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author Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
date Fri, 08 Feb 2019 00:45:31 -0700
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11 <div small> 11 <div small>
12 <a href=".">Luan</a> 12 <a href=".">Luan</a>
13 / <a href="docs.html">Documentation</a> 13 / <a href="docs.html">Documentation</a>
14 </div> 14 </div>
15 15
16 <h1>Luan Reference Manual</h1> 16 <h1><a href="manual.html">Luan Reference Manual</a></h1>
17 17
18 <p small> 18 <p small>
19 Original copyright &copy; 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. 19 Original copyright &copy; 2015 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
20 Freely available under the terms of the 20 Freely available under the terms of the
21 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>. 21 <a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html">Lua license</a>.
92 </div> 92 </div>
93 93
94 <hr/> 94 <hr/>
95 95
96 96
97 <h2 heading><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2> 97 <h2 heading><a name="intro" href="#intro">Introduction</a></h2>
98 98
99 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p> 99 <p>Luan is a high level programming language based on <a href="http://www.lua.org">Lua</a>. A great strength of Lua is its simplicity and Luan takes this even further, being even simpler than Lua. The goal is to provide a simple programming language for the casual programmer with as few concepts as possible so that one can quickly learn the language and then easily understand any code written in Luan.</p>
100 100
101 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p> 101 <p>Luan is implemented in Java and is tightly coupled with Java. So it makes a great scripting language for Java programmers.</p>
102 102
103 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p> 103 <p>Unlike Lua which is meant to be embedded, Luan is meant to be a full scripting language. This done not by adding feature to Luan, but rather by providing a complete set of libraries.</p>
104 104
105 105
106 <h2 heading><a name="basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2> 106 <h2 heading><a name="basic" href="#basic">Basic Concepts</a></h2>
107 107
108 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p> 108 <p>This section describes the basic concepts of the language.</p>
109 109
110 <h3 heading><a name="types">Values and Types</a></h3> 110 <h3 heading><a name="types" href="#types">Values and Types</a></h3>
111 111
112 <p> 112 <p>
113 Luan is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>. 113 Luan is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>.
114 This means that 114 This means that
115 variables do not have types; only values do. 115 variables do not have types; only values do.
224 224
225 225
226 226
227 227
228 228
229 <h3 heading><a name="env">Environments</a></h3> 229 <h3 heading><a name="env" href="#env">Environments</a></h3>
230 230
231 <p> 231 <p>
232 The environment of a chunk starts with only two local variables: <code><a href="#require">require</a></code> and <code><a href="#java">java</a></code>. These are functions are used to load and access libraries and other modules. All other variables must be added to the environment using <a href="http://localhost:8080/manual.html#local_stmt">local declarations</a>. 232 The environment of a chunk starts with only two local variables: <code><a href="#require">require</a></code> and <code><a href="#java">java</a></code>. These are functions are used to load and access libraries and other modules. All other variables must be added to the environment using <a href="http://localhost:8080/manual.html#local_stmt">local declarations</a>.
233 233
234 <p> 234 <p>
236 any reference to a free name 236 any reference to a free name
237 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <code>var</code> 237 (that is, a name not bound to any declaration) <code>var</code>
238 can be syntactically translated to <code>_ENV.var</code> if <code>_ENV</code> is defined. 238 can be syntactically translated to <code>_ENV.var</code> if <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
239 239
240 240
241 <h3 heading><a name="error">Error Handling</a></h3> 241 <h3 heading><a name="error" href="#error">Error Handling</a></h3>
242 242
243 <p> 243 <p>
244 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the 244 Luan code can explicitly generate an error by calling the
245 <a href="#Luan.error"><code>error</code></a> function. 245 <a href="#Luan.error"><code>error</code></a> function.
246 If you need to catch errors in Luan, 246 If you need to catch errors in Luan,
254 is propagated with information about the error. 254 is propagated with information about the error.
255 See <a href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error</code></a>. 255 See <a href="#Luan.new_error"><code>Luan.new_error</code></a>.
256 256
257 257
258 258
259 <h3 heading><a name="meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3> 259 <h3 heading><a name="meta" href="#meta">Metatables and Metamethods</a></h3>
260 260
261 <p> 261 <p>
262 Every table in Luan can have a <em>metatable</em>. 262 Every table in Luan can have a <em>metatable</em>.
263 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Luan table 263 This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Luan table
264 that defines the behavior of the original value 264 that defines the behavior of the original value
473 </ul> 473 </ul>
474 474
475 475
476 476
477 477
478 <h3 heading><a name="gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3> 478 <h3 heading><a name="gc" href="#gc">Garbage Collection</a></h3>
479 479
480 <p> 480 <p>
481 Luan uses Java's garbage collection. 481 Luan uses Java's garbage collection.
482 482
483 483
484 484
485 485
486 486
487 <h2 heading><a name="lang">The Language</a></h2> 487 <h2 heading><a name="lang" href="#lang">The Language</a></h2>
488 488
489 <p> 489 <p>
490 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan. 490 This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Luan.
491 In other words, 491 In other words,
492 this section describes 492 this section describes
506 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">&sect;9</a> 506 The complete syntax of Luan can be found in <a href="#9">&sect;9</a>
507 at the end of this manual. 507 at the end of this manual.
508 508
509 509
510 510
511 <h3 heading><a name="lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3> 511 <h3 heading><a name="lex" href="#lex">Lexical Conventions</a></h3>
512 512
513 <p> 513 <p>
514 Luan ignores spaces and comments 514 Luan ignores spaces and comments
515 between lexical elements (tokens), 515 between lexical elements (tokens),
516 except as delimiters between names and keywords. 516 except as delimiters between names and keywords.
684 684
685 685
686 686
687 687
688 688
689 <h3 heading><a name="vars">Variables</a></h3> 689 <h3 heading><a name="vars" href="#vars">Variables</a></h3>
690 690
691 <p> 691 <p>
692 Variables are places that store values. 692 Variables are places that store values.
693 There are three kinds of variables in Luan: 693 There are three kinds of variables in Luan:
694 global variables, local variables, and table fields. 694 global variables, local variables, and table fields.
747 747
748 748
749 749
750 750
751 751
752 <h3 heading><a name="stmts">Statements</a></h3> 752 <h3 heading><a name="stmts" href="#stmts">Statements</a></h3>
753 753
754 <p> 754 <p>
755 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements, 755 Luan supports an almost conventional set of statements,
756 similar to those in Pascal or C. 756 similar to those in Pascal or C.
757 This set includes 757 This set includes
758 assignments, control structures, function calls, 758 assignments, control structures, function calls,
759 and variable declarations. 759 and variable declarations.
760 760
761 761
762 762
763 <h4 heading><a name="blocks">Blocks</a></h4> 763 <h4 heading><a name="blocks" href="#blocks">Blocks</a></h4>
764 764
765 <p> 765 <p>
766 A block is a list of statements, 766 A block is a list of statements,
767 which are executed sequentially: 767 which are executed sequentially:
768 768
797 797
798 798
799 799
800 800
801 801
802 <h4 heading><a name="chunks">Chunks</a></h4> 802 <h4 heading><a name="chunks" href="#chunks">Chunks</a></h4>
803 803
804 <p> 804 <p>
805 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <em>chunk</em>. 805 The unit of compilation of Luan is called a <em>chunk</em>.
806 Syntactically, 806 Syntactically,
807 a chunk is simply a block: 807 a chunk is simply a block:
827 827
828 828
829 829
830 830
831 831
832 <h4 heading><a name="assignment">Assignment</a></h4> 832 <h4 heading><a name="assignment" href="#assignment">Assignment</a></h4>
833 833
834 <p> 834 <p>
835 Luan allows multiple assignments. 835 Luan allows multiple assignments.
836 Therefore, the syntax for assignment 836 Therefore, the syntax for assignment
837 defines a list of variables on the left side 837 defines a list of variables on the left side
911 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>). 911 <code>_ENV.x = val</code> (see <a href="#env">Environments</a>).
912 Global names are only available when <code>_ENV</code> is defined. 912 Global names are only available when <code>_ENV</code> is defined.
913 913
914 914
915 915
916 <h4 heading><a name="control">Control Structures</a></h4> 916 <h4 heading><a name="control" href="#control">Control Structures</a></h4>
917 917
918 <p> 918 <p>
919 The control structures 919 The control structures
920 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and 920 <b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and
921 familiar syntax: 921 familiar syntax:
974 </pre> 974 </pre>
975 975
976 976
977 977
978 978
979 <h4 heading><a name="for">For Statement</a></h4> 979 <h4 heading><a name="for" href="#for">For Statement</a></h4>
980 980
981 <p> 981 <p>
982 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions, 982 The <b>for</b> statement works over functions,
983 called <em>iterators</em>. 983 called <em>iterators</em>.
984 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value, 984 On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value,
1041 </ul> 1041 </ul>
1042 1042
1043 1043
1044 1044
1045 1045
1046 <h4 heading><a name="fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4> 1046 <h4 heading><a name="fn_stmt" href="#fn_stmt">Function Calls as Statements</a></h4>
1047 1047
1048 <p> 1048 <p>
1049 To allow possible side-effects, 1049 To allow possible side-effects,
1050 function calls can be executed as statements: 1050 function calls can be executed as statements:
1051 1051
1057 In this case, all returned values are thrown away. 1057 In this case, all returned values are thrown away.
1058 Function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>. 1058 Function calls are explained in <a href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a>.
1059 1059
1060 1060
1061 1061
1062 <h4 heading><a name="local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4> 1062 <h4 heading><a name="local_stmt" href="#local_stmt">Local Declarations</a></h4>
1063 1063
1064 <p> 1064 <p>
1065 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block. 1065 Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
1066 The declaration can include an initial assignment: 1066 The declaration can include an initial assignment:
1067 1067
1082 1082
1083 <p> 1083 <p>
1084 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>. 1084 The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a>.
1085 1085
1086 1086
1087 <h4 heading><a name="template_stmt">Template Statements</a></h4> 1087 <h4 heading><a name="template_stmt" href="#template_stmt">Template Statements</a></h4>
1088 1088
1089 <p>Template statements are based on <a href="#template_expr">template exressions</a> and provide the full equivalent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a> but in a general way. Template statements write the equivalent template exression to standard output. For example:</p> 1089 <p>Template statements are based on <a href="#template_expr">template exressions</a> and provide the full equivalent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a> but in a general way. Template statements write the equivalent template exression to standard output. For example:</p>
1090 1090
1091 <pre> 1091 <pre>
1092 local name = "Bob" 1092 local name = "Bob"
1106 <% ) 1106 <% )
1107 </pre> 1107 </pre>
1108 1108
1109 1109
1110 1110
1111 <h3 heading><a name="expressions">Expressions</a></h3> 1111 <h3 heading><a name="expressions" href="#expressions">Expressions</a></h3>
1112 1112
1113 <p> 1113 <p>
1114 The basic expressions in Luan are the following: 1114 The basic expressions in Luan are the following:
1115 1115
1116 <pre> 1116 <pre>
1192 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code> 1192 (The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code>
1193 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.) 1193 or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.)
1194 1194
1195 1195
1196 1196
1197 <h4 heading><a name="arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4> 1197 <h4 heading><a name="arithmetic" href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></h4>
1198 1198
1199 <p> 1199 <p>
1200 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators: 1200 Luan supports the following arithmetic operators:
1201 1201
1202 <ul> 1202 <ul>
1217 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division). 1217 that rounds the quotient towards minus infinite (floor division).
1218 (The Java modulo operator is not used.) 1218 (The Java modulo operator is not used.)
1219 1219
1220 1220
1221 1221
1222 <h4 heading><a name="conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4> 1222 <h4 heading><a name="conversions" href="#conversions">Coercions and Conversions</a></h4>
1223 1223
1224 <p> 1224 <p>
1225 Luan generally avoids automatic conversions. 1225 Luan generally avoids automatic conversions.
1226 String concatenation automatically converts all of its arguments to strings. 1226 String concatenation automatically converts all of its arguments to strings.
1227 1227
1229 Luan provides library functions for explicit type conversions. 1229 Luan provides library functions for explicit type conversions.
1230 1230
1231 1231
1232 1232
1233 1233
1234 <h4 heading><a name="relational">Relational Operators</a></h4> 1234 <h4 heading><a name="relational" href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></h4>
1235 1235
1236 <p> 1236 <p>
1237 Luan supports the following relational operators: 1237 Luan supports the following relational operators:
1238 1238
1239 <ul> 1239 <ul>
1295 1295
1296 1296
1297 1297
1298 1298
1299 1299
1300 <h4 heading><a name="logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4> 1300 <h4 heading><a name="logical_ops" href="#logical_ops">Logical Operators</a></h4>
1301 1301
1302 <p> 1302 <p>
1303 The logical operators in Luan are 1303 The logical operators in Luan are
1304 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>. 1304 <b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>.
1305 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false 1305 The <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false
1335 (In this manual, 1335 (In this manual,
1336 <code>--&gt;</code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.) 1336 <code>--&gt;</code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.)
1337 1337
1338 1338
1339 1339
1340 <h4 heading><a name="concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4> 1340 <h4 heading><a name="concatenation" href="#concatenation">Concatenation</a></h4>
1341 1341
1342 <p> 1342 <p>
1343 The string concatenation operator in Luan is 1343 The string concatenation operator in Luan is
1344 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>'). 1344 denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>').
1345 All operands are converted to strings. 1345 All operands are converted to strings.
1346 1346
1347 1347
1348 1348
1349 <h4 heading><a name="length">The Length Operator</a></h4> 1349 <h4 heading><a name="length" href="#length">The Length Operator</a></h4>
1350 1350
1351 <p> 1351 <p>
1352 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>. 1352 The length operator is denoted by the unary prefix operator <code>#</code>.
1353 The length of a string is its number of characters. 1353 The length of a string is its number of characters.
1354 The length of a binary is its number of bytes. 1354 The length of a binary is its number of bytes.
1378 1378
1379 1379
1380 1380
1381 1381
1382 1382
1383 <h4 heading><a name="precedence">Precedence</a></h4> 1383 <h4 heading><a name="precedence" href="#precedence">Precedence</a></h4>
1384 1384
1385 <p> 1385 <p>
1386 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below, 1386 Operator precedence in Luan follows the table below,
1387 from lower to higher priority: 1387 from lower to higher priority:
1388 1388
1406 1406
1407 1407
1408 1408
1409 1409
1410 1410
1411 <h4 heading><a name="constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4> 1411 <h4 heading><a name="constructors" href="#constructors">Table Constructors</a></h4>
1412 1412
1413 <p> 1413 <p>
1414 Table constructors are expressions that create tables. 1414 Table constructors are expressions that create tables.
1415 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created. 1415 Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created.
1416 A constructor can be used to create an empty table 1416 A constructor can be used to create an empty table
1474 1474
1475 1475
1476 1476
1477 1477
1478 1478
1479 <h4 heading><a name="fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4> 1479 <h4 heading><a name="fn_calls" href="#fn_calls">Function Calls</a></h4>
1480 1480
1481 <p> 1481 <p>
1482 A function call in Luan has the following syntax: 1482 A function call in Luan has the following syntax:
1483 1483
1484 <pre> 1484 <pre>
1513 that is, the argument list is a single literal string. 1513 that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
1514 1514
1515 1515
1516 1516
1517 1517
1518 <h4 heading><a name="fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4> 1518 <h4 heading><a name="fn_def" href="#fn_def">Function Definitions</a></h4>
1519 1519
1520 <p> 1520 <p>
1521 The syntax for function definition is 1521 The syntax for function definition is
1522 1522
1523 <pre> 1523 <pre>
1662 If control reaches the end of a function 1662 If control reaches the end of a function
1663 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement, 1663 without encountering a <b>return</b> statement,
1664 then the function returns with no results. 1664 then the function returns with no results.
1665 1665
1666 1666
1667 <h4 heading><a name="template_expr">Template Expressions</a></h4> 1667 <h4 heading><a name="template_expr" href="#template_expr">Template Expressions</a></h4>
1668 1668
1669 <p>Luan template expression are based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a>. Template expressions return multiple values. Here is an example:</p> 1669 <p>Luan template expression are based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaServer_Pages">JSP</a>. Template expressions return multiple values. Here is an example:</p>
1670 1670
1671 <pre> 1671 <pre>
1672 local name = "Bob" 1672 local name = "Bob"
1682 1682
1683 <p>The strings in template expressions may be multiple lines.</p> 1683 <p>The strings in template expressions may be multiple lines.</p>
1684 1684
1685 1685
1686 1686
1687 <h3 heading><a name="visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3> 1687 <h3 heading><a name="visibility" href="#visibility">Visibility Rules</a></h3>
1688 1688
1689 <p> 1689 <p>
1690 Luan is a lexically scoped language. 1690 Luan is a lexically scoped language.
1691 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after 1691 The scope of a local variable begins at the first statement after
1692 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement 1692 its declaration and lasts until the last non-void statement
1745 1745
1746 1746
1747 1747
1748 1748
1749 1749
1750 <h2 heading><a name="libs">Standard Libraries</a></h2> 1750 <h2 heading><a name="libs" href="#libs">Standard Libraries</a></h2>
1751 1751
1752 <p> 1752 <p>
1753 The standard Luan libraries provide useful functions 1753 The standard Luan libraries provide useful functions
1754 that are implemented both in Java and in Luan itself. 1754 that are implemented both in Java and in Luan itself.
1755 How each function is implemented shouldn't matter to the user. 1755 How each function is implemented shouldn't matter to the user.
1756 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language 1756 Some of these functions provide essential services to the language
1757 (e.g., <a href="#Luan.type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a>); 1757 (e.g., <a href="#Luan.type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#Luan.get_metatable"><code>get_metatable</code></a>);
1758 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O). 1758 others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O).
1759 1759
1760 1760
1761 <h3 heading><a name="default_lib">Default Environment</a></h3> 1761 <h3 heading><a name="default_lib" href="#default_lib">Default Environment</a></h3>
1762 1762
1763 <p> 1763 <p>
1764 These are provided by default as local variables for any Luan code as described in <a href="#env">Environments</a>. 1764 These are provided by default as local variables for any Luan code as described in <a href="#env">Environments</a>.
1765 1765
1766 1766
1767 <h4 heading><a name="require"><code>java ()</code></a></h4> 1767 <h4 heading><a name="java" href="#java"><code>java ()</code></a></h4>
1768 1768
1769 <p> 1769 <p>
1770 This function enables Java in the current chunk if that chunk has permission to use Java. If the chunk doesn't have permission to use Java, then an error is thrown. 1770 This function enables Java in the current chunk if that chunk has permission to use Java. If the chunk doesn't have permission to use Java, then an error is thrown.
1771 1771
1772 1772
1773 <h4 heading><a name="require"><code>require (mod_uri)</code></a></h4> 1773 <h4 heading><a name="require" href="#require"><code>require (mod_uri)</code></a></h4>
1774 1774
1775 <p> 1775 <p>
1776 Example use: 1776 Example use:
1777 1777
1778 <pre> 1778 <pre>
1787 return <a href="#Package.load">Package.load</a>(mod_name) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("module '"..mod_name.."' not found") 1787 return <a href="#Package.load">Package.load</a>(mod_name) or <a href="#Luan.error">Luan.error</a>("module '"..mod_name.."' not found")
1788 end 1788 end
1789 </pre> 1789 </pre>
1790 1790
1791 1791
1792 <h3 heading><a name="luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></h3> 1792 <h3 heading><a name="luan_lib" href="#luan_lib">Basic Functions</a></h3>
1793 1793
1794 <p> 1794 <p>
1795 Include this library by: 1795 Include this library by:
1796 1796
1797 <pre> 1797 <pre>
2182 2182
2183 2183
2184 2184
2185 2185
2186 2186
2187 <h3 heading><a name="package_lib">Modules</a></h3> 2187 <h3 heading><a name="package_lib" href="#package_lib">Modules</a></h3>
2188 2188
2189 <p> 2189 <p>
2190 Include this library by: 2190 Include this library by:
2191 2191
2192 <pre> 2192 <pre>
2239 2239
2240 2240
2241 2241
2242 2242
2243 2243
2244 <h3 heading><a name="string_lib">String Manipulation</a></h3> 2244 <h3 heading><a name="string_lib" href="#string_lib">String Manipulation</a></h3>
2245 2245
2246 <p> 2246 <p>
2247 Include this library by: 2247 Include this library by:
2248 2248
2249 <pre> 2249 <pre>
2591 2591
2592 2592
2593 2593
2594 2594
2595 2595
2596 <h3 heading><a name="binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></h3> 2596 <h3 heading><a name="binary_lib" href="#binary_lib">Binary Manipulation</a></h3>
2597 2597
2598 <p> 2598 <p>
2599 Include this library by: 2599 Include this library by:
2600 2600
2601 <pre> 2601 <pre>
2628 If <code>charset</code> is not nil then converts the binary <code>b</code> to a string using the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String(byte[],%20java.lang.String)">String constructor</a>, else makes each byte a char. 2628 If <code>charset</code> is not nil then converts the binary <code>b</code> to a string using the Java <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String(byte[],%20java.lang.String)">String constructor</a>, else makes each byte a char.
2629 2629
2630 2630
2631 2631
2632 2632
2633 <h3 heading><a name="table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></h3> 2633 <h3 heading><a name="table_lib" href="#table_lib">Table Manipulation</a></h3>
2634 2634
2635 <p> 2635 <p>
2636 Include this library by: 2636 Include this library by:
2637 2637
2638 <pre> 2638 <pre>
2748 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>list.n or #list</code>. 2748 By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is <code>list.n or #list</code>.
2749 2749
2750 2750
2751 2751
2752 2752
2753 <h3 heading><a name="number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></h3> 2753 <h3 heading><a name="number_lib" href="#number_lib">Number Manipulation</a></h3>
2754 2754
2755 <p> 2755 <p>
2756 Include this library by: 2756 Include this library by:
2757 2757
2758 <pre> 2758 <pre>
2789 Returns a string for the numeric type of <code>x</code>. Possible return values include "<code>integer</code>", "<code>long</code>", "<code>double</code>", and "<code>float</code>". 2789 Returns a string for the numeric type of <code>x</code>. Possible return values include "<code>integer</code>", "<code>long</code>", "<code>double</code>", and "<code>float</code>".
2790 2790
2791 2791
2792 2792
2793 2793
2794 <h3 heading><a name="math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></h3> 2794 <h3 heading><a name="math_lib" href="#math_lib">Mathematical Functions</a></h3>
2795 2795
2796 <p> 2796 <p>
2797 Include this library by: 2797 Include this library by:
2798 2798
2799 <pre> 2799 <pre>