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<P ALIGN="CENTER"><STRONG><A NAME="Comparison Between Chess And Go">Comparison Between Chess And Go</A></STRONG></P>

<P ALIGN="CENTER"><STRONG>&copy; 2008 Milton N. Bradley</STRONG></P>

<P>Although manifestly quite different, Chess and Go are unquestionably the two finest strategic board games in all of human history. Some prefer one, some the
other, and there are a small fortunate number who enjoy and excel at both. So why compare these two exemplars in a manner designed to demonstrate that one
is superior to the other? The answer to that important question is at least partially provided by the lead editorial in The New York Times of May 10, 1997
entitled "Mind Over Matter", which commented on the then ongoing Chess match between IBM's Deep Blue Computer Program and World Chess Champion
Gary Kasparov, in part as follows:</P>

<P>"No one much cared when computers mastered backgammon and checkers or clobbered lesser Grandmasters in chess. But now that we have sent the greatest
chess champion in human history into battle, the prospect of defeat seems unnerving. Still, before mere mortals sink too deeply into despair, it is important to
recognize several comforting alibis that may apply here.</P>

<P>Deep Blue is not thinking the way humans do. It is using its immense number-crunching power to explore millions of moves per second, and applying a set of
rules provided by its human masters to pick the strongest. <STRONG>This gives it tremendous powers to play chess, a narrow, circumscribed pursuit that is red
meat for high-speed computation but hardly the supreme measure of intelligence its practitioners like to pretend.</STRONG>"</P>

<P>Deep Blue won its match with human World Chess Champion Kasparov by causing his resignation in Game 6 after only 19 moves, after what had been an
even contest to that point. The following is a typical reaction to this event as posted on the web newsgroup rec.games.chess.misc: "Deep Blue won that final
game not because of any superiority it had over Kasparov, but because of bizarre opening play by Kasparov.". To my mind that's a sure indication that
Kasparov "cracked" psychologically, but whether or not that alone is sufficient to justify characterizing his defeat as "decisive" I leave to the reader's judgment.</P>

<P>The key thing that's almost certain is that with the inevitable improvements that might have been readily added to its hardware and software in subsequent
months had IBM chosen to continue its development, Deep Blue would likely have become indisputably superior. But having satisfied whatever corporate
objectives they had, once having achieved that narrow victory IBM "pulled the plug" and disassembled Deep Blue, presumably forever.</P>

<P>Now it appears that those improvements have come to pass, as explained in the Chess column of The New York Times on Sunday Feb 17, 2008, when Grandmaster Joel Benjamin wrote:
“If a computer played perfectly, could any human hope to achieve a draw? Chess engines are still far from perfection, but their advances have been staggering.
Deep Blue made history in 1997 by defeating Gary Kasparov in a six-game match. A decade later, no human would dare take on a chess program at even strength. The premier chess engine, Rybka, is estimated at (Elo) 3100, or 300 points higher than any player.
Rybka is exploring this dominant relationship with handicap matches against grandmasters. After narrowly losing a match at pawn handicap (the rough equivalent of 2 stones in Go? MB) I agreed to participate in an experiment.  Every draw would count as a win for me. After we split 4 games, Rybka streaked to a 6-2 rout.
Rybka played Black in all 8 games. Larry Kaufman, co-programmer of Rybka, opined that no human has a chance without first move. Playing White greatly increases the chances for a grandmaster to draw with Rybka....”

<P>In sharp contrast, the best computer Go programs are still mired at just beyond an advanced beginner's level, despite the presence for over 15 years of a $1
million prize for a program which can defeat a master Go professional, offered by the Ing Chang-Ki Goe (his unique spelling!) Educational Foundation of
Taiwan. But no claimants for this impressive prize are even visible on the far horizon after all these years! The many reasons for this disparity are set out in the
comparison below, but the most obvious concerns the many orders of magnitude vastly greater size of the "move trees" in Go, which render the massive
number-crunching power of Deep Blue and even its potentially vastly more powerful descendants totally impotent in the critical opening and middle phases of
the game.</P>

<P>At least equally important is the fact that, unlike Go, Chess essentially lacks a deep strategic component! To those who may question this assertion,
substantiation is provided by the following famous quote: </P>

<P>"Chess is 99% tactics." -- Richard Teichmann, (1868-1925), a German Grandmaster who for many years lived in England, and one of the strongest attacking
players of all time. </P>

<P>Al Lawrence, former Executive Director of the US Chess Federation said of this quote: "Everyone has always agreed on this point--even before Teichmann,
who happened to come up with a snappy way to say it." </P>

<P>This was validated by Grandmaster Reuben Fine in his book "Chess Marches On", published by Chess Review, 1945, in which he said on page 97:</P>

<P>"Thirty years ago Teichmann said that chess is 99% tactics. And despite the enormous strides of chess theory since then, his percentage can only be reduced
(by) a few points. Many amateurs think that master games are usually decided by some deeply-laid plan covering all possibilities for at least ten moves.. That is
what they conceive the grand strategy of tournaments to be. Actually, however, strategical considerations, while quite important, do not cover a range or depth
at all comparable to the popular notion. Very often, in fact, sound strategy can dispense with seeing ahead at all, except in a negative or trivial sense. And it is
still true that most games, even between the greatest of the great, are decided by tactics or combinations which have little or nothing to do with the fundamental
structure of the game."</P>

<P>Then there is this excerpt from the internet review "NEW CHESSBASE CDs", by Steve Lopez, who said:</P>

<P>"It's a hoary old clich&eacute; that's been kicked around for three-quarters of a century. But do you know why it's quoted so often? Because Teichmann was right! If
Philidor was right in saying that the pawn is the soul of chess, Teichmann was correct in implying that tactics is the heart of the game."</P>

<P>Some of my master level chess-playing friends have complained that by making this comparison and demonstrating the objective superiority of Go I am
denigrating Chess, but this is a misperception. For example, if we compare precious metals and conclude that gold is more valuable than silver, are we
denigrating silver? Or just acknowledging objective reality? It's clear that silver has many vital uses as coinage, an electrical conductor, and in jewelry, so it is
of importance in industry, commerce and quality of life areas. Under these circumstances our objective appraisal of its position as less valuable than gold
should offend no unbiased observer. And the same should hold true for Chess compared with Go, but regrettably it almost invariably does not. Chess is
interesting in its own right and has many assets, but when all of its attributes are stacked up against those of Go it necessarily ranks second best! The problem is
that most chessplayers refuse to even contemplate that this could be true!</P>

<P>What most chessplayers share in this regard is that they are so convinced of the superiority of their game that, almost invariably with at best meager knowledge
of Go gained almost entirely by hearsay, they dismiss the entire idea without even exhibiting a willingness to find out for themselves. This is the very problem
that Chessmaster Edward Lasker and then World Chess Champion Emanuel Lasker encountered in 1905 in Germany, and which is described in the prior
section of this web page entitled "How Go Came To America". Maintaining this close-minded posture is any chessplayer's absolute right, of course, but its sad
consequence is that it unnecessarily cuts them off from one of life's greatest purely intellectual challenges and pleasures. Perhaps an even worse loss as a result
of their narrow perspective, those chessplayers of my acquaintance who <U>have</U> put forth the effort to study Go report that it has improved their chess, so this is
yet another detriment that those who display this "head-in-the-sand" attitude sustain. Hopefully those of you who are reading this do not wear those same
blinders, and are willing to investigate Go further and then judge for yourselves!</P>

<P>Finally, there is this perhaps most cogent comment on the comparison between Chess and Go that appeared in an article in The New York Times Metro Section
of Thursday February 6, 2003 entitled "Queen, Captured by Mouse", which focused on the then ongoing tied match between Gary Kasparov and the Israeli
Chess software program "Deep Junior". That article featured the cogent quote by Dr. Hans Berliner that appears below, whose relevance can only be fully appreciated if you understand
Berliner's background and outstanding credentials in the field. These were spelled out in NY Times Bridge columnist Phillip Alder's column on Saturday, Nov 4, 2006 as follows:

"Hans Berliner, who was well known in chess circles, used to be a top bridge player, but retired from that game some 50 years ago.
Berliner won the 1956 Eastern States open Chess Championship ahead of Bobby Fischer. But he gave up tournament chess to become the world's leading correspondence player,
winning that world championship, and building a chess-playing computer.

During the early stages of writing the chess program, Berliner realized that not enough was known about positional evaluation. So he turned to Backgammon. The result was BKG 9.8,
 the first computer program to beat a World Champion in any game when it won a backgammon match against Luigi Villa in June 1979. This research led, in 1984, to a chess program called HiTech.

Berliner went on to become a Professor of Computer science at Carnegie Mellon University, from which he retired in 1998 at 69."

Because Berliner's work on chess led to the development of IBM's Deep Blue and its descendants, it had great impact and relevance when he said:

"You don't have to be really good anymore to get good results. Chess is winding down.....What's happening with Chess is that it's gradually losing its place as
the par excellence of intellectual activity". And he concluded: "Smart people in search of a challenging board game might try a game called Go..."</P>

<P>Need I really say more? </P>

<TABLE BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="3">
<TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><STRONG> Comparison Between Chess And Go</STRONG></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP">
<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> CRITERION</TD>
<TD> CHESS</TD>
<TD> GO

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> When Invented</TD>
<TD> Reputedly About 455 A.D., Probably Much
Earlier.</TD>
<TD> About 2000 B.C.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Where Invented</TD>
<TD> Reputedly India, Probably China</TD>
<TD> China

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Suitable For Players</TD>
<TD> 3 years and older</TD>
<TD> 3 years and older

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Number of Players</TD>
<TD> 2, White and Black</TD>
<TD> 2, Black and White

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Color Selection</TD>
<TD> Chosen by Lot</TD>
<TD> The weaker player always takes Black. Equal
players alternate colors in successive games.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> First Play (= The Initiative)</TD>
<TD> Always White</TD>
<TD> Always Black, except that in handicap games
Black's handicap stones count as his first move so
that White actually makes the first "free" play.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Rules of Play</TD>
<TD> Complex: Different piece moves, many special
rules (e.g. en passant capture, castling, etc.)</TD>
<TD> Elegant: Only 2 simple rules govern all play.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Scope/Board Size</TD>
<TD> Restricted: Only 8 x 8 = 64 squares.</TD>
<TD> Immense: 19 x 19 = 361 intersections.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Object Of The Game</TD>
<TD> Checkmate Opposing King = Total Victory</TD>
<TD> Obtain Larger Territory = Greater "market share"

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Brain Functions Used In Playing (1)</TD>
<TD> Almost Entirely Analytical (left brain).</TD>
<TD> Fully utilizes/integrates analytic (left brain) and
artistic/pattern recognition (right brain) functions.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Number/kind of Playing Pieces</TD>
<TD> 1 King, 1 Queen, 2 ea. Rooks, Knights, &amp; Bishops
+ 8 Pawns/side.</TD>
<TD> An unlimited supply of uniform double-convex
lens shaped pieces (called stones) per side.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Moves Of The Pieces</TD>
<TD> Each type of piece has its own unique move.</TD>
<TD> None. Stones are simply entered on the board
one-per-turn on any empty intersection according
to the rules of Go, and then are never moved
thereafter unless captured (when they are removed
from the board).

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Starting Lineup.</TD>
<TD> Fixed by custom.</TD>
<TD> None. The board begins empty and the players
enter their stones anywhere that they wish to
uniquely structure the board in every game.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Captures</TD>
<TD> Made one-at-a-time, by moving the capturing
piece into the square occupied by the piece being
captured.</TD>
<TD> Captured singly or en masse, by surrounding the
captive(s) so that they are not connected to any
adjacent open intersection.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Fate Of Captives.</TD>
<TD> Removed from the board (and further play).</TD>
<TD> Removed from the board and held as prisoners,
which are subtracted from the opponent's score at
game's end. Each prisoner is worth one point.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Number of possible First Moves.</TD>
<TD> 20 White x 20 Black = 400.</TD>
<TD> 361 Black x 360 White = 129960, although
symmetry reduces this number to an effective
32,490.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Number of STRONG First Moves</TD>
<TD> 8 White x 8 Black = 64</TD>
<TD> 32 Black x 31 White = 992

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Value Of First Move</TD>
<TD> Not precisely evaluated, but often considered
sufficient to force a draw and close to enough to
confer a winning advantage.</TD>
<TD> Most often evaluated at 6 1/2 points (called
Komi), which are added to White's final score to
compensate for playing second. The extra 1/2 point
prevents draws.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Estimated Number of Possible Board
Configurations</TD>
<TD> 10 <SUP>120</SUP></TD>
<TD> OMNI Magazine in June, 1991 proposed 10 <SUP>761</SUP>,
but most believe that the correct figure is really on
the order of 10 <SUP>174.</SUP>

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Opening "Book"</TD>
<TD> Structures the entire board. Any given "book" line
is always feasible.</TD>
<TD> Structures only a single corner. Integration of the
4 corners with the sides and center is governed by
general strategic principles and tactical constraints.
The feasibility of any given corner sequence
depends upon what has already happened as well
as the player's strategic plan for the remainder of
the game.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Handicap System</TD>
<TD> No formal system. Giving handicaps of one or
more pieces or pawns imprecisely compensates for
differences in playing strength, and distorts both
tactics and strategy.</TD>
<TD> Handicaps consist of allowing Black to place an
appropriate number of stones on the board before
White's first move. This natural and very precise
compensation for playing strength differences is
completely consistent with normal play.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Military Analogy</TD>
<TD> A single battle.</TD>
<TD> An entire multi-front war.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Nature of Play</TD>
<TD> Primarily tactical, with only a modest strategic
component.</TD>
<TD> Profoundly strategic, but with incisive, complex,
integral tactics.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Nature Of The Opening</TD>
<TD> Primarily a struggle for development, center
control, and maneuvering space, with subsidiary
objectives of pawn structure, king safety, and
material.</TD>
<TD> Each side establishes a series of delicate
balances/tradeoffs between the conflicting yet
complementary objectives of territorial acquisition,
"influence", making "shape", maintaining center
access, and attack and defense.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Nature Of The Middle Game</TD>
<TD> Mainly tactical piece maneuvering to attempt to
attain a winning material advantage or to mount a
successful mating attack, often involving real
and/or pseudo sacrifices, but also with strategic
elements involving piece mobility, center control
and pawn structure.</TD>
<TD> Features deep strategic planning implemented via
incisive tactics involving feints, diversions,
invasions, pincer and multi-purpose attacks,, often
involving both real and pseudo sacrifices.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> The Nature Of The Endgame</TD>
<TD> Piece and pawn maneuvers to force and/or
consolidate a winning material advantage, promote
a pawn, or force mate. "Endgame" moves always
occur at the physical end of the game.</TD>
<TD> Final consolidation of territorial borders between
safe opposing armies. Although these sequences
typically involve only a few points each,
maintenance of the initiative throughout a
sequence of such plays can readily result in the
gain of enough points to decide the game. Because
of the immense board size, local "endgame"
sequences frequently occur at almost every stage
of the game.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> How Victory Is Decided. (2)</TD>
<TD> Checkmate, resignation, or time. Draws are
possible by agreement, stalemate, repetition of
position, or perpetual check.</TD>
<TD> Higher final score, resignation, or time. No draws
are possible because repetition of any full board
position is prohibited, and because of the extra half
point given to White as part of his compensation
for Black's first move advantage.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Business/Strategic Planning Analogy</TD>
<TD> Emphasis on short term profits. Minimal attention
to automation, Quality Control, and investment in
capital equipment/plant modernization.</TD>
<TD> Emphasis on long term planning, including
automation, Quality control, and investment in
capital equipment/plant modernization.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Countries Using This Kind Of Thinking In Their
Business/Political Decision Making.</TD>
<TD> US, Western Democracies, Russia, and Eastern
European Nations.</TD>
<TD> Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong,
Singapore.

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Strength Of computer Programs</TD>
<TD> Grandmaster Level</TD>
<TD> Intermediate (5-8 Kyu) level

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2"></TD></TR>
<TR><TD> Reasons For Computer Program Performance</TD>
<TD> Restricted scope makes application of "standard"
techniques such as heuristic search, etc. feasible
even on microcomputers.</TD>
<TD> Immense scale makes the application of
"standard" techniques infeasible even on
supercomputers. Requires a real breakthrough in
Artificial Intelligence which has not yet been
achieved.
</TD></TR></TABLE>

<BR WP="BR1"><BR WP="BR2">

<P><STRONG>Notes</STRONG></P>

<P>(1) It has been my experience that most chessplayers strongly dispute the contention that chess is primarily a left brain function while Go integrates both left and
right brain, and absent any research studies specifically designed to explore this issue it was formerly impossible to definitively resolve it. But now at last one
such a study has been performed, with conclusions that substantiate the contention, as follows:</P>

<P><STRONG>Cognitive Brain Research 1 (2002) </STRONG></P>

<P><STRONG>Research report </STRONG></P>

<P><STRONG>A functional MRI study of high-level cognition </STRONG></P>

<P><STRONG>II. The game of GO </STRONG></P>

<P>Xiangchuan Chen , Daren Zhang , Xiaochu Zhang , Zhihao Li , Xiaomei Meng , </P>

<P>* Sheng He , Xiaoping Hu </P>

<P>Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics ,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui , 230027, PR China </P>

<P>Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , 230027, PR China </P>

<P>Department of Psychology ,University of Minnesota , Minneapolis ,MN 55455, USA </P>

<P>Center for Magnetic Resonance Research ,University of Minnesota , 2021 Sixth Street SE , Minneapolis ,MN 55455, USA </P>

<P>Accepted 26 July 2002 </P>

<P><STRONG>Abstract</STRONG> </P>

<P>GO is a board game thought to be different from chess in many aspects, most significantly in that GO emphasizes global strategy more than local battle, a
property very difficult for computer programs to emulate. To investigate the neural basis of GO, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to
measure brain activities of subjects engaged in playing GO. Enhanced activations were observed in many cortical areas, such as dorsal prefrontal, parietal,
occipital, posterior temporal, and primary somatosensory and motor areas. </P>

<P>Quantitative analysis indicated a modest degree of stronger activation in right parietal area than in left. This type of right hemisphere lateralization differs from
the modest left hemisphere lateralization observed during chess playing.</P>

<p>   </p>

<p>(2) At first blush, the idea of a draw is superficially appealing! After all, if two opponents are really almost exactly equal in strength, why should the result of
their encounter be that one gets a full point and the other gets nothing? Especially if no obviously egregious errors have been made, it seems fairer that they split the
point evenly. But upon deeper introspection, that idea begins to fall apart. And this is something that most chessplayers implicitly acknowledge, but then act as though
they were either oblivious to or deliberately choose to ignore as less than significant. That this attitude is at best mistaken was made abundantly clear by Robert Byrne,
the distinguished New York Times chess columnist, in his regular weekly column of Sunday, March 28, 2004 when he said:

<p>“Vladimir Kramnik of Russia, the world champion, won the Super GM Tournament in Linares, Spain, held from Feb. 19 to March 5. He scored 7-5 in the elite seven-entrant
double-round-robin invitational event. Peter Leko and Garry Kasparov tied for second with 61/2 -51/2. It is the greatest satisfaction in the game to be No.1 in a tourney
where everyone is at the top of the world rankings. That having been said, this competition had only nine decisive encounters. All the rest were draws.”

<p>Translating Byrne’s statement a bit to make clearer the point he’s making, we see that of a total of 84 games contested a full 89% resulted in a draw! And how many of
those were actually infamous “grandmaster draws”, in which the opponents, wary of each other’s skills and unwilling to risk a loss, really only “go through the motions”
for a few desultory moves and then quickly agree to a face saving draw, isn’t revealed.  The fact that Byrne even explicitly pointed this out is, I believe, ample proof
that even among the most ardent chess lovers this remains a serious intrinsic flaw that greatly diminishes both the game’s integrity and the satisfaction its players derive
from it.</p>


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author	Franklin Schmidt <fschmidt@gmail.com>
date	Sun, 02 Apr 2023 11:18:18 -0600
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