |
|
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2362 |
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2363 <pre> |
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2364 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody |
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2365 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> |
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2366 </pre> |
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2367 |
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2368 <p> |
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2369 The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions: |
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2370 |
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2371 <pre> |
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2372 stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody |
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2373 stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody |
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2374 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] |
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2375 </pre><p> |
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2376 The statement |
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2377 |
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2378 <pre> |
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2379 function f () <em>body</em> end |
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2380 </pre><p> |
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2381 translates to |
|
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2382 |
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2383 <pre> |
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2384 f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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2385 </pre><p> |
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2386 The statement |
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|
2387 |
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2388 <pre> |
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2389 function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end |
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2390 </pre><p> |
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2391 translates to |
|
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2392 |
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2393 <pre> |
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2394 t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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2395 </pre><p> |
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2396 The statement |
|
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2397 |
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2398 <pre> |
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2399 local function f () <em>body</em> end |
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2400 </pre><p> |
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2401 translates to |
|
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2402 |
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2403 <pre> |
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2404 local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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2405 </pre><p> |
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2406 not to |
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2407 |
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2408 <pre> |
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2409 local f = function () <em>body</em> end |
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2410 </pre><p> |
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2411 (This only makes a difference when the body of the function |
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2412 contains references to <code>f</code>.) |
|
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2413 |
|
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2414 |
|
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|
2415 <p> |
|
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2416 A function definition is an executable expression, |
|
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2417 whose value has type <em>function</em>. |
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2418 When Lua precompiles a chunk, |
|
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2419 all its function bodies are precompiled too. |
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2420 Then, whenever Lua executes the function definition, |
|
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2421 the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>). |
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2422 This function instance (or <em>closure</em>) |
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2423 is the final value of the expression. |
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2424 |
|
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2425 |
|
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2426 <p> |
|
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2427 Parameters act as local variables that are |
|
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2428 initialized with the argument values: |
|
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2429 |
|
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2430 <pre> |
|
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2431 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ |
|
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2432 </pre><p> |
|
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2433 When a function is called, |
|
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2434 the list of arguments is adjusted to |
|
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2435 the length of the list of parameters, |
|
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|
2436 unless the function is a <em>vararg function</em>, |
|
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2437 which is indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>') |
|
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2438 at the end of its parameter list. |
|
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|
2439 A vararg function does not adjust its argument list; |
|
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|
2440 instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them |
|
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2441 to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>, |
|
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2442 which is also written as three dots. |
|
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2443 The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments, |
|
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2444 similar to a function with multiple results. |
|
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|
2445 If a vararg expression is used inside another expression |
|
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2446 or in the middle of a list of expressions, |
|
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2447 then its return list is adjusted to one element. |
|
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2448 If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions, |
|
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2449 then no adjustment is made |
|
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2450 (unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses). |
|
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|
2451 |
|
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|
2452 |
|
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|
2453 <p> |
|
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|
2454 As an example, consider the following definitions: |
|
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|
2455 |
|
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|
2456 <pre> |
|
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2457 function f(a, b) end |
|
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2458 function g(a, b, ...) end |
|
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2459 function r() return 1,2,3 end |
|
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|
2460 </pre><p> |
|
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|
2461 Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and |
|
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|
2462 to the vararg expression: |
|
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|
2463 |
|
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|
2464 <pre> |
|
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2465 CALL PARAMETERS |
|
242
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241
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|
2466 |
|
239
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2467 f(3) a=3, b=nil |
|
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2468 f(3, 4) a=3, b=4 |
|
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2469 f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4 |
|
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2470 f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10 |
|
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2471 f(r()) a=1, b=2 |
|
242
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241
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|
2472 |
|
239
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|
2473 g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing) |
|
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2474 g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing) |
|
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|
2475 g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8 |
|
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2476 g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3 |
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2477 </pre> |
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2478 |
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2479 <p> |
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2480 Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#3.3.4">§3.3.4</a>). |
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2481 If control reaches the end of a function |
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2482 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement, |
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2483 then the function returns with no results. |
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2484 |
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2485 |
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2486 <p> |
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2487 |
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2488 There is a system-dependent limit on the number of values |
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2489 that a function may return. |
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2490 This limit is guaranteed to be larger than 1000. |
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2491 |
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2492 |
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2493 <p> |
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2494 The <em>colon</em> syntax |
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2495 is used for defining <em>methods</em>, |
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2496 that is, functions that have an implicit extra parameter <code>self</code>. |
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2497 Thus, the statement |
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2498 |
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2499 <pre> |
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2500 function t.a.b.c:f (<em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end |
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2501 </pre><p> |
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2502 is syntactic sugar for |
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2503 |
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2504 <pre> |
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2505 t.a.b.c.f = function (self, <em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end |
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2506 </pre> |
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2507 |
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2508 |
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2509 |
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2510 |
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2511 |
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2512 |
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2513 <h2>3.5 – <a name="3.5">Visibility Rules</a></h2> |
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2514 |
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2515 <p> |
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2516 |
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|
2517 Lua is a lexically scoped language. |
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2518 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after |
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2519 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement |
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2520 of the innermost block that includes the declaration. |
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|
2521 Consider the following example: |
|
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2522 |
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2523 <pre> |
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2524 x = 10 -- global variable |
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2525 do -- new block |
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2526 local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10 |
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2527 print(x) --> 10 |
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2528 x = x+1 |
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2529 do -- another block |
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2530 local x = x+1 -- another 'x' |
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2531 print(x) --> 12 |
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2532 end |
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2533 print(x) --> 11 |
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2534 end |
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|
2535 print(x) --> 10 (the global one) |
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2536 </pre> |
|
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2537 |
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2538 <p> |
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|
2539 Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>, |
|
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2540 the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet, |
|
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2541 and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable. |
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2542 |
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2543 |
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2544 <p> |
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2545 Because of the lexical scoping rules, |
|
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2546 local variables can be freely accessed by functions |
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|
2547 defined inside their scope. |
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2548 A local variable used by an inner function is called |
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2549 an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>, |
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2550 inside the inner function. |
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2551 |
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2552 |
|
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2553 <p> |
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|
2554 Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement |
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2555 defines new local variables. |
|
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|
2556 Consider the following example: |
|
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2557 |
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2558 <pre> |
|
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2559 a = {} |
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2560 local x = 20 |
|
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2561 for i=1,10 do |
|
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|
2562 local y = 0 |
|
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2563 a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end |
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2564 end |
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2565 </pre><p> |
|
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|
2566 The loop creates ten closures |
|
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2567 (that is, ten instances of the anonymous function). |
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2568 Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable, |
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2569 while all of them share the same <code>x</code>. |
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2570 |
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2571 |
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2572 |
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2573 |
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2574 |
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2575 <h1>4 – <a name="4">The Application Program Interface</a></h1> |
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2576 |
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2577 <p> |
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2578 |
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2579 This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, |
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2580 the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate |
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2581 with Lua. |
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2582 All API functions and related types and constants |
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2583 are declared in the header file <a name="pdf-lua.h"><code>lua.h</code></a>. |
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2584 |
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2585 |
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2586 <p> |
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2587 Even when we use the term "function", |
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2588 any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. |
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2589 Except where stated otherwise, |
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2590 all such macros use each of their arguments exactly once |
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2591 (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), |
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2592 and so do not generate any hidden side-effects. |
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2593 |
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2594 |
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2595 <p> |
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2596 As in most C libraries, |
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2597 the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. |
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2598 However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua |
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2599 with the macro <a name="pdf-LUA_USE_APICHECK"><code>LUA_USE_APICHECK</code></a> defined. |
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2600 |
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2601 |
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2602 |
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2603 <h2>4.1 – <a name="4.1">The Stack</a></h2> |
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2604 |
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2605 <p> |
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2606 Lua uses a <em>virtual stack</em> to pass values to and from C. |
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2607 Each element in this stack represents a Lua value |
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2608 (<b>nil</b>, number, string, etc.). |
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2609 |
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2610 |
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2611 <p> |
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2612 Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack, |
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2613 which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of |
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2614 C functions that are still active. |
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2615 This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function |
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2616 and it is where the C function pushes its results |
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2617 to be returned to the caller (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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2618 |
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2619 |
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2620 <p> |
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2621 For convenience, |
|
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2622 most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. |
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2623 Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack |
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2624 by using an <em>index</em>: |
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2625 A positive index represents an absolute stack position |
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2626 (starting at 1); |
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2627 a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack. |
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2628 More specifically, if the stack has <em>n</em> elements, |
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2629 then index 1 represents the first element |
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2630 (that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first) |
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2631 and |
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2632 index <em>n</em> represents the last element; |
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2633 index -1 also represents the last element |
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2634 (that is, the element at the top) |
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2635 and index <em>-n</em> represents the first element. |
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2636 |
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2637 |
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2638 |
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2639 |
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2640 |
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2641 <h2>4.2 – <a name="4.2">Stack Size</a></h2> |
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2642 |
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2643 <p> |
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2644 When you interact with the Lua API, |
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2645 you are responsible for ensuring consistency. |
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2646 In particular, |
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2647 <em>you are responsible for controlling stack overflow</em>. |
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2648 You can use the function <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a> |
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2649 to ensure that the stack has extra slots when pushing new elements. |
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2650 |
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2651 |
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2652 <p> |
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2653 Whenever Lua calls C, |
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2654 it ensures that the stack has at least <a name="pdf-LUA_MINSTACK"><code>LUA_MINSTACK</code></a> extra slots. |
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2655 <code>LUA_MINSTACK</code> is defined as 20, |
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2656 so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space |
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2657 unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack. |
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2658 |
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2659 |
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2660 <p> |
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2661 When you call a Lua function |
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2662 without a fixed number of results (see <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>), |
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2663 Lua ensures that the stack has enough size for all results, |
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2664 but it does not ensure any extra space. |
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2665 So, before pushing anything in the stack after such a call |
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2666 you should use <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>. |
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2667 |
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2668 |
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2669 |
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2670 |
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2671 |
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2672 <h2>4.3 – <a name="4.3">Valid and Acceptable Indices</a></h2> |
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2673 |
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2674 <p> |
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2675 Any function in the API that receives stack indices |
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2676 works only with <em>valid indices</em> or <em>acceptable indices</em>. |
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2677 |
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2678 |
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2679 <p> |
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2680 A <em>valid index</em> is an index that refers to a |
|
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2681 real position within the stack, that is, |
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2682 its position lies between 1 and the stack top |
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2683 (<code>1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top</code>). |
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2684 |
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2685 Usually, functions that can modify the value at an index |
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2686 require valid indices. |
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2687 |
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2688 |
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2689 <p> |
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2690 Unless otherwise noted, |
|
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2691 any function that accepts valid indices also accepts <em>pseudo-indices</em>, |
|
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2692 which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code |
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2693 but which are not in the stack. |
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2694 Pseudo-indices are used to access the registry |
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2695 and the upvalues of a C function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). |
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2696 |
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2697 |
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2698 <p> |
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2699 Functions that do not need a specific stack position, |
|
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2700 but only a value in the stack (e.g., query functions), |
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2701 can be called with acceptable indices. |
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2702 An <em>acceptable index</em> can be any valid index, |
|
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2703 including the pseudo-indices, |
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2704 but it also can be any positive index after the stack top |
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2705 within the space allocated for the stack, |
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2706 that is, indices up to the stack size. |
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2707 (Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.) |
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2708 Except when noted otherwise, |
|
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2709 functions in the API work with acceptable indices. |
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2710 |
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2711 |
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2712 <p> |
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2713 Acceptable indices serve to avoid extra tests |
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2714 against the stack top when querying the stack. |
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2715 For instance, a C function can query its third argument |
|
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2716 without the need to first check whether there is a third argument, |
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2717 that is, without the need to check whether 3 is a valid index. |
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2718 |
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2719 |
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2720 <p> |
|
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2721 For functions that can be called with acceptable indices, |
|
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2722 any non-valid index is treated as if it |
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2723 contains a value of a virtual type <a name="pdf-LUA_TNONE"><code>LUA_TNONE</code></a>, |
|
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2724 which behaves like a nil value. |
|
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2725 |
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2726 |
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2727 |
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2728 |
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2729 |
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2730 <h2>4.4 – <a name="4.4">C Closures</a></h2> |
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2731 |
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2732 <p> |
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2733 When a C function is created, |
|
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2734 it is possible to associate some values with it, |
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2735 thus creating a <em>C closure</em> |
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2736 (see <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>); |
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2737 these values are called <em>upvalues</em> and are |
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2738 accessible to the function whenever it is called. |
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2739 |
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2740 |
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2741 <p> |
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2742 Whenever a C function is called, |
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2743 its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices. |
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|
2744 These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro |
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2745 <a href="#lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a>. |
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2746 The first value associated with a function is at position |
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2747 <code>lua_upvalueindex(1)</code>, and so on. |
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2748 Any access to <code>lua_upvalueindex(<em>n</em>)</code>, |
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2749 where <em>n</em> is greater than the number of upvalues of the |
|
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2750 current function (but not greater than 256), |
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2751 produces an acceptable but invalid index. |
|
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2752 |
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2753 |
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2754 |
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2755 |
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2756 |
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2757 <h2>4.5 – <a name="4.5">Registry</a></h2> |
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2758 |
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2759 <p> |
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2760 Lua provides a <em>registry</em>, |
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2761 a predefined table that can be used by any C code to |
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2762 store whatever Lua values it needs to store. |
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2763 The registry table is always located at pseudo-index |
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2764 <a name="pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX"><code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code></a>, |
|
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2765 which is a valid index. |
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2766 Any C library can store data into this table, |
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2767 but it should take care to choose keys |
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2768 that are different from those used |
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2769 by other libraries, to avoid collisions. |
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2770 Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name, |
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2771 or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code, |
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2772 or any Lua object created by your code. |
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2773 As with global names, |
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2774 string keys starting with an underscore followed by |
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2775 uppercase letters are reserved for Lua. |
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2776 |
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2777 |
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2778 <p> |
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2779 The integer keys in the registry are used by the reference mechanism, |
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2780 implemented by the auxiliary library, |
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2781 and by some predefined values. |
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2782 Therefore, integer keys should not be used for other purposes. |
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2783 |
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2784 |
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2785 <p> |
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2786 When you create a new Lua state, |
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2787 its registry comes with some predefined values. |
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2788 These predefined values are indexed with integer keys |
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2789 defined as constants in <code>lua.h</code>. |
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2790 The following constants are defined: |
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2791 |
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2792 <ul> |
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2793 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD"><code>LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has |
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2794 the main thread of the state. |
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2795 (The main thread is the one created together with the state.) |
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2796 </li> |
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2797 |
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2798 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS"><code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code></a>: </b> At this index the registry has |
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2799 the global environment. |
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2800 </li> |
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2801 </ul> |
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2802 |
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2803 |
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2804 |
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2805 |
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2806 <h2>4.6 – <a name="4.6">Error Handling in C</a></h2> |
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2807 |
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2808 <p> |
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2809 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to handle errors. |
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2810 (You can also choose to use exceptions if you compile Lua as C++; |
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2811 search for <code>LUAI_THROW</code> in the source code.) |
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2812 When Lua faces any error |
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2813 (such as a memory allocation error, type errors, syntax errors, |
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2814 and runtime errors) |
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2815 it <em>raises</em> an error; |
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2816 that is, it does a long jump. |
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2817 A <em>protected environment</em> uses <code>setjmp</code> |
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2818 to set a recovery point; |
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2819 any error jumps to the most recent active recovery point. |
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2820 |
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2821 |
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2822 <p> |
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2823 If an error happens outside any protected environment, |
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2824 Lua calls a <em>panic function</em> (see <a href="#lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a>) |
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2825 and then calls <code>abort</code>, |
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2826 thus exiting the host application. |
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2827 Your panic function can avoid this exit by |
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2828 never returning |
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2829 (e.g., doing a long jump to your own recovery point outside Lua). |
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2830 |
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2831 |
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2832 <p> |
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2833 The panic function runs as if it were a message handler (see <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>); |
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2834 in particular, the error message is at the top of the stack. |
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2835 However, there is no guarantees about stack space. |
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2836 To push anything on the stack, |
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2837 the panic function should first check the available space (see <a href="#4.2">§4.2</a>). |
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2838 |
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2839 |
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2840 <p> |
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2841 Most functions in the API can throw an error, |
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2842 for instance due to a memory allocation error. |
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2843 The documentation for each function indicates whether |
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2844 it can throw errors. |
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2845 |
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2846 |
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2847 <p> |
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2848 Inside a C function you can throw an error by calling <a href="#lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a>. |
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2849 |
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2850 |
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2851 |
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2852 |
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2853 |
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2854 <h2>4.7 – <a name="4.7">Handling Yields in C</a></h2> |
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2855 |
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2856 <p> |
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2857 Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to yield a coroutine. |
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2858 Therefore, if a function <code>foo</code> calls an API function |
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2859 and this API function yields |
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2860 (directly or indirectly by calling another function that yields), |
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2861 Lua cannot return to <code>foo</code> any more, |
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2862 because the <code>longjmp</code> removes its frame from the C stack. |
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2863 |
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2864 |
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2865 <p> |
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2866 To avoid this kind of problem, |
|
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2867 Lua raises an error whenever it tries to yield across an API call, |
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2868 except for three functions: |
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2869 <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a>, and <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>. |
|
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2870 All those functions receive a <em>continuation function</em> |
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2871 (as a parameter called <code>k</code>) to continue execution after a yield. |
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2872 |
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2873 |
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2874 <p> |
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2875 We need to set some terminology to explain continuations. |
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2876 We have a C function called from Lua which we will call |
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2877 the <em>original function</em>. |
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2878 This original function then calls one of those three functions in the C API, |
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2879 which we will call the <em>callee function</em>, |
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2880 that then yields the current thread. |
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2881 (This can happen when the callee function is <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
|
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2882 or when the callee function is either <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> or <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a> |
|
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2883 and the function called by them yields.) |
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2884 |
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2885 |
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2886 <p> |
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2887 Suppose the running thread yields while executing the callee function. |
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2888 After the thread resumes, |
|
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2889 it eventually will finish running the callee function. |
|
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2890 However, |
|
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2891 the callee function cannot return to the original function, |
|
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2892 because its frame in the C stack was destroyed by the yield. |
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2893 Instead, Lua calls a <em>continuation function</em>, |
|
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2894 which was given as an argument to the callee function. |
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2895 As the name implies, |
|
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2896 the continuation function should continue the task |
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2897 of the original function. |
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2898 |
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2899 |
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2900 <p> |
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2901 Lua treats the continuation function as if it were the original function. |
|
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2902 The continuation function receives the same Lua stack |
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2903 from the original function, |
|
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2904 in the same state it would be if the callee function had returned. |
|
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2905 (For instance, |
|
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2906 after a <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> the function and its arguments are |
|
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2907 removed from the stack and replaced by the results from the call.) |
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2908 It also has the same upvalues. |
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2909 Whatever it returns is handled by Lua as if it were the return |
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2910 of the original function. |
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2911 |
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2912 |
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2913 <p> |
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2914 The only difference in the Lua state between the original function |
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2915 and its continuation is the result of a call to <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a>. |
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2916 |
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2917 |
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2918 |
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2919 |
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2920 |
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2921 <h2>4.8 – <a name="4.8">Functions and Types</a></h2> |
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2922 |
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2923 <p> |
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2924 Here we list all functions and types from the C API in |
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2925 alphabetical order. |
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2926 Each function has an indicator like this: |
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2927 <span class="apii">[-o, +p, <em>x</em>]</span> |
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2928 |
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2929 |
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2930 <p> |
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2931 The first field, <code>o</code>, |
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2932 is how many elements the function pops from the stack. |
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2933 The second field, <code>p</code>, |
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2934 is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack. |
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2935 (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) |
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2936 A field in the form <code>x|y</code> means the function can push (or pop) |
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2937 <code>x</code> or <code>y</code> elements, |
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2938 depending on the situation; |
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2939 an interrogation mark '<code>?</code>' means that |
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2940 we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes |
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2941 by looking only at its arguments |
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2942 (e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack). |
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2943 The third field, <code>x</code>, |
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2944 tells whether the function may throw errors: |
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2945 '<code>-</code>' means the function never throws any error; |
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2946 '<code>e</code>' means the function may throw errors; |
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2947 '<code>v</code>' means the function may throw an error on purpose. |
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2948 |
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2949 |
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2950 |
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2951 <hr><h3><a name="lua_absindex"><code>lua_absindex</code></a></h3><p> |
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2952 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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2953 <pre>int lua_absindex (lua_State *L, int idx);</pre> |
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2954 |
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2955 <p> |
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2956 Converts the acceptable index <code>idx</code> into an absolute index |
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2957 (that is, one that does not depend on the stack top). |
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2958 |
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2959 |
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2960 |
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2961 |
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2962 |
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2963 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a></h3> |
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2964 <pre>typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, |
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2965 void *ptr, |
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2966 size_t osize, |
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2967 size_t nsize);</pre> |
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2968 |
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2969 <p> |
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2970 The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states. |
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2971 The allocator function must provide a |
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2972 functionality similar to <code>realloc</code>, |
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2973 but not exactly the same. |
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2974 Its arguments are |
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2975 <code>ud</code>, an opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>; |
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2976 <code>ptr</code>, a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; |
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2977 <code>osize</code>, the original size of the block or some code about what |
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2978 is being allocated; |
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2979 <code>nsize</code>, the new size of the block. |
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2980 |
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2981 |
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2982 <p> |
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2983 When <code>ptr</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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2984 <code>osize</code> is the size of the block pointed by <code>ptr</code>, |
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2985 that is, the size given when it was allocated or reallocated. |
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2986 |
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2987 |
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2988 <p> |
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2989 When <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code>, |
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2990 <code>osize</code> encodes the kind of object that Lua is allocating. |
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2991 <code>osize</code> is any of |
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2992 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, |
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2993 <a href="#pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, or <a href="#pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a> when (and only when) |
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2994 Lua is creating a new object of that type. |
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2995 When <code>osize</code> is some other value, |
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2996 Lua is allocating memory for something else. |
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2997 |
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2998 |
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2999 <p> |
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3000 Lua assumes the following behavior from the allocator function: |
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3001 |
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3002 |
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3003 <p> |
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3004 When <code>nsize</code> is zero, |
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3005 the allocator should behave like <code>free</code> |
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3006 and return <code>NULL</code>. |
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3007 |
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3008 |
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3009 <p> |
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3010 When <code>nsize</code> is not zero, |
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3011 the allocator should behave like <code>realloc</code>. |
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3012 The allocator returns <code>NULL</code> |
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3013 if and only if it cannot fulfill the request. |
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3014 Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when |
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3015 <code>osize >= nsize</code>. |
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3016 |
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3017 |
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3018 <p> |
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3019 Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. |
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3020 It is used in the auxiliary library by <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a>. |
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3021 |
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3022 <pre> |
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3023 static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, |
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3024 size_t nsize) { |
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3025 (void)ud; (void)osize; /* not used */ |
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3026 if (nsize == 0) { |
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3027 free(ptr); |
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3028 return NULL; |
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3029 } |
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3030 else |
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3031 return realloc(ptr, nsize); |
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3032 } |
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3033 </pre><p> |
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3034 Note that Standard C ensures |
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3035 that <code>free(NULL)</code> has no effect and that |
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3036 <code>realloc(NULL, size)</code> is equivalent to <code>malloc(size)</code>. |
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3037 This code assumes that <code>realloc</code> does not fail when shrinking a block. |
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3038 (Although Standard C does not ensure this behavior, |
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3039 it seems to be a safe assumption.) |
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3040 |
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3041 |
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3042 |
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3043 |
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3044 |
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3045 <hr><h3><a name="lua_arith"><code>lua_arith</code></a></h3><p> |
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3046 <span class="apii">[-(2|1), +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3047 <pre>void lua_arith (lua_State *L, int op);</pre> |
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3048 |
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3049 <p> |
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3050 Performs an arithmetic operation over the two values |
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3051 (or one, in the case of negation) |
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3052 at the top of the stack, |
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3053 with the value at the top being the second operand, |
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3054 pops these values, and pushes the result of the operation. |
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3055 The function follows the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator |
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3056 (that is, it may call metamethods). |
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3057 |
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3058 |
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3059 <p> |
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3060 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: |
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3061 |
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3062 <ul> |
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3063 |
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3064 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPADD"><code>LUA_OPADD</code></a>: </b> performs addition (<code>+</code>)</li> |
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3065 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPSUB"><code>LUA_OPSUB</code></a>: </b> performs subtraction (<code>-</code>)</li> |
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3066 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMUL"><code>LUA_OPMUL</code></a>: </b> performs multiplication (<code>*</code>)</li> |
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3067 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPDIV"><code>LUA_OPDIV</code></a>: </b> performs division (<code>/</code>)</li> |
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3068 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPMOD"><code>LUA_OPMOD</code></a>: </b> performs modulo (<code>%</code>)</li> |
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3069 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPPOW"><code>LUA_OPPOW</code></a>: </b> performs exponentiation (<code>^</code>)</li> |
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3070 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPUNM"><code>LUA_OPUNM</code></a>: </b> performs mathematical negation (unary <code>-</code>)</li> |
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3071 |
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3072 </ul> |
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3073 |
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3074 |
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3075 |
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3076 |
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3077 <hr><h3><a name="lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a></h3><p> |
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3078 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3079 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);</pre> |
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3080 |
|
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3081 <p> |
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3082 Sets a new panic function and returns the old one (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>). |
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3083 |
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3084 |
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3085 |
|
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3086 |
|
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3087 |
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3088 <hr><h3><a name="lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a></h3><p> |
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3089 <span class="apii">[-(nargs+1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3090 <pre>void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);</pre> |
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3091 |
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3092 <p> |
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3093 Calls a function. |
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3094 |
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3095 |
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3096 <p> |
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3097 To call a function you must use the following protocol: |
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3098 first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; |
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3099 then, the arguments to the function are pushed |
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3100 in direct order; |
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3101 that is, the first argument is pushed first. |
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3102 Finally you call <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>; |
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3103 <code>nargs</code> is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack. |
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3104 All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack |
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3105 when the function is called. |
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3106 The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns. |
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3107 The number of results is adjusted to <code>nresults</code>, |
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3108 unless <code>nresults</code> is <a name="pdf-LUA_MULTRET"><code>LUA_MULTRET</code></a>. |
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3109 In this case, all results from the function are pushed. |
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3110 Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. |
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3111 The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order |
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3112 (the first result is pushed first), |
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3113 so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack. |
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3114 |
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3115 |
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3116 <p> |
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3117 Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards |
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3118 (with a <code>longjmp</code>). |
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3119 |
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3120 |
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3121 <p> |
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3122 The following example shows how the host program can do the |
|
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3123 equivalent to this Lua code: |
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3124 |
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3125 <pre> |
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3126 a = f("how", t.x, 14) |
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3127 </pre><p> |
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3128 Here it is in C: |
|
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3129 |
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3130 <pre> |
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3131 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* function to be called */ |
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3132 lua_pushstring(L, "how"); /* 1st argument */ |
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3133 lua_getglobal(L, "t"); /* table to be indexed */ |
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3134 lua_getfield(L, -1, "x"); /* push result of t.x (2nd arg) */ |
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3135 lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 't' from the stack */ |
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3136 lua_pushinteger(L, 14); /* 3rd argument */ |
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3137 lua_call(L, 3, 1); /* call 'f' with 3 arguments and 1 result */ |
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3138 lua_setglobal(L, "a"); /* set global 'a' */ |
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3139 </pre><p> |
|
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3140 Note that the code above is "balanced": |
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3141 at its end, the stack is back to its original configuration. |
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3142 This is considered good programming practice. |
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3143 |
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3144 |
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3145 |
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3146 |
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3147 |
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3148 <hr><h3><a name="lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a></h3><p> |
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3149 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3150 <pre>void lua_callk (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int ctx, |
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3151 lua_CFunction k);</pre> |
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3152 |
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3153 <p> |
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3154 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, |
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3155 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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3156 |
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3157 |
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3158 |
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3159 |
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3160 |
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3161 <hr><h3><a name="lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a></h3> |
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3162 <pre>typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3163 |
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3164 <p> |
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3165 Type for C functions. |
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3166 |
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3167 |
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3168 <p> |
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3169 In order to communicate properly with Lua, |
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3170 a C function must use the following protocol, |
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3171 which defines the way parameters and results are passed: |
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3172 a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack |
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3173 in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). |
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3174 So, when the function starts, |
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3175 <code>lua_gettop(L)</code> returns the number of arguments received by the function. |
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3176 The first argument (if any) is at index 1 |
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3177 and its last argument is at index <code>lua_gettop(L)</code>. |
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3178 To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, |
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|
3179 in direct order (the first result is pushed first), |
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3180 and returns the number of results. |
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3181 Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly |
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3182 discarded by Lua. |
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3183 Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return |
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3184 many results. |
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3185 |
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3186 |
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3187 <p> |
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3188 As an example, the following function receives a variable number |
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3189 of numerical arguments and returns their average and sum: |
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3190 |
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3191 <pre> |
|
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3192 static int foo (lua_State *L) { |
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3193 int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */ |
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3194 lua_Number sum = 0; |
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3195 int i; |
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3196 for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { |
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3197 if (!lua_isnumber(L, i)) { |
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3198 lua_pushstring(L, "incorrect argument"); |
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3199 lua_error(L); |
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3200 } |
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3201 sum += lua_tonumber(L, i); |
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3202 } |
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3203 lua_pushnumber(L, sum/n); /* first result */ |
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3204 lua_pushnumber(L, sum); /* second result */ |
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3205 return 2; /* number of results */ |
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3206 } |
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3207 </pre> |
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3208 |
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3209 |
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3210 |
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3211 |
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3212 <hr><h3><a name="lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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3213 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3214 <pre>int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int extra);</pre> |
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3215 |
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3216 <p> |
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3217 Ensures that there are at least <code>extra</code> free stack slots in the stack. |
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3218 It returns false if it cannot fulfill the request, |
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3219 because it would cause the stack to be larger than a fixed maximum size |
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3220 (typically at least a few thousand elements) or |
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3221 because it cannot allocate memory for the new stack size. |
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3222 This function never shrinks the stack; |
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3223 if the stack is already larger than the new size, |
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3224 it is left unchanged. |
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3225 |
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3226 |
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3227 |
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3228 |
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3229 |
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3230 <hr><h3><a name="lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a></h3><p> |
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3231 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3232 <pre>void lua_close (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3233 |
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3234 <p> |
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3235 Destroys all objects in the given Lua state |
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3236 (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) |
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3237 and frees all dynamic memory used by this state. |
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3238 On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, |
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3239 because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends. |
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3240 On the other hand, long-running programs that create multiple states, |
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3241 such as daemons or web servers, |
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3242 might need to close states as soon as they are not needed. |
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3243 |
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3244 |
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3245 |
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3246 |
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3247 |
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3248 <hr><h3><a name="lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a></h3><p> |
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3249 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3250 <pre>int lua_compare (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2, int op);</pre> |
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3251 |
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3252 <p> |
|
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3253 Compares two Lua values. |
|
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3254 Returns 1 if the value at index <code>index1</code> satisfies <code>op</code> |
|
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3255 when compared with the value at index <code>index2</code>, |
|
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3256 following the semantics of the corresponding Lua operator |
|
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3257 (that is, it may call metamethods). |
|
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3258 Otherwise returns 0. |
|
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3259 Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid. |
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3260 |
|
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3261 |
|
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3262 <p> |
|
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3263 The value of <code>op</code> must be one of the following constants: |
|
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3264 |
|
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3265 <ul> |
|
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3266 |
|
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3267 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPEQ"><code>LUA_OPEQ</code></a>: </b> compares for equality (<code>==</code>)</li> |
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|
3268 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLT"><code>LUA_OPLT</code></a>: </b> compares for less than (<code><</code>)</li> |
|
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3269 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OPLE"><code>LUA_OPLE</code></a>: </b> compares for less or equal (<code><=</code>)</li> |
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|
3270 |
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3271 </ul> |
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3272 |
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|
3273 |
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|
3274 |
|
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|
3275 |
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3276 <hr><h3><a name="lua_concat"><code>lua_concat</code></a></h3><p> |
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3277 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3278 <pre>void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
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3279 |
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3280 <p> |
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3281 Concatenates the <code>n</code> values at the top of the stack, |
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3282 pops them, and leaves the result at the top. |
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3283 If <code>n</code> is 1, the result is the single value on the stack |
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3284 (that is, the function does nothing); |
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3285 if <code>n</code> is 0, the result is the empty string. |
|
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3286 Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua |
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3287 (see <a href="#3.4.5">§3.4.5</a>). |
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3288 |
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3289 |
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3290 |
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3291 |
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3292 |
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3293 <hr><h3><a name="lua_copy"><code>lua_copy</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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3294 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3295 <pre>void lua_copy (lua_State *L, int fromidx, int toidx);</pre> |
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3296 |
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3297 <p> |
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3298 Moves the element at index <code>fromidx</code> |
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3299 into the valid index <code>toidx</code> |
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3300 without shifting any element |
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3301 (therefore replacing the value at that position). |
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3302 |
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|
3303 |
|
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3304 |
|
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|
3305 |
|
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3306 |
|
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3307 <hr><h3><a name="lua_createtable"><code>lua_createtable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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3308 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3309 <pre>void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);</pre> |
|
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3310 |
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3311 <p> |
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|
3312 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. |
|
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3313 Parameter <code>narr</code> is a hint for how many elements the table |
|
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3314 will have as a sequence; |
|
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|
3315 parameter <code>nrec</code> is a hint for how many other elements |
|
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3316 the table will have. |
|
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|
3317 Lua may use these hints to preallocate memory for the new table. |
|
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3318 This pre-allocation is useful for performance when you know in advance |
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3319 how many elements the table will have. |
|
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3320 Otherwise you can use the function <a href="#lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a>. |
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3321 |
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3322 |
|
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3323 |
|
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3324 |
|
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3325 |
|
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3326 <hr><h3><a name="lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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3327 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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3328 <pre>int lua_dump (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data);</pre> |
|
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3329 |
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3330 <p> |
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3331 Dumps a function as a binary chunk. |
|
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3332 Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack |
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3333 and produces a binary chunk that, |
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3334 if loaded again, |
|
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3335 results in a function equivalent to the one dumped. |
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3336 As it produces parts of the chunk, |
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3337 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls function <code>writer</code> (see <a href="#lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a>) |
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3338 with the given <code>data</code> |
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3339 to write them. |
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3340 |
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3341 |
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3342 <p> |
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3343 The value returned is the error code returned by the last |
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3344 call to the writer; |
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3345 0 means no errors. |
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3346 |
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3347 |
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3348 <p> |
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3349 This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack. |
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3350 |
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3351 |
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3352 |
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3353 |
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|
3354 |
|
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|
3355 <hr><h3><a name="lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3356 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3357 <pre>int lua_error (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
3358 |
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|
3359 <p> |
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|
3360 Generates a Lua error. |
|
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|
3361 The error message (which can actually be a Lua value of any type) |
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|
3362 must be on the stack top. |
|
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|
3363 This function does a long jump, |
|
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|
3364 and therefore never returns |
|
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|
3365 (see <a href="#luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a>). |
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|
3366 |
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|
3367 |
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|
3368 |
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|
3369 |
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|
3370 |
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3371 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a></h3><p> |
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3372 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3373 <pre>int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);</pre> |
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|
3374 |
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|
3375 <p> |
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|
3376 Controls the garbage collector. |
|
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|
3377 |
|
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|
3378 |
|
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|
3379 <p> |
|
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|
3380 This function performs several tasks, |
|
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|
3381 according to the value of the parameter <code>what</code>: |
|
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|
3382 |
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|
3383 <ul> |
|
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|
3384 |
|
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|
3385 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTOP</code>: </b> |
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3386 stops the garbage collector. |
|
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|
3387 </li> |
|
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|
3388 |
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3389 <li><b><code>LUA_GCRESTART</code>: </b> |
|
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|
3390 restarts the garbage collector. |
|
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|
3391 </li> |
|
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|
3392 |
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3393 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOLLECT</code>: </b> |
|
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3394 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. |
|
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|
3395 </li> |
|
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|
3396 |
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3397 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNT</code>: </b> |
|
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|
3398 returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua. |
|
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|
3399 </li> |
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|
3400 |
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3401 <li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNTB</code>: </b> |
|
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|
3402 returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of |
|
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|
3403 memory in use by Lua by 1024. |
|
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|
3404 </li> |
|
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|
3405 |
|
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3406 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSTEP</code>: </b> |
|
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|
3407 performs an incremental step of garbage collection. |
|
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|
3408 The step "size" is controlled by <code>data</code> |
|
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|
3409 (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. |
|
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|
3410 If you want to control the step size |
|
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|
3411 you must experimentally tune the value of <code>data</code>. |
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|
3412 The function returns 1 if the step finished a |
|
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|
3413 garbage-collection cycle. |
|
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|
3414 </li> |
|
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|
3415 |
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|
3416 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETPAUSE</code>: </b> |
|
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|
3417 sets <code>data</code> as the new value |
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|
3418 for the <em>pause</em> of the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
|
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|
3419 The function returns the previous value of the pause. |
|
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3420 </li> |
|
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|
3421 |
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3422 <li><b><code>LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL</code>: </b> |
|
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3423 sets <code>data</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of |
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3424 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
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3425 The function returns the previous value of the step multiplier. |
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3426 </li> |
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3427 |
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3428 <li><b><code>LUA_GCISRUNNING</code>: </b> |
|
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|
3429 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running |
|
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3430 (i.e., not stopped). |
|
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|
3431 </li> |
|
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3432 |
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3433 <li><b><code>LUA_GCGEN</code>: </b> |
|
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3434 changes the collector to generational mode |
|
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|
3435 (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
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|
3436 </li> |
|
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3437 |
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3438 <li><b><code>LUA_GCINC</code>: </b> |
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3439 changes the collector to incremental mode. |
|
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3440 This is the default mode. |
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3441 </li> |
|
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|
3442 |
|
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3443 </ul> |
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3444 |
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3445 <p> |
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3446 For more details about these options, |
|
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3447 see <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a>. |
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3448 |
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3449 |
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3450 |
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3451 |
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3452 |
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3453 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getallocf"><code>lua_getallocf</code></a></h3><p> |
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3454 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3455 <pre>lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud);</pre> |
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3456 |
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3457 <p> |
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3458 Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state. |
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3459 If <code>ud</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, Lua stores in <code>*ud</code> the |
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3460 opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>. |
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3461 |
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3462 |
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3463 |
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3464 |
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3465 |
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3466 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a></h3><p> |
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3467 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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3468 <pre>int lua_getctx (lua_State *L, int *ctx);</pre> |
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3469 |
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3470 <p> |
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3471 This function is called by a continuation function (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>) |
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3472 to retrieve the status of the thread and a context information. |
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3473 |
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3474 |
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3475 <p> |
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3476 When called in the original function, |
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3477 <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> always returns <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> |
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3478 and does not change the value of its argument <code>ctx</code>. |
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3479 When called inside a continuation function, |
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3480 <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> returns <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> and sets |
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3481 the value of <code>ctx</code> to be the context information |
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3482 (the value passed as the <code>ctx</code> argument |
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3483 to the callee together with the continuation function). |
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3484 |
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3485 |
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3486 <p> |
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3487 When the callee is <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, |
|
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3488 Lua may also call its continuation function |
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3489 to handle errors during the call. |
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3490 That is, upon an error in the function called by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, |
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3491 Lua may not return to the original function |
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3492 but instead may call the continuation function. |
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3493 In that case, a call to <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a> will return the error code |
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3494 (the value that would be returned by <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>); |
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3495 the value of <code>ctx</code> will be set to the context information, |
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3496 as in the case of a yield. |
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|
3497 |
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|
3498 |
|
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|
3499 |
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|
3500 |
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|
3501 |
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3502 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getfield"><code>lua_getfield</code></a></h3><p> |
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3503 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3504 <pre>void lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> |
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3505 |
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3506 <p> |
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3507 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
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3508 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index. |
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3509 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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3510 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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3511 |
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3512 |
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3513 |
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3514 |
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3515 |
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3516 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getglobal"><code>lua_getglobal</code></a></h3><p> |
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3517 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3518 <pre>void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> |
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3519 |
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3520 <p> |
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3521 Pushes onto the stack the value of the global <code>name</code>. |
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3522 |
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3523 |
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|
3524 |
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3525 |
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3526 |
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3527 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getmetatable"><code>lua_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3528 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
|
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|
3529 <pre>int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3530 |
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3531 <p> |
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|
3532 Pushes onto the stack the metatable of the value at the given index. |
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|
3533 If the value does not have a metatable, |
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3534 the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack. |
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|
3535 |
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|
3536 |
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|
3537 |
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|
3538 |
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|
3539 |
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3540 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a></h3><p> |
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3541 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3542 <pre>void lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3543 |
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3544 <p> |
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3545 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
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|
3546 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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3547 and <code>k</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
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3548 |
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3549 |
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3550 <p> |
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3551 This function pops the key from the stack |
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3552 (putting the resulting value in its place). |
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3553 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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3554 for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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|
3555 |
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|
3556 |
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|
3557 |
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|
3558 |
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|
3559 |
|
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3560 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gettop"><code>lua_gettop</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3561 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3562 <pre>int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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|
3563 |
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|
3564 <p> |
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3565 Returns the index of the top element in the stack. |
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3566 Because indices start at 1, |
|
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3567 this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack |
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3568 (and so 0 means an empty stack). |
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|
3569 |
|
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|
3570 |
|
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|
3571 |
|
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|
3572 |
|
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|
3573 |
|
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3574 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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3575 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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|
3576 <pre>void lua_getuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
3577 |
|
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|
3578 <p> |
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3579 Pushes onto the stack the Lua value associated with the userdata |
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|
3580 at the given index. |
|
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3581 This Lua value must be a table or <b>nil</b>. |
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|
3582 |
|
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|
3583 |
|
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|
3584 |
|
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|
3585 |
|
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|
3586 |
|
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3587 <hr><h3><a name="lua_insert"><code>lua_insert</code></a></h3><p> |
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3588 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> |
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3589 <pre>void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3590 |
|
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|
3591 <p> |
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|
3592 Moves the top element into the given valid index, |
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3593 shifting up the elements above this index to open space. |
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3594 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, |
|
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3595 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. |
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|
3596 |
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|
3597 |
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|
3598 |
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|
3599 |
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3600 |
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3601 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a></h3> |
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3602 <pre>typedef ptrdiff_t lua_Integer;</pre> |
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3603 |
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3604 <p> |
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3605 The type used by the Lua API to represent signed integral values. |
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3606 |
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3607 |
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3608 <p> |
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3609 By default it is a <code>ptrdiff_t</code>, |
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3610 which is usually the largest signed integral type the machine handles |
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3611 "comfortably". |
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3612 |
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|
3613 |
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|
3614 |
|
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|
3615 |
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|
3616 |
|
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3617 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
3618 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
3619 <pre>int lua_isboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3620 |
|
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|
3621 <p> |
|
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|
3622 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a boolean, |
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|
3623 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3624 |
|
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|
3625 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3626 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3627 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3628 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3629 <hr><h3><a name="lua_iscfunction"><code>lua_iscfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3630 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3631 <pre>int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3632 |
|
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|
3633 <p> |
|
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|
3634 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a C function, |
|
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|
3635 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3636 |
|
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|
3637 |
|
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|
3638 |
|
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|
3639 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3640 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3641 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isfunction"><code>lua_isfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3642 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3643 <pre>int lua_isfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3644 |
|
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|
3645 <p> |
|
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|
3646 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a function |
|
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|
3647 (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3648 |
|
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|
3649 |
|
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|
3650 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3651 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3652 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3653 <hr><h3><a name="lua_islightuserdata"><code>lua_islightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3654 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3655 <pre>int lua_islightuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3656 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3657 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3658 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a light userdata, |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3659 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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changeset
|
3660 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3661 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3662 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3663 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3664 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3665 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnil"><code>lua_isnil</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
3666 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3667 <pre>int lua_isnil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3668 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3669 <p> |
|
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|
3670 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
3671 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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changeset
|
3672 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3673 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3674 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3675 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3676 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3677 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnone"><code>lua_isnone</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
3678 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3679 <pre>int lua_isnone (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3680 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3681 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3682 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid, |
|
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|
3683 and 0 otherwise. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3684 |
|
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changeset
|
3685 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3686 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3687 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3688 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3689 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnoneornil"><code>lua_isnoneornil</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
3690 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3691 <pre>int lua_isnoneornil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3692 |
|
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changeset
|
3693 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3694 Returns 1 if the given index is not valid |
|
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|
3695 or if the value at this index is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
3696 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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changeset
|
3697 |
|
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changeset
|
3698 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3699 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3700 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
3701 |
|
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|
3702 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isnumber"><code>lua_isnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
3703 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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changeset
|
3704 <pre>int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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changeset
|
3705 |
|
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changeset
|
3706 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3707 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a number |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3708 or a string convertible to a number, |
|
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|
3709 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3710 |
|
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|
3711 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3712 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3713 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3714 |
|
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|
3715 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isstring"><code>lua_isstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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diff
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|
3716 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3717 <pre>int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3718 |
|
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|
3719 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3720 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a string |
|
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|
3721 or a number (which is always convertible to a string), |
|
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|
3722 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3723 |
|
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|
3724 |
|
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|
3725 |
|
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|
3726 |
|
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|
3727 |
|
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3728 <hr><h3><a name="lua_istable"><code>lua_istable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3729 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3730 <pre>int lua_istable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3731 |
|
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|
3732 <p> |
|
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|
3733 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a table, |
|
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|
3734 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3735 |
|
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|
3736 |
|
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|
3737 |
|
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|
3738 |
|
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|
3739 |
|
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|
3740 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isthread"><code>lua_isthread</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3741 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3742 <pre>int lua_isthread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3743 |
|
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|
3744 <p> |
|
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|
3745 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a thread, |
|
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|
3746 and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3747 |
|
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|
3748 |
|
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|
3749 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
3750 |
|
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|
3751 |
|
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|
3752 <hr><h3><a name="lua_isuserdata"><code>lua_isuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3753 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3754 <pre>int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3755 |
|
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|
3756 <p> |
|
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|
3757 Returns 1 if the value at the given index is a userdata |
|
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|
3758 (either full or light), and 0 otherwise. |
|
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|
3759 |
|
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|
3760 |
|
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changeset
|
3761 |
|
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changeset
|
3762 |
|
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changeset
|
3763 |
|
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|
3764 <hr><h3><a name="lua_len"><code>lua_len</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3765 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
3766 <pre>void lua_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
3767 |
|
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|
3768 <p> |
|
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|
3769 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index; |
|
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|
3770 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
|
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changeset
|
3771 The result is pushed on the stack. |
|
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|
3772 |
|
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changeset
|
3773 |
|
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changeset
|
3774 |
|
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changeset
|
3775 |
|
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changeset
|
3776 |
|
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|
3777 <hr><h3><a name="lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3778 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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|
3779 <pre>int lua_load (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
3780 lua_Reader reader, |
|
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|
3781 void *data, |
|
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|
3782 const char *source, |
|
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|
3783 const char *mode);</pre> |
|
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|
3784 |
|
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|
3785 <p> |
|
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|
3786 Loads a Lua chunk (without running it). |
|
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|
3787 If there are no errors, |
|
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|
3788 <code>lua_load</code> pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua |
|
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|
3789 function on top of the stack. |
|
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|
3790 Otherwise, it pushes an error message. |
|
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|
3791 |
|
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|
3792 |
|
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|
3793 <p> |
|
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|
3794 The return values of <code>lua_load</code> are: |
|
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changeset
|
3795 |
|
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3796 <ul> |
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3797 |
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3798 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>: </b> no errors;</li> |
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|
3799 |
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3800 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX"><code>LUA_ERRSYNTAX</code></a>: </b> |
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3801 syntax error during precompilation;</li> |
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3802 |
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3803 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> |
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3804 memory allocation error;</li> |
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3805 |
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3806 <li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> |
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3807 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. |
|
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3808 (This error has no relation with the chunk being loaded. |
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3809 It is generated by the garbage collector.) |
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3810 </li> |
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3811 |
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3812 </ul> |
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3813 |
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3814 <p> |
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3815 The <code>lua_load</code> function uses a user-supplied <code>reader</code> function |
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3816 to read the chunk (see <a href="#lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a>). |
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3817 The <code>data</code> argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function. |
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3818 |
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3819 |
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3820 <p> |
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3821 The <code>source</code> argument gives a name to the chunk, |
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3822 which is used for error messages and in debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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3823 |
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3824 |
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3825 <p> |
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3826 <code>lua_load</code> automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary |
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3827 and loads it accordingly (see program <code>luac</code>). |
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3828 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, |
|
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3829 with the addition that |
|
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3830 a <code>NULL</code> value is equivalent to the string "<code>bt</code>". |
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3831 |
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3832 |
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3833 <p> |
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3834 <code>lua_load</code> uses the stack internally, |
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3835 so the reader function should always leave the stack |
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3836 unmodified when returning. |
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3837 |
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3838 |
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3839 <p> |
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3840 If the resulting function has one upvalue, |
|
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3841 this upvalue is set to the value of the global environment |
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3842 stored at index <code>LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</code> in the registry (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
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3843 When loading main chunks, |
|
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3844 this upvalue will be the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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3845 |
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|
3846 |
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|
3847 |
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3848 |
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3849 |
|
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3850 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
3851 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
3852 <pre>lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> |
|
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3853 |
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3854 <p> |
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|
3855 Creates a new thread running in a new, independent state. |
|
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3856 Returns <code>NULL</code> if cannot create the thread or the state |
|
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|
3857 (due to lack of memory). |
|
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|
3858 The argument <code>f</code> is the allocator function; |
|
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3859 Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. |
|
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3860 The second argument, <code>ud</code>, is an opaque pointer that Lua |
|
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|
3861 passes to the allocator in every call. |
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3862 |
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3863 |
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3864 |
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3865 |
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3866 |
|
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3867 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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3868 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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3869 <pre>void lua_newtable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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3870 |
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3871 <p> |
|
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|
3872 Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. |
|
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3873 It is equivalent to <code>lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)</code>. |
|
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3874 |
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3875 |
|
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|
3876 |
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|
3877 |
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3878 |
|
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3879 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a></h3><p> |
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3880 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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3881 <pre>lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L);</pre> |
|
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3882 |
|
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3883 <p> |
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3884 Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack, |
|
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3885 and returns a pointer to a <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a> that represents this new thread. |
|
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3886 The new thread returned by this function shares with the original thread |
|
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3887 its global environment, |
|
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3888 but has an independent execution stack. |
|
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3889 |
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3890 |
|
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3891 <p> |
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3892 There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread. |
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3893 Threads are subject to garbage collection, |
|
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3894 like any Lua object. |
|
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3895 |
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3896 |
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3897 |
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3898 |
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3899 |
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3900 <hr><h3><a name="lua_newuserdata"><code>lua_newuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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3901 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3902 <pre>void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);</pre> |
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3903 |
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3904 <p> |
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3905 This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size, |
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3906 pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address, |
|
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3907 and returns this address. |
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3908 The host program can freely use this memory. |
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3909 |
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3910 |
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3911 |
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3912 |
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3913 |
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3914 <hr><h3><a name="lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a></h3><p> |
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3915 <span class="apii">[-1, +(2|0), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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3916 <pre>int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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3917 |
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3918 <p> |
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3919 Pops a key from the stack, |
|
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3920 and pushes a key–value pair from the table at the given index |
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3921 (the "next" pair after the given key). |
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3922 If there are no more elements in the table, |
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3923 then <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> returns 0 (and pushes nothing). |
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3924 |
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3925 |
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3926 <p> |
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3927 A typical traversal looks like this: |
|
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3928 |
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3929 <pre> |
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3930 /* table is in the stack at index 't' */ |
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3931 lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */ |
|
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3932 while (lua_next(L, t) != 0) { |
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3933 /* uses 'key' (at index -2) and 'value' (at index -1) */ |
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3934 printf("%s - %s\n", |
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3935 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -2)), |
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3936 lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1))); |
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3937 /* removes 'value'; keeps 'key' for next iteration */ |
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|
3938 lua_pop(L, 1); |
|
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3939 } |
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3940 </pre> |
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3941 |
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3942 <p> |
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|
3943 While traversing a table, |
|
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3944 do not call <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> directly on a key, |
|
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3945 unless you know that the key is actually a string. |
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3946 Recall that <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> may change |
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3947 the value at the given index; |
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3948 this confuses the next call to <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>. |
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3949 |
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3950 |
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3951 <p> |
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|
3952 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying |
|
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3953 the table during its traversal. |
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3954 |
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|
3955 |
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|
3956 |
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3957 |
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3958 |
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3959 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a></h3> |
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3960 <pre>typedef double lua_Number;</pre> |
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3961 |
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3962 <p> |
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3963 The type of numbers in Lua. |
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3964 By default, it is double, but that can be changed in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
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3965 Through this configuration file you can change |
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3966 Lua to operate with another type for numbers (e.g., float or long). |
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3967 |
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3968 |
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3969 |
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3970 |
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3971 |
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3972 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a></h3><p> |
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3973 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> |
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3974 <pre>int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int msgh);</pre> |
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3975 |
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3976 <p> |
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3977 Calls a function in protected mode. |
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3978 |
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3979 |
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3980 <p> |
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3981 Both <code>nargs</code> and <code>nresults</code> have the same meaning as |
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3982 in <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. |
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3983 If there are no errors during the call, |
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3984 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>. |
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3985 However, if there is any error, |
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3986 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> catches it, |
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3987 pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), |
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3988 and returns an error code. |
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3989 Like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>, |
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3990 <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> always removes the function |
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3991 and its arguments from the stack. |
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3992 |
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3993 |
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3994 <p> |
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3995 If <code>msgh</code> is 0, |
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3996 then the error message returned on the stack |
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3997 is exactly the original error message. |
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3998 Otherwise, <code>msgh</code> is the stack index of a |
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3999 <em>message handler</em>. |
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4000 (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) |
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4001 In case of runtime errors, |
|
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4002 this function will be called with the error message |
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4003 and its return value will be the message |
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4004 returned on the stack by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. |
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4005 |
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4006 |
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4007 <p> |
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4008 Typically, the message handler is used to add more debug |
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4009 information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. |
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4010 Such information cannot be gathered after the return of <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
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4011 since by then the stack has unwound. |
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4012 |
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4013 |
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4014 <p> |
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4015 The <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> function returns one of the following codes |
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4016 (defined in <code>lua.h</code>): |
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4017 |
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4018 <ul> |
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4019 |
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4020 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> (0): </b> |
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4021 success.</li> |
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4022 |
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4023 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRRUN"><code>LUA_ERRRUN</code></a>: </b> |
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4024 a runtime error. |
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4025 </li> |
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4026 |
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4027 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>: </b> |
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4028 memory allocation error. |
|
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4029 For such errors, Lua does not call the message handler. |
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4030 </li> |
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4031 |
|
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4032 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRERR"><code>LUA_ERRERR</code></a>: </b> |
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4033 error while running the message handler. |
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4034 </li> |
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4035 |
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4036 <li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRGCMM"><code>LUA_ERRGCMM</code></a>: </b> |
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4037 error while running a <code>__gc</code> metamethod. |
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4038 (This error typically has no relation with the function being called. |
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4039 It is generated by the garbage collector.) |
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4040 </li> |
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4041 |
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4042 </ul> |
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4043 |
|
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4044 |
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4045 |
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4046 |
|
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4047 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a></h3><p> |
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4048 <span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), –]</span> |
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4049 <pre>int lua_pcallk (lua_State *L, |
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4050 int nargs, |
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4051 int nresults, |
|
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4052 int errfunc, |
|
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4053 int ctx, |
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4054 lua_CFunction k);</pre> |
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4055 |
|
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4056 <p> |
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4057 This function behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>, |
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4058 but allows the called function to yield (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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4059 |
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4060 |
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4061 |
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4062 |
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4063 |
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4064 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pop"><code>lua_pop</code></a></h3><p> |
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4065 <span class="apii">[-n, +0, –]</span> |
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4066 <pre>void lua_pop (lua_State *L, int n);</pre> |
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4067 |
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4068 <p> |
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4069 Pops <code>n</code> elements from the stack. |
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4070 |
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4071 |
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|
4072 |
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4073 |
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4074 |
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4075 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushboolean"><code>lua_pushboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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4076 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4077 <pre>void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b);</pre> |
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4078 |
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4079 <p> |
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4080 Pushes a boolean value with value <code>b</code> onto the stack. |
|
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|
4081 |
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|
4082 |
|
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|
4083 |
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|
4084 |
|
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|
4085 |
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4086 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4087 <span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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4088 <pre>void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
4089 |
|
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|
4090 <p> |
|
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|
4091 Pushes a new C closure onto the stack. |
|
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|
4092 |
|
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|
4093 |
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4094 <p> |
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4095 When a C function is created, |
|
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|
4096 it is possible to associate some values with it, |
|
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|
4097 thus creating a C closure (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>); |
|
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|
4098 these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called. |
|
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|
4099 To associate values with a C function, |
|
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4100 first these values should be pushed onto the stack |
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4101 (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). |
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4102 Then <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> |
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4103 is called to create and push the C function onto the stack, |
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4104 with the argument <code>n</code> telling how many values should be |
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4105 associated with the function. |
|
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4106 <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> also pops these values from the stack. |
|
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4107 |
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4108 |
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4109 <p> |
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4110 The maximum value for <code>n</code> is 255. |
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|
4111 |
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4112 |
|
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4113 <p> |
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4114 When <code>n</code> is zero, |
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4115 this function creates a <em>light C function</em>, |
|
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4116 which is just a pointer to the C function. |
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4117 In that case, it never throws a memory error. |
|
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4118 |
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4119 |
|
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4120 |
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4121 |
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4122 |
|
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4123 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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4124 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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4125 <pre>void lua_pushcfunction (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f);</pre> |
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4126 |
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4127 <p> |
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4128 Pushes a C function onto the stack. |
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4129 This function receives a pointer to a C function |
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4130 and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type <code>function</code> that, |
|
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4131 when called, invokes the corresponding C function. |
|
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4132 |
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4133 |
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4134 <p> |
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4135 Any function to be registered in Lua must |
|
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4136 follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters |
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4137 and return its results (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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4138 |
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4139 |
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4140 <p> |
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4141 <code>lua_pushcfunction</code> is defined as a macro: |
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4142 |
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4143 <pre> |
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4144 #define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L,f,0) |
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4145 </pre><p> |
|
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4146 Note that <code>f</code> is used twice. |
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4147 |
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4148 |
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4149 |
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4150 |
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4151 |
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4152 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4153 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4154 <pre>const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> |
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4155 |
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4156 <p> |
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4157 Pushes onto the stack a formatted string |
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4158 and returns a pointer to this string. |
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4159 It is similar to the ANSI C function <code>sprintf</code>, |
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4160 but has some important differences: |
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4161 |
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4162 <ul> |
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4163 |
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4164 <li> |
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4165 You do not have to allocate space for the result: |
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4166 the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation |
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4167 (and deallocation, through garbage collection). |
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4168 </li> |
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4169 |
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4170 <li> |
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4171 The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. |
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4172 There are no flags, widths, or precisions. |
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4173 The conversion specifiers can only be |
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4174 '<code>%%</code>' (inserts a '<code>%</code>' in the string), |
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4175 '<code>%s</code>' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), |
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4176 '<code>%f</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>), |
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4177 '<code>%p</code>' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), |
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4178 '<code>%d</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code>), and |
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4179 '<code>%c</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code> as a byte). |
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4180 </li> |
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4181 |
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4182 </ul> |
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4183 |
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4184 |
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4185 |
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4186 |
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4187 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushglobaltable"><code>lua_pushglobaltable</code></a></h3><p> |
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4188 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4189 <pre>void lua_pushglobaltable (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4190 |
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4191 <p> |
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4192 Pushes the global environment onto the stack. |
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4193 |
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4194 |
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4195 |
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4196 |
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4197 |
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4198 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushinteger"><code>lua_pushinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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4199 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4200 <pre>void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);</pre> |
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4201 |
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4202 <p> |
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4203 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
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4204 |
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4205 |
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4206 |
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4207 |
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4208 |
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4209 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlightuserdata"><code>lua_pushlightuserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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4210 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4211 <pre>void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p);</pre> |
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4212 |
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4213 <p> |
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4214 Pushes a light userdata onto the stack. |
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4215 |
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4216 |
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4217 <p> |
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4218 Userdata represent C values in Lua. |
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4219 A <em>light userdata</em> represents a pointer, a <code>void*</code>. |
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4220 It is a value (like a number): |
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4221 you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, |
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4222 and it is not collected (as it was never created). |
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4223 A light userdata is equal to "any" |
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4224 light userdata with the same C address. |
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4225 |
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4226 |
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4227 |
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4228 |
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4229 |
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4230 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushliteral"><code>lua_pushliteral</code></a></h3><p> |
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4231 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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4232 <pre>const char *lua_pushliteral (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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4233 |
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|
4234 <p> |
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4235 This macro is equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a>, |
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|
4236 but can be used only when <code>s</code> is a literal string. |
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|
4237 It automatically provides the string length. |
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4238 |
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4239 |
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4240 |
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4241 |
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4242 |
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4243 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4244 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4245 <pre>const char *lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);</pre> |
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4246 |
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4247 <p> |
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4248 Pushes the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with size <code>len</code> |
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4249 onto the stack. |
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4250 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, |
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4251 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after |
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4252 the function returns. |
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4253 The string can contain any binary data, |
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4254 including embedded zeros. |
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4255 |
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4256 |
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4257 <p> |
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4258 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. |
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4259 |
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4260 |
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4261 |
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4262 |
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4263 |
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4264 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnil"><code>lua_pushnil</code></a></h3><p> |
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4265 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4266 <pre>void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4267 |
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4268 <p> |
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4269 Pushes a nil value onto the stack. |
|
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4270 |
|
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4271 |
|
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4272 |
|
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4273 |
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|
4274 |
|
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4275 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnumber"><code>lua_pushnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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4276 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4277 <pre>void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);</pre> |
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4278 |
|
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|
4279 <p> |
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4280 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
|
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4281 |
|
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|
4282 |
|
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|
4283 |
|
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|
4284 |
|
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|
4285 |
|
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4286 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushstring"><code>lua_pushstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4287 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
4288 <pre>const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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4289 |
|
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4290 <p> |
|
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4291 Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> |
|
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4292 onto the stack. |
|
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|
4293 Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, |
|
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|
4294 so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after |
|
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|
4295 the function returns. |
|
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|
4296 |
|
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|
4297 |
|
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4298 <p> |
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4299 Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string. |
|
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|
4300 |
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|
4301 |
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4302 <p> |
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4303 If <code>s</code> is <code>NULL</code>, pushes <b>nil</b> and returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4304 |
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|
4305 |
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4306 |
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4307 |
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4308 |
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4309 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushthread"><code>lua_pushthread</code></a></h3><p> |
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4310 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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4311 <pre>int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4312 |
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4313 <p> |
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4314 Pushes the thread represented by <code>L</code> onto the stack. |
|
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4315 Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state. |
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4316 |
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4317 |
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4318 |
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4319 |
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4320 |
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4321 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushunsigned"><code>lua_pushunsigned</code></a></h3><p> |
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4322 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4323 <pre>void lua_pushunsigned (lua_State *L, lua_Unsigned n);</pre> |
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4324 |
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4325 <p> |
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4326 Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack. |
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4327 |
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4328 |
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4329 |
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4330 |
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4331 |
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4332 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvalue"><code>lua_pushvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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4333 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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4334 <pre>void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4335 |
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4336 <p> |
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4337 Pushes a copy of the element at the given index |
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4338 onto the stack. |
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4339 |
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4340 |
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4341 |
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4342 |
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4343 |
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4344 <hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvfstring"><code>lua_pushvfstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4345 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4346 <pre>const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, |
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4347 const char *fmt, |
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4348 va_list argp);</pre> |
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4349 |
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4350 <p> |
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4351 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>, except that it receives a <code>va_list</code> |
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4352 instead of a variable number of arguments. |
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4353 |
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4354 |
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4355 |
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4356 |
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|
4357 |
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4358 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawequal"><code>lua_rawequal</code></a></h3><p> |
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4359 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4360 <pre>int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre> |
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4361 |
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4362 <p> |
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4363 Returns 1 if the two values in indices <code>index1</code> and |
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4364 <code>index2</code> are primitively equal |
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4365 (that is, without calling metamethods). |
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4366 Otherwise returns 0. |
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4367 Also returns 0 if any of the indices are non valid. |
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4368 |
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|
4369 |
|
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|
4370 |
|
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|
4371 |
|
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|
4372 |
|
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4373 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawget"><code>lua_rawget</code></a></h3><p> |
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4374 <span class="apii">[-1, +1, –]</span> |
|
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4375 <pre>void lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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|
4376 |
|
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4377 <p> |
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4378 Similar to <a href="#lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a>, but does a raw access |
|
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|
4379 (i.e., without metamethods). |
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|
4380 |
|
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|
4381 |
|
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|
4382 |
|
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|
4383 |
|
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|
4384 |
|
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4385 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgeti"><code>lua_rawgeti</code></a></h3><p> |
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4386 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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4387 <pre>void lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre> |
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4388 |
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4389 <p> |
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4390 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[n]</code>, |
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4391 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index. |
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4392 The access is raw; |
|
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4393 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
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4394 |
|
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4395 |
|
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4396 |
|
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4397 |
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4398 |
|
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4399 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgetp"><code>lua_rawgetp</code></a></h3><p> |
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4400 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
|
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4401 <pre>void lua_rawgetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> |
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4402 |
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4403 <p> |
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4404 Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>, |
|
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4405 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index and |
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4406 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata. |
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4407 The access is raw; |
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4408 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
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|
4409 |
|
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|
4410 |
|
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|
4411 |
|
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|
4412 |
|
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|
4413 |
|
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4414 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4415 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4416 <pre>size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4417 |
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|
4418 <p> |
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|
4419 Returns the raw "length" of the value at the given index: |
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|
4420 for strings, this is the string length; |
|
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|
4421 for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('<code>#</code>') |
|
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|
4422 with no metamethods; |
|
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|
4423 for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated |
|
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|
4424 for the userdata; |
|
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4425 for other values, it is 0. |
|
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|
4426 |
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|
4427 |
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|
4428 |
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|
4429 |
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|
4430 |
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4431 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawset"><code>lua_rawset</code></a></h3><p> |
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4432 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4433 <pre>void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4434 |
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|
4435 <p> |
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4436 Similar to <a href="#lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a>, but does a raw assignment |
|
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4437 (i.e., without metamethods). |
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4438 |
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|
4439 |
|
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|
4440 |
|
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|
4441 |
|
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|
4442 |
|
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4443 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawseti"><code>lua_rawseti</code></a></h3><p> |
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4444 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
4445 <pre>void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
4446 |
|
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|
4447 <p> |
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|
4448 Does the equivalent of <code>t[n] = v</code>, |
|
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|
4449 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index |
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|
4450 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
|
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|
4451 |
|
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|
4452 |
|
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|
4453 <p> |
|
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|
4454 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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4455 The assignment is raw; |
|
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4456 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
|
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|
4457 |
|
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4458 |
|
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|
4459 |
|
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|
4460 |
|
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|
4461 |
|
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4462 <hr><h3><a name="lua_rawsetp"><code>lua_rawsetp</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4463 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4464 <pre>void lua_rawsetp (lua_State *L, int index, const void *p);</pre> |
|
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|
4465 |
|
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|
4466 <p> |
|
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|
4467 Does the equivalent of <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
|
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|
4468 where <code>t</code> is the table at the given index, |
|
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|
4469 <code>k</code> is the pointer <code>p</code> represented as a light userdata, |
|
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|
4470 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
|
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|
4471 |
|
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|
4472 |
|
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|
4473 <p> |
|
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|
4474 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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|
4475 The assignment is raw; |
|
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|
4476 that is, it does not invoke metamethods. |
|
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|
4477 |
|
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|
4478 |
|
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|
4479 |
|
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|
4480 |
|
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|
4481 |
|
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4482 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
4483 <pre>typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, |
|
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4484 void *data, |
|
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|
4485 size_t *size);</pre> |
|
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|
4486 |
|
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4487 <p> |
|
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|
4488 The reader function used by <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
|
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|
4489 Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, |
|
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|
4490 <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> calls the reader, |
|
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|
4491 passing along its <code>data</code> parameter. |
|
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4492 The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory |
|
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4493 with a new piece of the chunk |
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4494 and set <code>size</code> to the block size. |
|
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4495 The block must exist until the reader function is called again. |
|
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|
4496 To signal the end of the chunk, |
|
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4497 the reader must return <code>NULL</code> or set <code>size</code> to zero. |
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4498 The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero. |
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4499 |
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4500 |
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4501 |
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4502 |
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4503 |
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4504 <hr><h3><a name="lua_register"><code>lua_register</code></a></h3><p> |
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4505 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4506 <pre>void lua_register (lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction f);</pre> |
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4507 |
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4508 <p> |
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4509 Sets the C function <code>f</code> as the new value of global <code>name</code>. |
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4510 It is defined as a macro: |
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4511 |
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4512 <pre> |
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4513 #define lua_register(L,n,f) \ |
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4514 (lua_pushcfunction(L, f), lua_setglobal(L, n)) |
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4515 </pre> |
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4516 |
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4517 |
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4518 |
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4519 |
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4520 <hr><h3><a name="lua_remove"><code>lua_remove</code></a></h3><p> |
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4521 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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4522 <pre>void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4523 |
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4524 <p> |
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4525 Removes the element at the given valid index, |
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4526 shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. |
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4527 This function cannot be called with a pseudo-index, |
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4528 because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. |
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4529 |
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4530 |
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4531 |
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4532 |
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4533 |
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4534 <hr><h3><a name="lua_replace"><code>lua_replace</code></a></h3><p> |
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4535 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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4536 <pre>void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4537 |
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4538 <p> |
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4539 Moves the top element into the given valid index |
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4540 without shifting any element |
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4541 (therefore replacing the value at the given index), |
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4542 and then pops the top element. |
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4543 |
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4544 |
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4545 |
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4546 |
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4547 |
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4548 <hr><h3><a name="lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a></h3><p> |
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4549 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
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4550 <pre>int lua_resume (lua_State *L, lua_State *from, int nargs);</pre> |
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4551 |
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4552 <p> |
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4553 Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread. |
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4554 |
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4555 |
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4556 <p> |
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4557 To start a coroutine, |
|
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|
4558 you push onto the thread stack the main function plus any arguments; |
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4559 then you call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>, |
|
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4560 with <code>nargs</code> being the number of arguments. |
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4561 This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. |
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4562 When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, |
|
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4563 or all values returned by the body function. |
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4564 <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> returns |
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4565 <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the coroutine yields, |
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4566 <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> if the coroutine finishes its execution |
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4567 without errors, |
|
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4568 or an error code in case of errors (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>). |
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4569 |
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4570 |
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4571 <p> |
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4572 In case of errors, |
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4573 the stack is not unwound, |
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4574 so you can use the debug API over it. |
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4575 The error message is on the top of the stack. |
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4576 |
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4577 |
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4578 <p> |
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4579 To resume a coroutine, |
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4580 you remove any results from the last <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>, |
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4581 put on its stack only the values to |
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4582 be passed as results from <code>yield</code>, |
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4583 and then call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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4584 |
|
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|
4585 |
|
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|
4586 <p> |
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|
4587 The parameter <code>from</code> represents the coroutine that is resuming <code>L</code>. |
|
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|
4588 If there is no such coroutine, |
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|
4589 this parameter can be <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4590 |
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|
4591 |
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|
4592 |
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|
4593 |
|
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|
4594 |
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4595 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setallocf"><code>lua_setallocf</code></a></h3><p> |
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4596 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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|
4597 <pre>void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre> |
|
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|
4598 |
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|
4599 <p> |
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4600 Changes the allocator function of a given state to <code>f</code> |
|
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|
4601 with user data <code>ud</code>. |
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|
4602 |
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|
4603 |
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|
4604 |
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|
4605 |
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|
4606 |
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4607 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setfield"><code>lua_setfield</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4608 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4609 <pre>void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre> |
|
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4610 |
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4611 <p> |
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|
4612 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
|
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|
4613 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index |
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|
4614 and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack. |
|
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|
4615 |
|
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|
4616 |
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4617 <p> |
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4618 This function pops the value from the stack. |
|
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|
4619 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
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|
4620 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
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|
4621 |
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|
4622 |
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|
4623 |
|
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|
4624 |
|
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|
4625 |
|
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4626 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setglobal"><code>lua_setglobal</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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4627 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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4628 <pre>void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre> |
|
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|
4629 |
|
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|
4630 <p> |
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4631 Pops a value from the stack and |
|
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|
4632 sets it as the new value of global <code>name</code>. |
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4633 |
|
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|
4634 |
|
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|
4635 |
|
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|
4636 |
|
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|
4637 |
|
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4638 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setmetatable"><code>lua_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4639 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
|
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|
4640 <pre>void lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4641 |
|
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|
4642 <p> |
|
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|
4643 Pops a table from the stack and |
|
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|
4644 sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given index. |
|
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|
4645 |
|
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|
4646 |
|
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|
4647 |
|
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|
4648 |
|
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|
4649 |
|
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|
4650 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
4651 <span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
|
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|
4652 <pre>void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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|
4653 |
|
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|
4654 <p> |
|
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|
4655 Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>, |
|
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|
4656 where <code>t</code> is the value at the given index, |
|
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|
4657 <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack, |
|
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|
4658 and <code>k</code> is the value just below the top. |
|
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4659 |
|
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|
4660 |
|
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4661 <p> |
|
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|
4662 This function pops both the key and the value from the stack. |
|
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|
4663 As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod |
|
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|
4664 for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.4">§2.4</a>). |
|
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|
4665 |
|
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|
4666 |
|
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changeset
|
4667 |
|
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|
4668 |
|
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|
4669 |
|
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4670 <hr><h3><a name="lua_settop"><code>lua_settop</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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changeset
|
4671 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
|
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|
4672 <pre>void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
|
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4673 |
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4674 <p> |
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4675 Accepts any index, or 0, |
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4676 and sets the stack top to this index. |
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4677 If the new top is larger than the old one, |
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4678 then the new elements are filled with <b>nil</b>. |
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4679 If <code>index</code> is 0, then all stack elements are removed. |
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4680 |
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4681 |
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4682 |
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4683 |
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4684 |
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4685 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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4686 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, –]</span> |
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4687 <pre>void lua_setuservalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4688 |
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4689 <p> |
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4690 Pops a table or <b>nil</b> from the stack and sets it as |
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4691 the new value associated to the userdata at the given index. |
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4692 |
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4693 |
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4694 |
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4695 |
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4696 |
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4697 <hr><h3><a name="lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a></h3> |
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4698 <pre>typedef struct lua_State lua_State;</pre> |
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4699 |
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4700 <p> |
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4701 An opaque structure that points to a thread and indirectly |
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4702 (through the thread) to the whole state of a Lua interpreter. |
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4703 The Lua library is fully reentrant: |
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4704 it has no global variables. |
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4705 All information about a state is accessible through this structure. |
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4706 |
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4707 |
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4708 <p> |
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4709 A pointer to this structure must be passed as the first argument to |
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4710 every function in the library, except to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>, |
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4711 which creates a Lua state from scratch. |
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4712 |
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4713 |
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4714 |
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4715 |
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4716 |
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4717 <hr><h3><a name="lua_status"><code>lua_status</code></a></h3><p> |
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4718 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4719 <pre>int lua_status (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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4720 |
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4721 <p> |
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4722 Returns the status of the thread <code>L</code>. |
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4723 |
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4724 |
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4725 <p> |
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4726 The status can be 0 (<a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>) for a normal thread, |
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4727 an error code if the thread finished the execution |
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4728 of a <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> with an error, |
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4729 or <a name="pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the thread is suspended. |
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4730 |
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4731 |
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4732 <p> |
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4733 You can only call functions in threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a>. |
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4734 You can resume threads with status <a href="#pdf-LUA_OK"><code>LUA_OK</code></a> |
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4735 (to start a new coroutine) or <a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> |
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4736 (to resume a coroutine). |
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4737 |
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4738 |
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4739 |
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4740 |
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4741 |
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4742 <hr><h3><a name="lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a></h3><p> |
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4743 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4744 <pre>int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4745 |
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4746 <p> |
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4747 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C boolean |
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4748 value (0 or 1). |
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4749 Like all tests in Lua, |
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4750 <a href="#lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a> returns true for any Lua value |
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4751 different from <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b>; |
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4752 otherwise it returns false. |
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4753 (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, |
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4754 use <a href="#lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a> to test the value's type.) |
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4755 |
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4756 |
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4757 |
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4758 |
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4759 |
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4760 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tocfunction"><code>lua_tocfunction</code></a></h3><p> |
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4761 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4762 <pre>lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4763 |
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4764 <p> |
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4765 Converts a value at the given index to a C function. |
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4766 That value must be a C function; |
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4767 otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4768 |
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4769 |
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4770 |
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4771 |
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4772 |
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4773 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a></h3><p> |
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4774 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4775 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4776 |
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4777 <p> |
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4778 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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4779 |
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4780 |
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4781 |
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4782 |
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4783 |
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4784 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tointegerx"><code>lua_tointegerx</code></a></h3><p> |
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4785 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4786 <pre>lua_Integer lua_tointegerx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
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4787 |
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4788 <p> |
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4789 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
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4790 to the signed integral type <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
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4791 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number |
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4792 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); |
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4793 otherwise, <code>lua_tointegerx</code> returns 0. |
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4794 |
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4795 |
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4796 <p> |
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4797 If the number is not an integer, |
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4798 it is truncated in some non-specified way. |
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4799 |
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4800 |
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4801 <p> |
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4802 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4803 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
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4804 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
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4805 |
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4806 |
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4807 |
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4808 |
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4809 |
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4810 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4811 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4812 <pre>const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int index, size_t *len);</pre> |
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4813 |
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4814 <p> |
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4815 Converts the Lua value at the given index to a C string. |
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4816 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4817 it also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. |
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4818 The Lua value must be a string or a number; |
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4819 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4820 If the value is a number, |
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4821 then <code>lua_tolstring</code> also |
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4822 <em>changes the actual value in the stack to a string</em>. |
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4823 (This change confuses <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> |
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4824 when <code>lua_tolstring</code> is applied to keys during a table traversal.) |
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4825 |
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4826 |
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4827 <p> |
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4828 <code>lua_tolstring</code> returns a fully aligned pointer |
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4829 to a string inside the Lua state. |
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4830 This string always has a zero ('<code>\0</code>') |
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4831 after its last character (as in C), |
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4832 but can contain other zeros in its body. |
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4833 Because Lua has garbage collection, |
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4834 there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by <code>lua_tolstring</code> |
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4835 will be valid after the corresponding value is removed from the stack. |
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4836 |
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4837 |
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4838 |
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4839 |
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4840 |
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4841 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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4842 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4843 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4844 |
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4845 <p> |
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4846 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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4847 |
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4848 |
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4849 |
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4850 |
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4851 |
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4852 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a></h3><p> |
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4853 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4854 <pre>lua_Number lua_tonumberx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
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4855 |
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4856 <p> |
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4857 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
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4858 to the C type <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a> (see <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>). |
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4859 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number |
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4860 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); |
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4861 otherwise, <a href="#lua_tonumberx"><code>lua_tonumberx</code></a> returns 0. |
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4862 |
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4863 |
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4864 <p> |
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4865 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4866 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
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4867 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
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4868 |
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4869 |
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4870 |
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4871 |
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4872 |
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4873 <hr><h3><a name="lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a></h3><p> |
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4874 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4875 <pre>const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4876 |
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4877 <p> |
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4878 Converts the value at the given index to a generic |
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|
4879 C pointer (<code>void*</code>). |
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4880 The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; |
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4881 otherwise, <code>lua_topointer</code> returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4882 Different objects will give different pointers. |
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4883 There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value. |
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4884 |
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|
4885 |
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4886 <p> |
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4887 Typically this function is used only for debug information. |
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4888 |
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|
4889 |
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|
4890 |
|
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|
4891 |
|
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|
4892 |
|
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4893 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tostring"><code>lua_tostring</code></a></h3><p> |
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4894 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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4895 <pre>const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4896 |
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|
4897 <p> |
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|
4898 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> with <code>len</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
4899 |
|
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|
4900 |
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|
4901 |
|
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|
4902 |
|
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|
4903 |
|
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4904 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tothread"><code>lua_tothread</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
4905 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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4906 <pre>lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4907 |
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4908 <p> |
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4909 Converts the value at the given index to a Lua thread |
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4910 (represented as <code>lua_State*</code>). |
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4911 This value must be a thread; |
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4912 otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4913 |
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|
4914 |
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|
4915 |
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|
4916 |
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4917 |
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4918 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tounsigned"><code>lua_tounsigned</code></a></h3><p> |
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4919 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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4920 <pre>lua_Unsigned lua_tounsigned (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4921 |
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4922 <p> |
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|
4923 Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tounsignedx"><code>lua_tounsignedx</code></a> with <code>isnum</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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4924 |
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4925 |
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4926 |
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4927 |
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4928 |
|
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4929 <hr><h3><a name="lua_tounsignedx"><code>lua_tounsignedx</code></a></h3><p> |
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4930 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4931 <pre>lua_Unsigned lua_tounsignedx (lua_State *L, int index, int *isnum);</pre> |
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4932 |
|
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4933 <p> |
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4934 Converts the Lua value at the given index |
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4935 to the unsigned integral type <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. |
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4936 The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number |
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4937 (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>); |
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4938 otherwise, <code>lua_tounsignedx</code> returns 0. |
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4939 |
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4940 |
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4941 <p> |
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4942 If the number is not an integer, |
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4943 it is truncated in some non-specified way. |
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4944 If the number is outside the range of representable values, |
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4945 it is normalized to the remainder of its division by |
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4946 one more than the maximum representable value. |
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4947 |
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4948 |
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4949 <p> |
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4950 If <code>isnum</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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4951 its referent is assigned a boolean value that |
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4952 indicates whether the operation succeeded. |
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4953 |
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4954 |
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4955 |
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4956 |
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4957 |
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4958 <hr><h3><a name="lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a></h3><p> |
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4959 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4960 <pre>void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4961 |
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4962 <p> |
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4963 If the value at the given index is a full userdata, |
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4964 returns its block address. |
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4965 If the value is a light userdata, |
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4966 returns its pointer. |
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4967 Otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>. |
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4968 |
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4969 |
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4970 |
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4971 |
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4972 |
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4973 <hr><h3><a name="lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a></h3><p> |
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4974 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4975 <pre>int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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4976 |
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4977 <p> |
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4978 Returns the type of the value in the given valid index, |
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4979 or <code>LUA_TNONE</code> for a non-valid (but acceptable) index. |
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4980 The types returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> are coded by the following constants |
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4981 defined in <code>lua.h</code>: |
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4982 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNIL"><code>LUA_TNIL</code></a>, |
|
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4983 <a name="pdf-LUA_TNUMBER"><code>LUA_TNUMBER</code></a>, |
|
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4984 <a name="pdf-LUA_TBOOLEAN"><code>LUA_TBOOLEAN</code></a>, |
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4985 <a name="pdf-LUA_TSTRING"><code>LUA_TSTRING</code></a>, |
|
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4986 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTABLE"><code>LUA_TTABLE</code></a>, |
|
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4987 <a name="pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION"><code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code></a>, |
|
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4988 <a name="pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code></a>, |
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4989 <a name="pdf-LUA_TTHREAD"><code>LUA_TTHREAD</code></a>, |
|
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4990 and |
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4991 <a name="pdf-LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA"><code>LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</code></a>. |
|
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4992 |
|
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4993 |
|
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4994 |
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4995 |
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4996 |
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4997 <hr><h3><a name="lua_typename"><code>lua_typename</code></a></h3><p> |
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4998 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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4999 <pre>const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int tp);</pre> |
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5000 |
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5001 <p> |
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5002 Returns the name of the type encoded by the value <code>tp</code>, |
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5003 which must be one the values returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a>. |
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5004 |
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5005 |
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5006 |
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5007 |
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5008 |
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5009 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a></h3> |
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5010 <pre>typedef unsigned long lua_Unsigned;</pre> |
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5011 |
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5012 <p> |
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5013 The type used by the Lua API to represent unsigned integral values. |
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5014 It must have at least 32 bits. |
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5015 |
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5016 |
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5017 <p> |
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5018 By default it is an <code>unsigned int</code> or an <code>unsigned long</code>, |
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5019 whichever can hold 32-bit values. |
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5020 |
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5021 |
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5022 |
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5023 |
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5024 |
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5025 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a></h3><p> |
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5026 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5027 <pre>int lua_upvalueindex (int i);</pre> |
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5028 |
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5029 <p> |
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5030 Returns the pseudo-index that represents the <code>i</code>-th upvalue of |
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5031 the running function (see <a href="#4.4">§4.4</a>). |
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5032 |
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5033 |
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5034 |
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5035 |
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5036 |
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5037 <hr><h3><a name="lua_version"><code>lua_version</code></a></h3><p> |
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5038 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5039 <pre>const lua_Number *lua_version (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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5040 |
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5041 <p> |
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5042 Returns the address of the version number stored in the Lua core. |
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5043 When called with a valid <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a>, |
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5044 returns the address of the version used to create that state. |
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5045 When called with <code>NULL</code>, |
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5046 returns the address of the version running the call. |
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5047 |
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5048 |
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5049 |
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5050 |
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5051 |
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5052 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a></h3> |
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5053 <pre>typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, |
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5054 const void* p, |
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5055 size_t sz, |
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5056 void* ud);</pre> |
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|
5057 |
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5058 <p> |
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5059 The type of the writer function used by <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. |
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5060 Every time it produces another piece of chunk, |
|
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5061 <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls the writer, |
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5062 passing along the buffer to be written (<code>p</code>), |
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5063 its size (<code>sz</code>), |
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|
5064 and the <code>data</code> parameter supplied to <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>. |
|
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|
5065 |
|
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|
5066 |
|
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|
5067 <p> |
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5068 The writer returns an error code: |
|
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5069 0 means no errors; |
|
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5070 any other value means an error and stops <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> from |
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5071 calling the writer again. |
|
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|
5072 |
|
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|
5073 |
|
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|
5074 |
|
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|
5075 |
|
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|
5076 |
|
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5077 <hr><h3><a name="lua_xmove"><code>lua_xmove</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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5078 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
|
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5079 <pre>void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);</pre> |
|
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|
5080 |
|
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|
5081 <p> |
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5082 Exchange values between different threads of the same state. |
|
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|
5083 |
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|
5084 |
|
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5085 <p> |
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5086 This function pops <code>n</code> values from the stack <code>from</code>, |
|
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5087 and pushes them onto the stack <code>to</code>. |
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5088 |
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|
5089 |
|
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|
5090 |
|
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5091 |
|
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|
5092 |
|
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5093 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a></h3><p> |
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5094 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
|
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5095 <pre>int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);</pre> |
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5096 |
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5097 <p> |
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5098 This function is equivalent to <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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5099 but it has no continuation (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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5100 Therefore, when the thread resumes, |
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5101 it returns to the function that called |
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5102 the function calling <code>lua_yield</code>. |
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5103 |
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5104 |
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5105 |
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5106 |
|
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5107 |
|
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5108 <hr><h3><a name="lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a></h3><p> |
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5109 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, –]</span> |
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5110 <pre>int lua_yieldk (lua_State *L, int nresults, int ctx, lua_CFunction k);</pre> |
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5111 |
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5112 <p> |
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5113 Yields a coroutine. |
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5114 |
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5115 |
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5116 <p> |
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5117 This function should only be called as the |
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5118 return expression of a C function, as follows: |
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5119 |
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5120 <pre> |
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5121 return lua_yieldk (L, n, i, k); |
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5122 </pre><p> |
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5123 When a C function calls <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a> in that way, |
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5124 the running coroutine suspends its execution, |
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5125 and the call to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> that started this coroutine returns. |
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5126 The parameter <code>nresults</code> is the number of values from the stack |
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5127 that are passed as results to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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5128 |
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5129 |
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5130 <p> |
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5131 When the coroutine is resumed again, |
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5132 Lua calls the given continuation function <code>k</code> to continue |
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5133 the execution of the C function that yielded (see <a href="#4.7">§4.7</a>). |
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5134 This continuation function receives the same stack |
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5135 from the previous function, |
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5136 with the results removed and |
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5137 replaced by the arguments passed to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>. |
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5138 Moreover, |
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5139 the continuation function may access the value <code>ctx</code> |
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5140 by calling <a href="#lua_getctx"><code>lua_getctx</code></a>. |
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5141 |
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5142 |
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5143 |
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5144 |
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5145 |
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5146 |
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5147 |
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5148 <h2>4.9 – <a name="4.9">The Debug Interface</a></h2> |
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5149 |
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5150 <p> |
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5151 Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. |
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5152 Instead, it offers a special interface |
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5153 by means of functions and <em>hooks</em>. |
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5154 This interface allows the construction of different |
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5155 kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools |
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5156 that need "inside information" from the interpreter. |
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5157 |
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5158 |
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5159 |
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5160 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a></h3> |
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5161 <pre>typedef struct lua_Debug { |
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5162 int event; |
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5163 const char *name; /* (n) */ |
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5164 const char *namewhat; /* (n) */ |
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5165 const char *what; /* (S) */ |
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5166 const char *source; /* (S) */ |
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5167 int currentline; /* (l) */ |
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5168 int linedefined; /* (S) */ |
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5169 int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */ |
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5170 unsigned char nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */ |
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5171 unsigned char nparams; /* (u) number of parameters */ |
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5172 char isvararg; /* (u) */ |
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5173 char istailcall; /* (t) */ |
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5174 char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */ |
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5175 /* private part */ |
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5176 <em>other fields</em> |
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5177 } lua_Debug;</pre> |
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5178 |
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5179 <p> |
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5180 A structure used to carry different pieces of |
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5181 information about a function or an activation record. |
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5182 <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> fills only the private part |
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5183 of this structure, for later use. |
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5184 To fill the other fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> with useful information, |
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5185 call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. |
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5186 |
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5187 |
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5188 <p> |
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5189 The fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> have the following meaning: |
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5190 |
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5191 <ul> |
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5192 |
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5193 <li><b><code>source</code>: </b> |
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5194 the source of the chunk that created the function. |
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5195 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>@</code>', |
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5196 it means that the function was defined in a file where |
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5197 the file name follows the '<code>@</code>'. |
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5198 If <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>=</code>', |
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5199 the remainder of its contents describe the source in a user-dependent manner. |
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5200 Otherwise, |
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5201 the function was defined in a string where |
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5202 <code>source</code> is that string. |
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5203 </li> |
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5204 |
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5205 <li><b><code>short_src</code>: </b> |
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5206 a "printable" version of <code>source</code>, to be used in error messages. |
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5207 </li> |
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5208 |
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5209 <li><b><code>linedefined</code>: </b> |
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5210 the line number where the definition of the function starts. |
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5211 </li> |
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5212 |
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5213 <li><b><code>lastlinedefined</code>: </b> |
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5214 the line number where the definition of the function ends. |
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5215 </li> |
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5216 |
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5217 <li><b><code>what</code>: </b> |
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5218 the string <code>"Lua"</code> if the function is a Lua function, |
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5219 <code>"C"</code> if it is a C function, |
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5220 <code>"main"</code> if it is the main part of a chunk. |
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5221 </li> |
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5222 |
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5223 <li><b><code>currentline</code>: </b> |
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5224 the current line where the given function is executing. |
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5225 When no line information is available, |
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5226 <code>currentline</code> is set to -1. |
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5227 </li> |
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5228 |
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5229 <li><b><code>name</code>: </b> |
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5230 a reasonable name for the given function. |
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5231 Because functions in Lua are first-class values, |
|
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5232 they do not have a fixed name: |
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5233 some functions can be the value of multiple global variables, |
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5234 while others can be stored only in a table field. |
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5235 The <code>lua_getinfo</code> function checks how the function was |
|
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5236 called to find a suitable name. |
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5237 If it cannot find a name, |
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5238 then <code>name</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>. |
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5239 </li> |
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5240 |
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5241 <li><b><code>namewhat</code>: </b> |
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5242 explains the <code>name</code> field. |
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5243 The value of <code>namewhat</code> can be |
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5244 <code>"global"</code>, <code>"local"</code>, <code>"method"</code>, |
|
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5245 <code>"field"</code>, <code>"upvalue"</code>, or <code>""</code> (the empty string), |
|
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5246 according to how the function was called. |
|
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5247 (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) |
|
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5248 </li> |
|
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5249 |
|
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5250 <li><b><code>istailcall</code>: </b> |
|
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|
5251 true if this function invocation was called by a tail call. |
|
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5252 In this case, the caller of this level is not in the stack. |
|
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5253 </li> |
|
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5254 |
|
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5255 <li><b><code>nups</code>: </b> |
|
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5256 the number of upvalues of the function. |
|
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5257 </li> |
|
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5258 |
|
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5259 <li><b><code>nparams</code>: </b> |
|
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5260 the number of fixed parameters of the function |
|
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5261 (always 0 for C functions). |
|
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5262 </li> |
|
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5263 |
|
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5264 <li><b><code>isvararg</code>: </b> |
|
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5265 true if the function is a vararg function |
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5266 (always true for C functions). |
|
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5267 </li> |
|
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5268 |
|
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5269 </ul> |
|
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5270 |
|
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5271 |
|
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5272 |
|
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5273 |
|
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5274 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethook"><code>lua_gethook</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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5275 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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5276 <pre>lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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5277 |
|
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5278 <p> |
|
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5279 Returns the current hook function. |
|
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5280 |
|
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|
5281 |
|
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|
5282 |
|
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5283 |
|
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5284 |
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5285 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookcount"><code>lua_gethookcount</code></a></h3><p> |
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5286 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5287 <pre>int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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5288 |
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5289 <p> |
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5290 Returns the current hook count. |
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5291 |
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5292 |
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5293 |
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5294 |
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5295 |
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5296 <hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookmask"><code>lua_gethookmask</code></a></h3><p> |
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5297 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5298 <pre>int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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5299 |
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5300 <p> |
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5301 Returns the current hook mask. |
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5302 |
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5303 |
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5304 |
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5305 |
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5306 |
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5307 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a></h3><p> |
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5308 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5309 <pre>int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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5310 |
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5311 <p> |
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5312 Gets information about a specific function or function invocation. |
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5313 |
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5314 |
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5315 <p> |
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5316 To get information about a function invocation, |
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5317 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was |
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5318 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or |
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5319 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). |
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5320 |
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5321 |
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5322 <p> |
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5323 To get information about a function you push it onto the stack |
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5324 and start the <code>what</code> string with the character '<code>></code>'. |
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5325 (In that case, |
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5326 <code>lua_getinfo</code> pops the function from the top of the stack.) |
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5327 For instance, to know in which line a function <code>f</code> was defined, |
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5328 you can write the following code: |
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5329 |
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5330 <pre> |
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5331 lua_Debug ar; |
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5332 lua_getglobal(L, "f"); /* get global 'f' */ |
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5333 lua_getinfo(L, ">S", &ar); |
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5334 printf("%d\n", ar.linedefined); |
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5335 </pre> |
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5336 |
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5337 <p> |
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5338 Each character in the string <code>what</code> |
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5339 selects some fields of the structure <code>ar</code> to be filled or |
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5340 a value to be pushed on the stack: |
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5341 |
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5342 <ul> |
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5343 |
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5344 <li><b>'<code>n</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>name</code> and <code>namewhat</code>; |
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5345 </li> |
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5346 |
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5347 <li><b>'<code>S</code>': </b> |
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5348 fills in the fields <code>source</code>, <code>short_src</code>, |
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5349 <code>linedefined</code>, <code>lastlinedefined</code>, and <code>what</code>; |
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5350 </li> |
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5351 |
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5352 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>currentline</code>; |
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5353 </li> |
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5354 |
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5355 <li><b>'<code>t</code>': </b> fills in the field <code>istailcall</code>; |
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5356 </li> |
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5357 |
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5358 <li><b>'<code>u</code>': </b> fills in the fields |
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5359 <code>nups</code>, <code>nparams</code>, and <code>isvararg</code>; |
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5360 </li> |
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5361 |
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5362 <li><b>'<code>f</code>': </b> |
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5363 pushes onto the stack the function that is |
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5364 running at the given level; |
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5365 </li> |
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5366 |
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5367 <li><b>'<code>L</code>': </b> |
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5368 pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the |
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5369 numbers of the lines that are valid on the function. |
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5370 (A <em>valid line</em> is a line with some associated code, |
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5371 that is, a line where you can put a break point. |
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5372 Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.) |
|
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5373 </li> |
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5374 |
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5375 </ul> |
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5376 |
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5377 <p> |
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5378 This function returns 0 on error |
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5379 (for instance, an invalid option in <code>what</code>). |
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5380 |
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5381 |
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5382 |
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5383 |
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5384 |
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5385 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a></h3><p> |
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5386 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
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5387 <pre>const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> |
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5388 |
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5389 <p> |
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5390 Gets information about a local variable of |
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5391 a given activation record or a given function. |
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5392 |
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5393 |
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5394 <p> |
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5395 In the first case, |
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5396 the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was |
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5397 filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or |
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5398 given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>). |
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5399 The index <code>n</code> selects which local variable to inspect; |
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5400 see <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for details about variable indices |
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5401 and names. |
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5402 |
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5403 |
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5404 <p> |
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5405 <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> pushes the variable's value onto the stack |
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5406 and returns its name. |
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5407 |
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5408 |
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5409 <p> |
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5410 In the second case, <code>ar</code> should be <code>NULL</code> and the function |
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5411 to be inspected must be at the top of the stack. |
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5412 In this case, only parameters of Lua functions are visible |
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5413 (as there is no information about what variables are active) |
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5414 and no values are pushed onto the stack. |
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5415 |
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5416 |
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5417 <p> |
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5418 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) |
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5419 when the index is greater than |
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5420 the number of active local variables. |
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5421 |
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5422 |
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5423 |
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5424 |
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5425 |
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5426 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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5427 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
|
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5428 <pre>int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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5429 |
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5430 <p> |
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5431 Gets information about the interpreter runtime stack. |
|
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5432 |
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5433 |
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5434 <p> |
|
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5435 This function fills parts of a <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> structure with |
|
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5436 an identification of the <em>activation record</em> |
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5437 of the function executing at a given level. |
|
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5438 Level 0 is the current running function, |
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5439 whereas level <em>n+1</em> is the function that has called level <em>n</em> |
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5440 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack). |
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5441 When there are no errors, <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> returns 1; |
|
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5442 when called with a level greater than the stack depth, |
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5443 it returns 0. |
|
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5444 |
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5445 |
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5446 |
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5447 |
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5448 |
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5449 <hr><h3><a name="lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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5450 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), –]</span> |
|
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5451 <pre>const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
|
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5452 |
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5453 <p> |
|
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5454 Gets information about a closure's upvalue. |
|
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5455 (For Lua functions, |
|
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5456 upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, |
|
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5457 and that are consequently included in its closure.) |
|
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5458 <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> gets the index <code>n</code> of an upvalue, |
|
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5459 pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack, |
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5460 and returns its name. |
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5461 <code>funcindex</code> points to the closure in the stack. |
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5462 (Upvalues have no particular order, |
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5463 as they are active through the whole function. |
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5464 So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.) |
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5465 |
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5466 |
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5467 <p> |
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5468 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing) |
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5469 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. |
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5470 For C functions, this function uses the empty string <code>""</code> |
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5471 as a name for all upvalues. |
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5472 |
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5473 |
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5474 |
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5475 |
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5476 |
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5477 <hr><h3><a name="lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a></h3> |
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5478 <pre>typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);</pre> |
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5479 |
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5480 <p> |
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5481 Type for debugging hook functions. |
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5482 |
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5483 |
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5484 <p> |
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5485 Whenever a hook is called, its <code>ar</code> argument has its field |
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5486 <code>event</code> set to the specific event that triggered the hook. |
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5487 Lua identifies these events with the following constants: |
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5488 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKRET"><code>LUA_HOOKRET</code></a>, |
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5489 <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE"><code>LUA_HOOKLINE</code></a>, |
|
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5490 and <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT"><code>LUA_HOOKCOUNT</code></a>. |
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5491 Moreover, for line events, the field <code>currentline</code> is also set. |
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5492 To get the value of any other field in <code>ar</code>, |
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5493 the hook must call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>. |
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5494 |
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5495 |
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5496 <p> |
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5497 For call events, <code>event</code> can be <code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code>, |
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5498 the normal value, or <code>LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</code>, for a tail call; |
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5499 in this case, there will be no corresponding return event. |
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5500 |
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5501 |
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5502 <p> |
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5503 While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. |
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5504 Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, |
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5505 this execution occurs without any calls to hooks. |
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5506 |
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5507 |
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5508 <p> |
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5509 Hook functions cannot have continuations, |
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5510 that is, they cannot call <a href="#lua_yieldk"><code>lua_yieldk</code></a>, |
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5511 <a href="#lua_pcallk"><code>lua_pcallk</code></a>, or <a href="#lua_callk"><code>lua_callk</code></a> with a non-null <code>k</code>. |
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5512 |
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5513 |
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5514 <p> |
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5515 Hook functions can yield under the following conditions: |
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5516 Only count and line events can yield |
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5517 and they cannot yield any value; |
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5518 to yield a hook function must finish its execution |
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5519 calling <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a> with <code>nresults</code> equal to zero. |
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5520 |
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5521 |
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5522 |
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5523 |
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5524 |
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5525 <hr><h3><a name="lua_sethook"><code>lua_sethook</code></a></h3><p> |
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5526 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5527 <pre>int lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);</pre> |
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5528 |
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5529 <p> |
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5530 Sets the debugging hook function. |
|
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5531 |
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5532 |
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5533 <p> |
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5534 Argument <code>f</code> is the hook function. |
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5535 <code>mask</code> specifies on which events the hook will be called: |
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5536 it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants |
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5537 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCALL"><code>LUA_MASKCALL</code></a>, |
|
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5538 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKRET"><code>LUA_MASKRET</code></a>, |
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5539 <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKLINE"><code>LUA_MASKLINE</code></a>, |
|
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5540 and <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT"><code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code></a>. |
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5541 The <code>count</code> argument is only meaningful when the mask |
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5542 includes <code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code>. |
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5543 For each event, the hook is called as explained below: |
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5544 |
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5545 <ul> |
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5546 |
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5547 <li><b>The call hook: </b> is called when the interpreter calls a function. |
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5548 The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, |
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5549 before the function gets its arguments. |
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5550 </li> |
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5551 |
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5552 <li><b>The return hook: </b> is called when the interpreter returns from a function. |
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5553 The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. |
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5554 There is no standard way to access the values |
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5555 to be returned by the function. |
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5556 </li> |
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5557 |
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5558 <li><b>The line hook: </b> is called when the interpreter is about to |
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5559 start the execution of a new line of code, |
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5560 or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). |
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5561 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) |
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5562 </li> |
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5563 |
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5564 <li><b>The count hook: </b> is called after the interpreter executes every |
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5565 <code>count</code> instructions. |
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5566 (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) |
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5567 </li> |
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5568 |
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5569 </ul> |
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|
5570 |
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5571 <p> |
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5572 A hook is disabled by setting <code>mask</code> to zero. |
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5573 |
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|
5574 |
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|
5575 |
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5576 |
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5577 |
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5578 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a></h3><p> |
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5579 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> |
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5580 <pre>const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre> |
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5581 |
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5582 <p> |
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5583 Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. |
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5584 Parameters <code>ar</code> and <code>n</code> are as in <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> |
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5585 (see <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>). |
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5586 <a href="#lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a> assigns the value at the top of the stack |
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5587 to the variable and returns its name. |
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5588 It also pops the value from the stack. |
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5589 |
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5590 |
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5591 <p> |
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5592 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) |
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5593 when the index is greater than |
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5594 the number of active local variables. |
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5595 |
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|
5596 |
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|
5597 |
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|
5598 |
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5599 |
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5600 <hr><h3><a name="lua_setupvalue"><code>lua_setupvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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5601 <span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, –]</span> |
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5602 <pre>const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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5603 |
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5604 <p> |
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5605 Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. |
|
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5606 It assigns the value at the top of the stack |
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5607 to the upvalue and returns its name. |
|
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5608 It also pops the value from the stack. |
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5609 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> |
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5610 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>). |
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5611 |
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5612 |
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5613 <p> |
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5614 Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing) |
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5615 when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. |
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5616 |
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5617 |
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5618 |
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5619 |
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5620 |
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5621 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvalueid"><code>lua_upvalueid</code></a></h3><p> |
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5622 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5623 <pre>void *lua_upvalueid (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre> |
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5624 |
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5625 <p> |
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5626 Returns an unique identifier for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> |
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5627 from the closure at index <code>funcindex</code>. |
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5628 Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> |
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5629 (see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>) |
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5630 (but <code>n</code> cannot be greater than the number of upvalues). |
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5631 |
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|
5632 |
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5633 <p> |
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5634 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different |
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5635 closures share upvalues. |
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5636 Lua closures that share an upvalue |
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5637 (that is, that access a same external local variable) |
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5638 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. |
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5639 |
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|
5640 |
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|
5641 |
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|
5642 |
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|
5643 |
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5644 <hr><h3><a name="lua_upvaluejoin"><code>lua_upvaluejoin</code></a></h3><p> |
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5645 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5646 <pre>void lua_upvaluejoin (lua_State *L, int funcindex1, int n1, |
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5647 int funcindex2, int n2);</pre> |
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5648 |
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5649 <p> |
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5650 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex1</code> |
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5651 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure at index <code>funcindex2</code>. |
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5652 |
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|
5653 |
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5654 |
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5655 |
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5656 |
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5657 |
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5658 |
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5659 <h1>5 – <a name="5">The Auxiliary Library</a></h1> |
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5660 |
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5661 <p> |
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5662 |
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5663 The <em>auxiliary library</em> provides several convenient functions |
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5664 to interface C with Lua. |
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5665 While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all |
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5666 interactions between C and Lua, |
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5667 the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some |
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5668 common tasks. |
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|
5669 |
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|
5670 |
|
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5671 <p> |
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5672 All functions and types from the auxiliary library |
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5673 are defined in header file <code>lauxlib.h</code> and |
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5674 have a prefix <code>luaL_</code>. |
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5675 |
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5676 |
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5677 <p> |
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5678 All functions in the auxiliary library are built on |
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5679 top of the basic API, |
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5680 and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with that API. |
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5681 Nevertheless, the use of the auxiliary library ensures |
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5682 more consistency to your code. |
|
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5683 |
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5684 |
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5685 <p> |
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5686 Several functions in the auxiliary library use internally some |
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5687 extra stack slots. |
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5688 When a function in the auxiliary library uses less than five slots, |
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5689 it does not check the stack size; |
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5690 it simply assumes that there are enough slots. |
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5691 |
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5692 |
|
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5693 <p> |
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5694 Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to |
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5695 check C function arguments. |
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5696 Because the error message is formatted for arguments |
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5697 (e.g., "<code>bad argument #1</code>"), |
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5698 you should not use these functions for other stack values. |
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|
5699 |
|
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5700 |
|
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5701 <p> |
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5702 Functions called <code>luaL_check*</code> |
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5703 always throw an error if the check is not satisfied. |
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5704 |
|
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5705 |
|
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|
5706 |
|
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5707 <h2>5.1 – <a name="5.1">Functions and Types</a></h2> |
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5708 |
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5709 <p> |
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5710 Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library |
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5711 in alphabetical order. |
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5712 |
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5713 |
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5714 |
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5715 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addchar"><code>luaL_addchar</code></a></h3><p> |
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5716 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5717 <pre>void luaL_addchar (luaL_Buffer *B, char c);</pre> |
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5718 |
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5719 <p> |
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5720 Adds the byte <code>c</code> to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5721 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5722 |
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5723 |
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5724 |
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5725 |
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5726 |
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5727 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addlstring"><code>luaL_addlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5728 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5729 <pre>void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);</pre> |
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5730 |
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5731 <p> |
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5732 Adds the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with length <code>l</code> to |
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5733 the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5734 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5735 The string can contain embedded zeros. |
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5736 |
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5737 |
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5738 |
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5739 |
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5740 |
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5741 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5742 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5743 <pre>void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);</pre> |
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5744 |
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5745 <p> |
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5746 Adds to the buffer <code>B</code> (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>) |
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5747 a string of length <code>n</code> previously copied to the |
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5748 buffer area (see <a href="#luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a>). |
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5749 |
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|
5750 |
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|
5751 |
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5752 |
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|
5753 |
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5754 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addstring"><code>luaL_addstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5755 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5756 <pre>void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);</pre> |
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5757 |
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5758 <p> |
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5759 Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code> |
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5760 to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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5761 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5762 The string cannot contain embedded zeros. |
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|
5763 |
|
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|
5764 |
|
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|
5765 |
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|
5766 |
|
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|
5767 |
|
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5768 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a></h3><p> |
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5769 <span class="apii">[-1, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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|
5770 <pre>void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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|
5771 |
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5772 <p> |
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5773 Adds the value at the top of the stack |
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5774 to the buffer <code>B</code> |
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|
5775 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
|
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5776 Pops the value. |
|
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|
5777 |
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|
5778 |
|
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5779 <p> |
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|
5780 This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) |
|
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|
5781 be called with an extra element on the stack, |
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|
5782 which is the value to be added to the buffer. |
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5783 |
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|
5784 |
|
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|
5785 |
|
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|
5786 |
|
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|
5787 |
|
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5788 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argcheck"><code>luaL_argcheck</code></a></h3><p> |
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5789 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5790 <pre>void luaL_argcheck (lua_State *L, |
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5791 int cond, |
|
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5792 int arg, |
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5793 const char *extramsg);</pre> |
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5794 |
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5795 <p> |
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5796 Checks whether <code>cond</code> is true. |
|
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5797 If not, raises an error with a standard message. |
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5798 |
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5799 |
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5800 |
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5801 |
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5802 |
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5803 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a></h3><p> |
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5804 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5805 <pre>int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *extramsg);</pre> |
|
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5806 |
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5807 <p> |
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5808 Raises an error with a standard message |
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5809 that includes <code>extramsg</code> as a comment. |
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5810 |
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5811 |
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5812 <p> |
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5813 This function never returns, |
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5814 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions |
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5815 as <code>return luaL_argerror(<em>args</em>)</code>. |
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5816 |
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5817 |
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5818 |
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5819 |
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5820 |
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5821 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a></h3> |
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5822 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;</pre> |
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5823 |
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5824 <p> |
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5825 Type for a <em>string buffer</em>. |
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5826 |
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5827 |
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5828 <p> |
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5829 A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal. |
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5830 Its pattern of use is as follows: |
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5831 |
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5832 <ul> |
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5833 |
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5834 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> |
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5835 |
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5836 <li>Then initialize it with a call <code>luaL_buffinit(L, &b)</code>.</li> |
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5837 |
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5838 <li> |
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5839 Then add string pieces to the buffer calling any of |
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5840 the <code>luaL_add*</code> functions. |
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5841 </li> |
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5842 |
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5843 <li> |
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5844 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresult(&b)</code>. |
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5845 This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack. |
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5846 </li> |
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5847 |
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5848 </ul> |
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5849 |
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5850 <p> |
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5851 If you know beforehand the total size of the resulting string, |
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5852 you can use the buffer like this: |
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5853 |
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5854 <ul> |
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5855 |
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5856 <li>First declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li> |
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5857 |
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5858 <li>Then initialize it and preallocate a space of |
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5859 size <code>sz</code> with a call <code>luaL_buffinitsize(L, &b, sz)</code>.</li> |
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5860 |
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5861 <li>Then copy the string into that space.</li> |
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5862 |
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5863 <li> |
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5864 Finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresultsize(&b, sz)</code>, |
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5865 where <code>sz</code> is the total size of the resulting string |
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5866 copied into that space. |
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5867 </li> |
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5868 |
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5869 </ul> |
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5870 |
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5871 <p> |
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5872 During its normal operation, |
|
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5873 a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. |
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5874 So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where |
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5875 the top of the stack is. |
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5876 You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations |
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5877 as long as that use is balanced; |
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5878 that is, |
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5879 when you call a buffer operation, |
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5880 the stack is at the same level |
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5881 it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. |
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5882 (The only exception to this rule is <a href="#luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a>.) |
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5883 After calling <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a> the stack is back to its |
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5884 level when the buffer was initialized, |
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5885 plus the final string on its top. |
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5886 |
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5887 |
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5888 |
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5889 |
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5890 |
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5891 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a></h3><p> |
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5892 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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5893 <pre>void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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5894 |
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5895 <p> |
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5896 Initializes a buffer <code>B</code>. |
|
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5897 This function does not allocate any space; |
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5898 the buffer must be declared as a variable |
|
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|
5899 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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5900 |
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|
5901 |
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|
5902 |
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|
5903 |
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5904 |
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5905 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinitsize"><code>luaL_buffinitsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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5906 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5907 <pre>char *luaL_buffinitsize (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
|
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|
5908 |
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|
5909 <p> |
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5910 Equivalent to the sequence |
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5911 <a href="#luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a>. |
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5912 |
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5913 |
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5914 |
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5915 |
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5916 |
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5917 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_callmeta"><code>luaL_callmeta</code></a></h3><p> |
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5918 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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5919 <pre>int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> |
|
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|
5920 |
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5921 <p> |
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5922 Calls a metamethod. |
|
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5923 |
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|
5924 |
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5925 <p> |
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5926 If the object at index <code>obj</code> has a metatable and this |
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5927 metatable has a field <code>e</code>, |
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5928 this function calls this field passing the object as its only argument. |
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|
5929 In this case this function returns true and pushes onto the |
|
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|
5930 stack the value returned by the call. |
|
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5931 If there is no metatable or no metamethod, |
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5932 this function returns false (without pushing any value on the stack). |
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|
5933 |
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|
5934 |
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|
5935 |
|
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|
5936 |
|
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|
5937 |
|
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5938 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkany"><code>luaL_checkany</code></a></h3><p> |
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5939 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5940 <pre>void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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|
5941 |
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|
5942 <p> |
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|
5943 Checks whether the function has an argument |
|
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|
5944 of any type (including <b>nil</b>) at position <code>arg</code>. |
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|
5945 |
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|
5946 |
|
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|
5947 |
|
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|
5948 |
|
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|
5949 |
|
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5950 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkint"><code>luaL_checkint</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5951 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5952 <pre>int luaL_checkint (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5953 |
|
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|
5954 <p> |
|
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|
5955 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
|
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|
5956 and returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>. |
|
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|
5957 |
|
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|
5958 |
|
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|
5959 |
|
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|
5960 |
|
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|
5961 |
|
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5962 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkinteger"><code>luaL_checkinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
5963 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5964 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5965 |
|
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|
5966 <p> |
|
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|
5967 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
|
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|
5968 and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
|
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|
5969 |
|
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|
5970 |
|
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|
5971 |
|
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|
5972 |
|
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|
5973 |
|
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5974 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklong"><code>luaL_checklong</code></a></h3><p> |
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|
5975 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
5976 <pre>long luaL_checklong (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
|
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|
5977 |
|
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|
5978 <p> |
|
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5979 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
|
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5980 and returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>. |
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|
5981 |
|
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|
5982 |
|
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|
5983 |
|
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|
5984 |
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|
5985 |
|
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5986 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklstring"><code>luaL_checklstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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5987 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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5988 <pre>const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int arg, size_t *l);</pre> |
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5989 |
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5990 <p> |
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5991 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string |
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5992 and returns this string; |
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5993 if <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code> fills <code>*l</code> |
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5994 with the string's length. |
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5995 |
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5996 |
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5997 <p> |
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5998 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, |
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5999 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. |
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6000 |
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6001 |
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6002 |
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6003 |
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6004 |
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6005 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checknumber"><code>luaL_checknumber</code></a></h3><p> |
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6006 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6007 <pre>lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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6008 |
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6009 <p> |
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6010 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
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6011 and returns this number. |
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6012 |
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6013 |
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6014 |
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|
6015 |
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|
6016 |
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6017 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkoption"><code>luaL_checkoption</code></a></h3><p> |
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6018 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6019 <pre>int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, |
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6020 int arg, |
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6021 const char *def, |
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6022 const char *const lst[]);</pre> |
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6023 |
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6024 <p> |
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6025 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string and |
|
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6026 searches for this string in the array <code>lst</code> |
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6027 (which must be NULL-terminated). |
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6028 Returns the index in the array where the string was found. |
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6029 Raises an error if the argument is not a string or |
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6030 if the string cannot be found. |
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6031 |
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6032 |
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6033 <p> |
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6034 If <code>def</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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6035 the function uses <code>def</code> as a default value when |
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6036 there is no argument <code>arg</code> or when this argument is <b>nil</b>. |
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6037 |
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|
6038 |
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6039 <p> |
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6040 This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums. |
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6041 (The usual convention in Lua libraries is |
|
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6042 to use strings instead of numbers to select options.) |
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|
6043 |
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6044 |
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6045 |
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|
6046 |
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|
6047 |
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6048 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstack"><code>luaL_checkstack</code></a></h3><p> |
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6049 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6050 <pre>void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);</pre> |
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6051 |
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6052 <p> |
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6053 Grows the stack size to <code>top + sz</code> elements, |
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|
6054 raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. |
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6055 <code>msg</code> is an additional text to go into the error message |
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6056 (or <code>NULL</code> for no additional text). |
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|
6057 |
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|
6058 |
|
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|
6059 |
|
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|
6060 |
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|
6061 |
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6062 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstring"><code>luaL_checkstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6063 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6064 <pre>const char *luaL_checkstring (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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|
6065 |
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|
6066 <p> |
|
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6067 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string |
|
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|
6068 and returns this string. |
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|
6069 |
|
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|
6070 |
|
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|
6071 <p> |
|
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6072 This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result, |
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6073 so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. |
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6074 |
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|
6075 |
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|
6076 |
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|
6077 |
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|
6078 |
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6079 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checktype"><code>luaL_checktype</code></a></h3><p> |
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6080 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6081 <pre>void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int arg, int t);</pre> |
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6082 |
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6083 <p> |
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6084 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> has type <code>t</code>. |
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6085 See <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> for the encoding of types for <code>t</code>. |
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6086 |
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|
6087 |
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|
6088 |
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|
6089 |
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|
6090 |
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6091 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a></h3><p> |
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6092 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6093 <pre>void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6094 |
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6095 <p> |
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6096 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a userdata |
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6097 of the type <code>tname</code> (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>) and |
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6098 returns the userdata address (see <a href="#lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a>). |
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6099 |
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|
6100 |
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6101 |
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|
6102 |
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|
6103 |
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6104 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkunsigned"><code>luaL_checkunsigned</code></a></h3><p> |
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6105 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6106 <pre>lua_Unsigned luaL_checkunsigned (lua_State *L, int arg);</pre> |
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6107 |
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6108 <p> |
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6109 Checks whether the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number |
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6110 and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. |
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6111 |
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|
6112 |
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|
6113 |
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|
6114 |
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|
6115 |
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6116 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkversion"><code>luaL_checkversion</code></a></h3><p> |
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6117 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6118 <pre>void luaL_checkversion (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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6119 |
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6120 <p> |
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6121 Checks whether the core running the call, |
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6122 the core that created the Lua state, |
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6123 and the code making the call are all using the same version of Lua. |
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6124 Also checks whether the core running the call |
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6125 and the core that created the Lua state |
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6126 are using the same address space. |
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6127 |
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|
6128 |
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|
6129 |
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6130 |
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6131 |
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6132 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dofile"><code>luaL_dofile</code></a></h3><p> |
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6133 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6134 <pre>int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> |
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6135 |
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6136 <p> |
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6137 Loads and runs the given file. |
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6138 It is defined as the following macro: |
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6139 |
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6140 <pre> |
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6141 (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) |
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6142 </pre><p> |
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6143 It returns false if there are no errors |
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6144 or true in case of errors. |
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6145 |
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|
6146 |
|
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6147 |
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|
6148 |
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|
6149 |
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6150 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_dostring"><code>luaL_dostring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6151 <span class="apii">[-0, +?, –]</span> |
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6152 <pre>int luaL_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);</pre> |
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6153 |
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6154 <p> |
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6155 Loads and runs the given string. |
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6156 It is defined as the following macro: |
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6157 |
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6158 <pre> |
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6159 (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0)) |
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6160 </pre><p> |
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6161 It returns false if there are no errors |
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6162 or true in case of errors. |
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6163 |
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6164 |
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6165 |
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6166 |
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6167 |
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6168 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a></h3><p> |
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6169 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6170 <pre>int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre> |
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6171 |
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6172 <p> |
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6173 Raises an error. |
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6174 The error message format is given by <code>fmt</code> |
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6175 plus any extra arguments, |
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6176 following the same rules of <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>. |
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6177 It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and |
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6178 the line number where the error occurred, |
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6179 if this information is available. |
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6180 |
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6181 |
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6182 <p> |
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6183 This function never returns, |
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6184 but it is an idiom to use it in C functions |
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6185 as <code>return luaL_error(<em>args</em>)</code>. |
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6186 |
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6187 |
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6188 |
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6189 |
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6190 |
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6191 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_execresult"><code>luaL_execresult</code></a></h3><p> |
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6192 <span class="apii">[-0, +3, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6193 <pre>int luaL_execresult (lua_State *L, int stat);</pre> |
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6194 |
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6195 <p> |
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6196 This function produces the return values for |
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6197 process-related functions in the standard library |
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6198 (<a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.close"><code>io.close</code></a>). |
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6199 |
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6200 |
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6201 |
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6202 |
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6203 |
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6204 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_fileresult"><code>luaL_fileresult</code></a></h3><p> |
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6205 <span class="apii">[-0, +(1|3), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6206 <pre>int luaL_fileresult (lua_State *L, int stat, const char *fname);</pre> |
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6207 |
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6208 <p> |
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6209 This function produces the return values for |
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6210 file-related functions in the standard library |
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6211 (<a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek</code></a>, etc.). |
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6212 |
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6213 |
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6214 |
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6215 |
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6216 |
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6217 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetafield"><code>luaL_getmetafield</code></a></h3><p> |
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6218 <span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6219 <pre>int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre> |
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6220 |
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6221 <p> |
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6222 Pushes onto the stack the field <code>e</code> from the metatable |
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6223 of the object at index <code>obj</code>. |
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6224 If the object does not have a metatable, |
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6225 or if the metatable does not have this field, |
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6226 returns false and pushes nothing. |
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6227 |
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6228 |
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6229 |
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6230 |
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6231 |
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6232 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetatable"><code>luaL_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6233 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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6234 <pre>void luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6235 |
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6236 <p> |
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6237 Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> |
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6238 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
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6239 |
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6240 |
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6241 |
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6242 |
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6243 |
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6244 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_getsubtable"><code>luaL_getsubtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6245 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6246 <pre>int luaL_getsubtable (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *fname);</pre> |
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6247 |
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6248 <p> |
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6249 Ensures that the value <code>t[fname]</code>, |
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6250 where <code>t</code> is the value at index <code>idx</code>, |
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6251 is a table, |
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6252 and pushes that table onto the stack. |
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6253 Returns true if it finds a previous table there |
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6254 and false if it creates a new table. |
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6255 |
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6256 |
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|
6257 |
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6258 |
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6259 |
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6260 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_gsub"><code>luaL_gsub</code></a></h3><p> |
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6261 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6262 <pre>const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, |
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6263 const char *s, |
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6264 const char *p, |
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6265 const char *r);</pre> |
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6266 |
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6267 <p> |
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6268 Creates a copy of string <code>s</code> by replacing |
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6269 any occurrence of the string <code>p</code> |
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6270 with the string <code>r</code>. |
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6271 Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it. |
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6272 |
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6273 |
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|
6274 |
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6275 |
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6276 |
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6277 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_len"><code>luaL_len</code></a></h3><p> |
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6278 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6279 <pre>int luaL_len (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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6280 |
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6281 <p> |
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6282 Returns the "length" of the value at the given index |
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6283 as a number; |
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6284 it is equivalent to the '<code>#</code>' operator in Lua (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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6285 Raises an error if the result of the operation is not a number. |
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6286 (This case only can happen through metamethods.) |
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6287 |
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6288 |
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6289 |
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6290 |
|
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6291 |
|
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6292 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbuffer"><code>luaL_loadbuffer</code></a></h3><p> |
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6293 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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6294 <pre>int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L, |
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6295 const char *buff, |
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6296 size_t sz, |
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6297 const char *name);</pre> |
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6298 |
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6299 <p> |
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6300 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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6301 |
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6302 |
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6303 |
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6304 |
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6305 |
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6306 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbufferx"><code>luaL_loadbufferx</code></a></h3><p> |
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6307 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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6308 <pre>int luaL_loadbufferx (lua_State *L, |
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6309 const char *buff, |
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6310 size_t sz, |
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6311 const char *name, |
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6312 const char *mode);</pre> |
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6313 |
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6314 <p> |
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6315 Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. |
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6316 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the |
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6317 buffer pointed to by <code>buff</code> with size <code>sz</code>. |
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6318 |
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6319 |
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6320 <p> |
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6321 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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6322 <code>name</code> is the chunk name, |
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6323 used for debug information and error messages. |
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6324 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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6325 |
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6326 |
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6327 |
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6328 |
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6329 |
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6330 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfile"><code>luaL_loadfile</code></a></h3><p> |
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6331 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6332 <pre>int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre> |
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|
6333 |
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|
6334 <p> |
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6335 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a> with <code>mode</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>. |
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|
6336 |
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|
6337 |
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|
6338 |
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|
6339 |
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|
6340 |
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6341 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfilex"><code>luaL_loadfilex</code></a></h3><p> |
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6342 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6343 <pre>int luaL_loadfilex (lua_State *L, const char *filename, |
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6344 const char *mode);</pre> |
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6345 |
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6346 <p> |
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6347 Loads a file as a Lua chunk. |
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6348 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the file |
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6349 named <code>filename</code>. |
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6350 If <code>filename</code> is <code>NULL</code>, |
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6351 then it loads from the standard input. |
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6352 The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a <code>#</code>. |
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6353 |
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6354 |
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6355 <p> |
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6356 The string <code>mode</code> works as in function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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|
6357 |
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|
6358 |
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6359 <p> |
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6360 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, |
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6361 but it has an extra error code <a name="pdf-LUA_ERRFILE"><code>LUA_ERRFILE</code></a> |
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6362 if it cannot open/read the file or the file has a wrong mode. |
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|
6363 |
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|
6364 |
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6365 <p> |
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6366 As <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; |
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6367 it does not run it. |
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|
6368 |
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|
6369 |
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|
6370 |
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|
6371 |
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|
6372 |
|
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6373 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadstring"><code>luaL_loadstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6374 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, –]</span> |
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6375 <pre>int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre> |
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6376 |
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6377 <p> |
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6378 Loads a string as a Lua chunk. |
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6379 This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in |
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|
6380 the zero-terminated string <code>s</code>. |
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|
6381 |
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|
6382 |
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6383 <p> |
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6384 This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>. |
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|
6385 |
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|
6386 |
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6387 <p> |
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6388 Also as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk; |
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6389 it does not run it. |
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|
6390 |
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|
6391 |
|
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|
6392 |
|
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|
6393 |
|
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|
6394 |
|
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6395 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a></h3><p> |
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6396 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6397 <pre>void luaL_newlib (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l);</pre> |
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6398 |
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6399 <p> |
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6400 Creates a new table and registers there |
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6401 the functions in list <code>l</code>. |
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6402 It is implemented as the following macro: |
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6403 |
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6404 <pre> |
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6405 (luaL_newlibtable(L,l), luaL_setfuncs(L,l,0)) |
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6406 </pre> |
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|
6407 |
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|
6408 |
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|
6409 |
|
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|
6410 |
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6411 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newlibtable"><code>luaL_newlibtable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6412 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6413 <pre>void luaL_newlibtable (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg l[]);</pre> |
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6414 |
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6415 <p> |
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6416 Creates a new table with a size optimized |
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6417 to store all entries in the array <code>l</code> |
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6418 (but does not actually store them). |
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6419 It is intended to be used in conjunction with <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> |
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6420 (see <a href="#luaL_newlib"><code>luaL_newlib</code></a>). |
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|
6421 |
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|
6422 |
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6423 <p> |
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6424 It is implemented as a macro. |
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6425 The array <code>l</code> must be the actual array, |
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6426 not a pointer to it. |
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6427 |
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|
6428 |
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|
6429 |
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6430 |
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6431 |
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6432 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6433 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6434 <pre>int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6435 |
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6436 <p> |
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6437 If the registry already has the key <code>tname</code>, |
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6438 returns 0. |
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6439 Otherwise, |
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6440 creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, |
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6441 adds it to the registry with key <code>tname</code>, |
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6442 and returns 1. |
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6443 |
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6444 |
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6445 <p> |
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6446 In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated |
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6447 with <code>tname</code> in the registry. |
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6448 |
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|
6449 |
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|
6450 |
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|
6451 |
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|
6452 |
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6453 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a></h3><p> |
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6454 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6455 <pre>lua_State *luaL_newstate (void);</pre> |
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6456 |
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6457 <p> |
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|
6458 Creates a new Lua state. |
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6459 It calls <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> with an |
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|
6460 allocator based on the standard C <code>realloc</code> function |
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6461 and then sets a panic function (see <a href="#4.6">§4.6</a>) that prints |
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|
6462 an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal |
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6463 errors. |
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6464 |
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6465 |
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6466 <p> |
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6467 Returns the new state, |
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6468 or <code>NULL</code> if there is a memory allocation error. |
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6469 |
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changeset
|
6470 |
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changeset
|
6471 |
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|
6472 |
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|
6473 |
|
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6474 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a></h3><p> |
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6475 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6476 <pre>void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L);</pre> |
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6477 |
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6478 <p> |
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|
6479 Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state. |
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6480 |
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changeset
|
6481 |
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changeset
|
6482 |
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6483 |
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changeset
|
6484 |
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6485 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optint"><code>luaL_optint</code></a></h3><p> |
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6486 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6487 <pre>int luaL_optint (lua_State *L, int arg, int d);</pre> |
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6488 |
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6489 <p> |
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6490 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
|
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6491 returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>. |
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6492 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
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6493 returns <code>d</code>. |
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6494 Otherwise, raises an error. |
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|
6495 |
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changeset
|
6496 |
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changeset
|
6497 |
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changeset
|
6498 |
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changeset
|
6499 |
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6500 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optinteger"><code>luaL_optinteger</code></a></h3><p> |
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6501 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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6502 <pre>lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, |
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6503 int arg, |
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6504 lua_Integer d);</pre> |
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6505 |
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6506 <p> |
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6507 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
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|
6508 returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>. |
|
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|
6509 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
6510 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
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|
6511 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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|
6512 |
|
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|
6513 |
|
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|
6514 |
|
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|
6515 |
|
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|
6516 |
|
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|
6517 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlong"><code>luaL_optlong</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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6518 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
6519 <pre>long luaL_optlong (lua_State *L, int arg, long d);</pre> |
|
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|
6520 |
|
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|
6521 <p> |
|
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|
6522 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
|
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|
6523 returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>. |
|
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|
6524 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
6525 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
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|
6526 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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|
6527 |
|
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|
6528 |
|
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|
6529 |
|
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|
6530 |
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|
6531 |
|
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|
6532 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlstring"><code>luaL_optlstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6533 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
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|
6534 <pre>const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
6535 int arg, |
|
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|
6536 const char *d, |
|
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|
6537 size_t *l);</pre> |
|
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|
6538 |
|
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|
6539 <p> |
|
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|
6540 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, |
|
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|
6541 returns this string. |
|
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|
6542 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
6543 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
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|
6544 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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|
6545 |
|
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|
6546 |
|
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|
6547 <p> |
|
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|
6548 If <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
|
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|
6549 fills the position <code>*l</code> with the result's length. |
|
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|
6550 |
|
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|
6551 |
|
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|
6552 |
|
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|
6553 |
|
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|
6554 |
|
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|
6555 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optnumber"><code>luaL_optnumber</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
6556 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
6557 <pre>lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int arg, lua_Number d);</pre> |
|
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|
6558 |
|
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|
6559 <p> |
|
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|
6560 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
|
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|
6561 returns this number. |
|
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|
6562 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
6563 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
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|
6564 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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|
6565 |
|
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|
6566 |
|
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|
6567 |
|
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|
6568 |
|
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|
6569 |
|
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|
6570 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optstring"><code>luaL_optstring</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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|
6571 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
6572 <pre>const char *luaL_optstring (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
6573 int arg, |
|
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|
6574 const char *d);</pre> |
|
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|
6575 |
|
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|
6576 <p> |
|
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|
6577 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a string, |
|
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|
6578 returns this string. |
|
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|
6579 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
6580 returns <code>d</code>. |
|
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|
6581 Otherwise, raises an error. |
|
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|
6582 |
|
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|
6583 |
|
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|
6584 |
|
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|
6585 |
|
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|
6586 |
|
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6587 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_optunsigned"><code>luaL_optunsigned</code></a></h3><p> |
|
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6588 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span> |
|
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|
6589 <pre>lua_Unsigned luaL_optunsigned (lua_State *L, |
|
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|
6590 int arg, |
|
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|
6591 lua_Unsigned u);</pre> |
|
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|
6592 |
|
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|
6593 <p> |
|
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|
6594 If the function argument <code>arg</code> is a number, |
|
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|
6595 returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Unsigned"><code>lua_Unsigned</code></a>. |
|
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6596 If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>, |
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6597 returns <code>u</code>. |
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6598 Otherwise, raises an error. |
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6599 |
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6600 |
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6601 |
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6602 |
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6603 |
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6604 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a></h3><p> |
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6605 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6606 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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6607 |
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6608 <p> |
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6609 Equivalent to <a href="#luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a> |
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6610 with the predefined size <a name="pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE"><code>LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</code></a>. |
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6611 |
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6612 |
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6613 |
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6614 |
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6615 |
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6616 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffsize"><code>luaL_prepbuffsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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6617 <span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6618 <pre>char *luaL_prepbuffsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
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6619 |
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6620 <p> |
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6621 Returns an address to a space of size <code>sz</code> |
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6622 where you can copy a string to be added to buffer <code>B</code> |
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6623 (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>). |
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6624 After copying the string into this space you must call |
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6625 <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a> with the size of the string to actually add |
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6626 it to the buffer. |
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6627 |
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6628 |
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6629 |
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6630 |
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6631 |
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6632 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a></h3><p> |
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6633 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6634 <pre>void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre> |
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6635 |
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6636 <p> |
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6637 Finishes the use of buffer <code>B</code> leaving the final string on |
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6638 the top of the stack. |
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6639 |
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6640 |
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6641 |
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6642 |
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6643 |
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6644 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresultsize"><code>luaL_pushresultsize</code></a></h3><p> |
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6645 <span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6646 <pre>void luaL_pushresultsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t sz);</pre> |
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6647 |
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6648 <p> |
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6649 Equivalent to the sequence <a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a>, <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a>. |
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6650 |
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6651 |
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6652 |
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6653 |
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6654 |
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6655 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6656 <span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6657 <pre>int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t);</pre> |
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6658 |
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6659 <p> |
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6660 Creates and returns a <em>reference</em>, |
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6661 in the table at index <code>t</code>, |
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6662 for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object). |
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6663 |
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6664 |
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6665 <p> |
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6666 A reference is a unique integer key. |
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6667 As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table <code>t</code>, |
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6668 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. |
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6669 You can retrieve an object referred by reference <code>r</code> |
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6670 by calling <code>lua_rawgeti(L, t, r)</code>. |
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6671 Function <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> frees a reference and its associated object. |
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6672 |
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6673 |
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6674 <p> |
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6675 If the object at the top of the stack is <b>nil</b>, |
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6676 <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> returns the constant <a name="pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>. |
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6677 The constant <a name="pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> is guaranteed to be different |
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6678 from any reference returned by <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>. |
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6679 |
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6680 |
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6681 |
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6682 |
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6683 |
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6684 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a></h3> |
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6685 <pre>typedef struct luaL_Reg { |
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6686 const char *name; |
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6687 lua_CFunction func; |
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6688 } luaL_Reg;</pre> |
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6689 |
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6690 <p> |
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6691 Type for arrays of functions to be registered by |
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6692 <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a>. |
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6693 <code>name</code> is the function name and <code>func</code> is a pointer to |
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6694 the function. |
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6695 Any array of <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a> must end with an sentinel entry |
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6696 in which both <code>name</code> and <code>func</code> are <code>NULL</code>. |
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6697 |
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6698 |
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6699 |
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6700 |
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6701 |
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6702 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6703 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6704 <pre>void luaL_requiref (lua_State *L, const char *modname, |
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6705 lua_CFunction openf, int glb);</pre> |
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6706 |
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6707 <p> |
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6708 Calls function <code>openf</code> with string <code>modname</code> as an argument |
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6709 and sets the call result in <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, |
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6710 as if that function has been called through <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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6711 |
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6712 |
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6713 <p> |
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6714 If <code>glb</code> is true, |
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6715 also stores the result into global <code>modname</code>. |
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6716 |
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6717 |
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6718 <p> |
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6719 Leaves a copy of that result on the stack. |
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6720 |
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|
6721 |
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6722 |
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6723 |
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6724 |
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6725 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a></h3><p> |
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6726 <span class="apii">[-nup, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6727 <pre>void luaL_setfuncs (lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);</pre> |
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6728 |
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6729 <p> |
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6730 Registers all functions in the array <code>l</code> |
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6731 (see <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a>) into the table on the top of the stack |
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6732 (below optional upvalues, see next). |
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6733 |
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6734 |
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6735 <p> |
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6736 When <code>nup</code> is not zero, |
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6737 all functions are created sharing <code>nup</code> upvalues, |
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6738 which must be previously pushed on the stack |
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6739 on top of the library table. |
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6740 These values are popped from the stack after the registration. |
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6741 |
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6742 |
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|
6743 |
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6744 |
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6745 |
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6746 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_setmetatable"><code>luaL_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p> |
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6747 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6748 <pre>void luaL_setmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6749 |
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6750 <p> |
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6751 Sets the metatable of the object at the top of the stack |
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6752 as the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code> |
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6753 in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>). |
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6754 |
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6755 |
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6756 |
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6757 |
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6758 |
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6759 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_testudata"><code>luaL_testudata</code></a></h3><p> |
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6760 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6761 <pre>void *luaL_testudata (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *tname);</pre> |
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6762 |
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6763 <p> |
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6764 This function works like <a href="#luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a>, |
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6765 except that, when the test fails, |
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6766 it returns <code>NULL</code> instead of throwing an error. |
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6767 |
|
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6768 |
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6769 |
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|
6770 |
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|
6771 |
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6772 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_tolstring"><code>luaL_tolstring</code></a></h3><p> |
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6773 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6774 <pre>const char *luaL_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);</pre> |
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6775 |
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6776 <p> |
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6777 Converts any Lua value at the given index to a C string |
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6778 in a reasonable format. |
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6779 The resulting string is pushed onto the stack and also |
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6780 returned by the function. |
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6781 If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, |
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6782 the function also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length. |
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6783 |
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6784 |
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6785 <p> |
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6786 If the value has a metatable with a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, |
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6787 then <code>luaL_tolstring</code> calls the corresponding metamethod |
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6788 with the value as argument, |
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6789 and uses the result of the call as its result. |
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6790 |
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|
6791 |
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6792 |
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6793 |
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6794 |
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6795 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_traceback"><code>luaL_traceback</code></a></h3><p> |
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6796 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6797 <pre>void luaL_traceback (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *msg, |
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6798 int level);</pre> |
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6799 |
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6800 <p> |
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6801 Creates and pushes a traceback of the stack <code>L1</code>. |
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6802 If <code>msg</code> is not <code>NULL</code> it is appended |
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6803 at the beginning of the traceback. |
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6804 The <code>level</code> parameter tells at which level |
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6805 to start the traceback. |
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6806 |
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6807 |
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6808 |
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6809 |
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6810 |
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6811 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_typename"><code>luaL_typename</code></a></h3><p> |
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6812 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6813 <pre>const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);</pre> |
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6814 |
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6815 <p> |
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6816 Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. |
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6817 |
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6818 |
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6819 |
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6820 |
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6821 |
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6822 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a></h3><p> |
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6823 <span class="apii">[-0, +0, –]</span> |
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6824 <pre>void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);</pre> |
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6825 |
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6826 <p> |
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6827 Releases reference <code>ref</code> from the table at index <code>t</code> |
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6828 (see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>). |
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6829 The entry is removed from the table, |
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6830 so that the referred object can be collected. |
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6831 The reference <code>ref</code> is also freed to be used again. |
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6832 |
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6833 |
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6834 <p> |
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6835 If <code>ref</code> is <a href="#pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>, |
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6836 <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> does nothing. |
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6837 |
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6838 |
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6839 |
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6840 |
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6841 |
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6842 <hr><h3><a name="luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a></h3><p> |
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6843 <span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span> |
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6844 <pre>void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int lvl);</pre> |
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6845 |
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6846 <p> |
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6847 Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position |
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6848 of the control at level <code>lvl</code> in the call stack. |
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6849 Typically this string has the following format: |
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6850 |
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6851 <pre> |
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6852 <em>chunkname</em>:<em>currentline</em>: |
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6853 </pre><p> |
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6854 Level 0 is the running function, |
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6855 level 1 is the function that called the running function, |
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6856 etc. |
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6857 |
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6858 |
|
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6859 <p> |
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6860 This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. |
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6861 |
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6862 |
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6863 |
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6864 |
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6865 |
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6866 |
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6867 |
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6868 <h1>6 – <a name="6">Standard Libraries</a></h1> |
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6869 |
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6870 <p> |
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6871 The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions |
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6872 that are implemented directly through the C API. |
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6873 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language |
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6874 (e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>); |
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6875 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O); |
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6876 and others could be implemented in Lua itself, |
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6877 but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that |
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6878 deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>). |
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6879 |
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6880 |
|
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6881 <p> |
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6882 All libraries are implemented through the official C API |
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6883 and are provided as separate C modules. |
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6884 Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries: |
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6885 |
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6886 <ul> |
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6887 |
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6888 <li>basic library (<a href="#6.1">§6.1</a>);</li> |
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6889 |
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6890 <li>coroutine library (<a href="#6.2">§6.2</a>);</li> |
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6891 |
|
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6892 <li>package library (<a href="#6.3">§6.3</a>);</li> |
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6893 |
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6894 <li>string manipulation (<a href="#6.4">§6.4</a>);</li> |
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6895 |
|
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6896 <li>table manipulation (<a href="#6.5">§6.5</a>);</li> |
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6897 |
|
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6898 <li>mathematical functions (<a href="#6.6">§6.6</a>) (sin, log, etc.);</li> |
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6899 |
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6900 <li>bitwise operations (<a href="#6.7">§6.7</a>);</li> |
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6901 |
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6902 <li>input and output (<a href="#6.8">§6.8</a>);</li> |
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6903 |
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6904 <li>operating system facilities (<a href="#6.9">§6.9</a>);</li> |
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6905 |
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6906 <li>debug facilities (<a href="#6.10">§6.10</a>).</li> |
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6907 |
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6908 </ul><p> |
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6909 Except for the basic and the package libraries, |
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6910 each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table |
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6911 or as methods of its objects. |
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6912 |
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6913 |
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6914 <p> |
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6915 To have access to these libraries, |
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6916 the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function, |
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6917 which opens all standard libraries. |
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6918 Alternatively, |
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6919 the host program can open them individually by using |
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6920 <a href="#luaL_requiref"><code>luaL_requiref</code></a> to call |
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6921 <a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library), |
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6922 <a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library), |
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6923 <a name="pdf-luaopen_coroutine"><code>luaopen_coroutine</code></a> (for the coroutine library), |
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6924 <a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library), |
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6925 <a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library), |
|
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6926 <a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library), |
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6927 <a name="pdf-luaopen_bit32"><code>luaopen_bit32</code></a> (for the bit library), |
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6928 <a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library), |
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6929 <a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the Operating System library), |
|
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6930 and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library). |
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6931 These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>. |
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6932 |
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6933 |
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6934 |
|
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6935 <h2>6.1 – <a name="6.1">Basic Functions</a></h2> |
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6936 |
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6937 <p> |
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6938 The basic library provides core functions to Lua. |
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6939 If you do not include this library in your application, |
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6940 you should check carefully whether you need to provide |
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6941 implementations for some of its facilities. |
|
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6942 |
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6943 |
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6944 <p> |
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6945 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3> |
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6946 Issues an error when |
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6947 the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>); |
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6948 otherwise, returns all its arguments. |
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6949 <code>message</code> is an error message; |
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6950 when absent, it defaults to "assertion failed!" |
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6951 |
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6952 |
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6953 |
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6954 |
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6955 <p> |
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6956 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage ([opt [, arg]])</code></a></h3> |
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6957 |
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6958 |
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6959 <p> |
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6960 This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. |
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6961 It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>: |
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6962 |
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6963 <ul> |
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6964 |
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6965 <li><b>"<code>collect</code>": </b> |
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6966 performs a full garbage-collection cycle. |
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6967 This is the default option. |
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6968 </li> |
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6969 |
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6970 <li><b>"<code>stop</code>": </b> |
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6971 stops automatic execution of the garbage collector. |
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6972 The collector will run only when explicitly invoked, |
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6973 until a call to restart it. |
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6974 </li> |
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6975 |
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6976 <li><b>"<code>restart</code>": </b> |
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6977 restarts automatic execution of the garbage collector. |
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6978 </li> |
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6979 |
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6980 <li><b>"<code>count</code>": </b> |
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6981 returns the total memory in use by Lua (in Kbytes) and |
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6982 a second value with the total memory in bytes modulo 1024. |
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6983 The first value has a fractional part, |
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6984 so the following equality is always true: |
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6985 |
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6986 <pre> |
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6987 k, b = collectgarbage("count") |
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6988 assert(k*1024 == math.floor(k)*1024 + b) |
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6989 </pre><p> |
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6990 (The second result is useful when Lua is compiled |
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6991 with a non floating-point type for numbers.) |
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6992 </li> |
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6993 |
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6994 <li><b>"<code>step</code>": </b> |
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6995 performs a garbage-collection step. |
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6996 The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code> |
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6997 (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. |
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6998 If you want to control the step size |
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6999 you must experimentally tune the value of <code>arg</code>. |
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7000 Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle. |
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7001 </li> |
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7002 |
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7003 <li><b>"<code>setpause</code>": </b> |
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7004 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of |
|
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7005 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
|
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|
7006 Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>. |
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7007 </li> |
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7008 |
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7009 <li><b>"<code>setstepmul</code>": </b> |
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7010 sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of |
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7011 the collector (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
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7012 Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>. |
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7013 </li> |
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7014 |
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7015 <li><b>"<code>isrunning</code>": </b> |
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7016 returns a boolean that tells whether the collector is running |
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7017 (i.e., not stopped). |
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7018 </li> |
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7019 |
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7020 <li><b>"<code>generational</code>": </b> |
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7021 changes the collector to generational mode. |
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7022 This is an experimental feature (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>). |
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7023 </li> |
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7024 |
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7025 <li><b>"<code>incremental</code>": </b> |
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7026 changes the collector to incremental mode. |
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7027 This is the default mode. |
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7028 </li> |
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7029 |
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7030 </ul> |
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|
7031 |
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|
7032 |
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|
7033 |
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7034 <p> |
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7035 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile ([filename])</code></a></h3> |
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7036 Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk. |
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7037 When called without arguments, |
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|
7038 <code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>). |
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7039 Returns all values returned by the chunk. |
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7040 In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error |
|
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|
7041 to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode). |
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7042 |
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7043 |
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|
7044 |
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7045 |
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7046 <p> |
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7047 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3> |
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7048 Terminates the last protected function called |
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7049 and returns <code>message</code> as the error message. |
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7050 Function <code>error</code> never returns. |
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7051 |
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7052 |
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7053 <p> |
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7054 Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position |
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7055 at the beginning of the message, if the message is a string. |
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7056 The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position. |
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7057 With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the |
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|
7058 <code>error</code> function was called. |
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7059 Level 2 points the error to where the function |
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|
7060 that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on. |
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7061 Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information |
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7062 to the message. |
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|
7063 |
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|
7064 |
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|
7065 |
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|
7066 |
|
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|
7067 <p> |
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7068 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3> |
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7069 A global variable (not a function) that |
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|
7070 holds the global environment (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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|
7071 Lua itself does not use this variable; |
|
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|
7072 changing its value does not affect any environment, |
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|
7073 nor vice-versa. |
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|
7074 |
|
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|
7075 |
|
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|
7076 |
|
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|
7077 |
|
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|
7078 <p> |
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7079 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7080 |
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|
7081 |
|
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|
7082 <p> |
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7083 If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>. |
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7084 Otherwise, |
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|
7085 if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, |
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|
7086 returns the associated value. |
|
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7087 Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object. |
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|
7088 |
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|
7089 |
|
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|
7090 |
|
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|
7091 |
|
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|
7092 <p> |
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7093 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7094 |
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|
7095 |
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|
7096 <p> |
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7097 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__ipairs</code>, |
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7098 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three |
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7099 results from the call. |
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7100 |
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|
7101 |
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7102 <p> |
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7103 Otherwise, |
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7104 returns three values: an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0, |
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7105 so that the construction |
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7106 |
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7107 <pre> |
|
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7108 for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end |
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7109 </pre><p> |
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7110 will iterate over the pairs (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ..., |
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7111 up to the first integer key absent from the table. |
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7112 |
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7113 |
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7114 |
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|
7115 |
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7116 <p> |
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7117 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (ld [, source [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> |
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7118 |
|
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7119 |
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7120 <p> |
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7121 Loads a chunk. |
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7122 |
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7123 |
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7124 <p> |
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7125 If <code>ld</code> is a string, the chunk is this string. |
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7126 If <code>ld</code> is a function, |
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7127 <code>load</code> calls it repeatedly to get the chunk pieces. |
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7128 Each call to <code>ld</code> must return a string that concatenates |
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7129 with previous results. |
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7130 A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk. |
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7131 |
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7132 |
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7133 <p> |
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7134 If there are no syntactic errors, |
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7135 returns the compiled chunk as a function; |
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7136 otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message. |
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7137 |
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7138 |
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7139 <p> |
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7140 If the resulting function has upvalues, |
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7141 the first upvalue is set to the value of <code>env</code>, |
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7142 if that parameter is given, |
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7143 or to the value of the global environment. |
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7144 (When you load a main chunk, |
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7145 the resulting function will always have exactly one upvalue, |
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7146 the <code>_ENV</code> variable (see <a href="#2.2">§2.2</a>). |
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7147 When you load a binary chunk created from a function (see <a href="#pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump</code></a>), |
|
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7148 the resulting function can have arbitrary upvalues.) |
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7149 |
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7150 |
|
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7151 <p> |
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7152 <code>source</code> is used as the source of the chunk for error messages |
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7153 and debug information (see <a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>). |
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7154 When absent, |
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7155 it defaults to <code>ld</code>, if <code>ld</code> is a string, |
|
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7156 or to "<code>=(load)</code>" otherwise. |
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7157 |
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7158 |
|
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7159 <p> |
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7160 The string <code>mode</code> controls whether the chunk can be text or binary |
|
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7161 (that is, a precompiled chunk). |
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7162 It may be the string "<code>b</code>" (only binary chunks), |
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7163 "<code>t</code>" (only text chunks), |
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7164 or "<code>bt</code>" (both binary and text). |
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7165 The default is "<code>bt</code>". |
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7166 |
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7167 |
|
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7168 |
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7169 |
|
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7170 <p> |
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7171 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename [, mode [, env]]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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7172 |
|
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7173 |
|
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7174 <p> |
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7175 Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>, |
|
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7176 but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code> |
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7177 or from the standard input, |
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7178 if no file name is given. |
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7179 |
|
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7180 |
|
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|
7181 |
|
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7182 |
|
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7183 <p> |
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7184 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3> |
|
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7185 |
|
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7186 |
|
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7187 <p> |
|
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7188 Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table. |
|
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7189 Its first argument is a table and its second argument |
|
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7190 is an index in this table. |
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7191 <code>next</code> returns the next index of the table |
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7192 and its associated value. |
|
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7193 When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument, |
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7194 <code>next</code> returns an initial index |
|
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7195 and its associated value. |
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7196 When called with the last index, |
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7197 or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table, |
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7198 <code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>. |
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7199 If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>. |
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7200 In particular, |
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7201 you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty. |
|
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7202 |
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7203 |
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7204 <p> |
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7205 The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified, |
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7206 <em>even for numeric indices</em>. |
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7207 (To traverse a table in numeric order, |
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7208 use a numerical <b>for</b>.) |
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7209 |
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7210 |
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7211 <p> |
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7212 The behavior of <code>next</code> is undefined if, |
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7213 during the traversal, |
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7214 you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. |
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7215 You may however modify existing fields. |
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7216 In particular, you may clear existing fields. |
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7217 |
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7218 |
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7219 |
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7220 |
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7221 <p> |
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7222 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3> |
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7223 |
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7224 |
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7225 <p> |
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7226 If <code>t</code> has a metamethod <code>__pairs</code>, |
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7227 calls it with <code>t</code> as argument and returns the first three |
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7228 results from the call. |
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7229 |
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7230 |
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7231 <p> |
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7232 Otherwise, |
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7233 returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>, |
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7234 so that the construction |
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7235 |
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7236 <pre> |
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7237 for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end |
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7238 </pre><p> |
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7239 will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>. |
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7240 |
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7241 |
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7242 <p> |
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7243 See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying |
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7244 the table during its traversal. |
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7245 |
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7246 |
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7247 |
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7248 |
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7249 <p> |
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7250 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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7251 |
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7252 |
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7253 <p> |
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7254 Calls function <code>f</code> with |
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7255 the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>. |
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7256 This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated; |
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7257 instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error |
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7258 and returns a status code. |
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7259 Its first result is the status code (a boolean), |
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7260 which is true if the call succeeds without errors. |
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7261 In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call, |
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7262 after this first result. |
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7263 In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. |
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7264 |
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7265 |
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7266 |
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7267 |
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7268 <p> |
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7269 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3> |
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7270 Receives any number of arguments |
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7271 and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>, |
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7272 using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert each argument to a string. |
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7273 <code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output, |
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7274 but only as a quick way to show a value, |
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7275 for instance for debugging. |
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7276 For complete control over the output, |
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7277 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-io.write"><code>io.write</code></a>. |
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7278 |
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7279 |
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7280 |
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7281 |
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7282 <p> |
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7283 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3> |
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7284 Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>, |
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7285 without invoking any metamethod. |
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7286 Returns a boolean. |
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7287 |
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7288 |
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7289 |
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7290 |
|
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7291 <p> |
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7292 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3> |
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7293 Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>, |
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7294 without invoking any metamethod. |
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|
7295 <code>table</code> must be a table; |
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7296 <code>index</code> may be any value. |
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|
7297 |
|
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|
7298 |
|
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|
7299 |
|
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7300 |
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|
7301 <p> |
|
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7302 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawlen"><code>rawlen (v)</code></a></h3> |
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7303 Returns the length of the object <code>v</code>, |
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|
7304 which must be a table or a string, |
|
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|
7305 without invoking any metamethod. |
|
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7306 Returns an integer number. |
|
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7307 |
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|
7308 |
|
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7309 |
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7310 |
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7311 <p> |
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7312 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3> |
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7313 Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>, |
|
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7314 without invoking any metamethod. |
|
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|
7315 <code>table</code> must be a table, |
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7316 <code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b> and NaN, |
|
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7317 and <code>value</code> any Lua value. |
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7318 |
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|
7319 |
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7320 <p> |
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7321 This function returns <code>table</code>. |
|
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7322 |
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|
7323 |
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|
7324 |
|
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|
7325 |
|
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|
7326 <p> |
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7327 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7328 |
|
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|
7329 |
|
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|
7330 <p> |
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7331 If <code>index</code> is a number, |
|
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|
7332 returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>; |
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7333 a negative number indexes from the end (-1 is the last argument). |
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7334 Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>, |
|
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7335 and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received. |
|
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7336 |
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|
7337 |
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|
7338 |
|
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|
7339 |
|
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|
7340 <p> |
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|
7341 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7342 |
|
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|
7343 |
|
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|
7344 <p> |
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|
7345 Sets the metatable for the given table. |
|
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|
7346 (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.) |
|
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|
7347 If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>, |
|
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|
7348 removes the metatable of the given table. |
|
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|
7349 If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field, |
|
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|
7350 raises an error. |
|
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|
7351 |
|
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|
7352 |
|
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|
7353 <p> |
|
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|
7354 This function returns <code>table</code>. |
|
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|
7355 |
|
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|
7356 |
|
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|
7357 |
|
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|
7358 |
|
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|
7359 <p> |
|
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|
7360 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7361 |
|
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|
7362 |
|
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|
7363 <p> |
|
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|
7364 When called with no <code>base</code>, |
|
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|
7365 <code>tonumber</code> tries to convert its argument to a number. |
|
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|
7366 If the argument is already a number or |
|
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|
7367 a string convertible to a number (see <a href="#3.4.2">§3.4.2</a>), |
|
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|
7368 then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number; |
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|
7369 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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|
7370 |
|
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|
7371 |
|
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|
7372 <p> |
|
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|
7373 When called with <code>base</code>, |
|
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7374 then <code>e</code> should be a string to be interpreted as |
|
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|
7375 an integer numeral in that base. |
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7376 The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. |
|
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7377 In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case) |
|
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7378 represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth, |
|
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|
7379 with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35. |
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|
7380 If the string <code>e</code> is not a valid numeral in the given base, |
|
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|
7381 the function returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
7382 |
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|
7383 |
|
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|
7384 |
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|
7385 |
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7386 <p> |
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7387 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (v)</code></a></h3> |
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7388 Receives a value of any type and |
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7389 converts it to a string in a reasonable format. |
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7390 (For complete control of how numbers are converted, |
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7391 use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.) |
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7392 |
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7393 |
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7394 <p> |
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7395 If the metatable of <code>v</code> has a <code>"__tostring"</code> field, |
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7396 then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value |
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7397 with <code>v</code> as argument, |
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7398 and uses the result of the call as its result. |
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|
7399 |
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7400 |
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7401 |
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7402 |
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7403 <p> |
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7404 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3> |
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7405 Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string. |
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7406 The possible results of this function are |
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7407 "<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>), |
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7408 "<code>number</code>", |
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7409 "<code>string</code>", |
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7410 "<code>boolean</code>", |
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7411 "<code>table</code>", |
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7412 "<code>function</code>", |
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7413 "<code>thread</code>", |
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7414 and "<code>userdata</code>". |
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|
7415 |
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|
7416 |
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7417 |
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7418 |
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7419 <p> |
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7420 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3> |
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7421 A global variable (not a function) that |
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7422 holds a string containing the current interpreter version. |
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7423 The current contents of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.2</code>". |
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7424 |
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|
7425 |
|
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|
7426 |
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|
7427 |
|
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7428 <p> |
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7429 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, msgh [, arg1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7430 |
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|
7431 |
|
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7432 <p> |
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7433 This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>, |
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7434 except that it sets a new message handler <code>msgh</code>. |
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|
7435 |
|
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|
7436 |
|
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|
7437 |
|
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|
7438 |
|
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|
7439 |
|
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|
7440 |
|
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|
7441 |
|
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|
7442 <h2>6.2 – <a name="6.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2> |
|
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|
7443 |
|
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|
7444 <p> |
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|
7445 The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of |
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|
7446 the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>. |
|
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|
7447 See <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a> for a general description of coroutines. |
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|
7448 |
|
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|
7449 |
|
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|
7450 <p> |
|
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7451 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7452 |
|
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|
7453 |
|
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7454 <p> |
|
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7455 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. |
|
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|
7456 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. |
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7457 Returns this new coroutine, |
|
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7458 an object with type <code>"thread"</code>. |
|
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|
7459 |
|
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changeset
|
7460 |
|
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|
7461 |
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|
7462 |
|
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|
7463 <p> |
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7464 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7465 |
|
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changeset
|
7466 |
|
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|
7467 <p> |
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7468 Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>. |
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7469 The first time you resume a coroutine, |
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7470 it starts running its body. |
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7471 The values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed |
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|
7472 as the arguments to the body function. |
|
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7473 If the coroutine has yielded, |
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7474 <code>resume</code> restarts it; |
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7475 the values <code>val1</code>, ... are passed |
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7476 as the results from the yield. |
|
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7477 |
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|
7478 |
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7479 <p> |
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7480 If the coroutine runs without any errors, |
|
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7481 <code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code> |
|
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7482 (if the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function |
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7483 (if the coroutine terminates). |
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7484 If there is any error, |
|
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7485 <code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message. |
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7486 |
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7487 |
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7488 |
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7489 |
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7490 <p> |
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7491 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3> |
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7492 |
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7493 |
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7494 <p> |
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7495 Returns the running coroutine plus a boolean, |
|
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7496 true when the running coroutine is the main one. |
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7497 |
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7498 |
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|
7499 |
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7500 |
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7501 <p> |
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7502 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3> |
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7503 |
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7504 |
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7505 <p> |
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7506 Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string: |
|
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7507 <code>"running"</code>, |
|
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7508 if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>); |
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7509 <code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>, |
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7510 or if it has not started running yet; |
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7511 <code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running |
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7512 (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); |
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7513 and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function, |
|
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7514 or if it has stopped with an error. |
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|
7515 |
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|
7516 |
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|
7517 |
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|
7518 |
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|
7519 <p> |
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7520 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3> |
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7521 |
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7522 |
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7523 <p> |
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|
7524 Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>. |
|
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7525 <code>f</code> must be a Lua function. |
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7526 Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called. |
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7527 Any arguments passed to the function behave as the |
|
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|
7528 extra arguments to <code>resume</code>. |
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7529 Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>, |
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7530 except the first boolean. |
|
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7531 In case of error, propagates the error. |
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7532 |
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|
7533 |
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|
7534 |
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|
7535 |
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7536 <p> |
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7537 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3> |
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7538 |
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7539 |
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7540 <p> |
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7541 Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. |
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7542 Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>. |
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7543 |
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7544 |
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7545 |
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|
7546 |
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7547 |
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7548 |
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|
7549 |
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7550 <h2>6.3 – <a name="6.3">Modules</a></h2> |
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7551 |
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7552 <p> |
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7553 The package library provides basic |
|
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7554 facilities for loading modules in Lua. |
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7555 It exports one function directly in the global environment: |
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7556 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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7557 Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>. |
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7558 |
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7559 |
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7560 <p> |
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7561 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3> |
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7562 |
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7563 |
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7564 <p> |
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7565 Loads the given module. |
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7566 The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table |
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7567 to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded. |
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7568 If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored |
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7569 at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
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7570 Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module. |
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7571 |
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7572 |
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7573 <p> |
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7574 To find a loader, |
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7575 <code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a> sequence. |
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7576 By changing this sequence, |
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7577 we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module. |
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7578 The following explanation is based on the default configuration |
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7579 for <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>. |
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7580 |
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7581 |
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7582 <p> |
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7583 First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>. |
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7584 If it has a value, |
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7585 this value (which should be a function) is the loader. |
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7586 Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the |
|
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7587 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. |
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7588 If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the |
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7589 path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. |
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7590 If that also fails, |
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7591 it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a>). |
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7592 |
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7593 |
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7594 <p> |
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7595 Once a loader is found, |
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7596 <code>require</code> calls the loader with two arguments: |
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7597 <code>modname</code> and an extra value dependent on how it got the loader. |
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7598 (If the loader came from a file, |
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7599 this extra value is the file name.) |
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7600 If the loader returns any non-nil value, |
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7601 <code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
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7602 If the loader does not return a non-nil value and |
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7603 has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>, |
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7604 then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry. |
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7605 In any case, <code>require</code> returns the |
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7606 final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>. |
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7607 |
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7608 |
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7609 <p> |
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7610 If there is any error loading or running the module, |
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7611 or if it cannot find any loader for the module, |
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7612 then <code>require</code> raises an error. |
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7613 |
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7614 |
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7615 |
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7616 |
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7617 <p> |
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7618 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.config"><code>package.config</code></a></h3> |
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7619 |
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7620 |
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7621 <p> |
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7622 A string describing some compile-time configurations for packages. |
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7623 This string is a sequence of lines: |
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7624 |
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7625 <ul> |
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7626 |
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7627 <li>The first line is the directory separator string. |
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7628 Default is '<code>\</code>' for Windows and '<code>/</code>' for all other systems.</li> |
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7629 |
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7630 <li>The second line is the character that separates templates in a path. |
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7631 Default is '<code>;</code>'.</li> |
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7632 |
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7633 <li>The third line is the string that marks the |
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7634 substitution points in a template. |
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7635 Default is '<code>?</code>'.</li> |
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7636 |
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7637 <li>The fourth line is a string that, in a path in Windows, |
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7638 is replaced by the executable's directory. |
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7639 Default is '<code>!</code>'.</li> |
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7640 |
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7641 <li>The fifth line is a mark to ignore all text before it |
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7642 when building the <code>luaopen_</code> function name. |
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7643 Default is '<code>-</code>'.</li> |
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7644 |
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7645 </ul> |
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7646 |
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7647 |
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7648 |
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7649 <p> |
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7650 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3> |
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7651 |
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7652 |
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7653 <p> |
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7654 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader. |
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7655 |
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7656 |
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7657 <p> |
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7658 Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way |
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7659 it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>, |
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7660 using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_2"><code>LUA_CPATH_5_2</code></a> |
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7661 or the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a> |
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7662 or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
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7663 |
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7664 |
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7665 |
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7666 |
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7667 <p> |
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7668 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3> |
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7669 |
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|
7670 |
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7671 <p> |
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7672 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which |
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7673 modules are already loaded. |
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7674 When you require a module <code>modname</code> and |
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7675 <code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false, |
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7676 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there. |
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|
7677 |
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|
7678 |
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7679 <p> |
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7680 This variable is only a reference to the real table; |
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7681 assignments to this variable do not change the |
|
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7682 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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|
7683 |
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|
7684 |
|
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|
7685 |
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|
7686 |
|
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7687 <p> |
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7688 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3> |
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|
7689 |
|
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|
7690 |
|
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|
7691 <p> |
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|
7692 Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>. |
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|
7693 |
|
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|
7694 |
|
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7695 <p> |
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7696 If <code>funcname</code> is "<code>*</code>", |
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7697 then it only links with the library, |
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7698 making the symbols exported by the library |
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|
7699 available to other dynamically linked libraries. |
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7700 Otherwise, |
|
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|
7701 it looks for a function <code>funcname</code> inside the library |
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7702 and returns this function as a C function. |
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7703 So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a> prototype |
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7704 (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>). |
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|
7705 |
|
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|
7706 |
|
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|
7707 <p> |
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7708 This is a low-level function. |
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|
7709 It completely bypasses the package and module system. |
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|
7710 Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>, |
|
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|
7711 it does not perform any path searching and |
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7712 does not automatically adds extensions. |
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|
7713 <code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library, |
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|
7714 including if necessary a path and an extension. |
|
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|
7715 <code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library |
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7716 (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used). |
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7717 |
|
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7718 |
|
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7719 <p> |
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7720 This function is not supported by Standard C. |
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|
7721 As such, it is only available on some platforms |
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|
7722 (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, |
|
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7723 plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard). |
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|
7724 |
|
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|
7725 |
|
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|
7726 |
|
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|
7727 |
|
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7728 <p> |
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7729 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3> |
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|
7730 |
|
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|
7731 |
|
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|
7732 <p> |
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7733 The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader. |
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|
7734 |
|
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|
7735 |
|
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7736 <p> |
|
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|
7737 At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with |
|
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7738 the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH_5_2"><code>LUA_PATH_5_2</code></a> or |
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|
7739 the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or |
|
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|
7740 with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>, |
|
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|
7741 if those environment variables are not defined. |
|
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|
7742 Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable |
|
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|
7743 is replaced by the default path. |
|
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|
7744 |
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|
7745 |
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|
7746 |
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|
7747 |
|
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7748 <p> |
|
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7749 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7750 |
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|
7751 |
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|
7752 <p> |
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|
7753 A table to store loaders for specific modules |
|
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7754 (see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>). |
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7755 |
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|
7756 |
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7757 <p> |
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7758 This variable is only a reference to the real table; |
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7759 assignments to this variable do not change the |
|
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|
7760 table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>. |
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|
7761 |
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|
7762 |
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|
7763 |
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|
7764 |
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7765 <p> |
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7766 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchers"><code>package.searchers</code></a></h3> |
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7767 |
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|
7768 |
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|
7769 <p> |
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7770 A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules. |
|
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|
7771 |
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|
7772 |
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|
7773 <p> |
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|
7774 Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>. |
|
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|
7775 When looking for a module, |
|
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7776 <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order, |
|
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7777 with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its |
|
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|
7778 sole parameter. |
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|
7779 The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>) |
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7780 plus an extra value that will be passed to that loader, |
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|
7781 or a string explaining why it did not find that module |
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|
7782 (or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say). |
|
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|
7783 |
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|
7784 |
|
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|
7785 <p> |
|
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|
7786 Lua initializes this table with four searcher functions. |
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|
7787 |
|
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|
7788 |
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|
7789 <p> |
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|
7790 The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the |
|
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|
7791 <a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table. |
|
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|
7792 |
|
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|
7793 |
|
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|
7794 <p> |
|
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|
7795 The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library, |
|
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|
7796 using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>. |
|
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|
7797 The search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
|
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|
7798 |
|
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|
7799 |
|
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|
7800 <p> |
|
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|
7801 The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, |
|
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|
7802 using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>. |
|
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|
7803 Again, |
|
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|
7804 the search is done as described in function <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
|
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7805 For instance, |
|
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|
7806 if the C path is the string |
|
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7807 |
|
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|
7808 <pre> |
|
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|
7809 "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so" |
|
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|
7810 </pre><p> |
|
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|
7811 the searcher for module <code>foo</code> |
|
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|
7812 will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>, |
|
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7813 and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order. |
|
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|
7814 Once it finds a C library, |
|
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|
7815 this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the |
|
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|
7816 application with the library. |
|
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|
7817 Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to |
|
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|
7818 be used as the loader. |
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7819 The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>" |
|
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|
7820 concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot |
|
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changeset
|
7821 is replaced by an underscore. |
|
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|
7822 Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen, |
|
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changeset
|
7823 its prefix up to (and including) the first hyphen is removed. |
|
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7824 For instance, if the module name is <code>a.v1-b.c</code>, |
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7825 the function name will be <code>luaopen_b_c</code>. |
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7826 |
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7827 |
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7828 <p> |
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7829 The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>. |
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7830 It searches the C path for a library for |
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7831 the root name of the given module. |
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7832 For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>, |
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7833 it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>. |
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7834 If found, it looks into it for an open function for |
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7835 the submodule; |
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7836 in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>. |
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7837 With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules |
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7838 into one single library, |
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7839 with each submodule keeping its original open function. |
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7840 |
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7841 |
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7842 <p> |
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7843 All searchers except the first one (preload) return as the extra value |
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7844 the file name where the module was found, |
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7845 as returned by <a href="#pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath</code></a>. |
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7846 The first searcher returns no extra value. |
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7847 |
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7848 |
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7849 |
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7850 |
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7851 <p> |
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7852 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.searchpath"><code>package.searchpath (name, path [, sep [, rep]])</code></a></h3> |
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7853 |
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7854 |
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7855 <p> |
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7856 Searches for the given <code>name</code> in the given <code>path</code>. |
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7857 |
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7858 |
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7859 <p> |
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7860 A path is a string containing a sequence of |
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7861 <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons. |
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7862 For each template, |
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7863 the function replaces each interrogation mark (if any) |
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7864 in the template with a copy of <code>name</code> |
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7865 wherein all occurrences of <code>sep</code> |
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7866 (a dot, by default) |
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7867 were replaced by <code>rep</code> |
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7868 (the system's directory separator, by default), |
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7869 and then tries to open the resulting file name. |
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7870 |
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7871 |
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7872 <p> |
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7873 For instance, if the path is the string |
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7874 |
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7875 <pre> |
|
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7876 "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua" |
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7877 </pre><p> |
|
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7878 the search for the name <code>foo.a</code> |
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7879 will try to open the files |
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7880 <code>./foo/a.lua</code>, <code>./foo/a.lc</code>, and |
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7881 <code>/usr/local/foo/a/init.lua</code>, in that order. |
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7882 |
|
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7883 |
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7884 <p> |
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7885 Returns the resulting name of the first file that it can |
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7886 open in read mode (after closing the file), |
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7887 or <b>nil</b> plus an error message if none succeeds. |
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7888 (This error message lists all file names it tried to open.) |
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7889 |
|
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|
7890 |
|
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7891 |
|
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7892 |
|
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7893 |
|
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7894 |
|
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7895 |
|
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7896 <h2>6.4 – <a name="6.4">String Manipulation</a></h2> |
|
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7897 |
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7898 <p> |
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7899 This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, |
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7900 such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. |
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7901 When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1 |
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7902 (not at 0, as in C). |
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7903 Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, |
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7904 from the end of the string. |
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7905 Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on. |
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7906 |
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7907 |
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7908 <p> |
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7909 The string library provides all its functions inside the table |
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7910 <a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>. |
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7911 It also sets a metatable for strings |
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7912 where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table. |
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7913 Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style. |
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7914 For instance, <code>string.byte(s,i)</code> |
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7915 can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>. |
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7916 |
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7917 |
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7918 <p> |
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7919 The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. |
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7920 |
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7921 |
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7922 <p> |
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7923 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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7924 Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>, |
|
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7925 <code>s[i+1]</code>, ..., <code>s[j]</code>. |
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7926 The default value for <code>i</code> is 1; |
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7927 the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>. |
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7928 These indices are corrected |
|
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7929 following the same rules of function <a href="#pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub</code></a>. |
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7930 |
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7931 |
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7932 <p> |
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7933 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. |
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|
7934 |
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|
7935 |
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|
7936 |
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|
7937 |
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7938 <p> |
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7939 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3> |
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7940 Receives zero or more integers. |
|
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7941 Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments, |
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7942 in which each character has the internal numerical code equal |
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7943 to its corresponding argument. |
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7944 |
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7945 |
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7946 <p> |
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7947 Numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. |
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7948 |
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|
7949 |
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|
7950 |
|
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|
7951 |
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7952 <p> |
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7953 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
7954 |
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|
7955 |
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7956 <p> |
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|
7957 Returns a string containing a binary representation of the given function, |
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7958 so that a later <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> on this string returns |
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7959 a copy of the function (but with new upvalues). |
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|
7960 |
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|
7961 |
|
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|
7962 |
|
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|
7963 |
|
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7964 <p> |
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7965 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
7966 |
|
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|
7967 |
|
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7968 <p> |
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|
7969 Looks for the first match of |
|
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|
7970 <code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>. |
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7971 If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code> |
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7972 where this occurrence starts and ends; |
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|
7973 otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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7974 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies |
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7975 where to start the search; |
|
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7976 its default value is 1 and can be negative. |
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7977 A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code> |
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7978 turns off the pattern matching facilities, |
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7979 so the function does a plain "find substring" operation, |
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7980 with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered magic. |
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7981 Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well. |
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7982 |
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7983 |
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7984 <p> |
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7985 If the pattern has captures, |
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7986 then in a successful match |
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7987 the captured values are also returned, |
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7988 after the two indices. |
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|
7989 |
|
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|
7990 |
|
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7991 |
|
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|
7992 |
|
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7993 <p> |
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7994 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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7995 |
|
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7996 |
|
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7997 <p> |
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7998 Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments |
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7999 following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string). |
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8000 The format string follows the same rules as the ANSI C function <code>sprintf</code>. |
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8001 The only differences are that the options/modifiers |
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8002 <code>*</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>n</code>, |
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8003 and <code>p</code> are not supported |
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8004 and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>. |
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8005 The <code>q</code> option formats a string between double quotes, |
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8006 using escape sequences when necessary to ensure that |
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8007 it can safely be read back by the Lua interpreter. |
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8008 For instance, the call |
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8009 |
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8010 <pre> |
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8011 string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line') |
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8012 </pre><p> |
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8013 may produce the string: |
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8014 |
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8015 <pre> |
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8016 "a string with \"quotes\" and \ |
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8017 new line" |
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8018 </pre> |
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8019 |
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8020 <p> |
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8021 Options |
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8022 <code>A</code> and <code>a</code> (when available), |
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8023 <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>, |
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8024 <code>G</code>, and <code>g</code> all expect a number as argument. |
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8025 Options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, |
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8026 <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code> |
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8027 also expect a number, |
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8028 but the range of that number may be limited by |
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8029 the underlying C implementation. |
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8030 For options <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code>, |
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8031 the number cannot be negative. |
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8032 Option <code>q</code> expects a string; |
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8033 option <code>s</code> expects a string without embedded zeros. |
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8034 If the argument to option <code>s</code> is not a string, |
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8035 it is converted to one following the same rules of <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a>. |
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8036 |
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8037 |
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8038 |
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8039 |
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8040 <p> |
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8041 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3> |
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8042 Returns an iterator function that, |
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8043 each time it is called, |
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8044 returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> over the string <code>s</code>. |
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8045 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, |
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8046 then the whole match is produced in each call. |
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8047 |
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8048 |
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8049 <p> |
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8050 As an example, the following loop |
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8051 will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>, |
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8052 printing one per line: |
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8053 |
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8054 <pre> |
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8055 s = "hello world from Lua" |
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8056 for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do |
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8057 print(w) |
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8058 end |
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8059 </pre><p> |
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8060 The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the |
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8061 given string into a table: |
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8062 |
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8063 <pre> |
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8064 t = {} |
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8065 s = "from=world, to=Lua" |
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8066 for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do |
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8067 t[k] = v |
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8068 end |
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8069 </pre> |
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8070 |
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8071 <p> |
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8072 For this function, a caret '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not |
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8073 work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. |
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8074 |
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8075 |
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8076 |
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8077 |
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8078 <p> |
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8079 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3> |
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8080 Returns a copy of <code>s</code> |
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8081 in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given) |
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8082 occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> have been |
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8083 replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>, |
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8084 which can be a string, a table, or a function. |
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8085 <code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value, |
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8086 the total number of matches that occurred. |
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8087 The name <code>gsub</code> comes from <em>Global SUBstitution</em>. |
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8088 |
|
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8089 |
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8090 <p> |
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8091 If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement. |
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8092 The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character: |
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8093 any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>d</em></code>, |
|
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8094 with <em>d</em> between 1 and 9, |
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8095 stands for the value of the <em>d</em>-th captured substring. |
|
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8096 The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match. |
|
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8097 The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>. |
|
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8098 |
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8099 |
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8100 <p> |
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8101 If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match, |
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8102 using the first capture as the key. |
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8103 |
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8104 |
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8105 <p> |
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8106 If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a |
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8107 match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, |
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8108 in order. |
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8109 |
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8110 |
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8111 <p> |
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8112 In any case, |
|
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|
8113 if the pattern specifies no captures, |
|
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8114 then it behaves as if the whole pattern was inside a capture. |
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8115 |
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8116 |
|
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8117 <p> |
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8118 If the value returned by the table query or by the function call |
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8119 is a string or a number, |
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8120 then it is used as the replacement string; |
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8121 otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>, |
|
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8122 then there is no replacement |
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8123 (that is, the original match is kept in the string). |
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8124 |
|
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|
8125 |
|
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8126 <p> |
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8127 Here are some examples: |
|
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8128 |
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8129 <pre> |
|
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8130 x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1") |
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8131 --> x="hello hello world world" |
|
242
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8132 |
|
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8133 x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1) |
|
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8134 --> x="hello hello world" |
|
242
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8135 |
|
239
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8136 x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1") |
|
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8137 --> x="world hello Lua from" |
|
242
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|
8138 |
|
239
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8139 x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv) |
|
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8140 --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto" |
|
242
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|
8141 |
|
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8142 x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s) |
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8143 return load(s)() |
|
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8144 end) |
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8145 --> x="4+5 = 9" |
|
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8146 |
|
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8147 local t = {name="lua", version="5.2"} |
|
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8148 x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t) |
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|
8149 --> x="lua-5.2.tar.gz" |
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|
8150 </pre> |
|
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|
8151 |
|
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|
8152 |
|
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8153 |
|
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8154 <p> |
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8155 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3> |
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8156 Receives a string and returns its length. |
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8157 The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0. |
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8158 Embedded zeros are counted, |
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8159 so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5. |
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8160 |
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8161 |
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8162 |
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8163 |
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8164 <p> |
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8165 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3> |
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8166 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all |
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8167 uppercase letters changed to lowercase. |
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8168 All other characters are left unchanged. |
|
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8169 The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale. |
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8170 |
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8171 |
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8172 |
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8173 |
|
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8174 <p> |
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8175 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3> |
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8176 Looks for the first <em>match</em> of |
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8177 <code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>. |
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8178 If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns |
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8179 the captures from the pattern; |
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8180 otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>. |
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8181 If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures, |
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8182 then the whole match is returned. |
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8183 A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies |
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8184 where to start the search; |
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8185 its default value is 1 and can be negative. |
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8186 |
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8187 |
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8188 |
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8189 |
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8190 <p> |
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8191 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n [, sep])</code></a></h3> |
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8192 Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of |
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8193 the string <code>s</code> separated by the string <code>sep</code>. |
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8194 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string |
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8195 (that is, no separator). |
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8196 |
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8197 |
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8198 |
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8199 |
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8200 <p> |
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8201 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3> |
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8202 Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed. |
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8203 |
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8204 |
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8205 |
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8206 |
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8207 <p> |
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8208 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3> |
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8209 Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that |
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8210 starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>; |
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8211 <code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative. |
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8212 If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1 |
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8213 (which is the same as the string length). |
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8214 In particular, |
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8215 the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code> |
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8216 with length <code>j</code>, |
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8217 and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code> |
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8218 with length <code>i</code>. |
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8219 |
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8220 |
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8221 <p> |
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8222 If, after the translation of negative indices, |
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8223 <code>i</code> is less than 1, |
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8224 it is corrected to 1. |
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8225 If <code>j</code> is greater than the string length, |
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8226 it is corrected to that length. |
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8227 If, after these corrections, |
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8228 <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, |
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8229 the function returns the empty string. |
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8230 |
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8231 |
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8232 |
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8233 |
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8234 <p> |
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8235 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3> |
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8236 Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all |
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8237 lowercase letters changed to uppercase. |
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8238 All other characters are left unchanged. |
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8239 The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale. |
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8240 |
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8241 |
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8242 |
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8243 <h3>6.4.1 – <a name="6.4.1">Patterns</a></h3> |
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8244 |
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8245 |
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8246 <h4>Character Class:</h4><p> |
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8247 A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters. |
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8248 The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: |
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8249 |
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8250 <ul> |
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8251 |
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8252 <li><b><em>x</em>: </b> |
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8253 (where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em> |
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8254 <code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>) |
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8255 represents the character <em>x</em> itself. |
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8256 </li> |
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8257 |
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8258 <li><b><code>.</code>: </b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li> |
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8259 |
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8260 <li><b><code>%a</code>: </b> represents all letters.</li> |
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8261 |
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8262 <li><b><code>%c</code>: </b> represents all control characters.</li> |
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8263 |
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8264 <li><b><code>%d</code>: </b> represents all digits.</li> |
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8265 |
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8266 <li><b><code>%g</code>: </b> represents all printable characters except space.</li> |
|
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8267 |
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8268 <li><b><code>%l</code>: </b> represents all lowercase letters.</li> |
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|
8269 |
|
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8270 <li><b><code>%p</code>: </b> represents all punctuation characters.</li> |
|
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|
8271 |
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8272 <li><b><code>%s</code>: </b> represents all space characters.</li> |
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|
8273 |
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8274 <li><b><code>%u</code>: </b> represents all uppercase letters.</li> |
|
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|
8275 |
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8276 <li><b><code>%w</code>: </b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li> |
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|
8277 |
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8278 <li><b><code>%x</code>: </b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li> |
|
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|
8279 |
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8280 <li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>: </b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character) |
|
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|
8281 represents the character <em>x</em>. |
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8282 This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. |
|
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8283 Any punctuation character (even the non magic) |
|
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8284 can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>' |
|
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8285 when used to represent itself in a pattern. |
|
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8286 </li> |
|
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8287 |
|
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8288 <li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> |
|
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8289 represents the class which is the union of all |
|
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|
8290 characters in <em>set</em>. |
|
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|
8291 A range of characters can be specified by |
|
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|
8292 separating the end characters of the range, |
|
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8293 in ascending order, with a '<code>-</code>', |
|
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8294 All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as |
|
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|
8295 components in <em>set</em>. |
|
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8296 All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves. |
|
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8297 For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>) |
|
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8298 represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, |
|
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|
8299 <code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits, |
|
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8300 and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus |
|
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8301 the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character. |
|
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|
8302 |
|
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|
8303 |
|
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|
8304 <p> |
|
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8305 The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. |
|
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|
8306 Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code> |
|
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|
8307 have no meaning. |
|
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|
8308 </li> |
|
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|
8309 |
|
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|
8310 <li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>: </b> |
|
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8311 represents the complement of <em>set</em>, |
|
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|
8312 where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above. |
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|
8313 </li> |
|
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|
8314 |
|
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|
8315 </ul><p> |
|
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|
8316 For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.), |
|
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|
8317 the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class. |
|
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|
8318 For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters. |
|
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|
8319 |
|
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|
8320 |
|
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|
8321 <p> |
|
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|
8322 The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups |
|
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|
8323 depend on the current locale. |
|
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8324 In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>. |
|
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|
8325 |
|
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|
8326 |
|
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|
8327 |
|
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|
8328 |
|
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|
8329 |
|
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|
8330 <h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p> |
|
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8331 A <em>pattern item</em> can be |
|
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|
8332 |
|
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|
8333 <ul> |
|
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|
8334 |
|
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|
8335 <li> |
|
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8336 a single character class, |
|
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|
8337 which matches any single character in the class; |
|
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|
8338 </li> |
|
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|
8339 |
|
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|
8340 <li> |
|
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|
8341 a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>', |
|
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|
8342 which matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
|
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|
8343 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; |
|
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|
8344 </li> |
|
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|
8345 |
|
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|
8346 <li> |
|
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|
8347 a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>', |
|
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|
8348 which matches 1 or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
|
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|
8349 These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; |
|
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8350 </li> |
|
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8351 |
|
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8352 <li> |
|
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8353 a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>', |
|
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8354 which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. |
|
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8355 Unlike '<code>*</code>', |
|
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|
8356 these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; |
|
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8357 </li> |
|
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8358 |
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8359 <li> |
|
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8360 a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>', |
|
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8361 which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class; |
|
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8362 </li> |
|
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8363 |
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8364 <li> |
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8365 <code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9; |
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8366 such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string |
|
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8367 (see below); |
|
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8368 </li> |
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8369 |
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8370 <li> |
|
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8371 <code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters; |
|
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8372 such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>, |
|
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8373 and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>. |
|
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8374 This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, |
|
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8375 counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>, |
|
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8376 the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0. |
|
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8377 For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with |
|
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8378 balanced parentheses. |
|
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8379 </li> |
|
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8380 |
|
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8381 <li> |
|
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8382 <code>%f[<em>set</em>]</code>, a <em>frontier pattern</em>; |
|
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8383 such item matches an empty string at any position such that |
|
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8384 the next character belongs to <em>set</em> |
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8385 and the previous character does not belong to <em>set</em>. |
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8386 The set <em>set</em> is interpreted as previously described. |
|
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8387 The beginning and the end of the subject are handled as if |
|
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8388 they were the character '<code>\0</code>'. |
|
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8389 </li> |
|
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8390 |
|
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|
8391 </ul> |
|
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8392 |
|
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8393 |
|
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8394 |
|
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8395 |
|
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|
8396 <h4>Pattern:</h4><p> |
|
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8397 A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items. |
|
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8398 A caret '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the |
|
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|
8399 beginning of the subject string. |
|
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|
8400 A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the |
|
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8401 end of the subject string. |
|
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8402 At other positions, |
|
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|
8403 '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves. |
|
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|
8404 |
|
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|
8405 |
|
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|
8406 |
|
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|
8407 |
|
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|
8408 |
|
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|
8409 <h4>Captures:</h4><p> |
|
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|
8410 A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; |
|
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|
8411 they describe <em>captures</em>. |
|
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|
8412 When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string |
|
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|
8413 that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use. |
|
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|
8414 Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. |
|
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|
8415 For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a*(.)%w(%s*))"</code>, |
|
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|
8416 the part of the string matching <code>"a*(.)%w(%s*)"</code> is |
|
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|
8417 stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); |
|
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|
8418 the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2, |
|
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8419 and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3. |
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8420 |
|
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|
8421 |
|
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8422 <p> |
|
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8423 As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures |
|
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|
8424 the current string position (a number). |
|
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8425 For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the |
|
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8426 string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5. |
|
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8427 |
|
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|
8428 |
|
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|
8429 |
|
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8430 |
|
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8431 |
|
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8432 |
|
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8433 |
|
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8434 |
|
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|
8435 |
|
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8436 |
|
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8437 |
|
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8438 <h2>6.5 – <a name="6.5">Table Manipulation</a></h2> |
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8439 |
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8440 <p> |
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8441 This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. |
|
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8442 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>. |
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8443 |
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8444 |
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8445 <p> |
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8446 Remember that, whenever an operation needs the length of a table, |
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8447 the table should be a proper sequence |
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8448 or have a <code>__len</code> metamethod (see <a href="#3.4.6">§3.4.6</a>). |
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8449 All functions ignore non-numeric keys |
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8450 in tables given as arguments. |
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8451 |
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8452 |
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8453 <p> |
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8454 For performance reasons, |
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8455 all table accesses (get/set) performed by these functions are raw. |
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8456 |
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8457 |
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8458 <p> |
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8459 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (list [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3> |
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8460 |
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8461 |
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8462 <p> |
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8463 Given a list where all elements are strings or numbers, |
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8464 returns the string <code>list[i]..sep..list[i+1] ··· sep..list[j]</code>. |
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8465 The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string, |
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8466 the default for <code>i</code> is 1, |
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8467 and the default for <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. |
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8468 If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string. |
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8469 |
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|
8470 |
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|
8471 |
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8472 |
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8473 <p> |
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8474 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (list, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8475 |
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|
8476 |
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8477 <p> |
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8478 Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>list</code>, |
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8479 shifting up the elements |
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|
8480 <code>list[pos], list[pos+1], ···, list[#list]</code>. |
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8481 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list+1</code>, |
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8482 so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end |
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8483 of list <code>t</code>. |
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8484 |
|
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|
8485 |
|
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|
8486 |
|
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|
8487 |
|
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8488 <p> |
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8489 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.pack"><code>table.pack (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8490 |
|
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|
8491 |
|
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8492 <p> |
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|
8493 Returns a new table with all parameters stored into keys 1, 2, etc. |
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8494 and with a field "<code>n</code>" with the total number of parameters. |
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|
8495 Note that the resulting table may not be a sequence. |
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|
8496 |
|
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|
8497 |
|
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|
8498 |
|
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|
8499 |
|
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|
8500 <p> |
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|
8501 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (list [, pos])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8502 |
|
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|
8503 |
|
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8504 <p> |
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8505 Removes from <code>list</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>, |
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8506 returning the value of the removed element. |
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8507 When <code>pos</code> is an integer between 1 and <code>#list</code>, |
|
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8508 it shifts down the elements |
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8509 <code>list[pos+1], list[pos+2], ···, list[#list]</code> |
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|
8510 and erases element <code>list[#list]</code>; |
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8511 The index <code>pos</code> can also be 0 when <code>#list</code> is 0, |
|
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8512 or <code>#list + 1</code>; |
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8513 in those cases, the function erases the element <code>list[pos]</code>. |
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|
8514 |
|
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|
8515 |
|
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8516 <p> |
|
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8517 The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>#list</code>, |
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8518 so that a call <code>table.remove(t)</code> removes the last element |
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8519 of list <code>t</code>. |
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|
8520 |
|
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changeset
|
8521 |
|
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|
8522 |
|
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changeset
|
8523 |
|
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8524 <p> |
|
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|
8525 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (list [, comp])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8526 |
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|
8527 |
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8528 <p> |
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8529 Sorts list elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>, |
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8530 from <code>list[1]</code> to <code>list[#list]</code>. |
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8531 If <code>comp</code> is given, |
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|
8532 then it must be a function that receives two list elements |
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|
8533 and returns true when the first element must come |
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|
8534 before the second in the final order |
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|
8535 (so that <code>not comp(list[i+1],list[i])</code> will be true after the sort). |
|
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8536 If <code>comp</code> is not given, |
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|
8537 then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead. |
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8538 |
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8539 |
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8540 <p> |
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8541 The sort algorithm is not stable; |
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8542 that is, elements considered equal by the given order |
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8543 may have their relative positions changed by the sort. |
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8544 |
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8545 |
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|
8546 |
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|
8547 |
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8548 <p> |
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|
8549 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8550 |
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|
8551 |
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|
8552 <p> |
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|
8553 Returns the elements from the given table. |
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|
8554 This function is equivalent to |
|
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|
8555 |
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|
8556 <pre> |
|
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|
8557 return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j] |
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8558 </pre><p> |
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8559 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>#list</code>. |
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|
8560 |
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|
8561 |
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|
8562 |
|
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|
8563 |
|
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|
8564 |
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|
8565 |
|
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|
8566 |
|
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|
8567 <h2>6.6 – <a name="6.6">Mathematical Functions</a></h2> |
|
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|
8568 |
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|
8569 <p> |
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|
8570 This library is an interface to the standard C math library. |
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|
8571 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>. |
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|
8572 |
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|
8573 |
|
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|
8574 <p> |
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|
8575 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8576 |
|
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|
8577 |
|
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|
8578 <p> |
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|
8579 Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>. |
|
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|
8580 |
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|
8581 |
|
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|
8582 |
|
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|
8583 |
|
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|
8584 <p> |
|
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|
8585 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8586 |
|
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|
8587 |
|
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|
8588 <p> |
|
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|
8589 Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
|
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|
8590 |
|
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|
8591 |
|
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|
8592 |
|
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|
8593 |
|
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|
8594 <p> |
|
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|
8595 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8596 |
|
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|
8597 |
|
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|
8598 <p> |
|
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|
8599 Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
|
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|
8600 |
|
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|
8601 |
|
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|
8602 |
|
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|
8603 |
|
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|
8604 <p> |
|
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|
8605 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8606 |
|
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|
8607 |
|
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|
8608 <p> |
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|
8609 Returns the arc tangent of <code>x</code> (in radians). |
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|
8610 |
|
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|
8611 |
|
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|
8612 |
|
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|
8613 |
|
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|
8614 <p> |
|
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|
8615 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan2"><code>math.atan2 (y, x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8616 |
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|
8617 |
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8618 <p> |
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|
8619 Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians), |
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8620 but uses the signs of both parameters to find the |
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|
8621 quadrant of the result. |
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|
8622 (It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.) |
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|
8623 |
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|
8624 |
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|
8625 |
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8626 |
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8627 <p> |
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8628 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3> |
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8629 |
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|
8630 |
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8631 <p> |
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|
8632 Returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to <code>x</code>. |
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|
8633 |
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|
8634 |
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|
8635 |
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|
8636 |
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8637 <p> |
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8638 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8639 |
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|
8640 |
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8641 <p> |
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8642 Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
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|
8643 |
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|
8644 |
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|
8645 |
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|
8646 |
|
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|
8647 <p> |
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8648 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cosh"><code>math.cosh (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8649 |
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|
8650 |
|
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8651 <p> |
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|
8652 Returns the hyperbolic cosine of <code>x</code>. |
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|
8653 |
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|
8654 |
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|
8655 |
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|
8656 |
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8657 <p> |
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8658 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8659 |
|
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|
8660 |
|
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|
8661 <p> |
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8662 Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in radians) in degrees. |
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|
8663 |
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|
8664 |
|
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|
8665 |
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|
8666 |
|
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8667 <p> |
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8668 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8669 |
|
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|
8670 |
|
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|
8671 <p> |
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|
8672 Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>. |
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|
8673 |
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|
8674 |
|
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changeset
|
8675 |
|
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|
8676 |
|
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|
8677 <p> |
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8678 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8679 |
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changeset
|
8680 |
|
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|
8681 <p> |
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|
8682 Returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>. |
|
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changeset
|
8683 |
|
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changeset
|
8684 |
|
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changeset
|
8685 |
|
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changeset
|
8686 |
|
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|
8687 <p> |
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8688 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8689 |
|
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changeset
|
8690 |
|
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|
8691 <p> |
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|
8692 Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code> |
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|
8693 that rounds the quotient towards zero. |
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|
8694 |
|
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|
8695 |
|
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|
8696 |
|
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|
8697 |
|
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|
8698 <p> |
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8699 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.frexp"><code>math.frexp (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8700 |
|
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changeset
|
8701 |
|
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|
8702 <p> |
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8703 Returns <code>m</code> and <code>e</code> such that <em>x = m2<sup>e</sup></em>, |
|
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8704 <code>e</code> is an integer and the absolute value of <code>m</code> is |
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|
8705 in the range <em>[0.5, 1)</em> |
|
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8706 (or zero when <code>x</code> is zero). |
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8707 |
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8708 |
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8709 |
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8710 |
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8711 <p> |
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8712 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3> |
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8713 |
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8714 |
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8715 <p> |
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8716 The value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>, |
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8717 a value larger than or equal to any other numerical value. |
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8718 |
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8719 |
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8720 |
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8721 |
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8722 <p> |
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8723 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ldexp"><code>math.ldexp (m, e)</code></a></h3> |
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8724 |
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8725 |
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8726 <p> |
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8727 Returns <em>m2<sup>e</sup></em> (<code>e</code> should be an integer). |
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8728 |
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8729 |
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8730 |
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8731 |
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8732 <p> |
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8733 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x [, base])</code></a></h3> |
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8734 |
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|
8735 |
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8736 <p> |
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|
8737 Returns the logarithm of <code>x</code> in the given base. |
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8738 The default for <code>base</code> is <em>e</em> |
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8739 (so that the function returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>). |
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|
8740 |
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|
8741 |
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|
8742 |
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|
8743 |
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8744 <p> |
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8745 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8746 |
|
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|
8747 |
|
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8748 <p> |
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|
8749 Returns the maximum value among its arguments. |
|
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|
8750 |
|
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|
8751 |
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|
8752 |
|
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|
8753 |
|
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8754 <p> |
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|
8755 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8756 |
|
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|
8757 |
|
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|
8758 <p> |
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|
8759 Returns the minimum value among its arguments. |
|
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|
8760 |
|
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|
8761 |
|
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|
8762 |
|
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|
8763 |
|
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8764 <p> |
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8765 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8766 |
|
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|
8767 |
|
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8768 <p> |
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|
8769 Returns two numbers, |
|
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|
8770 the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>. |
|
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|
8771 |
|
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|
8772 |
|
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|
8773 |
|
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|
8774 |
|
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8775 <p> |
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|
8776 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8777 |
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|
8778 |
|
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8779 <p> |
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|
8780 The value of <em>π</em>. |
|
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|
8781 |
|
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|
8782 |
|
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|
8783 |
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|
8784 |
|
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8785 <p> |
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8786 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pow"><code>math.pow (x, y)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8787 |
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|
8788 |
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8789 <p> |
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|
8790 Returns <em>x<sup>y</sup></em>. |
|
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|
8791 (You can also use the expression <code>x^y</code> to compute this value.) |
|
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|
8792 |
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|
8793 |
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|
8794 |
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|
8795 |
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8796 <p> |
|
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|
8797 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8798 |
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|
8799 |
|
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|
8800 <p> |
|
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|
8801 Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in degrees) in radians. |
|
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|
8802 |
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|
8803 |
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|
8804 |
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|
8805 |
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|
8806 <p> |
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|
8807 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
8808 |
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|
8809 |
|
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|
8810 <p> |
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|
8811 This function is an interface to the simple |
|
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|
8812 pseudo-random generator function <code>rand</code> provided by Standard C. |
|
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|
8813 (No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.) |
|
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|
8814 |
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|
8815 |
|
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|
8816 <p> |
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|
8817 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
8818 returns a uniform pseudo-random real number |
|
242
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241
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|
8819 in the range <em>[0,1)</em>. |
|
239
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|
8820 When called with an integer number <code>m</code>, |
|
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|
8821 <code>math.random</code> returns |
|
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|
8822 a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range <em>[1, m]</em>. |
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|
8823 When called with two integer numbers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>, |
|
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|
8824 <code>math.random</code> returns a uniform pseudo-random |
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|
8825 integer in the range <em>[m, n]</em>. |
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|
8826 |
|
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|
8827 |
|
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|
8828 |
|
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|
8829 |
|
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|
8830 <p> |
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|
8831 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8832 |
|
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|
8833 |
|
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|
8834 <p> |
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|
8835 Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed" |
|
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|
8836 for the pseudo-random generator: |
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|
8837 equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers. |
|
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|
8838 |
|
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|
8839 |
|
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|
8840 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
8841 |
|
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|
8842 <p> |
|
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|
8843 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8844 |
|
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|
8845 |
|
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|
8846 <p> |
|
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|
8847 Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
|
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|
8848 |
|
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|
8849 |
|
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|
8850 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
8851 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
8852 <p> |
|
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|
8853 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sinh"><code>math.sinh (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8854 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
8855 |
|
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|
8856 <p> |
|
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|
8857 Returns the hyperbolic sine of <code>x</code>. |
|
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|
8858 |
|
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|
8859 |
|
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changeset
|
8860 |
|
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|
8861 |
|
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|
8862 <p> |
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|
8863 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
8864 |
|
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changeset
|
8865 |
|
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|
8866 <p> |
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|
8867 Returns the square root of <code>x</code>. |
|
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|
8868 (You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.) |
|
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|
8869 |
|
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changeset
|
8870 |
|
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changeset
|
8871 |
|
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changeset
|
8872 |
|
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|
8873 <p> |
|
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|
8874 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
8875 |
|
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changeset
|
8876 |
|
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|
8877 <p> |
|
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|
8878 Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians). |
|
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changeset
|
8879 |
|
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changeset
|
8880 |
|
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changeset
|
8881 |
|
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changeset
|
8882 |
|
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|
8883 <p> |
|
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|
8884 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tanh"><code>math.tanh (x)</code></a></h3> |
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changeset
|
8885 |
|
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changeset
|
8886 |
|
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8887 <p> |
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|
8888 Returns the hyperbolic tangent of <code>x</code>. |
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8889 |
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8890 |
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8891 |
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8892 |
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8893 |
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8894 |
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8895 |
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8896 <h2>6.7 – <a name="6.7">Bitwise Operations</a></h2> |
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8897 |
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8898 <p> |
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8899 This library provides bitwise operations. |
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8900 It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-bit32"><code>bit32</code></a>. |
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8901 |
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8902 |
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8903 <p> |
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8904 Unless otherwise stated, |
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8905 all functions accept numeric arguments in the range |
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|
8906 <em>(-2<sup>51</sup>,+2<sup>51</sup>)</em>; |
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8907 each argument is normalized to |
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8908 the remainder of its division by <em>2<sup>32</sup></em> |
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8909 and truncated to an integer (in some unspecified way), |
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8910 so that its final value falls in the range <em>[0,2<sup>32</sup> - 1]</em>. |
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8911 Similarly, all results are in the range <em>[0,2<sup>32</sup> - 1]</em>. |
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8912 Note that <code>bit32.bnot(0)</code> is <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code>, |
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8913 which is different from <code>-1</code>. |
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8914 |
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8915 |
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8916 <p> |
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8917 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.arshift"><code>bit32.arshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> |
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8918 |
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|
8919 |
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8920 <p> |
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8921 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the right. |
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8922 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. |
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8923 Negative displacements shift to the left. |
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|
8924 |
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|
8925 |
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8926 <p> |
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|
8927 This shift operation is what is called arithmetic shift. |
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8928 Vacant bits on the left are filled |
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8929 with copies of the higher bit of <code>x</code>; |
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8930 vacant bits on the right are filled with zeros. |
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8931 In particular, |
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8932 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 |
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|
8933 result in zero or <code>0xFFFFFFFF</code> (all original bits are shifted out). |
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|
8934 |
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|
8935 |
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|
8936 |
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|
8937 |
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|
8938 <p> |
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|
8939 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.band"><code>bit32.band (···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8940 |
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|
8941 |
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|
8942 <p> |
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|
8943 Returns the bitwise <em>and</em> of its operands. |
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|
8944 |
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|
8945 |
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|
8946 |
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|
8947 |
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|
8948 <p> |
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|
8949 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bnot"><code>bit32.bnot (x)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8950 |
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|
8951 |
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8952 <p> |
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|
8953 Returns the bitwise negation of <code>x</code>. |
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|
8954 For any integer <code>x</code>, |
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8955 the following identity holds: |
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8956 |
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|
8957 <pre> |
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8958 assert(bit32.bnot(x) == (-1 - x) % 2^32) |
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8959 </pre> |
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8960 |
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8961 |
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8962 |
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8963 <p> |
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8964 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bor"><code>bit32.bor (···)</code></a></h3> |
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8965 |
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|
8966 |
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8967 <p> |
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8968 Returns the bitwise <em>or</em> of its operands. |
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|
8969 |
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|
8970 |
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|
8971 |
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|
8972 |
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8973 <p> |
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8974 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.btest"><code>bit32.btest (···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8975 |
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|
8976 |
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|
8977 <p> |
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|
8978 Returns a boolean signaling |
|
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|
8979 whether the bitwise <em>and</em> of its operands is different from zero. |
|
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|
8980 |
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|
8981 |
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|
8982 |
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|
8983 |
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|
8984 <p> |
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|
8985 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.bxor"><code>bit32.bxor (···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
8986 |
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|
8987 |
|
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8988 <p> |
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|
8989 Returns the bitwise <em>exclusive or</em> of its operands. |
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|
8990 |
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|
8991 |
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|
8992 |
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|
8993 |
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8994 <p> |
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8995 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.extract"><code>bit32.extract (n, field [, width])</code></a></h3> |
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8996 |
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|
8997 |
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8998 <p> |
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8999 Returns the unsigned number formed by the bits |
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|
9000 <code>field</code> to <code>field + width - 1</code> from <code>n</code>. |
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9001 Bits are numbered from 0 (least significant) to 31 (most significant). |
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9002 All accessed bits must be in the range <em>[0, 31]</em>. |
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9003 |
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9004 |
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9005 <p> |
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9006 The default for <code>width</code> is 1. |
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9007 |
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|
9008 |
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|
9009 |
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|
9010 |
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9011 <p> |
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9012 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.replace"><code>bit32.replace (n, v, field [, width])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9013 |
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|
9014 |
|
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|
9015 <p> |
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|
9016 Returns a copy of <code>n</code> with |
|
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|
9017 the bits <code>field</code> to <code>field + width - 1</code> |
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|
9018 replaced by the value <code>v</code>. |
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|
9019 See <a href="#pdf-bit32.extract"><code>bit32.extract</code></a> for details about <code>field</code> and <code>width</code>. |
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|
9020 |
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|
9021 |
|
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|
9022 |
|
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|
9023 |
|
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9024 <p> |
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|
9025 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.lrotate"><code>bit32.lrotate (x, disp)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9026 |
|
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|
9027 |
|
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|
9028 <p> |
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|
9029 Returns the number <code>x</code> rotated <code>disp</code> bits to the left. |
|
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|
9030 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. |
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|
9031 |
|
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|
9032 |
|
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|
9033 <p> |
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|
9034 For any valid displacement, |
|
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|
9035 the following identity holds: |
|
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|
9036 |
|
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|
9037 <pre> |
|
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|
9038 assert(bit32.lrotate(x, disp) == bit32.lrotate(x, disp % 32)) |
|
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9039 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9040 In particular, |
|
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|
9041 negative displacements rotate to the right. |
|
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|
9042 |
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|
9043 |
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|
9044 |
|
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|
9045 |
|
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|
9046 <p> |
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|
9047 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.lshift"><code>bit32.lshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9048 |
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|
9049 |
|
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9050 <p> |
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|
9051 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the left. |
|
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|
9052 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. |
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9053 Negative displacements shift to the right. |
|
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|
9054 In any direction, vacant bits are filled with zeros. |
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9055 In particular, |
|
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9056 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 |
|
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|
9057 result in zero (all bits are shifted out). |
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9058 |
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|
9059 |
|
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|
9060 <p> |
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9061 For positive displacements, |
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|
9062 the following equality holds: |
|
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|
9063 |
|
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|
9064 <pre> |
|
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|
9065 assert(bit32.lshift(b, disp) == (b * 2^disp) % 2^32) |
|
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9066 </pre> |
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9067 |
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9068 |
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9069 |
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9070 <p> |
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9071 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.rrotate"><code>bit32.rrotate (x, disp)</code></a></h3> |
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9072 |
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9073 |
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9074 <p> |
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9075 Returns the number <code>x</code> rotated <code>disp</code> bits to the right. |
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9076 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. |
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9077 |
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9078 |
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9079 <p> |
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9080 For any valid displacement, |
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9081 the following identity holds: |
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9082 |
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9083 <pre> |
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9084 assert(bit32.rrotate(x, disp) == bit32.rrotate(x, disp % 32)) |
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9085 </pre><p> |
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9086 In particular, |
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9087 negative displacements rotate to the left. |
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9088 |
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9089 |
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9090 |
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9091 |
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9092 <p> |
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9093 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-bit32.rshift"><code>bit32.rshift (x, disp)</code></a></h3> |
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9094 |
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9095 |
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9096 <p> |
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9097 Returns the number <code>x</code> shifted <code>disp</code> bits to the right. |
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9098 The number <code>disp</code> may be any representable integer. |
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9099 Negative displacements shift to the left. |
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9100 In any direction, vacant bits are filled with zeros. |
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9101 In particular, |
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9102 displacements with absolute values higher than 31 |
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9103 result in zero (all bits are shifted out). |
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9104 |
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9105 |
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9106 <p> |
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9107 For positive displacements, |
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9108 the following equality holds: |
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9109 |
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9110 <pre> |
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9111 assert(bit32.rshift(b, disp) == math.floor(b % 2^32 / 2^disp)) |
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9112 </pre> |
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9113 |
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9114 <p> |
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9115 This shift operation is what is called logical shift. |
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9116 |
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9117 |
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9118 |
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9119 |
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9120 |
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9121 |
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9122 |
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9123 <h2>6.8 – <a name="6.8">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2> |
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9124 |
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9125 <p> |
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9126 The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. |
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9127 The first one uses implicit file descriptors; |
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9128 that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a |
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9129 default output file, |
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9130 and all input/output operations are over these default files. |
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9131 The second style uses explicit file descriptors. |
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9132 |
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9133 |
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9134 <p> |
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9135 When using implicit file descriptors, |
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9136 all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>. |
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9137 When using explicit file descriptors, |
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9138 the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file descriptor |
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9139 and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file descriptor. |
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9140 |
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9141 |
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9142 <p> |
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9143 The table <code>io</code> also provides |
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9144 three predefined file descriptors with their usual meanings from C: |
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9145 <a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>. |
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9146 The I/O library never closes these files. |
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9147 |
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9148 |
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9149 <p> |
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9150 Unless otherwise stated, |
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9151 all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure |
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9152 (plus an error message as a second result and |
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9153 a system-dependent error code as a third result) |
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9154 and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success. |
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9155 On non-Posix systems, |
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9156 the computation of the error message and error code |
|
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|
9157 in case of errors |
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9158 may be not thread safe, |
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|
9159 because they rely on the global C variable <code>errno</code>. |
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9160 |
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9161 |
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9162 <p> |
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9163 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3> |
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9164 |
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9165 |
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9166 <p> |
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9167 Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>. |
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9168 Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file. |
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9169 |
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9170 |
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9171 |
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9172 |
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9173 <p> |
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9174 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3> |
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9175 |
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9176 |
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9177 <p> |
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9178 Equivalent to <code>io.output():flush()</code>. |
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9179 |
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9180 |
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9181 |
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9182 |
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9183 <p> |
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9184 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3> |
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9185 |
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9186 |
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9187 <p> |
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9188 When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), |
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9189 and sets its handle as the default input file. |
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9190 When called with a file handle, |
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9191 it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. |
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9192 When called without parameters, |
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9193 it returns the current default input file. |
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9194 |
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|
9195 |
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9196 <p> |
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9197 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
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9198 instead of returning an error code. |
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|
9199 |
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|
9200 |
|
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|
9201 |
|
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|
9202 |
|
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9203 <p> |
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9204 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename ···])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9205 |
|
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|
9206 |
|
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9207 <p> |
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|
9208 Opens the given file name in read mode |
|
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|
9209 and returns an iterator function that |
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|
9210 works like <code>file:lines(···)</code> over the opened file. |
|
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|
9211 When the iterator function detects the end of file, |
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9212 it returns <b>nil</b> (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. |
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9213 |
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|
9214 |
|
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|
9215 <p> |
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9216 The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent |
|
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|
9217 to <code>io.input():lines()</code>; |
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9218 that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. |
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9219 In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. |
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9220 |
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|
9221 |
|
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9222 <p> |
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9223 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
|
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9224 instead of returning an error code. |
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9225 |
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|
9226 |
|
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|
9227 |
|
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9228 |
|
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9229 <p> |
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9230 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3> |
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9231 |
|
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9232 |
|
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9233 <p> |
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9234 This function opens a file, |
|
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9235 in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>. |
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9236 It returns a new file handle, |
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9237 or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message. |
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9238 |
|
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|
9239 |
|
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9240 <p> |
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9241 The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following: |
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9242 |
|
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9243 <ul> |
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9244 <li><b>"<code>r</code>": </b> read mode (the default);</li> |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9245 <li><b>"<code>w</code>": </b> write mode;</li> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9246 <li><b>"<code>a</code>": </b> append mode;</li> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9247 <li><b>"<code>r+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
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|
9248 <li><b>"<code>w+</code>": </b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9249 <li><b>"<code>a+</code>": </b> append update mode, previous data is preserved, |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9250 writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9251 </ul><p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9252 The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end, |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9253 which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
diff
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|
9254 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9255 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9256 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9257 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9258 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9259 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9260 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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changeset
|
9261 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9262 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9263 Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9264 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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changeset
|
9265 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9266 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9267 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9268 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9269 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9270 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9271 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9272 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9273 This function is system dependent and is not available |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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|
9274 on all platforms. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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changeset
|
9275 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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changeset
|
9276 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9277 <p> |
|
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parents:
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|
9278 Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9279 a file handle that you can use to read data from this program |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9280 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default) |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9281 or to write data to this program |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
diff
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|
9282 (if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>). |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9283 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9284 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9285 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9286 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9287 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9288 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9289 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9290 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9291 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9292 Equivalent to <code>io.input():read(···)</code>. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9293 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9294 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9295 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
9296 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9297 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
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|
9298 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9299 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9300 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
9301 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9302 Returns a handle for a temporary file. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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changeset
|
9303 This file is opened in update mode |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
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|
9304 and it is automatically removed when the program ends. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9305 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9306 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9307 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9308 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9309 <p> |
|
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diff
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|
9310 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3> |
|
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diff
changeset
|
9311 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
9312 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9313 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9314 Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle. |
|
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|
9315 Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle, |
|
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|
9316 <code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle, |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9317 or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle. |
|
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changeset
|
9318 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
|
9319 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
|
9320 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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diff
changeset
|
9321 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9322 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9323 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3> |
|
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changeset
|
9324 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9325 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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|
9326 <p> |
|
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changeset
|
9327 Equivalent to <code>io.output():write(···)</code>. |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9328 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9329 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9330 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9331 |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9332 <p> |
|
aa7bc9c1df22
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changeset
|
9333 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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9334 |
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|
9335 |
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9336 <p> |
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9337 Closes <code>file</code>. |
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9338 Note that files are automatically closed when |
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9339 their handles are garbage collected, |
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9340 but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen. |
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9341 |
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9342 |
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9343 <p> |
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9344 When closing a file handle created with <a href="#pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen</code></a>, |
|
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9345 <a href="#pdf-file:close"><code>file:close</code></a> returns the same values |
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9346 returned by <a href="#pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute</code></a>. |
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9347 |
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9348 |
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9349 |
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9350 |
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9351 <p> |
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9352 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3> |
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9353 |
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9354 |
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9355 <p> |
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9356 Saves any written data to <code>file</code>. |
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9357 |
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9358 |
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9359 |
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9360 |
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9361 <p> |
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9362 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines (···)</code></a></h3> |
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9363 |
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9364 |
|
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9365 <p> |
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9366 Returns an iterator function that, |
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9367 each time it is called, |
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9368 reads the file according to the given formats. |
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9369 When no format is given, |
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9370 uses "*l" as a default. |
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9371 As an example, the construction |
|
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9372 |
|
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9373 <pre> |
|
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9374 for c in file:lines(1) do <em>body</em> end |
|
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9375 </pre><p> |
|
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|
9376 will iterate over all characters of the file, |
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9377 starting at the current position. |
|
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9378 Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file |
|
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9379 when the loop ends. |
|
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|
9380 |
|
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|
9381 |
|
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9382 <p> |
|
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|
9383 In case of errors this function raises the error, |
|
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|
9384 instead of returning an error code. |
|
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|
9385 |
|
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|
9386 |
|
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|
9387 |
|
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|
9388 |
|
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|
9389 <p> |
|
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9390 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9391 |
|
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|
9392 |
|
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|
9393 <p> |
|
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|
9394 Reads the file <code>file</code>, |
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|
9395 according to the given formats, which specify what to read. |
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9396 For each format, |
|
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9397 the function returns a string (or a number) with the characters read, |
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9398 or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format. |
|
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9399 When called without formats, |
|
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9400 it uses a default format that reads the next line |
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|
9401 (see below). |
|
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|
9402 |
|
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|
9403 |
|
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|
9404 <p> |
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9405 The available formats are |
|
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9406 |
|
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|
9407 <ul> |
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9408 |
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9409 <li><b>"<code>*n</code>": </b> |
|
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9410 reads a number; |
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9411 this is the only format that returns a number instead of a string. |
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|
9412 </li> |
|
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9413 |
|
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9414 <li><b>"<code>*a</code>": </b> |
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9415 reads the whole file, starting at the current position. |
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9416 On end of file, it returns the empty string. |
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|
9417 </li> |
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9418 |
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9419 <li><b>"<code>*l</code>": </b> |
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9420 reads the next line skipping the end of line, |
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9421 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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9422 This is the default format. |
|
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|
9423 </li> |
|
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9424 |
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9425 <li><b>"<code>*L</code>": </b> |
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9426 reads the next line keeping the end of line (if present), |
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9427 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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9428 </li> |
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9429 |
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9430 <li><b><em>number</em>: </b> |
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9431 reads a string with up to this number of bytes, |
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9432 returning <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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9433 If number is zero, |
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9434 it reads nothing and returns an empty string, |
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9435 or <b>nil</b> on end of file. |
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9436 </li> |
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9437 |
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9438 </ul> |
|
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9439 |
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9440 |
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9441 |
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9442 <p> |
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9443 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence [, offset]])</code></a></h3> |
|
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9444 |
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9445 |
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9446 <p> |
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9447 Sets and gets the file position, |
|
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9448 measured from the beginning of the file, |
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9449 to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base |
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9450 specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows: |
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9451 |
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9452 <ul> |
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9453 <li><b>"<code>set</code>": </b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li> |
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9454 <li><b>"<code>cur</code>": </b> base is current position;</li> |
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9455 <li><b>"<code>end</code>": </b> base is end of file;</li> |
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9456 </ul><p> |
|
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9457 In case of success, <code>seek</code> returns the final file position, |
|
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9458 measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. |
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9459 If <code>seek</code> fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
|
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9460 plus a string describing the error. |
|
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|
9461 |
|
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|
9462 |
|
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9463 <p> |
|
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9464 The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>, |
|
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9465 and for <code>offset</code> is 0. |
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|
9466 Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current |
|
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|
9467 file position, without changing it; |
|
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|
9468 the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the |
|
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|
9469 beginning of the file (and returns 0); |
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9470 and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the |
|
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|
9471 end of the file, and returns its size. |
|
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|
9472 |
|
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|
9473 |
|
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|
9474 |
|
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|
9475 |
|
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|
9476 <p> |
|
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|
9477 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9478 |
|
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|
9479 |
|
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|
9480 <p> |
|
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|
9481 Sets the buffering mode for an output file. |
|
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|
9482 There are three available modes: |
|
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9483 |
|
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9484 <ul> |
|
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9485 |
|
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|
9486 <li><b>"<code>no</code>": </b> |
|
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9487 no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. |
|
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9488 </li> |
|
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9489 |
|
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9490 <li><b>"<code>full</code>": </b> |
|
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9491 full buffering; output operation is performed only |
|
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9492 when the buffer is full or when |
|
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9493 you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file (see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>). |
|
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9494 </li> |
|
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9495 |
|
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9496 <li><b>"<code>line</code>": </b> |
|
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9497 line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output |
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9498 or there is any input from some special files |
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9499 (such as a terminal device). |
|
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|
9500 </li> |
|
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9501 |
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9502 </ul><p> |
|
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9503 For the last two cases, <code>size</code> |
|
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9504 specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. |
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9505 The default is an appropriate size. |
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9506 |
|
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9507 |
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9508 |
|
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9509 |
|
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9510 <p> |
|
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9511 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3> |
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9512 |
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9513 |
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9514 <p> |
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|
9515 Writes the value of each of its arguments to <code>file</code>. |
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9516 The arguments must be strings or numbers. |
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9517 |
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9518 |
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9519 <p> |
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9520 In case of success, this function returns <code>file</code>. |
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9521 Otherwise it returns <b>nil</b> plus a string describing the error. |
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9522 |
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9523 |
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9524 |
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9525 |
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9526 |
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9527 |
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9528 |
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9529 <h2>6.9 – <a name="6.9">Operating System Facilities</a></h2> |
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9530 |
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9531 <p> |
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9532 This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>. |
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9533 |
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9534 |
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9535 <p> |
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9536 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3> |
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9537 |
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9538 |
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9539 <p> |
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9540 Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time |
|
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9541 used by the program. |
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|
9542 |
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|
9543 |
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|
9544 |
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|
9545 |
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9546 <p> |
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9547 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9548 |
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|
9549 |
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9550 <p> |
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|
9551 Returns a string or a table containing date and time, |
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9552 formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>. |
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|
9553 |
|
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|
9554 |
|
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|
9555 <p> |
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|
9556 If the <code>time</code> argument is present, |
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|
9557 this is the time to be formatted |
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|
9558 (see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value). |
|
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9559 Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time. |
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|
9560 |
|
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|
9561 |
|
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|
9562 <p> |
|
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|
9563 If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>', |
|
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|
9564 then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. |
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|
9565 After this optional character, |
|
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|
9566 if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>", |
|
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|
9567 then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields: |
|
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|
9568 <code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1–12), <code>day</code> (1–31), |
|
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|
9569 <code>hour</code> (0–23), <code>min</code> (0–59), <code>sec</code> (0–61), |
|
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|
9570 <code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1), |
|
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|
9571 <code>yday</code> (day of the year), |
|
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|
9572 and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean). |
|
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|
9573 This last field may be absent |
|
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|
9574 if the information is not available. |
|
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|
9575 |
|
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|
9576 |
|
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|
9577 <p> |
|
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|
9578 If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>", |
|
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|
9579 then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string, |
|
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9580 formatted according to the same rules as the ANSI C function <code>strftime</code>. |
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|
9581 |
|
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|
9582 |
|
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|
9583 <p> |
|
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9584 When called without arguments, |
|
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|
9585 <code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on |
|
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|
9586 the host system and on the current locale |
|
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|
9587 (that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>). |
|
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9588 |
|
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|
9589 |
|
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9590 <p> |
|
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|
9591 On non-Posix systems, |
|
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|
9592 this function may be not thread safe |
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9593 because of its reliance on C function <code>gmtime</code> and C function <code>localtime</code>. |
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9594 |
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|
9595 |
|
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|
9596 |
|
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|
9597 |
|
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9598 <p> |
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9599 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3> |
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9600 |
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9601 |
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9602 <p> |
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9603 Returns the number of seconds from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>. |
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9604 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, |
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9605 this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>. |
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9606 |
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9607 |
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9608 |
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9609 |
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9610 <p> |
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9611 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3> |
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9612 |
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9613 |
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9614 <p> |
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9615 This function is equivalent to the ANSI C function <code>system</code>. |
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9616 It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell. |
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9617 Its first result is <b>true</b> |
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9618 if the command terminated successfully, |
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9619 or <b>nil</b> otherwise. |
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9620 After this first result |
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9621 the function returns a string and a number, |
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9622 as follows: |
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9623 |
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9624 <ul> |
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9625 |
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9626 <li><b>"<code>exit</code>": </b> |
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9627 the command terminated normally; |
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9628 the following number is the exit status of the command. |
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9629 </li> |
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9630 |
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9631 <li><b>"<code>signal</code>": </b> |
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9632 the command was terminated by a signal; |
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9633 the following number is the signal that terminated the command. |
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9634 </li> |
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9635 |
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9636 </ul> |
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9637 |
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9638 <p> |
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9639 When called without a <code>command</code>, |
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|
9640 <code>os.execute</code> returns a boolean that is true if a shell is available. |
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9641 |
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|
9642 |
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|
9643 |
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|
9644 |
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9645 <p> |
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9646 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code [, close])</code></a></h3> |
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|
9647 |
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|
9648 |
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9649 <p> |
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9650 Calls the ANSI C function <code>exit</code> to terminate the host program. |
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9651 If <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>, |
|
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9652 the returned status is <code>EXIT_SUCCESS</code>; |
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9653 if <code>code</code> is <b>false</b>, |
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9654 the returned status is <code>EXIT_FAILURE</code>; |
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9655 if <code>code</code> is a number, |
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9656 the returned status is this number. |
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9657 The default value for <code>code</code> is <b>true</b>. |
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9658 |
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|
9659 |
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9660 <p> |
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9661 If the optional second argument <code>close</code> is true, |
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9662 closes the Lua state before exiting. |
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9663 |
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|
9664 |
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9665 |
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|
9666 |
|
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9667 <p> |
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9668 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9669 |
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|
9670 |
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9671 <p> |
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9672 Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>, |
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9673 or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined. |
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|
9674 |
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|
9675 |
|
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|
9676 |
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|
9677 |
|
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9678 <p> |
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9679 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3> |
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|
9680 |
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|
9681 |
|
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9682 <p> |
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9683 Deletes the file (or empty directory, on POSIX systems) |
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9684 with the given name. |
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9685 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
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9686 plus a string describing the error and the error code. |
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|
9687 |
|
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changeset
|
9688 |
|
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|
9689 |
|
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|
9690 |
|
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9691 <p> |
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9692 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9693 |
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|
9694 |
|
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9695 <p> |
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9696 Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>. |
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9697 If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>, |
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9698 plus a string describing the error and the error code. |
|
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9699 |
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9700 |
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9701 |
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9702 |
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9703 <p> |
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9704 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3> |
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9705 |
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9706 |
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9707 <p> |
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9708 Sets the current locale of the program. |
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9709 <code>locale</code> is a system-dependent string specifying a locale; |
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9710 <code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change: |
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9711 <code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>, |
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9712 <code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>; |
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9713 the default category is <code>"all"</code>. |
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9714 The function returns the name of the new locale, |
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9715 or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored. |
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9716 |
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9717 |
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9718 <p> |
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9719 If <code>locale</code> is the empty string, |
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9720 the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. |
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9721 If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>", |
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9722 the current locale is set to the standard C locale. |
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|
9723 |
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|
9724 |
|
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9725 <p> |
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9726 When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument, |
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9727 this function only returns the name of the current locale |
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9728 for the given category. |
|
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|
9729 |
|
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|
9730 |
|
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|
9731 <p> |
|
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9732 This function may be not thread safe |
|
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|
9733 because of its reliance on C function <code>setlocale</code>. |
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|
9734 |
|
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|
9735 |
|
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|
9736 |
|
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|
9737 |
|
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|
9738 <p> |
|
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|
9739 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9740 |
|
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|
9741 |
|
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|
9742 <p> |
|
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|
9743 Returns the current time when called without arguments, |
|
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|
9744 or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table. |
|
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|
9745 This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>, |
|
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|
9746 and may have fields |
|
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|
9747 <code>hour</code> (default is 12), |
|
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|
9748 <code>min</code> (default is 0), |
|
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|
9749 <code>sec</code> (default is 0), |
|
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|
9750 and <code>isdst</code> (default is <b>nil</b>). |
|
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|
9751 For a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function. |
|
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|
9752 |
|
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|
9753 |
|
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|
9754 <p> |
|
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|
9755 The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. |
|
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|
9756 In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, |
|
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|
9757 this number counts the number |
|
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|
9758 of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch"). |
|
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|
9759 In other systems, the meaning is not specified, |
|
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|
9760 and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to |
|
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|
9761 <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime</code></a>. |
|
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|
9762 |
|
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|
9763 |
|
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|
9764 |
|
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|
9765 |
|
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|
9766 <p> |
|
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|
9767 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9768 |
|
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|
9769 |
|
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|
9770 <p> |
|
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|
9771 Returns a string with a file name that can |
|
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|
9772 be used for a temporary file. |
|
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|
9773 The file must be explicitly opened before its use |
|
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9774 and explicitly removed when no longer needed. |
|
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|
9775 |
|
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changeset
|
9776 |
|
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|
9777 <p> |
|
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|
9778 On POSIX systems, |
|
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9779 this function also creates a file with that name, |
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9780 to avoid security risks. |
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9781 (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions |
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9782 in the time between getting the name and creating the file.) |
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9783 You still have to open the file to use it |
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9784 and to remove it (even if you do not use it). |
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9785 |
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9786 |
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9787 <p> |
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9788 When possible, |
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9789 you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>, |
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9790 which automatically removes the file when the program ends. |
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9791 |
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9792 |
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9793 |
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9794 |
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9795 |
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9796 |
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9797 |
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9798 <h2>6.10 – <a name="6.10">The Debug Library</a></h2> |
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9799 |
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9800 <p> |
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9801 This library provides |
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9802 the functionality of the debug interface (<a href="#4.9">§4.9</a>) to Lua programs. |
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9803 You should exert care when using this library. |
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9804 Several of its functions |
|
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9805 violate basic assumptions about Lua code |
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9806 (e.g., that variables local to a function |
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9807 cannot be accessed from outside; |
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9808 that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code; |
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9809 that Lua programs do not crash) |
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9810 and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code. |
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9811 Moreover, some functions in this library may be slow. |
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9812 |
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9813 |
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9814 <p> |
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9815 All functions in this library are provided |
|
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9816 inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table. |
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9817 All functions that operate over a thread |
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9818 have an optional first argument which is the |
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9819 thread to operate over. |
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9820 The default is always the current thread. |
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9821 |
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9822 |
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9823 <p> |
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9824 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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9825 |
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9826 |
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9827 <p> |
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9828 Enters an interactive mode with the user, |
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9829 running each string that the user enters. |
|
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9830 Using simple commands and other debug facilities, |
|
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9831 the user can inspect global and local variables, |
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9832 change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. |
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9833 A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function, |
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9834 so that the caller continues its execution. |
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9835 |
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9836 |
|
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9837 <p> |
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9838 Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested |
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9839 within any function and so have no direct access to local variables. |
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9840 |
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|
9841 |
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9842 |
|
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9843 |
|
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9844 <p> |
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9845 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3> |
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9846 |
|
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9847 |
|
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9848 <p> |
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9849 Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: |
|
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9850 the current hook function, the current hook mask, |
|
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9851 and the current hook count |
|
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9852 (as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function). |
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9853 |
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9854 |
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9855 |
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9856 |
|
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9857 <p> |
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9858 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] f [, what])</code></a></h3> |
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9859 |
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9860 |
|
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9861 <p> |
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9862 Returns a table with information about a function. |
|
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9863 You can give the function directly |
|
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9864 or you can give a number as the value of <code>f</code>, |
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9865 which means the function running at level <code>f</code> of the call stack |
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9866 of the given thread: |
|
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9867 level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself); |
|
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|
9868 level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code> |
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9869 (except for tail calls, which do not count on the stack); |
|
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9870 and so on. |
|
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9871 If <code>f</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions, |
|
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|
9872 then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>. |
|
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|
9873 |
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|
9874 |
|
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9875 <p> |
|
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9876 The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>, |
|
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9877 with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in. |
|
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|
9878 The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available, |
|
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9879 except the table of valid lines. |
|
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9880 If present, |
|
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9881 the option '<code>f</code>' |
|
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9882 adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself. |
|
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9883 If present, |
|
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9884 the option '<code>L</code>' |
|
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9885 adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of |
|
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9886 valid lines. |
|
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9887 |
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9888 |
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9889 <p> |
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9890 For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns |
|
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9891 a table with a name for the current function, |
|
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9892 if a reasonable name can be found, |
|
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9893 and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code> |
|
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9894 returns a table with all available information |
|
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|
9895 about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function. |
|
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|
9896 |
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|
9897 |
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|
9898 |
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|
9899 |
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9900 <p> |
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9901 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] f, local)</code></a></h3> |
|
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9902 |
|
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|
9903 |
|
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|
9904 <p> |
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|
9905 This function returns the name and the value of the local variable |
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|
9906 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>f</code> of the stack. |
|
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|
9907 This function accesses not only explicit local variables, |
|
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9908 but also parameters, temporaries, etc. |
|
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|
9909 |
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|
9910 |
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|
9911 <p> |
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|
9912 The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, |
|
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|
9913 until the last active variable. |
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|
9914 Negative indices refer to vararg parameters; |
|
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|
9915 -1 is the first vararg parameter. |
|
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|
9916 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no variable with the given index, |
|
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|
9917 and raises an error when called with a level out of range. |
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|
9918 (You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.) |
|
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|
9919 |
|
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|
9920 |
|
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|
9921 <p> |
|
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|
9922 Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parenthesis) |
|
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|
9923 represent internal variables |
|
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|
9924 (loop control variables, temporaries, varargs, and C function locals). |
|
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|
9925 |
|
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|
9926 |
|
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|
9927 <p> |
|
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|
9928 The parameter <code>f</code> may also be a function. |
|
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|
9929 In that case, <code>getlocal</code> returns only the name of function parameters. |
|
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|
9930 |
|
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|
9931 |
|
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|
9932 |
|
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|
9933 |
|
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|
9934 <p> |
|
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|
9935 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (value)</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9936 |
|
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|
9937 |
|
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|
9938 <p> |
|
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|
9939 Returns the metatable of the given <code>value</code> |
|
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|
9940 or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable. |
|
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|
9941 |
|
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|
9942 |
|
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|
9943 |
|
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|
9944 |
|
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|
9945 <p> |
|
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|
9946 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3> |
|
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|
9947 |
|
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|
9948 |
|
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|
9949 <p> |
|
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|
9950 Returns the registry table (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
|
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|
9951 |
|
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|
9952 |
|
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|
9953 |
|
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|
9954 |
|
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|
9955 <p> |
|
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|
9956 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (f, up)</code></a></h3> |
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9957 |
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9958 |
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9959 <p> |
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9960 This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue |
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9961 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. |
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9962 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index. |
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9963 |
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9964 |
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9965 |
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9966 |
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9967 <p> |
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9968 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getuservalue"><code>debug.getuservalue (u)</code></a></h3> |
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9969 |
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9970 |
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9971 <p> |
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9972 Returns the Lua value associated to <code>u</code>. |
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9973 If <code>u</code> is not a userdata, |
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9974 returns <b>nil</b>. |
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9975 |
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9976 |
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9977 |
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9978 |
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9979 <p> |
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9980 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3> |
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9981 |
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9982 |
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9983 <p> |
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9984 Sets the given function as a hook. |
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9985 The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe |
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9986 when the hook will be called. |
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9987 The string mask may have the following characters, |
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9988 with the given meaning: |
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|
9989 |
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9990 <ul> |
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9991 <li><b>'<code>c</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li> |
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9992 <li><b>'<code>r</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li> |
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9993 <li><b>'<code>l</code>': </b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li> |
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9994 </ul><p> |
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9995 With a <code>count</code> different from zero, |
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9996 the hook is called after every <code>count</code> instructions. |
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|
9997 |
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|
9998 |
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9999 <p> |
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10000 When called without arguments, |
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10001 <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook. |
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10002 |
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10003 |
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10004 <p> |
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10005 When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string |
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10006 describing the event that has triggered its call: |
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10007 <code>"call"</code> (or <code>"tail call"</code>), |
|
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10008 <code>"return"</code>, |
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10009 <code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>. |
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10010 For line events, |
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10011 the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. |
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10012 Inside a hook, |
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10013 you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about |
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10014 the running function |
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10015 (level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function, |
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10016 and level 1 is the hook function). |
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10017 |
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10018 |
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10019 |
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10020 |
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10021 <p> |
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10022 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3> |
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10023 |
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10024 |
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10025 <p> |
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10026 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable |
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10027 with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack. |
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10028 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local |
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10029 variable with the given index, |
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10030 and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range. |
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10031 (You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.) |
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10032 Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable. |
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10033 |
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10034 |
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10035 <p> |
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10036 See <a href="#pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal</code></a> for more information about |
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10037 variable indices and names. |
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10038 |
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|
10039 |
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10040 |
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|
10041 |
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10042 <p> |
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10043 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (value, table)</code></a></h3> |
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|
10044 |
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|
10045 |
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10046 <p> |
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10047 Sets the metatable for the given <code>value</code> to the given <code>table</code> |
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10048 (which can be <b>nil</b>). |
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10049 Returns <code>value</code>. |
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10050 |
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10051 |
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10052 |
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|
10053 |
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10054 <p> |
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10055 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (f, up, value)</code></a></h3> |
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10056 |
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|
10057 |
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10058 <p> |
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10059 This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue |
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10060 with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>f</code>. |
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10061 The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue |
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10062 with the given index. |
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10063 Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. |
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10064 |
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10065 |
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10066 |
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10067 |
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10068 <p> |
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10069 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setuservalue"><code>debug.setuservalue (udata, value)</code></a></h3> |
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|
10070 |
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|
10071 |
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10072 <p> |
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10073 Sets the given <code>value</code> as |
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10074 the Lua value associated to the given <code>udata</code>. |
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10075 <code>value</code> must be a table or <b>nil</b>; |
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10076 <code>udata</code> must be a full userdata. |
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10077 |
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|
10078 |
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10079 <p> |
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10080 Returns <code>udata</code>. |
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10081 |
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|
10082 |
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|
10083 |
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|
10084 |
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10085 <p> |
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10086 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])</code></a></h3> |
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|
10087 |
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|
10088 |
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|
10089 <p> |
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10090 If <code>message</code> is present but is neither a string nor <b>nil</b>, |
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10091 this function returns <code>message</code> without further processing. |
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10092 Otherwise, |
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10093 it returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. |
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10094 An optional <code>message</code> string is appended |
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10095 at the beginning of the traceback. |
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10096 An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level |
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10097 to start the traceback |
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10098 (default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>). |
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|
10099 |
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|
10100 |
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|
10101 |
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10102 |
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10103 <p> |
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10104 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvalueid"><code>debug.upvalueid (f, n)</code></a></h3> |
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10105 |
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|
10106 |
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|
10107 <p> |
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10108 Returns an unique identifier (as a light userdata) |
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10109 for the upvalue numbered <code>n</code> |
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10110 from the given function. |
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10111 |
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10112 |
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10113 <p> |
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10114 These unique identifiers allow a program to check whether different |
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10115 closures share upvalues. |
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10116 Lua closures that share an upvalue |
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10117 (that is, that access a same external local variable) |
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10118 will return identical ids for those upvalue indices. |
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10119 |
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|
10120 |
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|
10121 |
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|
10122 |
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10123 <p> |
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10124 <hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.upvaluejoin"><code>debug.upvaluejoin (f1, n1, f2, n2)</code></a></h3> |
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|
10125 |
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|
10126 |
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|
10127 <p> |
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10128 Make the <code>n1</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f1</code> |
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10129 refer to the <code>n2</code>-th upvalue of the Lua closure <code>f2</code>. |
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|
10130 |
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|
10131 |
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changeset
|
10132 |
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changeset
|
10133 |
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10134 |
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10135 |
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10136 |
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10137 <h1>7 – <a name="7">Lua Standalone</a></h1> |
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10138 |
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10139 <p> |
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10140 Although Lua has been designed as an extension language, |
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10141 to be embedded in a host C program, |
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10142 it is also frequently used as a standalone language. |
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10143 An interpreter for Lua as a standalone language, |
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10144 called simply <code>lua</code>, |
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10145 is provided with the standard distribution. |
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10146 The standalone interpreter includes |
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10147 all standard libraries, including the debug library. |
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10148 Its usage is: |
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10149 |
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10150 <pre> |
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10151 lua [options] [script [args]] |
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10152 </pre><p> |
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10153 The options are: |
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10154 |
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10155 <ul> |
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10156 <li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>: </b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li> |
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10157 <li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>: </b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li> |
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10158 <li><b><code>-i</code>: </b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li> |
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10159 <li><b><code>-v</code>: </b> prints version information;</li> |
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10160 <li><b><code>-E</code>: </b> ignores environment variables;</li> |
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10161 <li><b><code>--</code>: </b> stops handling options;</li> |
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10162 <li><b><code>-</code>: </b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li> |
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10163 </ul><p> |
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10164 After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>, |
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10165 passing to it the given <em>args</em> as string arguments. |
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10166 When called without arguments, |
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10167 <code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code> |
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10168 when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal, |
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10169 and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise. |
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10170 |
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10171 |
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10172 <p> |
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10173 When called without option <code>-E</code>, |
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10174 the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT_5_2"><code>LUA_INIT_5_2</code></a> |
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10175 (or <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a> if it is not defined) |
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10176 before running any argument. |
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10177 If the variable content has the format <code>@<em>filename</em></code>, |
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10178 then <code>lua</code> executes the file. |
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10179 Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself. |
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10180 |
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10181 |
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10182 <p> |
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10183 When called with option <code>-E</code>, |
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10184 besides ignoring <code>LUA_INIT</code>, |
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10185 Lua also ignores |
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10186 the values of <code>LUA_PATH</code> and <code>LUA_CPATH</code>, |
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10187 setting the values of |
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10188 <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> |
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10189 with the default paths defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>. |
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10190 |
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10191 |
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10192 <p> |
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10193 All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code> and <code>-E</code>. |
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10194 For instance, an invocation like |
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10195 |
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10196 <pre> |
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10197 $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua |
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10198 </pre><p> |
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10199 will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code>, |
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10200 and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments. |
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10201 (Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.) |
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10202 |
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10203 |
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10204 <p> |
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10205 Before starting to run the script, |
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10206 <code>lua</code> collects all arguments in the command line |
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10207 in a global table called <code>arg</code>. |
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10208 The script name is stored at index 0, |
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10209 the first argument after the script name goes to index 1, |
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10210 and so on. |
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10211 Any arguments before the script name |
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10212 (that is, the interpreter name plus the options) |
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10213 go to negative indices. |
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10214 For instance, in the call |
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10215 |
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10216 <pre> |
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10217 $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2 |
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10218 </pre><p> |
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10219 the interpreter first runs the file <code>a.lua</code>, |
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10220 then creates a table |
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10221 |
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10222 <pre> |
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10223 arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la", |
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10224 [0] = "b.lua", |
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10225 [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" } |
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10226 </pre><p> |
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10227 and finally runs the file <code>b.lua</code>. |
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10228 The script is called with <code>arg[1]</code>, <code>arg[2]</code>, ... |
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10229 as arguments; |
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10230 it can also access these arguments with the vararg expression '<code>...</code>'. |
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10231 |
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10232 |
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10233 <p> |
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10234 In interactive mode, |
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10235 if you write an incomplete statement, |
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10236 the interpreter waits for its completion |
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10237 by issuing a different prompt. |
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10238 |
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10239 |
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10240 <p> |
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10241 In case of unprotected errors in the script, |
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10242 the interpreter reports the error to the standard error stream. |
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10243 If the error object is a string, |
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10244 the interpreter adds a stack traceback to it. |
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10245 Otherwise, if the error object has a metamethod <code>__tostring</code>, |
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10246 the interpreter calls this metamethod to produce the final message. |
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10247 Finally, if the error object is <b>nil</b>, |
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10248 the interpreter does not report the error. |
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10249 |
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10250 |
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10251 <p> |
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10252 When finishing normally, |
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10253 the interpreter closes its main Lua state |
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10254 (see <a href="#lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a>). |
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10255 The script can avoid this step by |
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10256 calling <a href="#pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit</code></a> to terminate. |
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10257 |
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10258 |
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10259 <p> |
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10260 To allow the use of Lua as a |
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10261 script interpreter in Unix systems, |
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10262 the standalone interpreter skips |
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10263 the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>. |
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10264 Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs |
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10265 by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form, |
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10266 as in |
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10267 |
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10268 <pre> |
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10269 #!/usr/local/bin/lua |
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10270 </pre><p> |
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10271 (Of course, |
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10272 the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. |
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10273 If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>, |
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10274 then |
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10275 |
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10276 <pre> |
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10277 #!/usr/bin/env lua |
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10278 </pre><p> |
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10279 is a more portable solution.) |
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10280 |
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10281 |
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10282 |
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10283 <h1>8 – <a name="8">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1> |
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10284 |
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10285 <p> |
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10286 Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program |
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10287 from Lua 5.1 to Lua 5.2. |
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10288 You can avoid some incompatibilities by compiling Lua with |
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10289 appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>). |
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10290 However, |
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10291 all these compatibility options will be removed in the next version of Lua. |
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10292 Similarly, |
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10293 all features marked as deprecated in Lua 5.1 |
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10294 have been removed in Lua 5.2. |
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10295 |
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10296 |
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10297 |
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10298 <h2>8.1 – <a name="8.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2> |
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10299 <ul> |
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10300 |
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10301 <li> |
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10302 The concept of <em>environment</em> changed. |
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10303 Only Lua functions have environments. |
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10304 To set the environment of a Lua function, |
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10305 use the variable <code>_ENV</code> or the function <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>. |
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10306 |
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10307 |
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10308 <p> |
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10309 C functions no longer have environments. |
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10310 Use an upvalue with a shared table if you need to keep |
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10311 shared state among several C functions. |
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10312 (You may use <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> to open a C library |
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10313 with all functions sharing a common upvalue.) |
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10314 |
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10315 |
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10316 <p> |
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10317 To manipulate the "environment" of a userdata |
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10318 (which is now called user value), |
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10319 use the new functions |
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10320 <a href="#lua_getuservalue"><code>lua_getuservalue</code></a> and <a href="#lua_setuservalue"><code>lua_setuservalue</code></a>. |
|
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10321 </li> |
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10322 |
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10323 <li> |
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10324 Lua identifiers cannot use locale-dependent letters. |
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10325 </li> |
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10326 |
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10327 <li> |
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10328 Doing a step or a full collection in the garbage collector |
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10329 does not restart the collector if it has been stopped. |
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10330 </li> |
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10331 |
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10332 <li> |
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10333 Weak tables with weak keys now perform like <em>ephemeron tables</em>. |
|
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10334 </li> |
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10335 |
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10336 <li> |
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10337 The event <em>tail return</em> in debug hooks was removed. |
|
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10338 Instead, tail calls generate a special new event, |
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10339 <em>tail call</em>, so that the debugger can know that |
|
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10340 there will not be a corresponding return event. |
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10341 </li> |
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10342 |
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10343 <li> |
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10344 Equality between function values has changed. |
|
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10345 Now, a function definition may not create a new value; |
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10346 it may reuse some previous value if there is no |
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10347 observable difference to the new function. |
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10348 </li> |
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10349 |
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10350 </ul> |
|
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10351 |
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10352 |
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10353 |
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10354 |
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10355 <h2>8.2 – <a name="8.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2> |
|
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10356 <ul> |
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10357 |
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10358 <li> |
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|
10359 Function <code>module</code> is deprecated. |
|
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|
10360 It is easy to set up a module with regular Lua code. |
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10361 Modules are not expected to set global variables. |
|
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|
10362 </li> |
|
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|
10363 |
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10364 <li> |
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|
10365 Functions <code>setfenv</code> and <code>getfenv</code> were removed, |
|
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|
10366 because of the changes in environments. |
|
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|
10367 </li> |
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|
10368 |
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|
10369 <li> |
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|
10370 Function <code>math.log10</code> is deprecated. |
|
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|
10371 Use <a href="#pdf-math.log"><code>math.log</code></a> with 10 as its second argument, instead. |
|
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|
10372 </li> |
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10373 |
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10374 <li> |
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10375 Function <code>loadstring</code> is deprecated. |
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10376 Use <code>load</code> instead; it now accepts string arguments |
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10377 and are exactly equivalent to <code>loadstring</code>. |
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10378 </li> |
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10379 |
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10380 <li> |
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10381 Function <code>table.maxn</code> is deprecated. |
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10382 Write it in Lua if you really need it. |
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10383 </li> |
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10384 |
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10385 <li> |
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10386 Function <code>os.execute</code> now returns <b>true</b> when command |
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10387 terminates successfully and <b>nil</b> plus error information |
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10388 otherwise. |
|
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10389 </li> |
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10390 |
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10391 <li> |
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10392 Function <code>unpack</code> was moved into the table library |
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10393 and therefore must be called as <a href="#pdf-table.unpack"><code>table.unpack</code></a>. |
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10394 </li> |
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10395 |
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10396 <li> |
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10397 Character class <code>%z</code> in patterns is deprecated, |
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10398 as now patterns may contain '<code>\0</code>' as a regular character. |
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10399 </li> |
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10400 |
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10401 <li> |
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10402 The table <code>package.loaders</code> was renamed <code>package.searchers</code>. |
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10403 </li> |
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10404 |
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10405 <li> |
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10406 Lua does not have bytecode verification anymore. |
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10407 So, all functions that load code |
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10408 (<a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>) |
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10409 are potentially insecure when loading untrusted binary data. |
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10410 (Actually, those functions were already insecure because |
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10411 of flaws in the verification algorithm.) |
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10412 When in doubt, |
|
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10413 use the <code>mode</code> argument of those functions |
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10414 to restrict them to loading textual chunks. |
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10415 </li> |
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10416 |
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10417 <li> |
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10418 The standard paths in the official distribution may |
|
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10419 change between versions. |
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10420 </li> |
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10421 |
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10422 </ul> |
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10423 |
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10424 |
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10425 |
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10426 |
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10427 <h2>8.3 – <a name="8.3">Changes in the API</a></h2> |
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10428 <ul> |
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10429 |
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10430 <li> |
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10431 Pseudoindex <code>LUA_GLOBALSINDEX</code> was removed. |
|
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10432 You must get the global environment from the registry |
|
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10433 (see <a href="#4.5">§4.5</a>). |
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10434 </li> |
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10435 |
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10436 <li> |
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10437 Pseudoindex <code>LUA_ENVIRONINDEX</code> |
|
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10438 and functions <code>lua_getfenv</code>/<code>lua_setfenv</code> |
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10439 were removed, |
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10440 as C functions no longer have environments. |
|
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|
10441 </li> |
|
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10442 |
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10443 <li> |
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10444 Function <code>luaL_register</code> is deprecated. |
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10445 Use <a href="#luaL_setfuncs"><code>luaL_setfuncs</code></a> so that your module does not create globals. |
|
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10446 (Modules are not expected to set global variables anymore.) |
|
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10447 </li> |
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10448 |
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10449 <li> |
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10450 The <code>osize</code> argument to the allocation function |
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|
10451 may not be zero when creating a new block, |
|
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10452 that is, when <code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code> |
|
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10453 (see <a href="#lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a>). |
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10454 Use only the test <code>ptr == NULL</code> to check whether |
|
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10455 the block is new. |
|
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10456 </li> |
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10457 |
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10458 <li> |
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10459 Finalizers (<code>__gc</code> metamethods) for userdata are called in the |
|
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10460 reverse order that they were marked for finalization, |
|
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|
10461 not that they were created (see <a href="#2.5.1">§2.5.1</a>). |
|
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10462 (Most userdata are marked immediately after they are created.) |
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10463 Moreover, |
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10464 if the metatable does not have a <code>__gc</code> field when set, |
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10465 the finalizer will not be called, |
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10466 even if it is set later. |
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10467 </li> |
|
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10468 |
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10469 <li> |
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10470 <code>luaL_typerror</code> was removed. |
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|
10471 Write your own version if you need it. |
|
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10472 </li> |
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10473 |
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10474 <li> |
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10475 Function <code>lua_cpcall</code> is deprecated. |
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10476 You can simply push the function with <a href="#lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a> |
|
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10477 and call it with <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>. |
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10478 </li> |
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10479 |
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10480 <li> |
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10481 Functions <code>lua_equal</code> and <code>lua_lessthan</code> are deprecated. |
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10482 Use the new <a href="#lua_compare"><code>lua_compare</code></a> with appropriate options instead. |
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10483 </li> |
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10484 |
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10485 <li> |
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10486 Function <code>lua_objlen</code> was renamed <a href="#lua_rawlen"><code>lua_rawlen</code></a>. |
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10487 </li> |
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10488 |
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10489 <li> |
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10490 Function <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>mode</code>. |
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10491 Pass <code>NULL</code> to simulate the old behavior. |
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10492 </li> |
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10493 |
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10494 <li> |
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10495 Function <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> has an extra parameter, <code>from</code>. |
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10496 Pass <code>NULL</code> or the thread doing the call. |
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10497 </li> |
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10498 |
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10499 </ul> |
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10500 |
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10501 |
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10502 |
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10503 |
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10504 <h1>9 – <a name="9">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1> |
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10505 |
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10506 <p> |
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10507 Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. |
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10508 (It does not describe operator precedences.) |
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10509 |
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10510 |
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10511 |
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10512 |
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10513 <pre> |
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10514 |
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10515 chunk ::= block |
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10516 |
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10517 block ::= {stat} [retstat] |
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10518 |
|
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10519 stat ::= ‘<b>;</b>’ | |
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10520 varlist ‘<b>=</b>’ explist | |
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10521 functioncall | |
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10522 label | |
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10523 <b>break</b> | |
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10524 <b>goto</b> Name | |
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10525 <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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10526 <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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10527 <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp | |
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10528 <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> | |
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10529 <b>for</b> Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp ‘<b>,</b>’ exp [‘<b>,</b>’ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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10530 <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> | |
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10531 <b>function</b> funcname funcbody | |
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10532 <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody | |
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10533 <b>local</b> namelist [‘<b>=</b>’ explist] |
|
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10534 |
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10535 retstat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] [‘<b>;</b>’] |
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10536 |
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10537 label ::= ‘<b>::</b>’ Name ‘<b>::</b>’ |
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|
10538 |
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10539 funcname ::= Name {‘<b>.</b>’ Name} [‘<b>:</b>’ Name] |
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10540 |
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10541 varlist ::= var {‘<b>,</b>’ var} |
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10542 |
|
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10543 var ::= Name | prefixexp ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ | prefixexp ‘<b>.</b>’ Name |
|
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10544 |
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10545 namelist ::= Name {‘<b>,</b>’ Name} |
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10546 |
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10547 explist ::= exp {‘<b>,</b>’ exp} |
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10548 |
|
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10549 exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Number | String | ‘<b>...</b>’ | functiondef | |
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10550 prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp |
|
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10551 |
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10552 prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | ‘<b>(</b>’ exp ‘<b>)</b>’ |
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10553 |
|
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10554 functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp ‘<b>:</b>’ Name args |
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10555 |
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10556 args ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [explist] ‘<b>)</b>’ | tableconstructor | String |
|
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10557 |
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10558 functiondef ::= <b>function</b> funcbody |
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10559 |
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10560 funcbody ::= ‘<b>(</b>’ [parlist] ‘<b>)</b>’ block <b>end</b> |
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10561 |
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10562 parlist ::= namelist [‘<b>,</b>’ ‘<b>...</b>’] | ‘<b>...</b>’ |
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10563 |
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10564 tableconstructor ::= ‘<b>{</b>’ [fieldlist] ‘<b>}</b>’ |
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10565 |
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10566 fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep] |
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10567 |
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10568 field ::= ‘<b>[</b>’ exp ‘<b>]</b>’ ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | Name ‘<b>=</b>’ exp | exp |
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10569 |
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10570 fieldsep ::= ‘<b>,</b>’ | ‘<b>;</b>’ |
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10571 |
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242
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10572 binop ::= ‘<b>+</b>’ | ‘<b>-</b>’ | ‘<b>*</b>’ | ‘<b>/</b>’ | ‘<b>^</b>’ | ‘<b>%</b>’ | ‘<b>..</b>’ | |
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b5a926c481a5
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10573 ‘<b><</b>’ | ‘<b><=</b>’ | ‘<b>></b>’ | ‘<b>>=</b>’ | ‘<b>==</b>’ | ‘<b>~=</b>’ | |
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10574 <b>and</b> | <b>or</b> |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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10575 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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10576 unop ::= ‘<b>-</b>’ | <b>not</b> | ‘<b>#</b>’ |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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10577 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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10578 </pre> |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
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10579 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
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10580 <p> |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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10581 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10582 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10583 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10584 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10585 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10586 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10587 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
parents:
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10588 <HR> |
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parents:
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10589 <SMALL CLASS="footer"> |
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parents:
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10590 Last update: |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
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|
10591 Thu Mar 21 13:01:53 BRT 2013 |
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10592 </SMALL> |
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10593 <!-- |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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|
10594 Last change: revised for Lua 5.2.2 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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fschmidt@gmail.com <fschmidt@gmail.com@21e917c8-12df-6dd8-5cb6-c86387c605b9>
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10595 --> |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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parents:
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10596 |
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aa7bc9c1df22
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10597 </body></html> |
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10598 |